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Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 54°20′16″N 10°09′26″E / 54.33778°N 10.15722°E / 54.33778; 10.15722
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{{short description|Sailing at the Olympics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox Olympic Sailing
{{Infobox Olympic event
|year = 1936
|event = Sailing
|image = [[File:Olympische Spiele 1936 - Segelwettbewerbe in Kiel - Gedenktafel.jpg|190px]]
|games = 1936 Summer
|caption = Plaque:<BR>Olympische Segel Wettbewerbe 1936<BR>(Olympic Sailing Competition 1936)
|image = Olympische Spiele 1936 - Segelwettbewerbe in Kiel msu2017-8768.jpg
|venues = [[Kiel Fjord|Firth of Kiel]]
|caption = Plaque:<BR>Olympische Segel Wettbewerbe 1936<BR>(Olympic Sailing Competition 1936)
|dates = First race: {{Start date|df=yes|1936|08|04}}<br>Last race: {{End date|df=yes|1936|08|12}}
|venues = [[Kiel Fjord|Firth of Kiel]]
|sailors = 166 Male and 3 Female
|dates = First race: {{Start date|df=yes|1936|08|04}}<br>Last race: {{End date|df=yes|1936|08|12}}
|nations = 26
|boats = 59
|competitors = 166 Male and 3 Female
|NOC1 = GER
|teams = 59
|team_descriptor = Boats
|gold1 = 1
|silver1 = 0
|nations = 26
|prev = [[Sailing at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]]
|bronze1 = 1
|next = [[Sailing at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]]
|NOC2 = GBR
|gold2 = 1
|silver2 = 0
|bronze2 = 1
|NOC3 = NED
|gold3 = 1
|silver3 = 0
|bronze3 = 1
|prev = [[Sailing at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]]
|next = [[Sailing at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]]
}}
}}

'''[[Sailing|Sailing/Yachting]]''' is an [[Olympic sport]] starting from the Games of the 1st [[Olympiad]] ([[Sailing at the 1896 Summer Olympics|1896 Olympics]] in Athens, Greece). With the exception of [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904]] and possible [[1916 Summer Olympics|1916]] sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.
The Sailing program of 1936 consisted of a total of four sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 29 August 1936 to 8 September 1936 at the [[Kiel Fjord|Firth of Kiel]].
[[Sailing (sport)|Sailing/Yachting]] is an [[Olympic sport]] starting from the Games of the 1st [[Olympiad]] ([[Sailing at the 1896 Summer Olympics|1896 Olympics]] in Athens, Greece). With the exception of [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904]] and the canceled [[1916 Summer Olympics]], sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1936 consisted of a total of four sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 29 August 1936 to 8 September 1936 at the [[Kiel Fjord|Firth of Kiel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/games/11/sports/SAI |title=Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics |work=Olympedia |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>


