Vehicle subscription: Difference between revisions
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'''Vehicle subscription''' is a [[Service (economics)|service]] where a customer pays a recurring [[fee]] for the right to use one or more [[automotive vehicle]]s. Some vehicle subscriptions offer [[Vehicle insurance|insurance]] and [[Service (motor vehicle)|maintenance]] as part of the subscription fee; other subscriptions allow the [[subscriber]] to switch between different vehicles during their subscription period. Industry commentators consider vehicle subscription to be an alternative to [[Ownership|owning]] or [[Vehicle leasing|leasing]] a vehicle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.edmunds.com/car-leasing/what-are-car-subscription-services.html|title=What Are Car Subscription Services? {{!}} Edmunds|website=Edmunds|date=10 January 2018 |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.autobytel.com/car-buying-guides/features/what-is-a-car-subscription-service-132575/|title=What is a Car Subscription Service?|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> |
'''Vehicle subscription''' is a [[Service (economics)|service]] where a customer pays a recurring [[fee]] for the right to use one or more [[automotive vehicle]]s. Some vehicle subscriptions offer [[Vehicle insurance|insurance]] and [[Service (motor vehicle)|maintenance]] as part of the subscription fee; other subscriptions allow the [[subscriber]] to switch between different vehicles during their subscription period. Industry commentators consider vehicle subscription to be an alternative to [[Ownership|owning]] or [[Vehicle leasing|leasing]] a vehicle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.edmunds.com/car-leasing/what-are-car-subscription-services.html|title=What Are Car Subscription Services? {{!}} Edmunds|website=Edmunds|date=10 January 2018 |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.autobytel.com/car-buying-guides/features/what-is-a-car-subscription-service-132575/|title=What is a Car Subscription Service?|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> |
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Vehicle subscriptions have been available since 2010 when Rima Braden of Autosource, LLC offered a short-term flexible auto acquisition program from his dealership in Honolulu, Hawaii that he coined "Flexlease". Rebranded as "Carousel" in 2013, the program was restricted to the city and county of Honolulu and remains in operation today. In 2014 flexdrive, now jointly owned by [[Cox Automotive]] and Holman Enterprises, launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/flexdrive-now-joint-venture-cox-automotive-and-hol-267461|title=Autotrader - page unavailable|website=autotrader.com|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> Clutch Technologies, a start-up, launched a subscription service for consumers in [[Atlanta]] in mid-2014; Flow Automotive Companies was the first [[Automotive industry|automotive]] [[Car dealership|dealership]] to offer a subscription service, launching Drive Flow in [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem]] in 2016, using Clutch's technology platform.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/flow-automotive-offers-chance-to-flip-cars-using-drive-flow/article_b8d69935-1917-55f9-8d35-16b9b895498c.html|title=Flow Automotive offers chance to flip cars using Drive Flow with Clutch|last=Journal|first=Fran Daniel Winston-Salem|work=Winston-Salem Journal|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> |
Vehicle subscriptions have been available since 2010 when Rima Braden of Autosource, LLC offered a short-term flexible auto acquisition program from his dealership in Honolulu, Hawaii that he coined "Flexlease". Rebranded as "Carousel" in 2013, the program was restricted to the city and county of Honolulu and remains in operation today. In 2014 flexdrive, now jointly owned by [[Cox Automotive]] and Holman Enterprises, launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/flexdrive-now-joint-venture-cox-automotive-and-hol-267461|title=Autotrader - page unavailable|website=autotrader.com|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> Clutch Technologies, a start-up, launched a subscription service for consumers in [[Atlanta]] in mid-2014; Flow Automotive Companies was the first [[Automotive industry|automotive]] [[Car dealership|dealership]] to offer a subscription service, launching Drive Flow in [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem]] in 2016, using Clutch's technology platform.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/flow-automotive-offers-chance-to-flip-cars-using-drive-flow/article_b8d69935-1917-55f9-8d35-16b9b895498c.html|title=Flow Automotive offers chance to flip cars using Drive Flow with Clutch|last=Journal|first=Fran Daniel Winston-Salem|work=Winston-Salem Journal|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> 2017 saw several automotive [[manufacturers]] announce and launch subscription services, including Book by Cadillac, Porsche Passport, Care by Volvo and [[Canvas (car company)|Canvas]] (backed by [[Ford Motor Company]]).<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/car-subscription-service-guide-buying-leasing/|title=A guide to car subscriptions, the alternative to buying and leasing|date=19 March 2018|work=Roadshow|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> By 2018, a number of startups and automotive [[Car dealership|dealership]] companies had launched subscriptions in multiple markets <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.autofinancenews.net/5-subscription-services-ushering-new-ownership-models/|title=5 Subscription Services Ushering New Ownership Models|last=Sandler|first=Emma|work=Auto Finance News|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> and flexdrive became the first U.S.-based car subscription company to support dealerships and fleet operators stateside and globally through its partnership with Dribe in Denmark. |
