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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Genus of fruits and plants}}
{{Short description|Genus of fruits and plants}}
⚫
{{Automatic taxobox
{{italic title}}
| image =
⚫
{{taxobox
| name = ''Clymenia''
| taxon = Clymenia (plant)
⚫
| authority = [[Walter Tennyson Swingle|Swingle]] & [[Tyôzaburô Tanaka|Tanaka.]]
| image = Fortunella polyandra 3.jpg
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Rutaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Aurantioideae]]
| tribus = [[Citreae]]
| genus = '''''Clymenia'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Walter Tennyson Swingle|Swingle]] & [[Tyôzaburô Tanaka|Tanaka.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| subdivision = [[#Species|See text]]
}}
}}

'''''Clymenia''''' is a small genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the family ''[[Rutaceae]]''. There are two species included in the genus: ''[[Clymenia platypoda]]'' and ''[[Clymenia polyandra]]''.
'''''Clymenia''''' is a small genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Rutaceae]] with two species. The genus is often included in ''[[Citrus]]''.<ref name=APweb_RG>{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |title=Rutaceae Genera |website=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/genera/rutaceaegen.html |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Appelhans |first1=Marc S. |last2=Bayly |first2=Michael J. |last3=Heslewood |first3=Margaret M. |last4=Groppo |first4=Milton |last5=Verboom |first5=G. Anthony |last6=Forster |first6=Paul I. |last7=Kallunki |first7=Jacquelyn A. |last8=Duretto |first8=Marco F. |date=2021 |title=A new subfamily classification of the ''Citrus'' family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers |journal=Taxon |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1035–1061 |doi=10.1002/tax.12543 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free |hdl=11343/288824 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

⚫
==Description==
⚫
''Clymenia'' forms a shrub or small tree, free of spines. Leaves feature a short, narrow petiole, which sets them apart from most other citrus, especially the [[Papeda (citrus)|papedas]] native to the same general area. ''Clymenia'' fruits are a small [[hesperidium]], very similar to a citrus fruit. Sweet and lemony in flavor, the tangerine-sized fruits are highly segmented, with yellow pulp, and a leathery rind, similar to a true citrus fruit. They contain a large number of polyembryonic seeds. The fruit are eaten by the [[Bismarck Archipelago|Bismarck]] islanders, who call it ''a-mulis'' ([[Namatanai]]).<ref name=germplasm /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://citruspages.free.fr/distantrelatives.html#clymenia|title=Citrus Pages / Distant Citrus relatives|author=Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse|work=free.fr}}</ref>

⚫
Native to a handful of locations on [[Papua New Guinea]] and nearby islets, including [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], [[New Britain]] and the [[Admiralty Islands]],<ref name=stone /> ''Clymenia'' is far more tropical than other citrus, and even in subtropical parts of the [[United States]], it can only be grown in a greenhouse. Specimens thrived in greenhouses in [[Riverside, California]], but perished when planted out in the arid climate.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} They are locally cultivated in indigenous villages, but have never been commercially cultivated.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
{{main|Citrus taxonomy#Australian and New Guinean species}}
{{main|Citrus taxonomy#Australian and New Guinean species}}
⚫
Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern [[Pacific islands]], ''Clymenia'' was originally considered an obscure [[citrus]] hybrid. Botanist [[Tyôzaburô Tanaka]] noted that ''Clymenia'' would hybridize with a few other citrus plants (notably [[kumquat]]s), but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. In the 1960s, botanist [[Walter Tennyson Swingle]] proposed that ''Clymenia'' might belong to a genus of its own. Swingle assumed that ''Clymenia'' and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. Alternatively, Berhow suggested in 2000 that a close relationship existed between ''Clymenia'' and kumquat and that it might be a [[Citrofortunella]] hybrid.<ref name=germplasm>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKlNrSR_8IEC&pg=PA49 | title=Citrus Germplasm Resources | last1=Krueger | first1=R.R. | last2=Navarro | first2=L. | work=Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology | editor-last=Kahn | editor-first=Iqrar Ahmad | publisher = CAB International | year=2007| pages=64–65| isbn=9781845931933 }}</ref>


