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{{Short description|Variety of grape}}
{{about|the grape varietal|the Italian band|Negramaro}}
{{Infobox grape variety
{{Infobox grape variety
| name = Negroamaro
| name = Negroamaro
| image =
| image = File:VIVC8456 NEGRO AMARO Cluster in the laboratory 7744.jpg
| caption =
| species = ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''
| species = ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''
| also_called = Nero Amaro, Abruzzese ([[#Synonyms|more]])
| also_called = Ne(g)ro Amaro, Abruzzese ([[#Synonyms|more]])
| origin = [[Italy]]
| origin = [[Italy]]
| hazards = <!-- Viticultural hazards -->
| hazards = <!-- Viticultural hazards -->
| regions = Puglia
| regions = [[Apulia]]
| notable_wines =
| notable_wines =
}}
}}
'''Negroamaro''', also '''Negro amaro''', is a red [[wine]] [[grape]] variety native to [[southern Italy]]. It is grown almost exclusively in [[Puglia]] and particularly in [[Salento]], the peninsula which can be visualised as the “heel” of Italy. The grape can produce wines very deep in color. Wines made from Negroamaro tend to be very rustic in character, combining perfume with an earthy bitterness. The grape produces some of the best red wines of Puglia, particularly when blended with the highly scented [[Malvasia Nera]], as in the case of [[Salice Salentino]].
'''Negroamaro''' (seldom '''Negro amaro'''; meaning "black [and] bitter") is a red [[wine]] [[grape]] variety native to [[southern Italy]]. It is grown almost exclusively in [[Apulia]] and particularly in [[Salento]], the peninsula which can be visualised as the "heel" of Italy. The grape can produce wines very deep in color. Wines made from Negroamaro tend to be very rustic in character, combining perfume with an earthy bitterness. The grape produces some of the best red wines of Apulia, particularly when blended with the highly scented [[Malvasia Nera]], as in the case of [[Salice Salentino (wine)|Salice Salentino]].


==History==
==History and Etymology==
While ''negro'' is from an [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Latin]] word meaning "black", there is some dispute as to whether ''amaro'' is from the Italian word for "bitter" or whether it derives from the ancient [[Greek language|Greek]] ''mavro'' also meaning "black".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cantelewines.com/negroamaro-origin-name-etymology/ | title=Negroamaro, new thoughts on the grape name's origins | access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref><ref>There are still enclaves of [[Salento]] where [[Griko language|Griko]], a form of Greek, is spoken.</ref> If the latter theory is correct, ''mavro'' may share a root with ''merum'', a wine brought to Apulia by [[Illyria]]n colonists before the Greeks arrived in the 7th century BC. Horace and other Roman writers mention ''mera tarantina'' from [[Taranto]], and Pliny the Elder describes [[Manduria]] as ''viticulosa'' (full of vineyards). But after the fall of the Roman Empire winemaking declined until it was only kept alive in the monasteries - Benedictine on [[Altopiano delle Murge|Murgia]] and Greek Orthodox in Salento. Negroamaro could be the grape used in ''merum'', or it could have been brought by traders from the home of wine-making in [[Asia Minor]] at any point in the last 8,000 years.
Although ''amaro'' is the [[Italian language|Italian]] for ‘bitter’, the name is thought to derive from two words meaning ‘black’: the [[Latin|Latin language]] ‘negro’ and the ancient [[Greek language|Greek]] ‘maru’.<ref>There are still enclaves of Salento where Greek is spoken.</ref>


''Negroamaro precoce'' has recently been identified as a distinct clone.
'Maru' shares a root with "merum", a wine brought to Puglia by [[Illyria]]n colonists before the Greeks arrived in the 7th century BC. Horace and other Roman writers mention "mera tarantina" from [[Taranto]], and Pliny the Elder describes [[Manduria]] as 'viticulosa' (full of vineyards). But after the fall of the Roman Empire winemaking declined until it was only kept alive in the monasteries - Benedictine on [[Murgia]] and Greek Orthodox in [[Salento]]. Negroamaro could be the grape used in merum, or it could have been brought by traders from the home of winemaking in Asia Minor at any point in the last 8000 years.


[[Random amplification of polymorphic DNA|RAPD]] analysis suggests that the cultivar is loosely related to [[Verdicchio]] (Verdeca) and [[Sangiovese]].<ref>Fanizza et al. (1999) [https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1003535916622 The effect of the number of RAPD markers on the evaluation of genotypic distances in ''Vitis vinifera''] Euphytica 107: 45–50</ref>
Negroamaro precoce has recently been identified as a distinct clone.