== Venue ==
== Venue ==
For the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin Summer Olympics]] a choice had to be made between the Berliner [[Müggel Lake]] district or the Kiel area. Finally the Organizing committee made the decision in favour of the big boats and picked Kiel.<ref name="A" />
For the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin Summer Olympics]] a choice had to be made between the Berliner [[Müggel Lake]] district or the Kiel area. Finally the Organizing committee made the decision in favour of the big boats and picked Kiel.<ref name="A" />
As a result of the distance between Berlin to Kiel, a special committee for Yachting sprung to life to assist the Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympiad. Since Kiel was mainly a military port this Committee had to cooperate not only with the local authorities but also with the German Fleet Command in Kiel to ensure the success of the races.
As a result of the distance between Berlin to Kiel, a special committee for Yachting sprung to life to assist the Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympiad. Since Kiel was mainly a military port this committee had to cooperate not only with the local authorities but also with the German Fleet Command in Kiel to ensure the success of the races.
{{clear}}
{{clear}}
{{Infobox building
{{Infobox building
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| former_names =
| former_names =
| status = complete
| status = complete
| image = [[File:Kiel olympiahafen 1936.jpg|150px]]
| image = Olympische Spiele 1936 - Segelwettbewerbe in Kiel msu2017-8772.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[File:KYC-Stander.svg|95px]]<br>Burgee of the Kieler Yacht Club
| logo = KYC-Stander.svg
| logo_size = 95px
| logo_caption = Burgee of the Kieler Yacht Club
| altitude = Sealevel
| altitude = Sealevel
| building_type = Olympic harbor
| building_type = Olympic harbor
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| location_town =
| location_town =
| location_country = {{flag|Germany}}
| location_country = {{flag|Germany}}
| coordinates = {{coord|54|20|16|N|10|09|26|E|region:DE|display=inline,title}}
| iso_region = DE
| start_date =
| coordinates_display = inline
| latd = 54 |latm = 20 |lats = 16 |latNS = N
| longd = 10 |longm = 09 |longs = 26 |longEW = E
| start_date =
| completed_date =
| opened_date =
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| inauguration_date =
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=== Course areas and courses ===
=== Course areas and courses ===
One race area was created to the East of Schilksee and two in the harbor area more into the Firth of Kiel. Near the course areas tribunes on barges and on land were placed for spectators.<ref name="B" />
One race area was created to the East of [[Schilksee]] and two in the harbor area more into the Firth of Kiel. Near the course areas tribunes on barges and on land were placed for spectators.<ref name="B" />
{{Multiple image
{{Multiple image
| title = 1936 Olympic Course Areas
| title = 1936 Olympic Course Areas
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| width = 300
| width = 300
| image1 = 1936 Olympic Sailing Course Areas.png
| image1 = 1936 Olympic Sailing Course Areas.png
| caption1 = Open street map view of the current map of [[Kiel Fjord|Firth of Kiel]]. Projected are the 1936 Olympic sailing courses.
| caption1 = OpenStreetMap view of the current map of [[Kiel Fjord|Firth of Kiel]]. Projected are the 1936 Olympic sailing courses.
| image2 = 1936 Olympic Sailing Course.png
| image2 = 1936 Olympic Sailing Course.png
| caption2 = To define the actual course the race committee gave the sequence in which the marks should be rounded. <br> <br>e.g: Start - 1 port - 7 port - 5 port - 1 port - 5 port - Finish.
| caption2 = To define the actual course the race committee gave the sequence in which the marks should be rounded. <br> <br>e.g: Start - 1 port - 7 port - 5 port - 1 port - 5 port - Finish.
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The German Navy, was besides the organization of the race management responsible, with the help of the shipping lines, for keeping the race areas free of undesirable traffic.<ref name="B" />
The German Navy, was besides the organization of the race management responsible, with the help of the shipping lines, for keeping the race areas free of undesirable traffic.<ref name="B" />

=== Olympic accommodation ===
{{Infobox building
| name = Olympiaheim
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = D
| former_names =
| status = complete
| image =
| caption =
| altitude = Sealevel
| building_type = Olympic athlete accommodation
| cost =
| client =
| owner =
| address =
| location =
| location_town =
| location_country = {{flag|Germany}}
| iso_region = DE
| coordinates_display = inline
| latd = 54 |latm = 20 |lats = 16 |latNS = N
| longd = 10 |longm = 09 |longs = 26 |longEW = E
| start_date =
| completed_date =
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| floor_area =
| architect =
| seating_type =
| seating_capacity =
| main_contractor =
}}