⚫
Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern [[Pacific islands]], ''Clymenia'' was originally considered an obscure [[citrus]] hybrid. Botanist [[Tyôzaburô Tanaka]] noted that ''Clymenia'' would hybridize with a few other citrus plants (notably [[kumquat]]s), but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. Botanist [[Walter Tennyson Swingle]] proposed moving ''Clymenia'' out of ''Citrus'', [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribing]] the genus in 1939,<ref>''J. Arnold Arb.'' vol.20 (1939), p. 251 {{full citation needed|date=February 2022}}</ref> naming it after a figure from Greek mythology, [[Clymene (mythology)|Clymene]], an Orchomenian princess who was the mother of [[Atalanta]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022|format=pdf |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 | s2cid=246307410 |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Swingle assumed that ''Clymenia'' and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. In 2000, Berhow suggested that a close relationship existed between ''Clymenia'' and kumquats and that it might be a [[Citrofortunella]], a kumquat hybrid with another citrus.<ref name=germplasm>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKlNrSR_8IEC&pg=PA49 | title=Citrus Germplasm Resources | last1=Krueger | first1=R.R. | last2=Navarro | first2=L. | work=Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology | editor-last=Kahn | editor-first=Iqrar Ahmad | publisher = CAB International | year=2007| pages=64–65| isbn=9781845931933 }}</ref>
⚫
More recent genomic analysis showed ''Clymenia'' to cluster within the genus ''Citrus'' in a clade with the [[Australian lime|Australian and New Guinean limes]], which though formerly placed in genera ''Eremocitrus'' and ''Microcitrus'' are now considered members of ''Citrus''.<ref name=bayer>{{cite journal |last1=Bayer |first1=Randall J |last2=Mabberly | first2=David J | last3=Morton | first3=Cynthia | last4=Miller | first4=Cathy H | last5=Sharma | first5=Ish K | last6=Pfiel | first6=Bernard E | last7=Rich | first7=Sarah | last8=Hitchcock | first8=Roberta | last9=Sykes | first9=Steve | year=2009 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences.|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=668–685 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800341 | pmid=21628223}}</ref><ref name=Oueslati>{{cite journal |title=Towards a molecular taxonomic key of the Aurantioideae subfamily using chloroplastic SNP diagnostic markers of the main clades genotyped by competitive allele-specific PCR | last1=Oueslati | first1=Amel | last2=Ollitrault | first2=Frederique | last3=Baraket | first3=Ghada | last4=Salhi-Hannachi | first4=Amel | last5=Navarro | first5=Luis | last6=Ollitrault | first6=Patrick | journal=BMC Genetics | volume=17 | page=118 | year=2016 | issue=1 | doi=10.1186/s12863-016-0426-x| pmc=4991024 | pmid=27539067 }}</ref><ref name="García Lor">{{cite thesis |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |year=2013|author=Andrés García Lor| url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versión3.Tesis%20Andrés%20García-Lor.pdf |pages=79,125–128}}</ref> Because excluding them would make ''Citrus'' [[paraphyletic]], the ''Clymenia'' species may likewise belong in ''Citrus'',<ref name=bayer /><ref name=Oueslati /> with ''Clymenia'' relegated to the status of a [[subgenus]]. Genomic analysis also showed ''Clymenia polyandra'' to be completely [[homozygosity|homozygous]], proving it to be a distinct species and not a hybrid.<ref name="García Lor" />


