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| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|01|19|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|01|19|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hallstead, Pennsylvania]]
| birth_place = [[Hallstead, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|09|12|1901|01|19|mf=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Ernest Colwell, Biblical Scholar |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=AP |date=14 September 1974 |at=Page 32, column 4 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/14/archives/ernest-colwell-biblical-scholar-head-of-chicago-university-for-6.html |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|09|24|1901|01|19|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[DeLand, Florida]]
| death_place = [[DeLand, Florida]]
| death_cause =
| death_cause =
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'''Ernest Cadman Colwell''' (19 January 1901 – 24 September 1974) was an American [[Biblical studies|biblical scholar]], [[Textual criticism|textual critic]] and [[palaeographer]].
'''Ernest Cadman Colwell''' (19 January 1901 – 12 September 1974) was an American [[Biblical studies|biblical scholar]], [[Textual criticism|textual critic]] and [[palaeographer]].


==Life==
==Life==
Line 64: Line 64:
Returning to Emory, Colwell then served as vice president and dean of faculties from 1951 to 1957, founding at this time the Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts. From 1957 to 1968, Colwell was president of the [[Claremont School of Theology]] ([[Claremont, California]]), establishing the school on a new campus after its separation from the [[University of Southern California]] in 1956. Colwell also chaired the Board of Trustees of Atlanta's [[Interdenominational Theological Center]]. In 1966, Colwell was director during the planning stages of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity in Claremont, and finally retired as chairman of the Institute's Research Council in 1971.<ref>James M. Robinson, "Foreword", ''Institute for Antiquity and Christianity: Bulletin'' 3 (1972) ii. See too "The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity", in ''New Testament Studies'' 16 (1969-1970) 178-195.</ref> For many years, he was also director of one of the initial research projects at the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, namely, as (American) chairman the executive committee of the [[International Greek New Testament Project|International Greek New Testament Project (IGNTP)]]. Colwell was invited to deliver the 1946 Quillian lectures at [[Emory University|Emory]] (on "An Approach to the Teaching of Jesus") and the 1962 Cole lectures at [[Vanderbilt University]] (on "Jesus and the Gospel").
Returning to Emory, Colwell then served as vice president and dean of faculties from 1951 to 1957, founding at this time the Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts. From 1957 to 1968, Colwell was president of the [[Claremont School of Theology]] ([[Claremont, California]]), establishing the school on a new campus after its separation from the [[University of Southern California]] in 1956. Colwell also chaired the Board of Trustees of Atlanta's [[Interdenominational Theological Center]]. In 1966, Colwell was director during the planning stages of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity in Claremont, and finally retired as chairman of the Institute's Research Council in 1971.<ref>James M. Robinson, "Foreword", ''Institute for Antiquity and Christianity: Bulletin'' 3 (1972) ii. See too "The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity", in ''New Testament Studies'' 16 (1969-1970) 178-195.</ref> For many years, he was also director of one of the initial research projects at the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, namely, as (American) chairman the executive committee of the [[International Greek New Testament Project|International Greek New Testament Project (IGNTP)]]. Colwell was invited to deliver the 1946 Quillian lectures at [[Emory University|Emory]] (on "An Approach to the Teaching of Jesus") and the 1962 Cole lectures at [[Vanderbilt University]] (on "Jesus and the Gospel").


[[File:Cguschoolofreligion.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity (Claremont), founded under the directorship of Ernest Cadman Colwell]]
[[File:Cguschoolofreligion.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity (Claremont), founded under the directorship of Ernest Cadman Colwell.]]
[[File:Oppenheimer Marshall Conant Bradley and others at Harvard.jpg|thumb|300px|On June 5, 1947, at Harvard University, first row, from left to right: [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Robert Oppenheimer]], Colwell, General [[George C. Marshall|George Marshall]], [[James B. Conant]] (Harvard president), General [[Omar Bradley]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[James W. Wadsworth Jr.]], for the granting of honorary degrees to Oppenheimer, Colwell, Marshall, Bradley and Eliot.]]


