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{{Infobox legislature
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #8c0e02
| text_color = white
| name = Senate
| name = Senate
| native_name =
| native_name =
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}}
}}
{{Politics of Sri Lanka}}
{{Politics of Sri Lanka}}
The '''Senate''' was the upper chamber of the [[Parliament of Ceylon|parliament]] of [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) established in 1947 by the [[Soulbury Commission]]. The Senate was appointed/indirectly elected rather than directly elected. The Senate was housed in the old [[Legislative Council of Ceylon|Legislative Council]] building in [[Fort (Colombo)|Colombo Fort]] and met for the first time on 12 November 1947. The Senate was abolished on 2 October 1971 by the eighth amendment to the Soulbury Constitution, prior to the adoption of the new Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka on 22 May 1972. In 2010 it was considered to reintroduce the Senate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/04/29/upper-house-sri-lanka-new-move-devolve-powers|title=Upper House in Sri Lanka - a new move to devolve powers|date=29 April 2010|publisher=[[Asian Tribune]]|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>
The '''Senate''' was the upper chamber of the [[Parliament of Ceylon|parliament]] of [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) established in 1947 by the [[Soulbury Commission]]. The Senate was appointed and indirectly elected rather than directly elected. It was housed in the old [[Legislative Council of Ceylon|Legislative Council]] building in [[Fort (Colombo)|Colombo Fort]] and met for the first time on 12 November 1947. The Senate was abolished on 2 October 1971 by the eighth amendment to the Soulbury Constitution, prior to the adoption of the new Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka on 22 May 1972. In 2010 there were proposals to reintroduce the Senate.<ref name="Asian Tribune">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/04/29/upper-house-sri-lanka-new-move-devolve-powers|title=Upper House in Sri Lanka - a new move to devolve powers|date=29 April 2010|publisher=[[Asian Tribune]]|access-date=29 April 2010|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503004336/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/04/29/upper-house-sri-lanka-new-move-devolve-powers|archive-date=3 May 2010}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Creation===
⚫
With the recommendations of the [[Soulbury Commission]], the Senate of Ceylon was established in 1947 as the upper house of [[Parliament of Ceylon]]. The Senate was modelled on the [[House of Lords]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. It was a thirty-member Senate where the members where appointed rather than elected. One of its fundamental aims was to act as a revising chamber by scrutinizing or amending bills, which had been passed by the [[House of Representatives of Ceylon|House of Representatives]]. This was intended to act as a stopgap barrier to prevent the government in power trying to rush through important legislations without giving adequate time to consider such legislations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wickramanayake|first=Prabath|title=Sri Lankan Senate|url=http://www.analystjournal.com/global-a-political-issues/world/236-sri-lankan-senate.html|publisher=Analyst Journal|accessdate=24 June 2011}}</ref>


===Abolishment===
===Creation===
⚫
With the recommendations of the [[Soulbury Commission]], the Senate was established in 1947 as the upper house of [[Parliament of Ceylon]]. The Senate was modelled on the [[House of Lords]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. It was a thirty-member Senate where the members where appointed rather than elected. One of its fundamental aims was to act as a revising chamber by scrutinizing or amending bills that had been passed by the [[House of Representatives of Ceylon|House of Representatives]]. This was intended to act as a stopgap barrier to prevent the government in power trying to rush through important legislations without giving adequate time to consider such legislations.<ref name="Wickramanayake">{{cite web|last=Wickramanayake|first=Prabath|title=Sri Lankan Senate|url=http://www.analystjournal.com/global-a-political-issues/world/236-sri-lankan-senate.html|publisher=Analyst Journal|access-date=24 June 2011|archive-date=26 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014616/http://www.analystjournal.com/global-a-political-issues/world/236-sri-lankan-senate.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
The [[Sri Lanka leftist parties|leftist parties of Ceylon]] and other republicans considered the Senate, with half its members being appointed by the British monarch's representative - the Governor General, to be one of the last vestiges of colonial rule. The Senate had also been dominated by the [[United National Party]] since its creation. Soon after [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]], an alliance consisting of the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]], main opposition party, and the leftist parties came to power at the [[Ceylonese parliamentary election, 1970|May 1970 election]] it brought in a parliamentary bill to abolish the Senate. The bill's second reading was passed by the House of Representatives on 21 May 1971.<ref name="Rajasingham2">{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA12Df03.html|chapter=Chapter 22: 'Only God Can Save the Tamils' }}</ref> The Senate met for the last time on 28 September 1971.<ref name="Rajasingham2"/> The ''Ceylon (Constitution and Independence) Amendment Act, No. 36 of 1971'' received Royal Assent on 2 October 1971, becoming the eighth [[constitutional amendment|amendment]] to the [[Soulbury Constitution]].<ref name="Rajasingham2"/> The Senate was abolished in 1971 after nearly 24 years of existence. A unicameral parliamentary system was introduced with the adaptation of the Democratic Socialist Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka in 1972.