[[RAPD]] analysis suggests that it is loosely related to [[Verdicchio]] (Verdeca) and [[Sangiovese]].<ref>Fanizza et al. (1999) [http://www.springerlink.com/content/g301482327721771/fulltext.pdf The effect of the number of RAPD markers on the evaluation of genotypic distances in ''Vitis vinifera''] Euphytica 107: 45–50</ref>


==Distribution and wines==
==Distribution and wines==
The grapes are used exclusively for wine-making. Although 100% varietal wines are produced, Negroamaro is more commonly used as the dominant component of a blend including such varieties as [[Malvasia Nera]], [[Sangiovese]] or [[Montepulciano (grape)|Montepulciano]]. These wines are red, or sometimes [[rosé|rosato]], and are usually still; though both red and rosato versions may be [[frizzante]].
The grapes are used exclusively for wine-making. Although 100% varietal wines are produced, Negroamaro is more commonly used as the dominant component of a blend including such varieties as [[Malvasia Nera]], [[Sangiovese]] or [[Montepulciano (grape)|Montepulciano]]. The most common version of these wines is red, however also [[rosé|rosato]] versions are gaining traction and some white versions are also present. Moreover, they are usually still and more rarely [[frizzante]].


==List of permitted DOC wines==
==List of permitted DOC wines==
''Source''<ref>[http://www.politicheagricole.it/SettoriAgroalimentari/Vitivinicolo/Vino/vinidocdocgelencovitigno.htm?codvitigno=163&vitigno=Negro%20amaro&Tipo=1 DOC wines made from the Negroamaro grape] {{it icon}} from the website of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry</ref>
''Source''<ref>[http://www.politicheagricole.it/SettoriAgroalimentari/Vitivinicolo/Vino/vinidocdocgelencovitigno.htm?codvitigno=163&vitigno=Negro%20amaro&Tipo=1 DOC wines made from the Negroamaro grape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108003234/http://www.politicheagricole.it/SettoriAgroalimentari/Vitivinicolo/Vino/vinidocdocgelencovitigno.htm?codvitigno=163&vitigno=Negro%20amaro&Tipo=1 |date=2010-11-08 }} {{in lang|it}} from the website of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry</ref>
85%–100% Negroamaro:
85%–100% Negroamaro:
* in the [[province of Lecce]]
* in the [[province of Lecce]]
** Leverano Nergroamaro Rosato
** Leverano Negroamaro Rosato
** Leverano Nergroamaro Rosso
** Leverano Negroamaro Rosso
* in the [[province of Taranto]]
* in the [[province of Taranto]]
** Lizzano Negroamaro Rosato
** Lizzano Negroamaro Rosato
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===List of permitted IGT wines===
===List of permitted IGT wines===
''Source''<ref>[http://www.politicheagricole.it/SettoriAgroalimentari/Vitivinicolo/Vino/viniigtscheda.htm?vtID=163&codpage=vit&nomvit=Negro%20amaro&insertvit=Negro%20amaro%20&elenco=1 IGT wines made from the Negroamaro grape] {{it icon}} from the website of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry</ref>
''Source''<ref>[http://www.politicheagricole.it/SettoriAgroalimentari/Vitivinicolo/Vino/viniigtscheda.htm?vtID=163&codpage=vit&nomvit=Negro%20amaro&insertvit=Negro%20amaro%20&elenco=1 IGT wines made from the Negroamaro grape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108003229/http://www.politicheagricole.it/SettoriAgroalimentari/Vitivinicolo/Vino/viniigtscheda.htm?vtID=163&codpage=vit&nomvit=Negro%20amaro&insertvit=Negro%20amaro%20&elenco=1 |date=2010-11-08 }} {{in lang|it}} from the website of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry</ref>
85%–100% Negroamaro:
85%–100% Negroamaro:
* Puglia Negroamaro
* Puglia Negroamaro
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==Vine and viticulture==
==Vine and viticulture==
The vine is vigorous and high-yielding with a preference for calcareous and limey soils but adapting readily to others. It is well suited to Puglia’s hot summers and exhibits good drought-resistance. The grapes, carried in bunches of around 300–350 g, are oval in form, medium-large in size with thick skins, and black-violet in colour. They ripen mid-season (late September–early October). The first American producer of Negroamaro is Chiarito Vineyards in Ukiah, California (Mendocino County).
The vine is vigorous and high-yielding with a preference for calcareous and limey soils but adapting readily to others. It is well suited to Puglia’s hot summers and exhibits good [[drought tolerance|drought resistance]]. The grapes, carried in bunches of around 300–350 g, are oval in form, medium-large in size with thick skins, and black-violet in colour. They ripen mid-season (late September–early October). The first American producer of Negroamaro is Chiarito Vineyards in Ukiah, California (Mendocino County).