==Work==
==Work==
Colwell recognized an extraordinary textual affinity between [[Minuscule 2427]] and [[Codex Vaticanus]]. According to him the codex 2427 preserved a "primitive text" of the Gospel of Mark ("Archaic Mark").<ref>E. C. Colwell, "An Ancient Text of the Gospel of Mark", ''The Emory University Quarterly'' 1 (1945) 65-75; E. C. Colwell, "Some Unusual Abbreviations in ms. 2427", ''Studia evangelica,'' ed. K. Aland and F. L. Cross (TU 73; Berlin 1959), pp. 778-779.</ref> He found that from 73 singular readings of Codex Vaticanus, 46 are shared with codex 2427.<ref>M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, [http://lucian.uchicago.edu/workshops/earlychristianstudies/files/2009/10/Archaic-Mark-NovT-Published.pdf Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of Its Readings]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Novum Testamentum'' 48 (2006) 5.</ref> Colwell examined [[Minuscule 330]] and found that the text of the Pauline epistles of this codex is textually very close to the codices [[Minuscule 451|451]], [[Minuscule 2400|2400]] and [[Minuscule 2492|2492]].<ref>E. C. Colwell, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1196080 ''The Four Gospels of Karahissar I, History and Text''] (Chicago 1936), pp. 170-222.</ref>
Colwell recognized an extraordinary textual affinity between [[Minuscule 2427]] and [[Codex Vaticanus]]. According to him the codex 2427 preserved a "primitive text" of the Gospel of Mark ("Archaic Mark").<ref>E. C. Colwell, "An Ancient Text of the Gospel of Mark", ''The Emory University Quarterly'' 1 (1945) 65-75; E. C. Colwell, "Some Unusual Abbreviations in ms. 2427", ''Studia evangelica,'' ed. K. Aland and F. L. Cross (TU 73; Berlin 1959), pp. 778-779.</ref> He found that from 73 singular readings of Codex Vaticanus, 46 are shared with codex 2427.<ref>M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, [http://lucian.uchicago.edu/workshops/earlychristianstudies/files/2009/10/Archaic-Mark-NovT-Published.pdf Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of Its Readings]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Novum Testamentum'' 48 (2006) 5.</ref> Colwell examined [[Minuscule 330]] and found that the text of the Pauline epistles of this codex is textually very close to the codices [[Minuscule 451|451]], [[Minuscule 2400|2400]] and [[Minuscule 2492|2492]].<ref>E. C. Colwell, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1196080 ''The Four Gospels of Karahissar I, History and Text''] (Chicago 1936), pp. 170-222.</ref>


Upon examining corrections in [[Papyrus 66]], [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Washingtonianus]], Colwell found a textual relationship between them. In his analysis Colwell excluded singular readings.<ref>D. C. Parker, ''An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts'', p. 163.</ref> In 1959 Colwell, together with M. M. Parvis, developed a new method of dealing with the multitude of witnesses available to those engaged in the textual criticism of the New Testament. This method usually is known as the [[Claremont Profile Method]]. This method was developed in part to provide a means of selecting Greek minuscule manuscripts for the [[International Greek New Testament Project|International Greek New Testament Project (IGNTP)]].<ref>Wolfgang Haase, [https://books.google.com/books?id=V2VVpNZ0N9sC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=E.+C.+Colwell+Claremont+Profile+Method&source=bl&ots=eN7H7yacnJ&sig=B4d1Q-Ep-XR9asuVTIGNSKL18j8&hl=pl&ei=QMWdTe2EHM6SOqHM4K0E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=E.%20C.%20Colwell%20Claremont%20Profile%20Method&f=false ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt''] (Berlin 1992), p. 154.</ref>
Upon examining corrections in [[Papyrus 66]], [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Washingtonianus]], Colwell found a textual relationship between them. In his analysis Colwell excluded singular readings.<ref>[[David C. Parker]], ''An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts'', p. 163.</ref> In 1959 Colwell, together with M. M. Parvis, developed a new method of dealing with the multitude of witnesses available to those engaged in the textual criticism of the New Testament. This method usually is known as the [[Claremont Profile Method]]. This method was developed in part to provide a means of selecting Greek minuscule manuscripts for the [[International Greek New Testament Project|International Greek New Testament Project (IGNTP)]].<ref>Wolfgang Haase, [https://books.google.com/books?id=V2VVpNZ0N9sC&dq=E.+C.+Colwell+Claremont+Profile+Method&pg=PA154 ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt''] (Berlin 1992), p. 154.</ref>