===Recent developments===
===Abolition===
⚫
The [[Sri Lanka leftist parties|leftist parties of Ceylon]] and other republicans considered the Senate, with half its members being appointed by the British monarch's representative – the Governor General – to be one of the last vestiges of colonial rule. The Senate had also been dominated by the [[United National Party]] since its creation. Soon after the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]], an alliance consisting of the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]], the main opposition party, and the leftist parties, came to power as a result of the [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|May 1970 election]], found that the Senate was controlled by the opposition party. The United Front government faced the possibility of their legislation been delayed in the upper house and it would take 27 months before it could appoint a majority of its members into the Senate with the retirement of sitting Senators. Therefore, it brought in a parliamentary bill to abolish the Senate. The bill's second reading was passed by the House of Representatives on 21 May 1971.<ref name="Rajasingham2">{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA12Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020416073325/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA12Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-04-16|chapter=Chapter 22: 'Only God Can Save the Tamils' }}</ref> The Senate met for the last time on 28 September 1971.<ref name="Rajasingham2"/> The ''Ceylon (Constitution and Independence) Amendment Act, No. 36 of 1971'' received [[Royal Assent]] on 2 October 1971, becoming the eighth [[constitutional amendment|amendment]] to the [[Soulbury Constitution]].<ref name="Rajasingham2"/> The Senate was abolished in 1971 after nearly 24 years of existence. A unicameral parliamentary system was introduced with the adaptation of the Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka in 1972.
Recently there have been consideration into the reintroduction of a senate into the [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]. The [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] Government, led by [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], is exploring possibilities to change the existing parliamentary system significantly. The government proposes that the new Senate will have around 45% of the members from the Parliament and the remaining 55% to be appointed by the President taking the recommendations of the religious leaders and other distinguished personalities of the Civil Society. Therefore the proposed Senate will have a total of 65 Members, 28 [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] and the rest, 37, would be appointed from minority communities, professionals and other intellectuals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wickramanayake|first=Prabath|title=Sri Lankan Senate|url=http://www.analystjournal.com/global-a-political-issues/world/236-sri-lankan-senate.html|publisher=Analyst Journal|accessdate=24 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/04/29/upper-house-sri-lanka-new-move-devolve-powers|title=Upper House in Sri Lanka - a new move to devolve powers|date=29 April 2010|publisher=[[Asian Tribune]]|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>


==Role==
==Role==
The Senate was intended to act as a revising chamber, scrutinizing and amending bills which had been passed by the House of Representatives. The model for the Senate's role was the [[House of Lords]] in the [[United Kingdom]].
The Senate was intended to act as a revising chamber, scrutinizing and amending bills which had been passed by the House of Representatives. The model for the Senate's role was the [[House of Lords]] in the [[United Kingdom]].


