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{{Short description|Optical devices treating collimated light}}
⚫
'''Beam expanders''' are used in [[laser physics]] either as intracavity or extracavity elements. They can be telescopic in nature or prismatic. Generally prismatic beam expanders use several prisms and are known as multiple-prism beam expanders.
'''Beam expanders''' are [[optics|optical]] devices that take a [[collimated beam]] of light and expand its [[beam width|width]] (or, used in reverse, reduce its width).


⚫
In [[laser physics]] they are used either as intracavity or extracavity elements. They can be telescopic in nature or prismatic. Generally prismatic beam expanders use several prisms and are known as multiple-prism beam expanders.
⚫
Telescopic beam expanders include [[refracting_telescope|refracting]] and [[reflective telescope]]s.<ref name="Duarte_DLP">

⚫
Telescopic beam expanders include [[refracting telescope|refracting]] and [[reflective telescope]]s.<ref name="Duarte_DLP">
{{cite book
{{cite book
|last1=Duarte |first1=F. J. |authorlink=F. J. Duarte
|last1=Duarte |first1=F. J. |author-link=F. J. Duarte
|editor1-last=Duarte |editor1-first=F. J.
|editor1-last=Duarte |editor1-first=F. J.
|editor2-last=Hillman |editor2-first=L. W.
|editor2-last=Hillman |editor2-first=L. W.
Line 10: Line 13:
|title=Dye Laser Principles
|title=Dye Laser Principles
|publisher=[[Academic Press]]
|publisher=[[Academic Press]]
|isbn=0-12-222700-X
|isbn=978-0-12-222700-4
}}</ref> A refracting telescope commonly used is the [[Refracting_telescope#Galileo's telescope|Galilean telescope]] which can function as a simple beam expander for [[collimated]] light. When used as intracavity beam expanders, in laser resonators, these telescopes provide two-dimensional beam expansion in the 20–50 range.<ref name="Duarte_DLP"/>
}}</ref> A refracting telescope commonly used is the [[Refracting telescope#Galileo's telescope|Galilean telescope]] which can function as a simple beam expander for [[collimated]] light. The main advantage of the Galilean design is that it never focuses a collimated beam to a point, so effects associated with high power density such as [[electric breakdown|dielectric breakdown]] are more avoidable than with focusing designs such as the [[Refracting telescope#Keplerian telescope|Keplerian telescope]]. When used as intracavity beam expanders, in laser resonators, these telescopes provide two-dimensional beam expansion in the 20–50 range.<ref name="Duarte_DLP"/>


In [[tunable laser]] resonators intracavity beam expansion usually illuminates the whole width of a [[diffraction grating]].<ref>
In [[tunable laser]] resonators intracavity beam expansion usually illuminates the whole width of a [[diffraction grating]].<ref>
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|last=Hänsch |first=T. W. |authorlink=Theodor W. Hänsch
|last=Hänsch |first=T. W. |author-link=Theodor W. Hänsch
|year=1972
|year=1972
|title=Repetitively pulsed tunable dye laser for high resolution spectroscopy
|title=Repetitively pulsed tunable dye laser for high resolution spectroscopy
|journal=[[Applied Optics]]
|journal=[[Applied Optics]]
|volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=895–898
|volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=895–898
|arxiv=
|bibcode= 1972ApOpt..11..895H
|bibcode= 1972ApOpt..11..895H
|doi=10.1364/AO.11.000895
|doi=10.1364/AO.11.000895
}}</ref> Thus beam expansion reduces the beam divergence and enables the emission of very narrow linewidths<ref name="Duarte_TLO"/> which is a desired feature for many analytical applications including laser spectroscopy.<ref>
|pmid=20119064 |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00059107-4|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Thus beam expansion reduces the beam divergence and enables the emission of very narrow linewidths<ref name="Duarte_TLO"/> which is a desired feature for many analytical applications including laser spectroscopy.<ref>
{{cite book
{{cite book
|last=Demtröder |first=W. |authorlink=Wolfgang Demtröder
|last=Demtröder |first=W. |author-link=Wolfgang Demtröder
|year=2007
|year=2007
|title=Laserspektroscopie: Grundlagen und Techniken
|title=Laserspektroscopie: Grundlagen und Techniken
|edition=5th
|edition=5th
|publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
|publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
|isbn=
|isbn=978-3-540-33792-8
}} {{De icon}}</ref><ref>
|language=de}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
{{cite book
|last=Demtröder |first=W.
|last=Demtröder |first=W.
|year=2008
|year=2008
|title=Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Principles
|title=Laser Spectroscopy Volume 1: Basic Principles
|edition=4th
|edition=4th
|publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
|publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
|isbn=
|isbn=978-3-540-73415-4
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


