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{{Short description|Genus of single-celled organisms}}
{{italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Gymnodinium sp.jpg
| image = Gymnodinium sp.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
⚫
| taxon = Gymnodinium
| unranked_regnum= [[SAR supergroup|SAR]]
⚫
| authority = Stein, 1878
| unranked_superphylum = [[Alveolata]]
| phylum = [[dinoflagellate|Dinoflagellata]]
| classis = [[Dinophyceae]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Guiry|first=M.D.|last2=Guiry|first2=G.M.|year=2008|title=Gymnodinium|work=[[AlgaeBase]]|publisher=World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway|url=http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=43632|accessdate= 2009-02-21}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Gymnodiniales]]
| familia = [[Gymnodiniaceae]]
⚫
| genus = '''Gymnodinium'''
⚫
| genus_authority = Stein, 1878
}}
}}
'''''Gymnodinium''''' is a genus of [[dinoflagellate]]s. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor (cellulosic plates). Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of ''Gymnodinium'' have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data.<ref>Daugbjerg, N., G. Hansen, J. Larsen, and Ø. Moestrup. 2000. Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. Phycologia 39:302-317.</ref> Amphidinium was redefined later.<ref>Flo Jorgensen, M., Murray, S., Daugbjerg, N. 2004a. Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis, Journal of Phycology 40, 351-365.</ref><ref>Murray, S., Flo Jorgensen, M., Daugbjerg, N. and Rhodes, L. Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov. Journal of Phycology 40, 366-382.</ref>


'''''Gymnodinium''''' is a genus of [[dinoflagellate]]s, a type of marine and freshwater [[plankton]]. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor known as cellulosic plates. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of ''Gymnodinium'' have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Daugbjerg | first1 = N. | last2 = Hansen | first2 = G. | last3 = Larsen | first3 = J. | last4 = Moestrup | first4 = Ø. | year = 2000 | title = Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates | journal = Phycologia | volume = 39 | issue = 4| pages = 302–317 | doi=10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1| s2cid = 86456565 }}</ref> ''[[Amphidinium]]'' was redefined later.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=M. Flo |last1=Jorgensen |last2=Murray |first2=S. |last3=Daugbjerg |first3=N. |title=Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis |journal=Journal of Phycology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=351–365 |year=2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03131.x |s2cid=53637890 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Murray | first1 = S. | last2 = Flo Jorgensen | first2 = M. | last3 = Daugbjerg | first3 = N. | last4 = Rhodes | first4 = L. | year = 2004| title = Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov | journal = Journal of Phycology | volume = 40 | issue = 2| pages = 366–382 | doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03132.x| s2cid = 53572161 }}</ref> Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can cause [[red tide]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate ''Gonyaulax polyedra'' in phytoplankton suspensions |journal=Aquatic Microbial Ecology |last1 = Rollo |first1 = Franco |url = https://www.int-res.com/articles/ame/9/a009p055.pdf |volume=9 |page=55 |date =1995-04-28 |access-date = 2015-04-25 |first2=Stefano |last2=Sassarolil |first3=Laurita |last3=Boni |first4=Isolina |last4=Marota |doi=10.3354/ame009055|doi-access=free }}</ref> The red tides produced by some ''Gymnodinium'', such as ''[[Gymnodinium catenatum]]'', are toxic and pose risks to marine and human life, including [[paralytic shellfish poisoning]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heimann |first1=Kirsten |title=Gymnodinium and Related Dinoflagellates |chapter=Gymnodiniumand Related Dinoflagellates |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0001967.pub2 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |year = 2012|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0001967.pub2 |isbn=978-0470016176 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mee |first1=Laurence D. |last2=Espinosa |first2=Mayola |last3=Diaz |first3=Gilberto |title=Paralytic shellfish poisoning with a gymnodinium catenatum red tide on the Pacific coast of Mexico |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136%2886%2990040-1 |journal=Marine Environmental Research |year=1986 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=77–92 |publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/0141-1136(86)90040-1 |bibcode=1986MarER..19...77M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramirez |first1=Camarena |last2=Cortes |first2=Altamirano |last3=Munoz |first3=Cabrera |title=Red tide caused by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum off Mazatlan Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico in 1997 |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |date=1999 |volume=47 |pages=77–80}}</ref>
⚫
* ''Amphidinium''

==Segregate genera==
*''Gymnodinium'' [[sensu stricto]]
*''Gymnodinium'' [[sensu stricto]]
⚫
* ''Gyrodinium''
*''[[Akashiwo]]''
*''[[Akashiwo]]''
⚫
*''[[Amphidinium]]''
⚫
*''[[Gyrodinium]]''
*''[[Karenia (dinoflagellate)|Karenia]]''
*''[[Karenia (dinoflagellate)|Karenia]]''
*''[[Karlodinium]]''
*''[[Karlodinium]]''
*''Katodinium''
*''[[Katodinium]]''