=="Colwell's rule"==
=="Colwell's rule"==
Colwell discovered that "Definite predicate nouns which precede the verb usually lack the article ... a [[Subject complement|predicate nominative]] which precedes the verb cannot be translated as an indefinite or a 'qualitative' noun solely because of the absence of the article; if the context suggests that the predicate is definite, it should be translated as a definite noun ..."<ref>E. C. Colwell, ''[http://www.areopage.net/ColwellRule.pdf A Definite Rule for the Use of the Article in the Greek New Testament]'', in ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 52 (1933) 20.</ref>
Colwell wrote, "Definite predicate nouns which precede the verb usually lack the article... a [[subject complement|predicate nominative]] which precedes the verb cannot be translated as an indefinite or a 'qualitative' noun solely because of the absence of the article; if the context suggests that the predicate is definite, it should be translated as a definite noun...."<ref>E. C. Colwell, ''[http://www.areopage.net/ColwellRule.pdf A Definite Rule for the Use of the Article in the Greek New Testament]'', in ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 52 (1933) 20.</ref>


==Select works==
==Select works==
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask= |title=The Greek of the Fourth Gospel: A Study of its Aramaisms in the Light of Hellenistic Greek|location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1931 |isbn=9781610971294 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |title=The Greek of the Fourth Gospel: A Study of its Aramaisms in the Light of Hellenistic Greek|location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1931 |isbn=9781610971294 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |author2-last=Riddle |author2-first=Donald W. |author2-link=Donald W. Riddle |title=Prolegomena to the Study of the Lectionary Text of the Gospels |series=Studies in the lectionary text of the Greek New Testament |volume=1 |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1933 |isbn= |oclc=1438017 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |author2-last=Riddle |author2-first=Donald W. |author2-link=Donald W. Riddle |title=Prolegomena to the Study of the Lectionary Text of the Gospels |series=Studies in the lectionary text of the Greek New Testament |volume=1 |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1933 |oclc=1438017 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |title=The Study of the Bible |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1933 |isbn= |oclc=752436710 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |title=The Study of the Bible |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1933 |isbn=1135088357 |oclc=752436710 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |author2-last=Willoughby |author2-first=Harold R. |author2-link=Harold R. Willoughby |title=The Four Gospels of Karahissar (in 2 vols) |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1936 |isbn= |oclc=905508 }}<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=1196080 |title=Review of "The Four Gospels of Karahissar" |journal=The Journal of Religion |volume=17 |issue= |date=1937 |pages=200-202 }}</ref>
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |author2-last=Willoughby |author2-first=Harold R. |author2-link=Harold R. Willoughby |title=The Four Gospels of Karahissar (in 2 vols) |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1936 |oclc=905508 }}<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=1196080 |title=Review of "The Four Gospels of Karahissar" |journal=The Journal of Religion |volume=17 |date=1937 |pages=200–202 }}</ref>
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |title=What Is the Best New Testament? |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1952 |isbn= |oclc=2914408 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |title=What Is the Best New Testament? |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1952 |isbn=1135088357 |oclc=2914408 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |author2-last=Tune |author2-first=Ernest W. |author2-link=Ernest W. Tune |title=A Beginner's Reader-Grammar for New Testament Greek |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |date=1965 |isbn=9780060615307 |oclc=1601574 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |author2-last=Tune |author2-first=Ernest W. |author2-link=Ernest W. Tune |title=A Beginner's Reader-Grammar for New Testament Greek |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |date=1965 |isbn=9780060615307 |oclc=1601574 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |title=Studies in Methodology in Textual Criticism of the New Testament |series=New Testament tools and studies |volume=9 |location=Leiden & Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=E.J. Brill & Eerdmans |date=1969 |isbn= |oclc=70803 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Colwell |author1-first=Ernest Cadman |author1-mask=3 |title=Studies in Methodology in Textual Criticism of the New Testament |series=New Testament tools and studies |volume=9 |location=Leiden & Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=E.J. Brill & Eerdmans |date=1969 |oclc=70803 }}