== Competition ==
== Competition ==
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|width = 750
|width = 750
|height = 375
|height = 375
|lines = 0
|File:Olympic Classes 1936.svg
|File:Olympic Classes 1936.svg
}}
}}
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|style="text-align:left"|[[O-Jolle]] ||[[Dinghy]] ||Kiel ||[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]]||Max. 1<BR>Max. 1 substitute ||1936||1
|style="text-align:left"|[[O-Jolle]] ||[[Dinghy]] ||Kiel ||[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]]||Max. 1<BR>Max. 1 substitute ||1936||1
|-
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Star (sailboat)|Star]] ||[[Keelboat]]||Los Angeles||[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]]||Max. 2<BR>Max. 2 substitutes||1932||2
|style="text-align:left"|[[Star (sailboat)|Star]] ||[[Keelboat]]||Kiel||[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]]||Max. 2<BR>Max. 2 substitutes||1932||2
|-
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[6 Metre]] ||Keelboat ||Los Angeles||[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]]||Max. 5<BR>Max. 5 substitutes||1908||7
|style="text-align:left"|[[6 Metre]] ||Keelboat ||Kiel||[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]]||Max. 5<BR>Max. 5 substitutes||1908||7
|-
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[8 Metre (keelboat)|8 Metre]]||Keelboat ||Los Angeles||[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]]||Max. 6<BR>Max. 6 substitutes||1908||7
|style="text-align:left"|[[8 Metre (keelboat)|8 Metre]]||Keelboat ||Kiel||[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]]||Max. 6<BR>Max. 6 substitutes||1908||7
|-
|-
|colspan="7"|'''Legend: '''[[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]] = Mixed gender event
|colspan="7"|'''Legend:''' [[File:Cercle noir 100%.svg|9px]] = Mixed gender event
|-
|-
|colspan="7"|
|colspan="7"|
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|width = 168
|width = 168
|height = 150
|height = 150
|File:O-Jolle at the 1936 Summer Olympics.png|[[O-Jolle]]
|lines = 1
|File:O-Jolle at the 1936 Summer Olympics.png|'''[[O-Jolle]]'''
|File:Star at the 1936 Summer Olympics.png |[[Star (sailboat)|Star]]
|File:Star at the 1936 Summer Olympics.png |'''[[Star (sailboat)|Star]]'''
|File:6 Metre at the 1936 Summer Olympics.png|[[6 Metre]]
|File:6 Metre at the 1936 Summer Olympics.png|'''[[6 Metre]]'''
|File:8 Metre at the 1936 Summer Olympics.png|[[8 Metre (keelboat)|8 Metre]]
|File:8 Metre at the 1936 Summer Olympics.png|'''[[8 Metre (keelboat)|8 Metre]]'''
}}
}}
|}
|}
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|}
|}


== Medal summary <ref name="D" />==
== Medal summary ==
Source:<ref name="D" />
{|{{MedalistTable|type=Event}}
{|{{MedalistTable|type=Event}}
|-
{{Sailing Olympic Podium|year=1936|class=O-Jolle}}
| style="align:center;" | [[File:O-Jolle insigna.png|x20px]]<br>
{{Sailing Olympic Podium|year=1936|class=Star}}
'''1936: O-Jolle''' <br>{{DetailsLink|Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – O-Jolle}}
{{Sailing Olympic Podium|year=1936|class=6 Metre}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Netherlands]]&nbsp;[[Netherlands at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Netherlands]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(NED)</span><br>[[Daan Kagchelland]]
{{Sailing Olympic Podium|year=1936|class=8 Metre}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Germany]]&nbsp;[[Germany at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Germany]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(GER)</span><br>[[Werner Krogmann]]
|}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Great Britain]]&nbsp;[[Great Britain at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Great Britain]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(GBR)</span><br>[[Peter Scott]]