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== Definition == |
== Definition == |
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Edmunds.com observes that there is a wide variety in the types of vehicle subscriptions that are available, such that many different customer needs can be met across the various services. Most vehicle subscriptions allow customers to pay a flat periodic fee, typically on a monthly basis. Whereas some subscription offerings have no minimum term (e.g., Book by Cadillac), others do have a minimum term (e.g., Care by Volvo launched with a two-year minimum term). Vehicle subscriptions include flat-rate, no-haggle pricing. Prospective customers typically sign-up using an app. The monthly fee may include insurance, maintenance and roadside assistance. Some services include a mileage limit and some offer unlimited mileage. Several services, such as Carousel, Porsche Passport and Book by Cadillac, offer the option to swap between different types of vehicles. Some services offer unlimited swaps and some restrict the number of swaps.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jdpower.com/cars/articles/automotion-blog/vehicle-subscription-services-emerge-new-car-ownership-model|title=Vehicle Subscription Services Emerge as New Car Ownership Model|last=jeff.youngs|date=11 December 2017|work=J.D. Power Cars|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":12"/> |
Edmunds.com observes that there is a wide variety in the types of vehicle subscriptions that are available, such that many different customer needs can be met across the various services. Most vehicle subscriptions allow customers to pay a flat periodic fee, typically on a monthly basis. Whereas some subscription offerings have no minimum term (e.g., Book by Cadillac), others do have a minimum term (e.g., Care by Volvo launched with a two-year minimum term). Vehicle subscriptions include flat-rate, no-haggle pricing. Prospective customers typically sign-up using an app. The monthly fee may include insurance, maintenance and roadside assistance. Some services include a mileage limit and some offer unlimited mileage. Several services, such as Carousel, Porsche Passport and Book by Cadillac, offer the option to swap between different types of vehicles. Some services offer unlimited swaps and some restrict the number of swaps.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jdpower.com/cars/articles/automotion-blog/vehicle-subscription-services-emerge-new-car-ownership-model|title=Vehicle Subscription Services Emerge as New Car Ownership Model|last=jeff.youngs|date=11 December 2017|work=J.D. Power Cars|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":12"/> |
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== Types of providers and |
== Types of providers and business models == |
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Vehicle subscriptions are offered by several different categories of company. Each category is pursuing a slightly different business model. |
Vehicle subscriptions are offered by several different categories of company. Each category is pursuing a slightly different business model. |
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=== Automotive manufacturers === |
=== Automotive manufacturers === |
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Several automotive manufacturers and brands offer or have announced vehicle subscriptions, including [[Porsche]], [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]], [[Cadillac]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Mercedes |
Several automotive manufacturers and brands offer or have announced vehicle subscriptions, including [[Porsche]], [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]], [[Cadillac]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[BMW]], [[Lexus]] and Ford. These services offer subscribers vehicles from a single brand or, in the case of Volvo, a single vehicle. While initial launches have tended to focus on one or two cities,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://media.cadillac.com/media/us/en/cadillac/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/jan/0105-cadillac-book.html|title=Introducing BOOK by Cadillac, a Bold New Luxury Vehicle Subscription Model|work=media.gm.com|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/porsche-launches-new-sports-car-and-suv-subscription-program-300534122.html|title=Porsche Launches New Sports Car and SUV Subscription Program|last=Inc.|first=Porsche Cars North America|agency=PR Newswire|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> there is evidence that the manufacturers will eventually offer their services more broadly: for example Care by Volvo was immediately available across the country and Book by Cadillac has expanded beyond its original launch market of New York City.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://media.cadillac.com/media/us/en/cadillac/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/nov/1113-book.html|title=BOOK by Cadillac Luxury Vehicle Subscription Service to Be Introduced in Los Angeles and Dallas|work=media.gm.com|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/en-us/media/pressreleases/217354/care-by-volvo-click-subscribe-and-drive-the-new-xc40-starting-at-an-all-inclusive-600-per-month|title=Care by Volvo: Click, Subscribe and Drive the new XC40 starting at an all-inclusive $600 per month|website=media.volvocars.com|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> |
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In 2018, another Indian company was launched. [https://myleszero.mylescars.com/ Myles] Automotive Technologies (Delhi-based) is a multi-brand car subscription brand operating in all metropolitan cities. |