== Multiple-prism beam expanders ==
== Multiple-prism beam expanders ==
[[Image:Duarte's multiple-prism grating laser oscillator.png|right|thumb|300px|Long-pulse tunable laser oscillator utilizing a multiple-prism beam expander<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Duarte |first1=Francisco J.
|last2=Taylor |first2=Travis S.
|last3=Costela |first3=Angel
|last4=Garcia-Moreno |first4=Inmaculada
|last5=Sastre |first5=Roberto
|year=1998
|title=Long-pulse narrow-linewidth dispersive solid-state dye-laser oscillator
|journal=[[Applied Optics]]
|volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=3987–3989
|doi=10.1364/ao.37.003987
|pmid=18273368
|bibcode=1998ApOpt..37.3987D
}}</ref>]]


Multiple-prism beam expanders usually deploy two to five prism to yield large one-dimensional beam expansion factors. Designs applicable to tunable lasers with beam expansion factors of up to 200 have been disclosed in the literature.<ref name="Duarte_TLO">
Multiple-prism beam expanders usually deploy two to five prisms to yield large one-dimensional beam expansion factors. Designs applicable to tunable lasers with beam expansion factors of up to 200 have been disclosed in the literature.<ref name="Duarte_TLO">
{{cite book
{{cite book
|last=Duarte |first=F. J.
|last=Duarte |first=F. J.
|year=2003
|year=2015
|title=Tunable laser optics
|title= Tunable Laser Optics
|url=http://www.tunablelaseroptics.com
⚫
|publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Academic Press]]
|edition= 2nd
|isbn=0-12-222696-8
⚫
|publisher=[[CRC Press]]
|isbn= 978-1-4822-4529-5
}}</ref> Initially multiple-prism grating configurations were introduced in narrow-linewidth liquid dye lasers<ref name="Duarte_DLP"/><ref>
}}</ref> Initially multiple-prism grating configurations were introduced in narrow-linewidth liquid dye lasers<ref name="Duarte_DLP"/><ref>
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
Line 57: Line 76:
|title=A double-prism beam expander for pulsed dye lasers
|title=A double-prism beam expander for pulsed dye lasers
|journal=[[Optics Communications]]
|journal=[[Optics Communications]]
|volume=35 |issue= |pages=100–104
|volume=35 |issue=1
|pages=100–104
|arxiv=
|bibcode= 1980OptCo..35..100D
|bibcode= 1980OptCo..35..100D
|doi=10.1016/0030-4018(80)90368-5
|doi=10.1016/0030-4018(80)90368-5
Line 69: Line 88:
|journal=[[Optics Communications]]
|journal=[[Optics Communications]]
|volume=43 |issue=5|pages=303–307
|volume=43 |issue=5|pages=303–307
|arxiv=
|bibcode= 1982OptCo..43..303D
|bibcode= 1982OptCo..43..303D
|doi=10.1016/0030-4018(82)90216-4
|doi=10.1016/0030-4018(82)90216-4
}}</ref> is known as the [[multiple-prism dispersion theory]].<ref name="Duarte_DLP"/><ref name="Duarte_TLO"/>
}}</ref> is known as the [[multiple-prism dispersion theory]].<ref name="Duarte_DLP"/><ref name="Duarte_TLO"/>