=== Sailing 1936 ===
{| {{RankedMedalTable}}
|-
|-
| style="align:center;" | [[File:NO Class insigna.png|x20px]]<br>
| 1 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|GER|1936 Summer}} || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3
'''1936: Star''' <br>{{DetailsLink|Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Star}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Germany]]&nbsp;[[Germany at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Germany]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(GER)</span><br>[[Peter Bischoff]]<br>[[Hans-Joachim Weise]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Sweden]]&nbsp;[[Sweden at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Sweden]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(SWE)</span><br>[[Arvid Laurin]]<br>[[Uno Wallentin]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Netherlands]]&nbsp;[[Netherlands at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Netherlands]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(NED)</span><br>[[Bob Maas]]<br>[[Willem de Vries Lentsch]]

|-
|-
| style="align:center;" | [[File:6 Metre insigna.png|x20px]]<br>
|rowspan=2| 2 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|GBR|1936 Summer}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
'''1936: 6 Metre''' <br>{{DetailsLink|Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – 6 Metre}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Great Britain]]&nbsp;[[Great Britain at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Great Britain]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(GBR)</span><br>[[Christopher Boardman]]<br>[[Miles Bellville]]<br>[[Russell Harmer]]<br>[[Charles Leaf]]<br>[[Leonard Martin]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of Norway.svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Norway]]&nbsp;[[Norway at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Norway]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(NOR)</span><br>[[Magnus Konow]]<br>[[Karsten Konow]]<br>[[Fredrik Meyer]]<br>[[Vaadjuv Nyqvist]]<br>[[Alf Tveten]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Sweden]]&nbsp;[[Sweden at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Sweden]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(SWE)</span><br>[[Sven Salén]]<br>[[Lennart Ekdahl]]<br>[[Martin Hindorff]]<br>[[Torsten Lord]]<br>[[Dagmar Salén]]

|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagIOCteam|NED|1936 Summer}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
| style="align:center;" | [[File:8 Metre insigna.png|x20px]]<br>
'''1936: 8 Metre''' <br>{{DetailsLink|Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – 8 Metre}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Italy]]&nbsp;[[Italy at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Italy]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(ITA)</span><br>[[Giovanni Reggio]]<br>[[Bruno Bianchi (sailor)|Bruno Bianchi]]<br>[[Luigi De Manincor]]<br>[[Domenico Mordini]]<br>[[Enrico Poggi]]<br>[[Luigi Poggi (sailor)|Luigi Poggi]]
| 4 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|ITA|1936 Summer}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of Norway.svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Norway]]&nbsp;[[Norway at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Norway]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(NOR)</span><br>[[Olaf Ditlev-Simonsen]]<br>[[John Ditlev-Simonsen]]<br>[[Hans Struksnæs]]<br>[[Lauritz Schmidt]]<br>[[Jacob Thams]]<br>[[Nordahl Wallem]]
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;"|[[File:Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg|22x20px|border|alt=|link=|Germany]]&nbsp;[[Germany at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Germany]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:90%;">(GER)</span><br>[[Hans Howaldt]]<br>[[Fritz Bischoff]]<br>[[Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach]]<br>[[Eduard Mohr]]<br>[[Felix Scheder-Bieschin]]<br>[[Otto Wachs]]
| 5 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|NOR|1936 Summer}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2

|-
| 6 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|SWE|1936 Summer}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
!Total || || 4 || 4 || 4 ||12
|}
|}


=== Sailing 1896–1936 ===
== Medal table ==
{{Medals table
{| {{RankedMedalTable}}
| caption =
|-
| host =
| 1 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|NOR}} || 12 || 7 || 1 || 20
| flag_template = flagIOCteam
|-
| event = 1936 Summer
| 2 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|GBR}} || 11 || 4 || 3 || 18
| team =
|-
| gold_GER = 1 | silver_GER = 1 | bronze_GER = 1
| 3 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|FRA}} || 8 || 10 || 13 || 31
| gold_GBR = 1 | silver_GBR = 0 | bronze_GBR = 1
|-
| gold_NED = 1 | silver_NED = 0 | bronze_NED = 1
| 4 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|SWE}} || 5 || 5 || 4 || 14
| gold_ITA = 1 | silver_ITA = 0 | bronze_ITA = 0
|-
| gold_NOR = 0 | silver_NOR = 2 | bronze_NOR = 0
| 5 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|NED}} || 3 || 4 || 2 || 9
| gold_SWE = 0 | silver_SWE = 1 | bronze_SWE = 1
|-
}}
|rowspan=2|6 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|BEL}} || 2 || 2 || 1 || 5
|-
| align=left | {{flagIOCteam|GER}} || 2 || 2 || 1 || 5
|-
| 8 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|USA}} || 2 || 1 || 2 || 5
|-
| 9 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|ZZX}} || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
|10 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|SUI}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
|11 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|ITA}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|12 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|DEN}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || 3
|-
|13 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|FIN}} || 0 || 1 || 4 || 5
|-
|14 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|CAN}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
|rowspan=3|15 ||align=left | {{flagIOCteam|ESP}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| align=left | {{flagIOCteam|EST}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| align=left | {{flagIOCteam|RUS}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
! Total !! 17 !! 49 !! 41 !! 35 !!125
|}