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The manufacturers have announced various objectives for these programs. Volvo has described the objective of Care by Volvo as to provide convenience by offering access, insurance, maintenance and support within a single package.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/five-questions-volvo-xc40s-point-man-united-states|title=5 questions for the Volvo XC40s US product planner|work=Autoweek|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Cadillac has described the objective of Book by Cadillac as being to grow the number of Cadillac drivers, particularly those who are new to the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.caranddriver.com/caddys-of-conquest-book-by-cadillac-subscription-service-expands-to-dallas-and-l-a/|title=Caddys of Conquest: Book by Cadillac Subscription Service Expands to Dallas and L.A.|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Porsche has described their Passport service as a way to cater to customers with highly varied lives.<ref name="Fast Company"/> Ford has described Canvas as a way to grow the number of Ford drivers while also controlling the number of used vehicles hitting automotive auctions.<ref name=":1" /> |
The manufacturers have announced various objectives for these programs. Volvo has described the objective of Care by Volvo as to provide convenience by offering access, insurance, maintenance and support within a single package.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/five-questions-volvo-xc40s-point-man-united-states|title=5 questions for the Volvo XC40s US product planner|work=Autoweek|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Cadillac has described the objective of Book by Cadillac as being to grow the number of Cadillac drivers, particularly those who are new to the brand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.caranddriver.com/caddys-of-conquest-book-by-cadillac-subscription-service-expands-to-dallas-and-l-a/|title=Caddys of Conquest: Book by Cadillac Subscription Service Expands to Dallas and L.A.|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Porsche has described their Passport service as a way to cater to customers with highly varied lives.<ref name="Fast Company"/> Ford has described Canvas as a way to grow the number of Ford drivers while also controlling the number of used vehicles hitting automotive auctions.<ref name=":1" /> |
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In April 2018 the [[BMW|BMW Group]] started their own vehicle subscription service Access by BMW as a trial in Nashville, Tennessee. Access is currently available in USA and Singapore. |
In April 2018 the [[BMW|BMW Group]] started their own vehicle subscription service Access by BMW as a trial in Nashville, Tennessee. Access is currently available in USA and Singapore. |
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In May 2020 the |
In May 2020 the BMW Group started their own vehicle subscription service in MINI Subscribe. MINI Subscribe is currently available in major German cities such as Munich and Hamburg, offering a range of models including the iconic MINI Cooper, MINI Cooper SE and the MINI Cooper Countryman. |
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=== Automotive dealerships === |
=== Automotive dealerships === |
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=== Start-ups and corporate-backed ventures === |
=== Start-ups and corporate-backed ventures === |
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{{advert|section|date=June 2020}} |
{{advert|section|date=June 2020}} |
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A large number of [[Startup company|start-ups]] have been created to offer vehicle subscription services. One early pioneer in the vehicle subscription space was Joule.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2015/puppies-and-cars-here-are-the-winners-from-the-seattle-techcrunch-pitch-off/|title=Puppies and cars: Meet the winners from Seattle's TechCrunch pitch off|date=26 June 2015|work=GeekWire|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Other USA-based start-ups include Go,<ref>{ |
A large number of [[Startup company|start-ups]] have been created to offer vehicle subscription services. One early pioneer in the vehicle subscription space was Joule.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2015/puppies-and-cars-here-are-the-winners-from-the-seattle-techcrunch-pitch-off/|title=Puppies and cars: Meet the winners from Seattle's TechCrunch pitch off|date=26 June 2015|work=GeekWire|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Other USA-based start-ups include Go,<ref>{{cite web |title=Goodbye car ownership |url=https://www.gosubscription.com/ |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822150046/https://www.gosubscription.com/ |archive-date=2022-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> Carma, Borrow,<ref name="joinborrow.com">{{cite web |url=https://joinborrow.com |title=Borrow |website=joinborrow.com |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref> and Mobiliti.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techstars.com/content/accelerators/introducing-techstars-mobility-class-2017/|title=Introducing the Techstars Mobility Class of 2017 – Techstars|date=17 July 2017|work=Techstars|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> Several vehicle subscription start-ups have been founded in Europe, including Wagonex, Cocoon Vehicles and [[Drover (company)|Drover]], from the United Kingdom, and Dribe and Bilabonnement, both from [[Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.am-online.com/news/supplier-news/2017/09/15/wagonex-launch-car-subscription-service-in-uk-first|title=Wagonex claims car subscription service is 'UK first'|website=am-online.com|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/15/drover/|title=Drover picks up £5.5M funding for its car subscription marketplace – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=15 March 2018 |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://borsen.dk/opinion/blogs/view/17/4988/ikke-nekrolog_for_bilejere.html|title=Bil på abonnement. Er du klar?|website=Dagbladet Børsen|language=da|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> A UK based startup, Elmo, focuses on a subscription service exclusively for electric vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elmo secures £2m investment for EV subscription business|url=https://www.smarttransport.org.uk/news/latest-news/elmo-secures-2m-investment-for-ev-subscription-business|access-date=2021-03-30|website=www.smarttransport.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, [[Gurgaon]] based startup [[Revv Cars]], launched monthly multi-brand car subscription program Switch across 15 cities in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/revv-launches-first-car-subscription-platform-switch-117051900624_1.html|title=Revv launches first car subscription platform 'Switch'|last=ANI|date=19 May 2017|work=Business Standard India|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> |