⚫
Recent genomic analysis has shed new light on the phylogeny of ''Clemenia'', potentially clarifying questions of its taxonomy. ''Clymenia polyandra'' was found to be completely [[homozygosity|homozygous]], proving it to be a distinct species and not a kumquat hybrid.<ref name="García Lor">{{cite thesis |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |year=2013|author=Andrés García Lor| url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versión3.Tesis%20Andrés%20García-Lor.pdf |pages=79,125–128}}</ref> ''Clymenia'' clusters within the genus ''Citrus'' in a clade with the [[Australian lime|Australian and New Guinean limes]], which though formerly placed in genera ''Eremocitrus'' and ''Microcitrus'' are now considered members of ''Citrus''.<ref name="García Lor" /><ref name=bayer>{{cite journal |last1=Bayer |first1=Randall J |last2=Mabberly | first2=David J | last3=Morton | first3=Cynthia | last4=Miller | first4=Cathy H | last5=Sharma | first5=Ish K | last6=Pfiel | first6=Bernard E | last7=Rich | first7=Sarah | last8=Hitchcock | first8=Roberta | last9=Sykes | first9=Steve | year=2009 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences.|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=668–685 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800341 | pmid=21628223|s2cid=29306927 }}</ref><ref name=Oueslati>{{cite journal |title=Towards a molecular taxonomic key of the Aurantioideae subfamily using chloroplastic SNP diagnostic markers of the main clades genotyped by competitive allele-specific PCR | last1=Oueslati | first1=Amel | last2=Ollitrault | first2=Frederique | last3=Baraket | first3=Ghada | last4=Salhi-Hannachi | first4=Amel | last5=Navarro | first5=Luis | last6=Ollitrault | first6=Patrick | journal=BMC Genetics | volume=17 | page=118 | year=2016 | issue=1 | doi=10.1186/s12863-016-0426-x| pmc=4991024 | pmid=27539067 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Because excluding ''Clymenia'' would make ''Citrus'' [[paraphyletic]], the ''Clymenia'' species may likewise belong in ''Citrus'',<ref name=bayer /><ref name=Oueslati /> with ''Clymenia'' relegated to the status of a [[subgenus]]. It is included in ''Citrus'' in a 2021 classification of the family [[Rutaceae]].<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/>
⚫
==Description==
⚫
''Clymenia'' forms a shrub or small tree, free of spines. Leaves feature a short, narrow petiole, which sets them apart from most other citrus, especially the [[Papeda (citrus)|papedas]] native to the same general area. ''Clymenia'' fruits are a small [[hesperidium]], very similar to a citrus fruit. Sweet and lemony in flavor, the tangerine-sized fruits are highly segmented, with yellow pulp, and a leathery rind, similar to a true citrus fruit. They contain a large number of polyembryonic seeds. The fruit are eaten by the [[Bismarck Archipelago|Bismarck]] islanders, who call it ''a-mulis'' ([[Namatanai]]).<ref name=germplasm /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://citruspages.free.fr/distantrelatives.html#clymenia|title=Citrus Pages / Distant Citrus relatives|author=Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse|work=free.fr}}</ref>


===Species===
⚫
Native to a handful of locations on [[Papua New Guinea]] and nearby islets, ''Clymenia'' is far more tropical than other citrus, and even in subtropical parts of the [[United States]], it can only be grown in a greenhouse. Specimens thrived in greenhouses in [[Riverside, California]], but perished when planted out in the arid climate.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} They are locally cultivated in indigenous villages, but have never been commercially cultivated.
Species included in the genus:<ref name="POWO_35650-1">{{cite web |title=''Clymenia'' Swingle |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:35650-1 |access-date=19 September 2021 }}</ref><ref name=stone>Benjamin C. Stone (1985). "New and noteworthy palotropical species of Rutaceae", ''Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'', vol. 137, pp. 213–228</ref>
*''[[Clymenia platypoda]]'' <small>B.C.Stone</small>
*''[[Clymenia polyandra]]'' <small>(Tanaka) Swingle</small>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 37: Line 35:
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_relatives.html Sorting Citrus Relatives]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_relatives.html Sorting Citrus Relatives]
*[http://citruspages.free.fr/distantrelatives.html#clymenia Clymenia polyandra (Tanaka) Swingle]
*[http://citruspages.free.fr/distantrelatives.html#clymenia Clymenia polyandra (Tanaka) Swingle]
*[http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/clymenia.html Clymenia polyandra]
*[http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/clymenia.html Clymenia polyandra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425044352/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/clymenia.html |date=25 April 2019 }}


{{citrus}}
{{citrus}}
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[[Category:Aurantioideae]]
[[Category:Aurantioideae]]
[[Category:Natural cultivars]]
[[Category:Aurantioideae genera]]
[[Category:Rutaceae genera]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]

Latest revision as of 15:24, 14 December 2023

Clymenia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Aurantioideae
Genus: Clymenia
Swingle & Tanaka.
Species

See text

Clymenia is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae with two species. The genus is often included in Citrus.[1][2]

Description

[edit]