==Synonyms==
==Synonyms==
Abbruzzese, Abruzzese, Albese, Amaro Nero, Amaronero, Arbese, Arbise, Jonico, Lacrima, Lacrimo, Mangia Verde, Mangiaverde, Mangiaverme, Morese, Negra Della Lorena, Negramaro, Nero Amaro, Nero Leccese, Nicra Amaro, Niuri Maru, Niuru Maru, San Lorenzo, San Marzuno, Uva cane.<ref name="VIVC">{{cite web | last =Maul | first =Erika | authorlink = | coauthors = Töpfer, Reinhard; Eibach, Rudolf | title = Vitis International Variety Catalogue | work = | publisher = Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof (IRZ), Siebeldingen, Germany | year = 2007 | url = http://www.vivc.de | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-08-29}}</ref>
Abbruzzese, Abruzzese, Albese, Amaro Nero, Amaronero, Arbese, Arbise, Jonico, Lacrima, Lacrimo, Mangia Verde, Mangiaverde, Mangiaverme, Morese, Negra Della Lorena, Negramaro, Nero Amaro, Nero Leccese, Nicra Amaro, Niuri Maru, Niuru Maru, San Lorenzo, San Marzuno, Uva cane.<ref name="VIVC">{{cite web | last =Maul | first =Erika |author2=Töpfer, Reinhard |author3=Eibach, Rudolf | title = Vitis International Variety Catalogue | publisher = Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof (IRZ), Siebeldingen, Germany | year = 2007 | url = http://www.vivc.de | access-date = 2007-08-29}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Primitivo]], a similar grape from the region better known as Zinfandel (This comment needs further research as the best of wine people disagree as to whether Zinfandel is really Primitivo)
* [[Primitivo]], a similar grape from the region better known in USA as Zinfandel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Researchers Discover Zinfandel's Hidden Roots| date=13 March 2023 |url=http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=7124}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 128: Line 127:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Robinson | first = Jancis | authorlink = Jancis Robinson | title = Vines, Grapes and Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | year = 1992 | location = | pages = | isbn = 978-1857329995}}
* {{cite book | last = Robinson | first = Jancis | author-link = Jancis Robinson | title = Vines, Grapes and Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-1-85732-999-5}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| last = Robinson
| last = Robinson
| first = Jancis
| first = Jancis
| authorlink = Jancis Robinson
| author-link = Jancis Robinson
| title = The Oxford Companion to Wine, third edition
| title = The Oxford Companion to Wine, third edition
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2006
| year = 2006
| location =
| isbn = 978-0-19-860990-2
| pages =
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc
| isbn = 978-0198609902}}
}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResultBibliog.php?topic=8456 VIVC Bibliography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120308191025/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResultBibliog.php?topic=8456 VIVC Bibliography]


{{Wines}}
{{Wines}}
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[[Category:Wine grapes of Italy]]
[[Category:Wine grapes of Italy]]
[[Category:Wine grapes of Apulia]]
[[Category:Wine grapes of Apulia]]

[[de:Negroamaro]]
[[fr:Negroamaro]]
[[it:Negroamaro]]
[[pt:Negroamaro]]
[[sv:Negroamaro]]

Latest revision as of 14:22, 18 January 2024

Negroamaro
Grape (Vitis)
SpeciesVitis vinifera
Also calledNe(g)ro Amaro, Abruzzese (more)
OriginItaly
Notable regionsApulia
VIVC number8456

Negroamaro (seldom Negro amaro; meaning "black [and] bitter") is a red wine grape variety native to southern Italy. It is grown almost exclusively in Apulia and particularly in Salento, the peninsula which can be visualised as the "heel" of Italy. The grape can produce wines very deep in color. Wines made from Negroamaro tend to be very rustic in character, combining perfume with an earthy bitterness. The grape produces some of the best red wines of Apulia, particularly when blended with the highly scented Malvasia Nera, as in the case of Salice Salentino.

History and Etymology

[edit]

While negro is from an Italian and Latin word meaning "black", there is some dispute as to whether amaro is from the Italian word for "bitter" or whether it derives from the ancient Greek mavro also meaning "black".[1][2] If the latter theory is correct, mavro may share a root with merum, a wine brought to Apulia by Illyrian colonists before the Greeks arrived in the 7th century BC. Horace and other Roman writers mention mera tarantina from Taranto, and Pliny the Elder describes Manduria as viticulosa (full of vineyards). But after the fall of the Roman Empire winemaking declined until it was only kept alive in the monasteries - Benedictine on Murgia and Greek Orthodox in Salento. Negroamaro could be the grape used in merum, or it could have been brought by traders from the home of wine-making in Asia Minor at any point in the last 8,000 years.

Negroamaro precoce has recently been identified as a distinct clone.