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In 2018, another Indian company was launched. [https://myleszero.mylescars.com/ Myles] Automotive Technologies (Delhi-based) is a multi-brand car subscription brand operating in all metropolitan cities. |
In 2018, another Indian company was launched. [https://myleszero.mylescars.com/ Myles] Automotive Technologies (Delhi-based) is a multi-brand car subscription brand operating in all metropolitan cities. |
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VAI, a brazilian subscription service for ride-sharing drivers was founded in December 2017 in Sao Paulo. |
VAI, a brazilian subscription service for ride-sharing drivers was founded in December 2017 in Sao Paulo. |
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The German company like2drive GmbH was founded in February 2018 as part of the Fleetpool Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Netflix für Autos: Neuwagen bei Like2drive ab 200 Euro im Monat|url=https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Connected-Car-Like2drive-Start-Auto-Abo-20055225.html|access-date=2020-06-05|website=computerbild.de|language=DE}}</ref> |
The German company like2drive GmbH was founded in February 2018 as part of the Fleetpool Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Netflix für Autos: Neuwagen bei Like2drive ab 200 Euro im Monat|url=https://www.computerbild.de/artikel/cb-News-Connected-Car-Like2drive-Start-Auto-Abo-20055225.html|access-date=2020-06-05|website=computerbild.de|date=22 March 2018 |language=DE}}</ref> |
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Cluno, a multi-brand car subscription service operating in Germany, was founded in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/11/cluno/|title=Cluno, the Munich-based 'car subscription' service, raises €7M Series A|work=TechCrunch|access-date=8 November 2018}}</ref> |
Cluno, a multi-brand car subscription service operating in Germany, was founded in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/11/cluno/|title=Cluno, the Munich-based 'car subscription' service, raises €7M Series A|work=TechCrunch|access-date=8 November 2018}}</ref> |
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|last=Bruce|first=Mike|date=28 August 2019|work=The New Daily|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> include Carbar, HelloCars and Carly, all of which were launched in early 2019. As registered Victorian and NSW motor dealers, Carbar and HelloCars subscription vehicles are owned and operated by their respective companies while Carly utilises peer-to-peer customer vehicles offered in partnership with sister company DriveMyCar Rentals Pty Ltd. In addition to retail car subscription providers, the Australian market has also seen the launch of Loopit, a software platform enabling OEMs, dealerships and rental car companies to launch and manage their own car subscription product. |
|last=Bruce|first=Mike|date=28 August 2019|work=The New Daily|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> include Carbar, HelloCars and Carly, all of which were launched in early 2019. As registered Victorian and NSW motor dealers, Carbar and HelloCars subscription vehicles are owned and operated by their respective companies while Carly utilises peer-to-peer customer vehicles offered in partnership with sister company DriveMyCar Rentals Pty Ltd. In addition to retail car subscription providers, the Australian market has also seen the launch of Loopit, a software platform enabling OEMs, dealerships and rental car companies to launch and manage their own car subscription product. |
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A pioneer in the Swiss vehicle subscription market is Carvolution AG, launched in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ehrbar|first=Stefan|title=Autos kann man jetzt auch abonnieren: BMW und Volvo steigen in neues Geschäftsfeld ein|url=https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/wirtschaft/mieten-statt-kaufen-auto-abos-boomen-jetzt-steigen-auch-autohersteller-wie-bmw-und-volvo-in-das-geschaeft-ein-ld.1272949|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Luzerner Zeitung|language=de}}</ref> supported a 50 million CHF investment by the insurance group [[:de:Schweizerische Mobiliar|Die Mobiliar Versicherungsgesellschaft AG]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Müller|first=André|title=Die Mobiliar setzt auf den Berner Autovermieter Carvolution|url=https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/die-mobiliar-setzt-auf-den-berner-autovermieter-carvolution-ld.1575083|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Neue Zürcher Zeitung|language=de}}</ref> In partnerships with [[:de:Mobilezone|Mobilezone Holding AG]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobilezone bietet in einigen Läden neu Auto-Abos von Carvolution an|url=https://www.suedostschweiz.ch/wirtschaft/2020-09-24/mobilezone-bietet-in-einigen-laeden-neu-auto-abos-von-carvolution-an|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.suedostschweiz.ch|language=de}}</ref> and [[Lidl|LIDL]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lidl Schweiz bringt das Auto-Abo - Lidl Schweiz|url=https://corporate.lidl.ch/de/newsroom/pressreleases/2020/lidl-schweiz-bringt-das-auto-abo|access-date=2020-12-03|website=corporate.lidl.ch|language=de-ch}}</ref> the start-up holds around 80% of the market share.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=Langzeitmiete statt Kauf - Anbieter geben bei Auto-Abos Gas|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/wirtschaft/langzeitmiete-statt-kauf-anbieter-geben-bei-auto-abos-gas|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF)|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=🥇 ✔️ Auto Abo Schweiz - VERGLEICH 2020 ✔️ 🥇|url=https://auto-abonnieren.ch/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Auto abonnieren|language=de-DE}}</ref> |