Multiple-prism beam expanders and arrays can also be described using [[Ray transfer matrix analysis|ray transfer matrices]].<ref>
Multiple-prism beam expanders and arrays can also be described using [[Ray transfer matrix analysis|ray transfer matrices]].<ref>
Line 79: Line 97:
|year=1989
|year=1989
|title=Ray transfer matrix analysis of multiple-prism dye laser oscillators
|title=Ray transfer matrix analysis of multiple-prism dye laser oscillators
|journal=[[Optics and Quantum Electronics]]
|journal=[[Optical and Quantum Electronics]]
|volume=21 |issue= |pages=47–54
|volume=21 |pages=47–54
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi= 10.1007/BF02199466
|doi= 10.1007/BF02199466
|s2cid=122811020
}}</ref> The multiple-prism dispersion theory is also available in 4 X 4 matrix form.<ref name="Duarte_TLO"/><ref>
}}</ref> The multiple-prism dispersion theory is also available in 4 × 4 matrix form.<ref name="Duarte_TLO"/><ref>
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|last1=Duarte |first1=F. J.
|last1=Duarte |first1=F. J.
|year=1992
|year=1992
|title=Multiple-prism dispersion and 4&times;4 ray transfer matrices
|title=Multiple-prism dispersion and 4×4 ray transfer matrices
|journal=[[Optics and Quantum Electronics]]
|journal=[[Optical and Quantum Electronics]]
|volume=24 |issue= |pages=49–53
|volume=24 |pages=49–53
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi= 10.1007/BF01234278
|doi= 10.1007/BF01234278
|s2cid=121055172
}}</ref> These matrix equations are applicable either to [[prism compressor|prism pulse compressors]] or multiple-prism beam expanders.<ref name="Duarte_TLO"/>
}}</ref> These matrix equations are applicable either to [[prism compressor|prism pulse compressors]] or multiple-prism beam expanders.<ref name="Duarte_TLO"/>


Line 105: Line 121:
|title=High Power Dye Lasers
|title=High Power Dye Lasers
|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]
|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]
|isbn=
|isbn=978-0-387-54066-5
}}</ref> The resulting one-dimensional (or line) illumination eliminates the need of point-by-point scanning and has become important for applications such as [[N-Slit interferometer|N-slit interferometry]], microdensitometry and microscopy.
}}</ref> The resulting plane illumination, with a near one-dimensional (or line) cross section, eliminates the need of point-by-point scanning and has become important for applications such as [[N-Slit interferometer|N-slit interferometry]], [[microdensitometer|microdensitometry]], and [[microscopy]]. This type of illumination can also be known in the literature as light sheet illumination or selective plane illumination.


==See also==
==See also==


*[[Laser communication in space]]
*[[Microdensitometer]]
*[[Multiple-prism dispersion theory]]
*[[Multiple-prism dispersion theory]]
*[[Multiple-prism grating laser oscillators]]
*[[Multiple-prism grating laser oscillators]]
Line 119: Line 137:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.opticsjournal.com/prismpulsecompression.htm References on prism arrays and prism beam expanders.]
* [http://www.tunablelasers.com/laseroscillators.htm Schematics of practical multiple-prism arrangements.]

* [http://www.opticsjournal.com/laseroscillators.htm Schematics of practical multiple-prism arrangements.]
{{physics-stub}}
{{Lasers}}

[[Category:Optics]]
[[Category:Optical devices]]
[[Category:Laser science]]
[[Category:Laser science]]

Latest revision as of 11:02, 31 December 2023

Beam expanders are optical devices that take a collimated beam of light and expand its width (or, used in reverse, reduce its width).

In laser physics they are used either as intracavity or extracavity elements. They can be telescopic in nature or prismatic. Generally prismatic beam expanders use several prisms and are known as multiple-prism beam expanders.