==Festschrift==
==Festschrift==
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Trotter |editor1-first=F. Thomas |editor1-link=F. Thomas Trotter |title=Jesus and the Historian: Written in Honor of Ernest Cadman Colwell |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=Westminster Press |date=1968 |isbn= |oclc=383390 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Trotter |editor1-first=F. Thomas |editor1-link=F. Thomas Trotter |title=Jesus and the Historian: Written in Honor of Ernest Cadman Colwell |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=Westminster Press |date=1968 |oclc=383390 }}


== References ==
== References ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402045520/http://www.emory.edu/home/about/anniversary/175-of-everything/makers-of-history-details/colwell.html Short biographical sketch of Ernest Cadman Colwell]
* [https://archive.today/20130409232058/http://www.emory.edu/home/about/anniversary/175-of-everything/makers-of-history-details/colwell.html Short biographical sketch of Ernest Cadman Colwell]
* {{BBKL|c/colwell_e_c|volume=27|auteur=Klaus-Gunther Wesseling|spalten=256-274}}
* {{BBKL|c/colwell_e_c|volume=27|auteur=Klaus-Gunther Wesseling|spalten=256-274}}


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[[Category:Presidents of the University of Chicago]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of Chicago]]
[[Category:Emory University faculty]]
[[Category:Emory University faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century American academics]]

Latest revision as of 14:51, 16 January 2024

Ernest Cadman Colwell
Born(1901-01-19)January 19, 1901
Hallstead, Pennsylvania
DiedSeptember 12, 1974(1974-09-12) (aged 73)[1]
DeLand, Florida
NationalityAmerican
Academic background
EducationEmory College
Candler School of Theology
University of Chicago
Academic work
DisciplineTheology
Biblical studies
Sub-disciplineNew Testament studies
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago
Claremont School of Theology

Ernest Cadman Colwell (19 January 1901 – 12 September 1974) was an American biblical scholar, textual critic and palaeographer.

Life

[edit]

After graduating from Emory College and Candler School of Theology, Colwell earned a Ph.D. in the Department of New Testament and Early Christian Literature at the University of Chicago for his 1930 dissertation on "The Character of the Greek of the Fourth Gospel: Parallels to the 'Aramaisms' of the Fourth Gospel from Epictetus and the Papyri". He then joined the Chicago faculty (1930–1951) and served the university in many capacities, including as chief operating officer and then as president of the university (1945–1951) under Chancellor Robert M. Hutchins.

Returning to Emory, Colwell then served as vice president and dean of faculties from 1951 to 1957, founding at this time the Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts. From 1957 to 1968, Colwell was president of the Claremont School of Theology (Claremont, California), establishing the school on a new campus after its separation from the University of Southern California in 1956. Colwell also chaired the Board of Trustees of Atlanta's Interdenominational Theological Center. In 1966, Colwell was director during the planning stages of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity in Claremont, and finally retired as chairman of the Institute's Research Council in 1971.[2] For many years, he was also director of one of the initial research projects at the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, namely, as (American) chairman the executive committee of the International Greek New Testament Project (IGNTP). Colwell was invited to deliver the 1946 Quillian lectures at Emory (on "An Approach to the Teaching of Jesus") and the 1962 Cole lectures at Vanderbilt University (on "Jesus and the Gospel").

The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity (Claremont), founded under the directorship of Ernest Cadman Colwell.
On June 5, 1947, at Harvard University, first row, from left to right: Robert Oppenheimer, Colwell, General George Marshall, James B. Conant (Harvard president), General Omar Bradley, T. S. Eliot, James W. Wadsworth Jr., for the granting of honorary degrees to Oppenheimer, Colwell, Marshall, Bradley and Eliot.