A pioneer in the Swiss vehicle subscription market is Carvolution AG, launched in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ehrbar|first=Stefan|title=Autos kann man jetzt auch abonnieren: BMW und Volvo steigen in neues Geschäftsfeld ein|url=https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/wirtschaft/mieten-statt-kaufen-auto-abos-boomen-jetzt-steigen-auch-autohersteller-wie-bmw-und-volvo-in-das-geschaeft-ein-ld.1272949|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Luzerner Zeitung|date=6 November 2020 |language=de}}</ref> supported a 50 million CHF investment by the insurance group [[:de:Schweizerische Mobiliar|Die Mobiliar Versicherungsgesellschaft AG]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Müller|first=André|title=Die Mobiliar setzt auf den Berner Autovermieter Carvolution|url=https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/die-mobiliar-setzt-auf-den-berner-autovermieter-carvolution-ld.1575083|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Neue Zürcher Zeitung|language=de}}</ref> In partnerships with [[:de:Mobilezone|Mobilezone Holding AG]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobilezone bietet in einigen Läden neu Auto-Abos von Carvolution an|url=https://www.suedostschweiz.ch/wirtschaft/2020-09-24/mobilezone-bietet-in-einigen-laeden-neu-auto-abos-von-carvolution-an|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.suedostschweiz.ch|language=de}}</ref> and [[Lidl|LIDL]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lidl Schweiz bringt das Auto-Abo - Lidl Schweiz|url=https://corporate.lidl.ch/de/newsroom/pressreleases/2020/lidl-schweiz-bringt-das-auto-abo|access-date=2020-12-03|website=corporate.lidl.ch|language=de-ch}}</ref> the start-up holds around 80% of the market share.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=Langzeitmiete statt Kauf - Anbieter geben bei Auto-Abos Gas|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/wirtschaft/langzeitmiete-statt-kauf-anbieter-geben-bei-auto-abos-gas|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF)|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=🥇 ✔️ Auto Abo Schweiz - VERGLEICH 2020 ✔️ 🥇|url=https://auto-abonnieren.ch/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Auto abonnieren|language=de-DE}}</ref> |
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CARIFY, with the largest selection of cars of similar ventures in Switzerland, was founded in September 2019 by Sergio Studer and Raffael Fiechter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/december-2019/erstes-jungunternehmen-profitiert-von-basellander-forderprogramm|title=Erstes Jungunternehmen profitiert von Baselländer Förderprogramm|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> |
CARIFY, with the largest selection of cars of similar ventures in Switzerland, was founded in September 2019 by Sergio Studer and Raffael Fiechter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/december-2019/erstes-jungunternehmen-profitiert-von-basellander-forderprogramm|title=Erstes Jungunternehmen profitiert von Baselländer Förderprogramm|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> |
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=== Car subscription software providers === |
=== Car subscription software providers === |
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Start-up Clutch Technologies has operated a subscription service in Atlanta since 2014. However, Clutch's primary business is to provide software for dealerships, manufacturers and others to offer subscriptions.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.driveclutch.com/about|title=Clutch Technologies – About Clutch|website=Clutch Technologies|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> |
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Loopit (formerly Blinker Subscription) was launched in Australia in August 2019 and provides car subscription software to automotive manufacturers, car dealerships, car subscription companies and other related businesses to operate their own vehicle subscription service. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Loopit experienced a 52% increase in enquiries from car dealerships looking to introduce a car subscription model during the shutdown.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loren |first1=Webb |title=New car subscription software Blinker sees demand skyrocket in lockdown |url=https://dynamicbusiness.com.au/topics/small-business-resources/new-car-subscription-software-blinker-sees-demand-skyrocket-in-lockdown.html |website=Dynamic Business |date=19 May 2020 |
Loopit (formerly Blinker Subscription) was launched in Australia in August 2019 and provides car subscription software to automotive manufacturers, car dealerships, car subscription companies and other related businesses to operate their own vehicle subscription service. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Loopit experienced a 52% increase in enquiries from car dealerships looking to introduce a car subscription model during the shutdown.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loren |first1=Webb |title=New car subscription software Blinker sees demand skyrocket in lockdown |url=https://dynamicbusiness.com.au/topics/small-business-resources/new-car-subscription-software-blinker-sees-demand-skyrocket-in-lockdown.html |website=Dynamic Business |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> |