=== Ranking of the countries over the years ===
[[File:1936 Ranking the Olympic Sailing Countries.png|thumb|left|1000px|Graphic that showed the changes in the standing of the countries over the years.]]
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
* A floating transmission station was used for reporting the race events to shore.<ref name="A" />
* A floating transmission station was used for reporting the race events to shore.<ref name="A" />
* New media was also used in the protest room. On the footage made from a [[Zeppelin]], for the film [[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]] of [[Leni Riefenstahl]], an incident was observed by the jury between Sweden and Finland in race No. VI of the 8&nbsp;Metre. As result both teams were disqualified.<ref name="B" />
* New media was also used in the protest room. On the footage made from a [[Zeppelin]], for the film ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]'' of [[Leni Riefenstahl]], an incident was observed by the jury between Sweden and Finland in race No. VI of the 8&nbsp;Metre. As result both teams were disqualified.<ref name="B" />


== Other information ==
== Other information ==


=== Sailing ===
=== Sailing ===
* This Summer Olympics established Sailing as a full mature Olympic sport after a long struggle to get a unified International standard set of rules.
* This Summer Olympics established sailing as a full mature Olympic sport after a long struggle to get a unified International standard set of rules.
* Each Olympic Gold medalist was also given a plant during the prize giving ceremony.
* Each Olympic Gold medalist was also given a plant during the prize giving ceremony.
* Spain withdrew from sailing before the opening ceremony, as part of its boycott of the 1936 Summer Olympics.
* Spain withdrew from sailing before the opening ceremony, as part of its boycott of the 1936 Summer Olympics.
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=== Sailors ===
=== Sailors ===
During the Sailing regatta's at the 1936 Summer Olympics among others the following persons were competing in the various classes:
During the sailing regattas at the 1936 Summer Olympics among others the following persons were competing in the various classes:
* {{flagIOCteam|NED|1936 Summer}}, [[Daan Kagchelland]] in the O-Jolle is among the first sailors that did physical exercises on structural basis. Therefore, he was able to compensate his light body weight during heavy air races.
* {{flagIOCteam|NED|1936 Summer}}, [[Daan Kagchelland]] in the O-Jolle is among the first sailors that did physical exercises on structural basis. Therefore, he was able to compensate his light body weight during heavy air races.
* {{flagIOCteam|GER|1936 Summer}}, [[Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach]] in the 8&nbsp;Metre, played an important role for Germany in World War II.
* {{flagIOCteam|GER|1936 Summer}}, [[Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach]] in the 8&nbsp;Metre, played an important role for Germany in World War II.
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|width=150
|width=150
|height=150
|height=150
|File:Peter scott in 1954 arp.jpg|In O-Jolle: <br />[[Peter Scott]]
|lines=5
|File:Peter scott in 1954 arp.jpg|In O-Jolle: <br>[[Peter Scott]]
|File:Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (cropped).jpg|In 8 Metre: <br />[[Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach]] (Owner/Crewmember).
|File:Alfried Krupp head.JPG|In 8 Metre: <br>[[Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach]] (Owner/Crewmember).
|File:Hans Howaldt (1888-1970).jpg|In 8 Metre: <br />[[Hans Howaldt]] (Skipper).
|File:Hans Howaldt (1888-1970).jpg|In 8 Metre: <br>[[Hans Howaldt]] (Skipper).
}}
}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |title=Digital Library Collection (Official Olympic Reports 1896 - 2008) |url=http://search.la84.org/search |work=Digital Library Collection at la84.org |publisher=la84foundation |access-date=17 May 2015}}