All Parliamentary Bills other than Money (finance) Bills could originate in the Senate.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> The Senate couldn't reject or amend or delay beyond one month a Money Bill.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> If any other Bill, that had been passed twice by the House of Representatives, is rejected by the Senate twice it was deemed to have been passed by both chambers.<ref name="Rajasingham"/>
All parliamentary bills other than money (finance) bills could originate in the Senate.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> The Senate could not reject or amend or delay beyond one month a money bill.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> If any other bill that had been passed twice by the House of Representatives was rejected by the Senate twice it was deemed to have been passed by both chambers.<ref name="Rajasingham"/>


==Membership==
==Membership==
The Senate consisted of 30 members. 15 member were elected by the lower chamber, the [[House of Representatives of Ceylon|House of Representatives]], using the proportional representation system, each MP having a single transferable vote.<ref name="Rajasingham">{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/CJ20Df03.html|chapter=Chapter 11: On the threshold of freedom }}</ref> The other 15 members were appointed by the [[Governor-General of Ceylon]] on advice of the [[Prime Minister of Ceylon|Prime Minister]] and generally consisted of distinguished individuals.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> The Senators were known as "''Elected Senators''" and "''Appointed Senators''" respectively.
The Senate consisted of 30 members. 15 members were elected by the lower chamber, the [[House of Representatives of Ceylon|House of Representatives]], using the proportional representation system, each member of parliament having a single transferable vote.<ref name="Rajasingham">{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/CJ20Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011108095742/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/CJ20Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2001-11-08|chapter=Chapter 11: On the threshold of freedom }}</ref> The remaining 15 members were appointed by the [[Governor-General of Ceylon]] on advice of the [[Prime Minister of Ceylon|Prime Minister]] and generally consisted of distinguished individuals.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> The senators were known as "''Elected Senators''" and "''Appointed Senators''" respectively.


The minimum age for membership of the Senate was 35 and members of the House of Representatives weren't allowed to be members of the Senate. At least two government ministers had to be Senators.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> No more than two Senators could be Parliamentary Secretaries (deputy ministers).<ref name="Rajasingham"/>
The minimum age for membership of the Senate was 35, and members of the House of Representatives were not allowed to be members of the Senate. At least two government ministers had to be senators.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> No more than two senators could be parliamentary secretaries (deputy ministers).<ref name="Rajasingham"/>


The normal term of office of a Senator was six years.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> One third of the Senate (five elected and five appointed) retired every two years.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> Retiring Senators were eligible for re-election or re-appointment. If a Senator resigned, died or was otherwise removed from office, their replacement, elected or appointed, would serve the remainder of their term of office.<ref name="Rajasingham"/>
The normal term of office of a senator was six years.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> One third of the Senate (five elected and five appointed) retired every two years.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> Retiring senators were eligible for re-election or re-appointment. If a senator resigned, died or was otherwise removed from office, their replacement, elected or appointed, would serve the remainder of their term of office.<ref name="Rajasingham"/>


==Officers==
⚫
==List of Senators==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2018}}
⚫
{{main|List of Senators of Ceylon}}
As the tradition of the [[House of Lords]], the Senate did not elect its own speaker. Instead, the presiding officer was the president, who was appointed by the Governor General. The president was by the deputy president and chairman of committees, who served as the presiding officer in the absence of the president.


The clerk of the Senate was in charge of all its administrative duties, but was not a member. The clerk, who was appointed by the Crown, advised the presiding officer on the rules of the House, signed orders and official communications, endorsed bills, and was the keeper of the official records of both Houses of Parliament.
⚫
===List of Presidents of the Senate===

The gentleman usher was also an officer of the Senate. The title derived from the [[Black Rod|gentleman usher of the Black Rod]] of the House of Lords and was responsible for ceremonial arrangements, upon the order of the House, took action to end disorders or disturbances in the Senate chamber.