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=== Other providers === |
=== Other providers === |
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[[Zipcar]] is offering a version of vehicle subscription, dubbed Zipcar Commuter, that provides dedicated possession of a vehicle from Monday to Friday.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zipcar.com/press/releases/commuter|title=Zipcar Rolls Out Dedicated Weekday Vehicle for Commuters {{!}} Zipcar Press Center|website=zipcar.com|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> |
[[Zipcar]] is offering a version of vehicle subscription, dubbed Zipcar Commuter, that provides dedicated possession of a vehicle from Monday to Friday.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zipcar.com/press/releases/commuter|title=Zipcar Rolls Out Dedicated Weekday Vehicle for Commuters {{!}} Zipcar Press Center|website=zipcar.com|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> |
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== Aggregator websites == |
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As more car subscription services enter the markets on a global scale, new aggregation websites and price comparison websites can be observed, for example, carsubscriptions.org, car-subscriptions.co.uk, autoabos.org and [https://www.my-auto-abo.de myautoabo.de].<ref>{{cite web <!-- Citation bot bypass-->|title=Car subscriptions: offers, reviews, and pros & cons|url=https://carsubscriptions.org/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=carsubscriptions.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web <!-- Citation bot bypass-->|title=Car Subscriptions UK: compare UK car subscription services and reviews|url=https://car-subscriptions.co.uk/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-25|website=car-subscriptions.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web <!-- Citation bot bypass-->|title=Alles über Auto Abos: Der ultimative Ratgeber|url=https://www.autoabos.org/|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Autoabos.org|language=de-DE}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 03:10, 28 November 2023
Vehicle subscription is a service where a customer pays a recurring fee for the right to use one or more automotive vehicles. Some vehicle subscriptions offer insurance and maintenance as part of the subscription fee; other subscriptions allow the subscriber to switch between different vehicles during their subscription period. Industry commentators consider vehicle subscription to be an alternative to owning or leasing a vehicle.[1][2]
Vehicle subscriptions have been available since 2010 when Rima Braden of Autosource, LLC offered a short-term flexible auto acquisition program from his dealership in Honolulu, Hawaii that he coined "Flexlease". Rebranded as "Carousel" in 2013, the program was restricted to the city and county of Honolulu and remains in operation today. In 2014 flexdrive, now jointly owned by Cox Automotive and Holman Enterprises, launched.[3] Clutch Technologies, a start-up, launched a subscription service for consumers in Atlanta in mid-2014; Flow Automotive Companies was the first automotive dealership to offer a subscription service, launching Drive Flow in Winston-Salem in 2016, using Clutch's technology platform.[4] 2017 saw several automotive manufacturers announce and launch subscription services, including Book by Cadillac, Porsche Passport, Care by Volvo and Canvas (backed by Ford Motor Company).[5] By 2018, a number of startups and automotive dealership companies had launched subscriptions in multiple markets [6] and flexdrive became the first U.S.-based car subscription company to support dealerships and fleet operators stateside and globally through its partnership with Dribe in Denmark.
Definition
Vehicle subscriptions are a type of subscription business model where a customer pays a periodic fee for the use of one or more vehicles. The difference between a vehicle subscription and buying a vehicle is that the subscription service retains ownership of the vehicle. While vehicle subscriptions and traditional automotive leases both involve recurring payments, many subscription services offer more flexibility in terms of minimum term and the ability to swap between vehicles.[1] The main difference between vehicle subscriptions and vehicle or car rental is that most subscriptions are designed to offer full-time possession of a vehicle such that the subscription replaces the customer's primary vehicle, whereas rental involves the effort of procuring vehicles for specific dates or trips.[7]
Vehicle subscriptions have been variously been identified as part of the "sharing economy" or part of the "subscription economy".[8][9] Vehicle subscriptions have also been classified as a form of "transportation-as-a-service" and as a form of "mobility-as-a-service".[10][11]
Common features
Edmunds.com observes that there is a wide variety in the types of vehicle subscriptions that are available, such that many different customer needs can be met across the various services. Most vehicle subscriptions allow customers to pay a flat periodic fee, typically on a monthly basis. Whereas some subscription offerings have no minimum term (e.g., Book by Cadillac), others do have a minimum term (e.g., Care by Volvo launched with a two-year minimum term). Vehicle subscriptions include flat-rate, no-haggle pricing. Prospective customers typically sign-up using an app. The monthly fee may include insurance, maintenance and roadside assistance. Some services include a mileage limit and some offer unlimited mileage. Several services, such as Carousel, Porsche Passport and Book by Cadillac, offer the option to swap between different types of vehicles. Some services offer unlimited swaps and some restrict the number of swaps.[1][2][12][5]
Types of providers and business models
Vehicle subscriptions are offered by several different categories of company. Each category is pursuing a slightly different business model.