RAPD analysis suggests that the cultivar is loosely related to Verdicchio (Verdeca) and Sangiovese.[3]

Distribution and wines

[edit]

The grapes are used exclusively for wine-making. Although 100% varietal wines are produced, Negroamaro is more commonly used as the dominant component of a blend including such varieties as Malvasia Nera, Sangiovese or Montepulciano. The most common version of these wines is red, however also rosato versions are gaining traction and some white versions are also present. Moreover, they are usually still and more rarely frizzante.

List of permitted DOC wines

[edit]

Source[4] 85%–100% Negroamaro:

  • in the province of Lecce
    • Leverano Negroamaro Rosato
    • Leverano Negroamaro Rosso
  • in the province of Taranto
    • Lizzano Negroamaro Rosato
    • Lizzano Negroamaro Rosso
    • Lizzano Negroamaro Rosso Superiore

85%–100% Negroamaro:

  • in the province of Lecce
    • Alezio Riserva
    • Alezio Rosato
    • Alezio Rosso
    • Nardo' Rosato
    • Nardo' Rosso
    • Nardo' Rosso Riserva
  • in the provinces of Brindisi and Lecce
    • Salice Salentino
    • Salice Salentino Rosato
    • Salice Salentino Rosso
    • Salice Salentino Rosso Riserva

70%–100% Negroamaro:

  • in the province of Brindisi
  • in the province of Lecce
    • Copertino Rosato
    • Copertino Rosso
    • Copertino Rosso Riserva
    • Matino Rosato
    • Matino Rosso
  • in the provinces of Brindisi and Lecce
    • Squinzano Rosato
    • Squinzano Rosso
    • Squinzano Rosso Riserva

65%–100% Negroamaro:

  • in the province of Lecce
    • Galatina Rosso

60%–80% Negroamaro:

  • in the province of Taranto
    • Lizzano
    • Lizzano Rosato
    • Lizzano Rosato Frizzante
    • Lizzano Rosato Giovane
    • Lizzano Rosato Spumante
    • Lizzano Rosso
    • Lizzano Rosso Frizzante
    • Lizzano Rosso Giovane

50%–100% Negroamaro:

  • in the province of Lecce
    • Leverano Novello
    • Leverano Rosato
    • Leverano Rosso
    • Leverano Rosso Riserva

15%–30% Negroamaro:

List of permitted IGT wines

[edit]

Source[5] 85%–100% Negroamaro:

  • Puglia Negroamaro
  • Puglia Negroamaro frizzante
  • Puglia Negroamaro novello
  • Valle d’Itria Negroamaro
  • Valle d’Itria Negroamaro frizzante
  • Valle d’Itria Negroamaro novello
  • Salento Negroamaro
  • Salento Negroamaro frizzante
  • Salento Negroamaro novello
  • Daunia Negroamaro
  • Daunia Negroamaro frizzante

70%–100% Negroamaro:

  • Salento Rosato Negroamaro
  • Salento Rosato Negroamaro frizzante

70%–80% Negroamaro:

  • Tarantino Negroamaro
  • Tarantino Negroamaro frizzante

Vine and viticulture

[edit]

The vine is vigorous and high-yielding with a preference for calcareous and limey soils but adapting readily to others. It is well suited to Puglia’s hot summers and exhibits good drought resistance. The grapes, carried in bunches of around 300–350 g, are oval in form, medium-large in size with thick skins, and black-violet in colour. They ripen mid-season (late September–early October). The first American producer of Negroamaro is Chiarito Vineyards in Ukiah, California (Mendocino County).

Synonyms

[edit]

Abbruzzese, Abruzzese, Albese, Amaro Nero, Amaronero, Arbese, Arbise, Jonico, Lacrima, Lacrimo, Mangia Verde, Mangiaverde, Mangiaverme, Morese, Negra Della Lorena, Negramaro, Nero Amaro, Nero Leccese, Nicra Amaro, Niuri Maru, Niuru Maru, San Lorenzo, San Marzuno, Uva cane.[6]

See also

[edit]
  • Primitivo, a similar grape from the region better known in USA as Zinfandel.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Negroamaro, new thoughts on the grape name's origins". Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  2. ^ There are still enclaves of Salento where Griko, a form of Greek, is spoken.
  3. ^ Fanizza et al. (1999) The effect of the number of RAPD markers on the evaluation of genotypic distances in Vitis vinifera Euphytica 107: 45–50
  4. ^ DOC wines made from the Negroamaro grape Archived 2010-11-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) from the website of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
  5. ^ IGT wines made from the Negroamaro grape Archived 2010-11-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) from the website of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
  6. ^ Maul, Erika; Töpfer, Reinhard; Eibach, Rudolf (2007). "Vitis International Variety Catalogue". Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof (IRZ), Siebeldingen, Germany. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
  7. ^ "Researchers Discover Zinfandel's Hidden Roots". 13 March 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]