Clymenia forms a shrub or small tree, free of spines. Leaves feature a short, narrow petiole, which sets them apart from most other citrus, especially the papedas native to the same general area. Clymenia fruits are a small hesperidium, very similar to a citrus fruit. Sweet and lemony in flavor, the tangerine-sized fruits are highly segmented, with yellow pulp, and a leathery rind, similar to a true citrus fruit. They contain a large number of polyembryonic seeds. The fruit are eaten by the Bismarck islanders, who call it a-mulis (Namatanai).[3][4]

Native to a handful of locations on Papua New Guinea and nearby islets, including New Ireland, New Britain and the Admiralty Islands,[5] Clymenia is far more tropical than other citrus, and even in subtropical parts of the United States, it can only be grown in a greenhouse. Specimens thrived in greenhouses in Riverside, California, but perished when planted out in the arid climate.[citation needed] They are locally cultivated in indigenous villages, but have never been commercially cultivated.

Taxonomy

[edit]
Main article: Citrus taxonomy § Australian and New Guinean species

Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern Pacific islands, Clymenia was originally considered an obscure citrus hybrid. Botanist Tyôzaburô Tanaka noted that Clymenia would hybridize with a few other citrus plants (notably kumquats), but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. Botanist Walter Tennyson Swingle proposed moving Clymenia out of Citrus, circumscribing the genus in 1939,[6] naming it after a figure from Greek mythology, Clymene, an Orchomenian princess who was the mother of Atalanta.[7] Swingle assumed that Clymenia and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. In 2000, Berhow suggested that a close relationship existed between Clymenia and kumquats and that it might be a Citrofortunella, a kumquat hybrid with another citrus.[3]

Recent genomic analysis has shed new light on the phylogeny of Clemenia, potentially clarifying questions of its taxonomy. Clymenia polyandra was found to be completely homozygous, proving it to be a distinct species and not a kumquat hybrid.[8] Clymenia clusters within the genus Citrus in a clade with the Australian and New Guinean limes, which though formerly placed in genera Eremocitrus and Microcitrus are now considered members of Citrus.[8][9][10] Because excluding Clymenia would make Citrus paraphyletic, the Clymenia species may likewise belong in Citrus,[9][10] with Clymenia relegated to the status of a subgenus. It is included in Citrus in a 2021 classification of the family Rutaceae.[2]

Species

[edit]

Species included in the genus:[11][5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Stevens, P.F. "Rutaceae Genera". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b Appelhans, Marc S.; Bayly, Michael J.; Heslewood, Margaret M.; Groppo, Milton; Verboom, G. Anthony; Forster, Paul I.; Kallunki, Jacquelyn A. & Duretto, Marco F. (2021). "A new subfamily classification of the Citrus family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers". Taxon. 70 (5): 1035–1061. doi:10.1002/tax.12543. hdl:11343/288824.
  3. ^ a b Krueger, R.R.; Navarro, L. (2007), Kahn, Iqrar Ahmad (ed.), "Citrus Germplasm Resources", Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, CAB International, pp. 64–65, ISBN 9781845931933
  4. ^ Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse. "Citrus Pages / Distant Citrus relatives". free.fr.
  5. ^ a b Benjamin C. Stone (1985). "New and noteworthy palotropical species of Rutaceae", Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 137, pp. 213–228
  6. ^ J. Arnold Arb. vol.20 (1939), p. 251 [full citation needed]
  7. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b Andrés García Lor (2013). Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos (PDF) (Thesis). pp. 79, 125–128.
  9. ^ a b Bayer, Randall J; Mabberly, David J; Morton, Cynthia; Miller, Cathy H; Sharma, Ish K; Pfiel, Bernard E; Rich, Sarah; Hitchcock, Roberta; Sykes, Steve (2009). "A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences". American Journal of Botany. 96 (3): 668–685. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800341. PMID 21628223. S2CID 29306927.
  10. ^ a b Oueslati, Amel; Ollitrault, Frederique; Baraket, Ghada; Salhi-Hannachi, Amel; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Towards a molecular taxonomic key of the Aurantioideae subfamily using chloroplastic SNP diagnostic markers of the main clades genotyped by competitive allele-specific PCR". BMC Genetics. 17 (1): 118. doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0426-x. PMC 4991024. PMID 27539067.
  11. ^ "Clymenia Swingle". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
[edit]
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