Automotive manufacturers
Several automotive manufacturers and brands offer or have announced vehicle subscriptions, including Porsche, Volvo, Cadillac, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Lexus and Ford. These services offer subscribers vehicles from a single brand or, in the case of Volvo, a single vehicle. While initial launches have tended to focus on one or two cities,[13][14] there is evidence that the manufacturers will eventually offer their services more broadly: for example Care by Volvo was immediately available across the country and Book by Cadillac has expanded beyond its original launch market of New York City.[15][16]
The manufacturers have announced various objectives for these programs. Volvo has described the objective of Care by Volvo as to provide convenience by offering access, insurance, maintenance and support within a single package.[17] Cadillac has described the objective of Book by Cadillac as being to grow the number of Cadillac drivers, particularly those who are new to the brand.[18] Porsche has described their Passport service as a way to cater to customers with highly varied lives.[10] Ford has described Canvas as a way to grow the number of Ford drivers while also controlling the number of used vehicles hitting automotive auctions.[11]
In April 2018 the BMW Group started their own vehicle subscription service Access by BMW as a trial in Nashville, Tennessee. Access is currently available in USA and Singapore.
In May 2020 the BMW Group started their own vehicle subscription service in MINI Subscribe. MINI Subscribe is currently available in major German cities such as Munich and Hamburg, offering a range of models including the iconic MINI Cooper, MINI Cooper SE and the MINI Cooper Countryman.
Automotive dealerships
A number of automotive dealerships have launched vehicle subscriptions focused on the markets where they have stores. The services offered by these dealerships typically include vehicles from several different brands offered by their stores, allowing customers to drive a wide variety of vehicles. Examples:
- The Jeff Wyler Automotive Group offers a subscription service, Wyler Fastlane, in their home market of Cincinnati.
- Flow Automotive
- Park Place Select in Dallas[19]
- Inride, in the Washington DC/Baltimore area
- Carousel, based in Honolulu, Hawaii
- Portfolio by OpenRoad, based in Vancouver, British Columbia, launched in November 2018
Start-ups and corporate-backed ventures
 | This section contains promotional content. (June 2020) |
A large number of start-ups have been created to offer vehicle subscription services. One early pioneer in the vehicle subscription space was Joule.[20] Other USA-based start-ups include Go,[21] Carma, Borrow,[22] and Mobiliti.[23] Several vehicle subscription start-ups have been founded in Europe, including Wagonex, Cocoon Vehicles and Drover, from the United Kingdom, and Dribe and Bilabonnement, both from Denmark.[24][25][26] A UK based startup, Elmo, focuses on a subscription service exclusively for electric vehicles.[27] In 2017, Gurgaon based startup Revv Cars, launched monthly multi-brand car subscription program Switch across 15 cities in India.[28]
In 2018, another Indian company was launched. Myles Automotive Technologies (Delhi-based) is a multi-brand car subscription brand operating in all metropolitan cities.
Several established companies have created new business units that are offering vehicle subscriptions. In the US, Cox Enterprises launched flexdrive.[29] In Europe, LeasePlan, a vehicle leasing company, will offer subscriptions with their CarNext.com platform.[30][31]
VAI, a brazilian subscription service for ride-sharing drivers was founded in December 2017 in Sao Paulo.
The German company like2drive GmbH was founded in February 2018 as part of the Fleetpool Group.[32]
Cluno, a multi-brand car subscription service operating in Germany, was founded in October 2017.[33]
A car subscription service in Czech Republic, called Driveto Klub, was launched in October 2018 by Driveto.[34] Driveto was founded in Prague in 2017 and started as an online aggregator of operating lease offers. The majority of the start-up is owned by Miton, an online investment group from Jablonec nad Nisou.
Australia's car subscription services[35] include Carbar, HelloCars and Carly, all of which were launched in early 2019. As registered Victorian and NSW motor dealers, Carbar and HelloCars subscription vehicles are owned and operated by their respective companies while Carly utilises peer-to-peer customer vehicles offered in partnership with sister company DriveMyCar Rentals Pty Ltd. In addition to retail car subscription providers, the Australian market has also seen the launch of Loopit, a software platform enabling OEMs, dealerships and rental car companies to launch and manage their own car subscription product.