* {{cite web
|title = Digital Library Collection (Official Olympic Reports 1896 - 2008)
|url = http://search.la84.org/search
|work = Digital Library Collection at la84.org
|publisher = la84foundation
|accessdate = 17 May 2015
}}
* {{IOC games|games=1936 Summer Olympics }}
* {{IOC games|games=1936 Summer Olympics }}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name = "A">{{cite book |title=The XITH Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Officiel Report, Volume I |url=http://la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v1sum.pdf |editor=Richter, Dr. Friedrich |publisher=the Organisationskomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 e.V. |location=Berlin |year=1936 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
<ref name = "A">
<ref name = "B">{{cite book |title=The XITH Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Officiel Report, Volume II |url=http://la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v2sum.pdf |editor=Richter, Dr. Friedrich |publisher=the Organisationskomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 e.V. |location=Berlin |year=1936 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
{{cite book
<ref name = "C">{{cite book |author=Hugh Drake & [[Paul Henderson (sailor)|Paul Henderson]] |title=Canada's Olympic Sailing Legacy, Paris 1924 – Beijing 2008 |publisher=CYA |location=Toronto |year=2009}}</ref>
| title = The XITH Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Officiel Report, Volume I
<ref name = "D">{{cite Sports-Reference |title=Sailing at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/SAI/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041915/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/SAI/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
| url = http://la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v1sum.pdf
| format = PDF
| author = (ed.) Richter, Dr. Friedrich
| publisher = the Organisationskomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 e.V.
| location = Berlin
| year = 1936
| accessdate = 17 May 2015
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "B">
{{cite book
| title = The XITH Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Officiel Report, Volume II
| url = http://la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v2sum.pdf
| format = PDF
| author = (ed.) Richter, Dr. Friedrich
| publisher = the Organisationskomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 e.V.
| location = Berlin
| year = 1936
| accessdate = 17 May 2015
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "C">
{{cite book
| author = Hugh Drake & [[Paul Henderson (sailor)|Paul Henderson]]
| title = Canada's Olympic Sailing Legacy, Paris 1924 – Beijing 2008
| publisher = CYA
| location = Toronto|year=2009
| accessdate = 17 May 2015
}}
</ref>
<ref name = "D">
{{cite web
|author=Kubatko, Justin
|title = Sailing at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games
|url = http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/SAI/
|work = Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
|publisher = Sports Reference LLC
|accessdate = 17 May 2015
}}
</ref>
}}
}}

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[[Category:Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics| ]]
[[Category:1936 Summer Olympics events]]
[[Category:1936 Summer Olympics events]]
[[Category:Sailing at the Summer Olympics|1936]]
[[Category:Sailing at the Summer Olympics|1936]]
[[Category:1936 in sailing]]
[[Category:1936 in sailing]]
[[Category:20th century in Schleswig-Holstein]]
[[Category:20th century in Schleswig-Holstein]]
[[Category:Sailing competitions in Germany]]

Latest revision as of 09:32, 31 December 2023

Sailing
at the Games of the XI Olympiad
Plaque:
Olympische Segel Wettbewerbe 1936
(Olympic Sailing Competition 1936)
VenuesFirth of Kiel
DatesFirst race: 4 August 1936 (1936-08-04)
Last race: 12 August 1936 (1936-08-12)
Competitors166 Male and 3 Female from 26 nations
Boats59
← 1932
1948 →

Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1936 consisted of a total of four sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 29 August 1936 to 8 September 1936 at the Firth of Kiel.[1]

Venue

[edit]

For the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics a choice had to be made between the Berliner Müggel Lake district or the Kiel area. Finally the Organizing committee made the decision in favour of the big boats and picked Kiel.[2] As a result of the distance between Berlin to Kiel, a special committee for Yachting sprung to life to assist the Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympiad. Since Kiel was mainly a military port this committee had to cooperate not only with the local authorities but also with the German Fleet Command in Kiel to ensure the success of the races.

Olympic Harbor
Burgee of the Kieler Yacht Club
Map
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeOlympic harbor
Country Germany
Coordinates54°20′16″N 10°09′26″E / 54.33778°N 10.15722°E / 54.33778; 10.15722
ElevationSealevel

Course areas and courses

[edit]

One race area was created to the East of Schilksee and two in the harbor area more into the Firth of Kiel. Near the course areas tribunes on barges and on land were placed for spectators.[3]

1936 Olympic Course Areas
OpenStreetMap view of the current map of Firth of Kiel. Projected are the 1936 Olympic sailing courses.
To define the actual course the race committee gave the sequence in which the marks should be rounded.

e.g: Start - 1 port - 7 port - 5 port - 1 port - 5 port - Finish.

The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses. The start was made in the center of a set of 8 numbered marks that were places in a circle. This made it possible to begin and finish every race sailing against the wind, regardless of the direction of the wind. During the starting procedure the sequence of the marks was communicated to the sailors. Starting upwind ensure a fair start of every race.[3] This mark system is, at least in certain German lakes, still in use in many places.

The German Navy, was besides the organization of the race management responsible, with the help of the shipping lines, for keeping the race areas free of undesirable traffic.[3]

Competition

[edit]

Overview

[edit]
Continents Countries Classes Boats Male Female
4 26 4 59 166 3[2]

Continents

[edit]
Map of Participating Sailing Continents at the 1936 Summer Olympics
● Green = Participating for the first time
● Blue = Participating
● Light Blue = Have previously participated
● Asia
● Europe
● North America
● South America

Countries

[edit]
Map of Participating Sailing Countries at the 1936 Summer Olympics
● Green = Participating for the first time
● Blue = Participating
● Light Blue = Have previously participated
 Argentina (ARG)  Austria (AUT)  Belgium (BEL)  Brazil (BRA)
 Canada (CAN)[4]  Chile (CHI)  Czechoslovakia (TCH)  Denmark (DEN)
 Estonia (EST)  Finland (FIN)  France (FRA)  Great Britain (GBR)
 Germany (GER)  Hungary (HUN)  Italy (ITA)  Japan (JPN)
 Netherlands (NED)  Norway (NOR)  Poland (POL)  Portugal (POR)
 Switzerland (SUI)  Sweden (SWE)  Turkey (TUR)  United States (USA)
 Uruguay (URU)  Yugoslavia (YUG)

Classes (equipment) [5]

[edit]
The 1936 Olympic classes
Class Type Venue Event Sailors First OG Olympics so far
O-Jolle Dinghy Kiel Max. 1
Max. 1 substitute		 1936 1
Star Keelboat Kiel Max. 2
Max. 2 substitutes		 1932 2
6 Metre Keelboat Kiel Max. 5
Max. 5 substitutes		 1908 7
8 Metre Keelboat Kiel Max. 6
Max. 6 substitutes		 1908 7
Legend: = Mixed gender event
The 1936 Olympic Classes in action[3]

Race schedule

[edit]
 ●  Opening ceremony  ●  Event competitions  ●  Final races  ●  Closing ceremony
Date August
3rd
Sat		 4th
Sun		 5th
Mon		 6th
Tue		 7th
Wed		 8th
Thu		 9th
Fri		 10th
Sat		 11th
Sun		 12th
Mon
Sailing (planning)[3] ● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● 		Spare
day
Total gold medals 4
Ceremonies ● ●