Telescopic beam expanders include refracting and reflective telescopes.[1] A refracting telescope commonly used is the Galilean telescope which can function as a simple beam expander for collimated light. The main advantage of the Galilean design is that it never focuses a collimated beam to a point, so effects associated with high power density such as dielectric breakdown are more avoidable than with focusing designs such as the Keplerian telescope. When used as intracavity beam expanders, in laser resonators, these telescopes provide two-dimensional beam expansion in the 20–50 range.[1]

In tunable laser resonators intracavity beam expansion usually illuminates the whole width of a diffraction grating.[2] Thus beam expansion reduces the beam divergence and enables the emission of very narrow linewidths[3] which is a desired feature for many analytical applications including laser spectroscopy.[4][5]

Multiple-prism beam expanders

[edit]
Long-pulse tunable laser oscillator utilizing a multiple-prism beam expander[6]

Multiple-prism beam expanders usually deploy two to five prisms to yield large one-dimensional beam expansion factors. Designs applicable to tunable lasers with beam expansion factors of up to 200 have been disclosed in the literature.[3] Initially multiple-prism grating configurations were introduced in narrow-linewidth liquid dye lasers[1][7] but eventually were also adopted in gas, solid-state, and diode laser designs.[3] The generalized mathematical description of multiple-prism beam expanders, introduced by Duarte,[8] is known as the multiple-prism dispersion theory.[1][3]

Multiple-prism beam expanders and arrays can also be described using ray transfer matrices.[9] The multiple-prism dispersion theory is also available in 4 × 4 matrix form.[3][10] These matrix equations are applicable either to prism pulse compressors or multiple-prism beam expanders.[3]

Extra-cavity beam shaping

[edit]

Extra cavity hybrid beam transformers: using a telescopic beam expander, followed by a convex lens, followed by a multiple-prism beam expander, a laser beam (with a circular cross section) can be transformed into an extremely elongated beam, in the plane of propagation, while extremely thin in the orthogonal plane.[3][11] The resulting plane illumination, with a near one-dimensional (or line) cross section, eliminates the need of point-by-point scanning and has become important for applications such as N-slit interferometry, microdensitometry, and microscopy. This type of illumination can also be known in the literature as light sheet illumination or selective plane illumination.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Duarte, F. J. (1990). "Narrow-linewidth pulsed dye Laser oscillators". In Duarte, F. J.; Hillman, L. W. (eds.). Dye Laser Principles. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-222700-4.
  2. ^ Hänsch, T. W. (1972). "Repetitively pulsed tunable dye laser for high resolution spectroscopy". Applied Optics. 11 (4): 895–898. Bibcode:1972ApOpt..11..895H. doi:10.1364/AO.11.000895. PMID 20119064.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Duarte, F. J. (2015). Tunable Laser Optics (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-4529-5.
  4. ^ Demtröder, W. (2007). Laserspektroscopie: Grundlagen und Techniken (in German) (5th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-33792-8.
  5. ^ Demtröder, W. (2008). Laser Spectroscopy Volume 1: Basic Principles (4th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-73415-4.
  6. ^ Duarte, Francisco J.; Taylor, Travis S.; Costela, Angel; Garcia-Moreno, Inmaculada; Sastre, Roberto (1998). "Long-pulse narrow-linewidth dispersive solid-state dye-laser oscillator". Applied Optics. 37 (18): 3987–3989. Bibcode:1998ApOpt..37.3987D. doi:10.1364/ao.37.003987. PMID 18273368.
  7. ^ Duarte, F. J.; Piper, J. (1980). "A double-prism beam expander for pulsed dye lasers". Optics Communications. 35 (1): 100–104. Bibcode:1980OptCo..35..100D. doi:10.1016/0030-4018(80)90368-5.
  8. ^ Duarte, F. J.; Piper, J. (1982). "Dispersion theory of multiple-prism beam expanders for pulsed dye lasers". Optics Communications. 43 (5): 303–307. Bibcode:1982OptCo..43..303D. doi:10.1016/0030-4018(82)90216-4.
  9. ^ Duarte, F. J. (1989). "Ray transfer matrix analysis of multiple-prism dye laser oscillators". Optical and Quantum Electronics. 21: 47–54. doi:10.1007/BF02199466. S2CID 122811020.
  10. ^ Duarte, F. J. (1992). "Multiple-prism dispersion and 4×4 ray transfer matrices". Optical and Quantum Electronics. 24: 49–53. doi:10.1007/BF01234278. S2CID 121055172.
  11. ^ Duarte, F. J. (1991). "Chapter 2". High Power Dye Lasers. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-54066-5.
[edit]
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