⚫
==List of senators==
⚫
{{main|List of senators of Ceylon}}

⚫
===List of presidents of the Senate===
{{main|President of the Senate of Ceylon}}
{{main|President of the Senate of Ceylon}}


Line 81: Line 85:


==References==
==References==
* {{cite web|title=CEYLON (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/section.php?file=http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/statutes/cey_leg_encat_1956/indexs/1956Y11V379C.html|publisher=LawNet, Government of Sri Lanka}}
* {{cite web|title=CEYLON (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/section.php?file=http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/statutes/cey_leg_encat_1956/indexs/1956Y11V379C.html|publisher=LawNet, Government of Sri Lanka|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716190753/http://www.lawnet.lk/section.php?file=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.lawnet.lk%2Fdocs%2Fstatutes%2Fcey_leg_encat_1956%2Findexs%2F1956Y11V379C.html|archive-date=2010-07-16}}
* {{cite web|title=CEYLON (CONSTITUTION AND INDEPENDENCE) AMENDMENT|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/section.php?file=http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/statutes/stats_1956_2006/indexs/Vol2/1971Y0V0C36A.html|publisher=LawNet, Government of Sri Lanka}}
* {{cite web|title=CEYLON (CONSTITUTION AND INDEPENDENCE) AMENDMENT|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/section.php?file=http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/statutes/stats_1956_2006/indexs/Vol2/1971Y0V0C36A.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111194850/http://www.lawnet.lk/section.php?file=http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/statutes/stats_1956_2006/indexs/Vol2/1971Y0V0C36A.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-11|publisher=LawNet, Government of Sri Lanka}}
* {{cite news|title=The Senate Days of Ceylon|url=http://pdfs.island.lk/2010/04/22/p12.pdf|newspaper=The Island, Sri Lanka|date=22 April 2010}}
* {{cite news|title=The Senate Days of Ceylon|url=http://pdfs.island.lk/2010/04/22/p12.pdf|newspaper=The Island, Sri Lanka|date=22 April 2010|access-date=13 December 2010|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306011035/http://pdfs.island.lk/2010/04/22/p12.pdf|url-status=dead}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.parliament.lk/about_us/evolution.jsp Evolution of the Parliamentary System, parliament.lk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100616221401/http://www.parliament.lk/about_us/evolution.jsp Evolution of the Parliamentary System, parliament.lk]


{{Parliament of Sri Lanka}}
{{Parliament of Sri Lanka}}
{{Legislatures of modern Sri Lanka}}
{{Legislatures of modern Sri Lanka}}
{{National upper houses}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1947 establishments in Ceylon]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Ceylon]]
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[[Category:Parliament of Sri Lanka| ]]
[[Category:Parliament of Sri Lanka| ]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Ceylon| ]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Ceylon| ]]

[[ta:இலங்கை செனட் சபை]]

Latest revision as of 04:35, 29 December 2023

Senate
Dominion of Ceylon
Type
Type
History
Established1947
Disbanded2 October 1971
Preceded byState Council of Ceylon
Succeeded byNone
Seats30
Meeting place
The old Legislative Council building in Colombo Fort that used to house the Senate. Today it is known as the Republic Building and houses the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of
Sri Lanka
Constitution
Executive
Legislature

  • Secretary General
  • Kushani Anusha Rohanadeera
Judiciary
  • Parinda Ranasinghe
  • Ayesha Jinasena
Elections
  • R. M. A. L. Rathnayake
  • Members
  • M. A. P. C. Perera
  • Ameer Faaiz
  • Anusuya Shanmuganathan
  • Lakshman Dissanayake
Administrative divisions
Devolution
  • S. Alokabandara
Central Bank
  • Senior Deputy Governor
  • K. M. A. N. Daulagala
  • K. M. Mahinda Siriwardana
Foreign relations
Related topics

The Senate was the upper chamber of the parliament of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) established in 1947 by the Soulbury Commission. The Senate was appointed and indirectly elected rather than directly elected. It was housed in the old Legislative Council building in Colombo Fort and met for the first time on 12 November 1947. The Senate was abolished on 2 October 1971 by the eighth amendment to the Soulbury Constitution, prior to the adoption of the new Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka on 22 May 1972. In 2010 there were proposals to reintroduce the Senate.[1]

History

[edit]

Creation

[edit]

With the recommendations of the Soulbury Commission, the Senate was established in 1947 as the upper house of Parliament of Ceylon. The Senate was modelled on the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. It was a thirty-member Senate where the members where appointed rather than elected. One of its fundamental aims was to act as a revising chamber by scrutinizing or amending bills that had been passed by the House of Representatives. This was intended to act as a stopgap barrier to prevent the government in power trying to rush through important legislations without giving adequate time to consider such legislations.[2]