A pioneer in the Swiss vehicle subscription market is Carvolution AG, launched in 2018,[36] supported a 50 million CHF investment by the insurance group Die Mobiliar Versicherungsgesellschaft AG[37] In partnerships with Mobilezone Holding AG[38] and LIDL,[39] the start-up holds around 80% of the market share.[40][41]
CARIFY, with the largest selection of cars of similar ventures in Switzerland, was founded in September 2019 by Sergio Studer and Raffael Fiechter.[42]
Vehicle subscription has also begun to flourish in the Middle East, with Invygo launching the region's first car subscription app in March 2019.[43]
Car subscription software providers
Loopit (formerly Blinker Subscription) was launched in Australia in August 2019 and provides car subscription software to automotive manufacturers, car dealerships, car subscription companies and other related businesses to operate their own vehicle subscription service. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Loopit experienced a 52% increase in enquiries from car dealerships looking to introduce a car subscription model during the shutdown.[44]
Other providers
Zipcar is offering a version of vehicle subscription, dubbed Zipcar Commuter, that provides dedicated possession of a vehicle from Monday to Friday.[45]
References
- ^ a b c "What Are Car Subscription Services? | Edmunds". Edmunds. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ a b "What is a Car Subscription Service?". Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Autotrader - page unavailable". autotrader.com. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ Journal, Fran Daniel Winston-Salem. "Flow Automotive offers chance to flip cars using Drive Flow with Clutch". Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ a b "A guide to car subscriptions, the alternative to buying and leasing". Roadshow. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ Sandler, Emma. "5 Subscription Services Ushering New Ownership Models". Auto Finance News. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ Bonnington, Christina (2 December 2017). "You Will No Longer Lease a Car. You Will Subscribe to It". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "How The Sharing Economy Will Impact Car Ownership in the Immediate Future – Condor". Condor. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Why buy or lease, when you can subscribe?". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Your Next Car Might Be A Subscription". Fast Company. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ a b Wayland, Michael (27 November 2017). "Vehicle subscription services expand". Automotive News.
- ^ jeff.youngs (11 December 2017). "Vehicle Subscription Services Emerge as New Car Ownership Model". J.D. Power Cars. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Introducing BOOK by Cadillac, a Bold New Luxury Vehicle Subscription Model". media.gm.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ Inc., Porsche Cars North America. "Porsche Launches New Sports Car and SUV Subscription Program" (Press release). PR Newswire. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
{{cite press release}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "BOOK by Cadillac Luxury Vehicle Subscription Service to Be Introduced in Los Angeles and Dallas". media.gm.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Care by Volvo: Click, Subscribe and Drive the new XC40 starting at an all-inclusive $600 per month". media.volvocars.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "5 questions for the Volvo XC40s US product planner". Autoweek. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Caddys of Conquest: Book by Cadillac Subscription Service Expands to Dallas and L.A." Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Dealership to Offer 1st Car Subscription Service in Texas". NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Puppies and cars: Meet the winners from Seattle's TechCrunch pitch off". GeekWire. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Goodbye car ownership". Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ "Borrow". joinborrow.com. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ "Introducing the Techstars Mobility Class of 2017 – Techstars". Techstars. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Wagonex claims car subscription service is 'UK first'". am-online.com. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Drover picks up £5.5M funding for its car subscription marketplace – TechCrunch". techcrunch.com. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Bil på abonnement. Er du klar?". Dagbladet Børsen (in Danish). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Elmo secures £2m investment for EV subscription business". www.smarttransport.org.uk. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ ANI (19 May 2017). "Revv launches first car subscription platform 'Switch'". Business Standard India. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Treece, James (22 July 2017). "Who will order car subscriptions?". Automotive News. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ Frank (13 February 2018). "CarNext.com offers leases and subscriptions on used LeasePlan cars". Fleet Europe. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "LeasePlan targets subscription model for new and used cars as profits rise". fleetnews.co.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ "Netflix für Autos: Neuwagen bei Like2drive ab 200 Euro im Monat". computerbild.de (in German). 22 March 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- ^ "Cluno, the Munich-based 'car subscription' service, raises €7M Series A". TechCrunch. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
- ^ "Driveto.cz spouští dlouhodobý pronájem aut bez závazku a bez papírování". Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ Bruce, Mike (28 August 2019). "Why more of us are 'subscribing' to cars … not buying them". The New Daily. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- ^ Ehrbar, Stefan (6 November 2020). "Autos kann man jetzt auch abonnieren: BMW und Volvo steigen in neues Geschäftsfeld ein". Luzerner Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Müller, André. "Die Mobiliar setzt auf den Berner Autovermieter Carvolution". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Mobilezone bietet in einigen Läden neu Auto-Abos von Carvolution an". www.suedostschweiz.ch (in German). Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Lidl Schweiz bringt das Auto-Abo - Lidl Schweiz". corporate.lidl.ch (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Langzeitmiete statt Kauf - Anbieter geben bei Auto-Abos Gas". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in German). 15 June 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "🥇 ✔️ Auto Abo Schweiz - VERGLEICH 2020 ✔️ 🥇". Auto abonnieren (in German). Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Erstes Jungunternehmen profitiert von Baselländer Förderprogramm". Retrieved 3 January 2020.
- ^ "Dubai car subscription start-up secures $1m for GCC expansion". Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^ Loren, Webb (19 May 2020). "New car subscription software Blinker sees demand skyrocket in lockdown". Dynamic Business. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ "Zipcar Rolls Out Dedicated Weekday Vehicle for Commuters | Zipcar Press Center". zipcar.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.