Work

[edit]

Colwell recognized an extraordinary textual affinity between Minuscule 2427 and Codex Vaticanus. According to him the codex 2427 preserved a "primitive text" of the Gospel of Mark ("Archaic Mark").[3] He found that from 73 singular readings of Codex Vaticanus, 46 are shared with codex 2427.[4] Colwell examined Minuscule 330 and found that the text of the Pauline epistles of this codex is textually very close to the codices 451, 2400 and 2492.[5]

Upon examining corrections in Papyrus 66, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Washingtonianus, Colwell found a textual relationship between them. In his analysis Colwell excluded singular readings.[6] In 1959 Colwell, together with M. M. Parvis, developed a new method of dealing with the multitude of witnesses available to those engaged in the textual criticism of the New Testament. This method usually is known as the Claremont Profile Method. This method was developed in part to provide a means of selecting Greek minuscule manuscripts for the International Greek New Testament Project (IGNTP).[7]

"Colwell's rule"

[edit]

Colwell wrote, "Definite predicate nouns which precede the verb usually lack the article... a predicate nominative which precedes the verb cannot be translated as an indefinite or a 'qualitative' noun solely because of the absence of the article; if the context suggests that the predicate is definite, it should be translated as a definite noun...."[8]

Select works

[edit]
  • Colwell, Ernest Cadman (1931). The Greek of the Fourth Gospel: A Study of its Aramaisms in the Light of Hellenistic Greek. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9781610971294.
  • ———; Riddle, Donald W. (1933). Prolegomena to the Study of the Lectionary Text of the Gospels. Studies in the lectionary text of the Greek New Testament. Vol. 1. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1438017.
  • ——— (1933). The Study of the Bible. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 1135088357. OCLC 752436710.
  • ———; Willoughby, Harold R. (1936). The Four Gospels of Karahissar (in 2 vols). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. OCLC 905508.[9]
  • ——— (1952). What Is the Best New Testament?. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 1135088357. OCLC 2914408.
  • ———; Tune, Ernest W. (1965). A Beginner's Reader-Grammar for New Testament Greek. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060615307. OCLC 1601574.
  • ——— (1969). Studies in Methodology in Textual Criticism of the New Testament. New Testament tools and studies. Vol. 9. Leiden & Grand Rapids, MI: E.J. Brill & Eerdmans. OCLC 70803.

Festschrift

[edit]
  • Trotter, F. Thomas, ed. (1968). Jesus and the Historian: Written in Honor of Ernest Cadman Colwell. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press. OCLC 383390.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ernest Colwell, Biblical Scholar". The New York Times. AP. 14 September 1974. Page 32, column 4. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  2. ^ James M. Robinson, "Foreword", Institute for Antiquity and Christianity: Bulletin 3 (1972) ii. See too "The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity", in New Testament Studies 16 (1969-1970) 178-195.
  3. ^ E. C. Colwell, "An Ancient Text of the Gospel of Mark", The Emory University Quarterly 1 (1945) 65-75; E. C. Colwell, "Some Unusual Abbreviations in ms. 2427", Studia evangelica, ed. K. Aland and F. L. Cross (TU 73; Berlin 1959), pp. 778-779.
  4. ^ M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of Its Readings[permanent dead link], Novum Testamentum 48 (2006) 5.
  5. ^ E. C. Colwell, The Four Gospels of Karahissar I, History and Text (Chicago 1936), pp. 170-222.
  6. ^ David C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts, p. 163.
  7. ^ Wolfgang Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (Berlin 1992), p. 154.
  8. ^ E. C. Colwell, A Definite Rule for the Use of the Article in the Greek New Testament, in Journal of Biblical Literature 52 (1933) 20.
  9. ^ "Review of "The Four Gospels of Karahissar"". The Journal of Religion. 17: 200–202. 1937. JSTOR 1196080.
[edit]
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