Erythranthe cardinalis: Difference between revisions
GreenC bot (talk | contribs) Reformat 1 citation per WP:URLREQ#www.amjbot.org. Wayback Medic 2.5 |
|||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
'''''Erythranthe cardinalis''''', the '''scarlet monkeyflower''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2014-10-17 }}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS|id=MICA3|taxon=Mimulus cardinalis |accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref> is a flowering perennial in the family [[Phrymaceae]]. Together with other species in ''[[Mimulus]]'' section ''Erythranthe'', it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based [[reproductive isolation]]. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus cardinalis''.<ref>{{citation |author=Barker, W.R. |author2=Nesom, G.L. |author3=Beardsley, P.M. |author4=Fraga, N.S. |year=2012 |title=A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for ''Mimulus'', new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations |journal=Phytoneuron |volume=2012–39 |pages=1–60 |url=http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf}}</ref><ref name="beardolm2">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Yen|first2=Alan | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | year = 2003 | title = AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination| journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue =6| pages = 1397–1410|jstor=3448862 | doi=10.1554/02-086| pmid = 12894947| s2cid = 198154155}}</ref><ref name="beardolm1">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R. G. | year = 2002 | title = Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma'' |
'''''Erythranthe cardinalis''''', the '''scarlet monkeyflower''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2014-10-17 }}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS|id=MICA3|taxon=Mimulus cardinalis |accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref> is a flowering perennial in the family [[Phrymaceae]]. Together with other species in ''[[Mimulus]]'' section ''Erythranthe'', it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based [[reproductive isolation]]. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus cardinalis''.<ref>{{citation |author=Barker, W.R. |author2=Nesom, G.L. |author3=Beardsley, P.M. |author4=Fraga, N.S. |year=2012 |title=A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for ''Mimulus'', new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations |journal=Phytoneuron |volume=2012–39 |pages=1–60 |url=http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf}}</ref><ref name="beardolm2">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Yen|first2=Alan | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | year = 2003 | title = AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination| journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue =6| pages = 1397–1410|jstor=3448862 | doi=10.1554/02-086| pmid = 12894947| s2cid = 198154155}}</ref><ref name="beardolm1">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R. G. | year = 2002 | title = Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma'' | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–1102 | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093|jstor=4122195 | pmid = 21665709}}</ref><ref name="Schoenig">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Schoenig|first2=Steve E.| last3 = Whittall | first3 = Justen B. | last4 = Olmstead| first4 =Richard G. | year = 2004 | title =Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany| volume =91 | issue =3| pages = 474–4890|jstor=4123743 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.3.474 | pmid = 21653403| doi-access = free}}</ref> |
||
==Description== |
==Description== |
Latest revision as of 04:42, 3 January 2024
Erythranthe cardinalis | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Phrymaceae |
Genus: | Erythranthe |
Species: | E. cardinalis
|
Binomial name | |
Erythranthe cardinalis |
Erythranthe cardinalis, the scarlet monkeyflower,[1][2] is a flowering perennial in the family Phrymaceae. Together with other species in Mimulus section Erythranthe, it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive isolation. It was formerly known as Mimulus cardinalis.[3][4][5][6]
Description
[edit]Erythranthe cardinalis is a perennial herb that grows 1–3 feet (30–91 cm) tall.[7] It is a fairly large, spreading, attractive plant which bears strongly reflexed, nectar-rich red or orange-red flowers and toothed, downy leaves. It is native to the West Coast and Southwestern United States and Baja California, and is generally found at low elevation in moist areas. Occasional populations of yellow-flowered Erythranthe cardinalis (which lack anthocyanin pigments in their corollas) are found in the wild.[8]
Cultivation
[edit]Erythranthe cardinalis is cultivated in the horticulture trade and widely available as an ornamental plant for: traditional gardens; natural landscape, native plant, and habitat gardens; and various types of municipal, commercial, and agency sustainable landscape projects. Cultivars come in a range of colors between yellow and red, including the "Santa Cruz Island Gold" variety, originally collected from Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California.
In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9] A short-lived perennial, it is often grown as an annual. It requires a wet, poorly-drained soil in full sun, in a sheltered position.[9]
Pollination
[edit]Its blooms and large nectar load attract hummingbirds, whose foreheads serve as the pollen transfer surface between flowers. In the area where it overlaps with its sister species, Erythranthe lewisii, reproductive isolation is maintained almost exclusively through pollinator preference.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Mimulus cardinalis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- ^ Barker, W.R.; Nesom, G.L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Fraga, N.S. (2012), "A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations" (PDF), Phytoneuron, 2012–39: 1–60
- ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. doi:10.1554/02-086. JSTOR 3448862. PMID 12894947. S2CID 198154155.
- ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. JSTOR 4122195. PMID 21665709.
- ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 474–4890. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.474. JSTOR 4123743. PMID 21653403.
- ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ^ Vickery 1992
- ^ a b "Mimuls cardinalis". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ Ramsey, Justin (2003). "Components of Reproductive Isolation Between the Monkeyflowers Mimulus Lewisii and M. Cardinalis (Phrymaceae)". Evolution. 57 (7): 1520–1534. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00360.x. PMID 12940357. S2CID 1825275.
External links
[edit]- Erythranthe
- Flora of British Columbia
- Flora of California
- Flora of Oregon
- Flora of Washington (state)
- Flora of the Southwestern United States
- Flora of Baja California
- Flora of the Cascade Range
- Flora of the Klamath Mountains
- Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
- Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Garden plants of North America
- Bird food plants