Medal summary

[edit]

Source:[5]

Event Gold Silver Bronze

1936: O-Jolle
details

 Netherlands (NED)
Daan Kagchelland 		 Germany (GER)
Werner Krogmann 		 Great Britain (GBR)
Peter Scott

1936: Star
details

 Germany (GER)
Peter Bischoff
Hans-Joachim Weise 		 Sweden (SWE)
Arvid Laurin
Uno Wallentin 		 Netherlands (NED)
Bob Maas
Willem de Vries Lentsch

1936: 6 Metre
details

 Great Britain (GBR)
Christopher Boardman
Miles Bellville
Russell Harmer
Charles Leaf
Leonard Martin 		 Norway (NOR)
Magnus Konow
Karsten Konow
Fredrik Meyer
Vaadjuv Nyqvist
Alf Tveten 		 Sweden (SWE)
Sven Salén
Lennart Ekdahl
Martin Hindorff
Torsten Lord
Dagmar Salén

1936: 8 Metre
details

 Italy (ITA)
Giovanni Reggio
Bruno Bianchi
Luigi De Manincor
Domenico Mordini
Enrico Poggi
Luigi Poggi 		 Norway (NOR)
Olaf Ditlev-Simonsen
John Ditlev-Simonsen
Hans Struksnæs
Lauritz Schmidt
Jacob Thams
Nordahl Wallem 		 Germany (GER)
Hans Howaldt
Fritz Bischoff
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
Eduard Mohr
Felix Scheder-Bieschin
Otto Wachs

Medal table

[edit]
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Germany (GER)1113
2 Great Britain (GBR)1012
 Netherlands (NED)1012
4 Italy (ITA)1001
5 Norway (NOR)0202
6 Sweden (SWE)0112
Totals (6 entries)44412

Notes

[edit]
  • A floating transmission station was used for reporting the race events to shore.[2]
  • New media was also used in the protest room. On the footage made from a Zeppelin, for the film Olympia of Leni Riefenstahl, an incident was observed by the jury between Sweden and Finland in race No. VI of the 8 Metre. As result both teams were disqualified.[3]

Other information

[edit]

Sailing

[edit]
  • This Summer Olympics established sailing as a full mature Olympic sport after a long struggle to get a unified International standard set of rules.
  • Each Olympic Gold medalist was also given a plant during the prize giving ceremony.
  • Spain withdrew from sailing before the opening ceremony, as part of its boycott of the 1936 Summer Olympics.
  • The Swiss 6 Metre was eliminated for all races since the helmsmen turned out not to be an amateur.
  • Many protests in the Metre classes were filed. Speculations were made about whether this was due to the scoring system. One of the reasons was probably the close racing.
  • The Olympic flame was burning on a Hanseatic galleon in the harbor of Kiel.[2]
  • In total a number of 257 participants were entered. 169 of them competed, the others were reserves or team managers and so on.[2]

Sailors

[edit]

During the sailing regattas at the 1936 Summer Olympics among others the following persons were competing in the various classes:

Sailors at the 1936 Olympic Games

Further reading

[edit]
  • "Digital Library Collection (Official Olympic Reports 1896 - 2008)". Digital Library Collection at la84.org. la84foundation. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  • "Berlin 1936". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics". Olympedia. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Richter, Dr. Friedrich, ed. (1936). The XITH Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Officiel Report, Volume I (PDF). Berlin: the Organisationskomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 e.V. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Richter, Dr. Friedrich, ed. (1936). The XITH Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Officiel Report, Volume II (PDF). Berlin: the Organisationskomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 e.V. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  4. ^ Hugh Drake & Paul Henderson (2009). Canada's Olympic Sailing Legacy, Paris 1924 – Beijing 2008. Toronto: CYA.
  5. ^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Sailing at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
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