Abolition

[edit]

The leftist parties of Ceylon and other republicans considered the Senate, with half its members being appointed by the British monarch's representative – the Governor General – to be one of the last vestiges of colonial rule. The Senate had also been dominated by the United National Party since its creation. Soon after the United Front, an alliance consisting of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, the main opposition party, and the leftist parties, came to power as a result of the May 1970 election, found that the Senate was controlled by the opposition party. The United Front government faced the possibility of their legislation been delayed in the upper house and it would take 27 months before it could appoint a majority of its members into the Senate with the retirement of sitting Senators. Therefore, it brought in a parliamentary bill to abolish the Senate. The bill's second reading was passed by the House of Representatives on 21 May 1971.[3] The Senate met for the last time on 28 September 1971.[3] The Ceylon (Constitution and Independence) Amendment Act, No. 36 of 1971 received Royal Assent on 2 October 1971, becoming the eighth amendment to the Soulbury Constitution.[3] The Senate was abolished in 1971 after nearly 24 years of existence. A unicameral parliamentary system was introduced with the adaptation of the Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka in 1972.

Role

[edit]

The Senate was intended to act as a revising chamber, scrutinizing and amending bills which had been passed by the House of Representatives. The model for the Senate's role was the House of Lords in the United Kingdom.

All parliamentary bills other than money (finance) bills could originate in the Senate.[4] The Senate could not reject or amend or delay beyond one month a money bill.[4] If any other bill that had been passed twice by the House of Representatives was rejected by the Senate twice it was deemed to have been passed by both chambers.[4]

Membership

[edit]

The Senate consisted of 30 members. 15 members were elected by the lower chamber, the House of Representatives, using the proportional representation system, each member of parliament having a single transferable vote.[4] The remaining 15 members were appointed by the Governor-General of Ceylon on advice of the Prime Minister and generally consisted of distinguished individuals.[4] The senators were known as "Elected Senators" and "Appointed Senators" respectively.

The minimum age for membership of the Senate was 35, and members of the House of Representatives were not allowed to be members of the Senate. At least two government ministers had to be senators.[4] No more than two senators could be parliamentary secretaries (deputy ministers).[4]

The normal term of office of a senator was six years.[4] One third of the Senate (five elected and five appointed) retired every two years.[4] Retiring senators were eligible for re-election or re-appointment. If a senator resigned, died or was otherwise removed from office, their replacement, elected or appointed, would serve the remainder of their term of office.[4]

Officers

[edit]

As the tradition of the House of Lords, the Senate did not elect its own speaker. Instead, the presiding officer was the president, who was appointed by the Governor General. The president was by the deputy president and chairman of committees, who served as the presiding officer in the absence of the president.

The clerk of the Senate was in charge of all its administrative duties, but was not a member. The clerk, who was appointed by the Crown, advised the presiding officer on the rules of the House, signed orders and official communications, endorsed bills, and was the keeper of the official records of both Houses of Parliament.

The gentleman usher was also an officer of the Senate. The title derived from the gentleman usher of the Black Rod of the House of Lords and was responsible for ceremonial arrangements, upon the order of the House, took action to end disorders or disturbances in the Senate chamber.

List of senators

[edit]
Main article: List of senators of Ceylon

List of presidents of the Senate

[edit]
Main article: President of the Senate of Ceylon

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • "CEYLON (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL". LawNet, Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2010-07-16.
  • "CEYLON (CONSTITUTION AND INDEPENDENCE) AMENDMENT". LawNet, Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.
  • "The Senate Days of Ceylon" (PDF). The Island, Sri Lanka. 22 April 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  1. ^ "Upper House in Sri Lanka - a new move to devolve powers". Asian Tribune. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  2. ^ Wickramanayake, Prabath. "Sri Lankan Senate". Analyst Journal. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  3. ^ a b c Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 22: 'Only God Can Save the Tamils'". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 2002-04-16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 11: On the threshold of freedom". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 2001-11-08.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
[edit]
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