*''[[Takayama (dinoflagellate)|Takayama]]''
==Former species==
''[[Torodinium]]'' (with ''Torodinium robustum'' and the [[type species]] ''Torodinium teredo'') were both formerly ''Gymnodinium teredo'' until 1921.<ref>Kofoid, C.A. and Swezy, O. 1921: The free-living unarmored dinoflagellate. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
{{cite journal|last1=Estrada|first1=Norma|last2=Ascencio|first2=Felipe|last3=Shoshani|first3=Liora|title=Apoptosis of hemocytes from lions-paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus induced with paralyzing shellfish poison from Gymnodinium catenatum|journal=Contreras|date=December 2014|volume=219|issue=12|pages=964–974|doi=10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.006|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0171298514001193#|accessdate= 8 February 2015}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Estrada |first1=Norma |last2=Ascencio |first2=Felipe |last3=Shoshani |first3=Liora |title=Apoptosis of hemocytes from lions-paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus induced with paralyzing shellfish poison from ''Gymnodinium catenatum'' |journal=Contreras |date=December 2014 |volume=219 |issue=12 |pages=964–974 |doi=10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.006 |pmid=25097151 }}

{{cite journal|last1=Thessen|first1=Annie E.|last2=Patterson|first2=David J.|last3=Murray|first3=Shauna A.|title=The Taxonomic Significance of Species That Have Only Been Observed Once: The Genus Gymnodinium (Dinoflagellata) as an Example|journal=PLOS ONE|date=30 August 2012|volume=7|issue=8|page=e44015|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044015|accessdate=12 February 2015|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0044015}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Thessen |first1=Annie E. |last2=Patterson |first2=David J. |last3=Murray |first3=Shauna A. |title=The Taxonomic Significance of Species That Have Only Been Observed Once: The Genus ''Gymnodinium'' (Dinoflagellata) as an Example |journal=PLOS ONE |date=30 August 2012 |volume=7 |issue=8 |page=e44015 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0044015 |pmid=22952856 |pmc=3431360|bibcode=2012PLoSO...744015T |doi-access=free }}
{{Refend}}


{{Alveolata}}
{{Alveolata}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q140581}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Dinoflagellate genera]]
[[Category:Dinoflagellate genera]]
[[Category:Bioluminescent dinoflagellates]]



{{dinoflagellate-stub}}
{{dinoflagellate-stub}}

Latest revision as of 02:08, 8 December 2023

Gymnodinium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Myzozoa
Superclass: Dinoflagellata
Class: Dinophyceae
Order: Gymnodiniales
Family: Gymnodiniaceae
Genus: Gymnodinium
Stein, 1878

Gymnodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates, a type of marine and freshwater plankton. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor known as cellulosic plates. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of Gymnodinium have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data.[1] Amphidinium was redefined later.[2][3] Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can cause red tides.[4] The red tides produced by some Gymnodinium, such as Gymnodinium catenatum, are toxic and pose risks to marine and human life, including paralytic shellfish poisoning.[5][6][7]

Segregate genera

[edit]

Former species

[edit]

Torodinium (with Torodinium robustum and the type species Torodinium teredo) were both formerly Gymnodinium teredo until 1921.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Daugbjerg, N.; Hansen, G.; Larsen, J.; Moestrup, Ø. (2000). "Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates". Phycologia. 39 (4): 302–317. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1. S2CID 86456565.
  2. ^ Jorgensen, M. Flo; Murray, S.; Daugbjerg, N. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis". Journal of Phycology. 40 (2): 351–365. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03131.x. S2CID 53637890.
  3. ^ Murray, S.; Flo Jorgensen, M.; Daugbjerg, N.; Rhodes, L. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov". Journal of Phycology. 40 (2): 366–382. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03132.x. S2CID 53572161.
  4. ^ Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina (1995-04-28). "Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions" (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 9: 55. doi:10.3354/ame009055. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
  5. ^ Heimann, Kirsten (2012). "Gymnodiniumand Related Dinoflagellates". Gymnodinium and Related Dinoflagellates. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001967.pub2. ISBN 978-0470016176.
  6. ^ Mee, Laurence D.; Espinosa, Mayola; Diaz, Gilberto (1986). "Paralytic shellfish poisoning with a gymnodinium catenatum red tide on the Pacific coast of Mexico". Marine Environmental Research. 19 (1). Elsevier: 77–92. Bibcode:1986MarER..19...77M. doi:10.1016/0141-1136(86)90040-1.
  7. ^ Ramirez, Camarena; Cortes, Altamirano; Munoz, Cabrera (1999). "Red tide caused by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum off Mazatlan Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico in 1997". Revista de Biología Tropical. 47: 77–80.
  8. ^ Kofoid, C.A. and Swezy, O. 1921: The free-living unarmored dinoflagellate. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA

Further reading

[edit]


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