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Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr. (February 17, 1924 – April 14, 2011) was the first African-American president of the New York City Board of Education.^[1] He chaired the Board's Decentralization Committee from May, 1969 to April, 1970. Robinson graduated from the Tuskegee Institute Flight School on November 20, 1945 ^[2] and was one of the Documented Original Tuskegee Airmen (DOTA).

Life

Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr. was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on February 17, 1924. He grew up in Rosedale. He was the son of Isaiah Robinson, Sr. and Willia Robinson (née Willis). He had one sister. His marriage to Sylvia Lawson produced a son, Larry Robinson (b. 1949). A widowed Robinson later in life adopted three sons who were also brothers. Robinson did not have other children.

Robinson graduated from Rosedale High School in 1942 and the Art Career School in New York City in 1949.

He retired from public life around 1986. He lived in Middletown, New York, with his adopted sons before he returned to Birmingham, Alabama, where he died on April 14, 2011, following a stroke.^[3] He was predeceased by his parents, sister, wife, and oldest son.

Robinson participated in the unveiling of the new Tuskegee Airmen wing at Homewood Suites by Hilton at Stewart International Airport in January, 2008. The fourth floor wing includes a gallery of Tuskegee Airmen pictures and it overlooks the airport's runways.^[4]

Career

Robinson worked as the art director for Delmar Printing from 1958 to 1969.

Robinson was a New York City Board of Education member from 1969 to 1978. "Robinson was the first African American president of the Board of Education...for the school years 1971–1972 and 1975–1976."^[5] He also chaired the Board's Decentralization Committee from May 1969 to April 1970.

He held "ex officio posts in state and national organizations" while president of the New York Board of Education: trustee of the Public Education Association, director of the New York State School Boards Association, and New York State delegate to the National School Boards Association. Robinson also consulted/advised the New York Human Resource Administration, the Urban Coalition, Manhattan Borough President Percy E. Sutton, and the Intermediate School 201 complex's governing board.^[5]

Robinson was chairman of the New York City Commission on Human Rights from 1978 to 1984. The commission conducted a study of 50 real estate agents and found that more than half of the listing landlords discriminated against families with children. The commission recommended that the Council allow the prosecution of landlords who illegally deny housing.^[6] "A noisy demonstration touched off" with most of the audience chanting "Money for schools, not for war" when Robinson spoke in favor of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) program expanding to Curtis High School and Staten Island.^[7] The expense to the city for the expansion totaled $86,000. Robinson resigned his post May, 1984 "to move on to other challenges."^[8]

Robinson worked in the Community Trust's Office of University and Corporate Affairs from 1984 to 1986.

Robinson became chairman of the Freedom National Bank of New York in 1988. Robinson and George A. Russell Jr.'s management team took over the troubled institution "but was unable to attract enough new investors or staunch the bank's growing losses...$1.9 million in 1988 and $2.8 million [in 1989], according to David M. Barr, an F.D.I.C. spokesman. [Nineteen-ninety's] losses were expected to exceed $2 million."^[9] The Freedom National Bank of New York was founded in 1964 by Jackie Robinson, Attorney Dunbar McLaurin, and other investors. It was based in Harlem, New York.

Activism

He held leadership positions in the African-American community in the areas of education and economic development: Associate Director of the Harlem Freedom School, Arrangements Chairman of the 1967 National Conference on Black Power, Chairmen of the Harlem Parents' Committee, and President of Harlem Commonwealth Council of Economic Development.

In the early 1960s, Robinson was an active participate in the integration efforts of New York City schools. "He was remembered in 1963 for walking out of a school board meeting and denouncing the board's integration plans as 'gradualism and tokenism'. During the 1966 controversy over community control, he accused the Board of Education of standing by while 'children are being slaughtered through educational genocide'".^[5]

Military

Robinson graduated as Second Lieutenant from the Tuskegee Institute Flight School on November 20, 1945, as a member of class 45-H-TE. He was commissioned a pilot in the U.S. Army Air Force.

Notes

^ NYC Department of Records and Information Service (DORIS): Isaiah Robinson Files, 1968-1972 Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Birmingham News Obituaries". Retrieved 2012-01-21.
^ Chuck Stewart, Jr. (February 1, 2008). "Tuskegee Wing Dedicated at Homewood Suites" Archived 2008-02-05 at the Wayback Machine. Hudson Valley Press Online. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c DORIS: Isaiah Robinson Files, 1968-1972 Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ Philip Shenon (March 6, 1983). "Changes Sought in Housing Cases", The New York Times." Retrieved 2009-01-03.
^ The Associated Press (September 11, 1982). "THE CITY; Junior R.O.T.C. To Be Expanded". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
^ United Press International (February 18, 1984). "THE CITY; Rights Panel Chief Leaving His Post". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
^ Andrew L. Yarrow (November 12, 1990). "Freedom Bank's Failure Hits Harlem Like a Death in the Family". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

References

A. O. Sulzberger, Jr (November 12, 1981). "Unmarried Couple Win Fight Against Rent Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

Isaiah E. Robinson, Jr. (December 20, 1983). "Rid Housing of Bias Against Children". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

Lee A. Daniels ( March 19, 1982). "About Real Estate; Housing Discrimination: Study of City is Updated". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

Dena Kleiman (August 18, 1987). "1,500 Mourn Slain Leader Of Custodians". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

Stephanie Strom (December 3, 1990). "Failed Dreams - The Collapse of a Harlem Bank; Freedom Bank's Demise: A Trail Of Risky Loans and Fast Growth". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

External links

Tuskegee Airmen, Inc.

[1] NYC Department of Records and Information Service (DORIS): Isaiah Robinson Files, 1968-1972 Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine

[2] Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine

[3] "The Birmingham News Obituaries". Retrieved 2012-01-21.

[4] Chuck Stewart, Jr. (February 1, 2008). "Tuskegee Wing Dedicated at Homewood Suites" Archived 2008-02-05 at the Wayback Machine. Hudson Valley Press Online. Retrieved 2009-01-04.

[nyc.gov-5] DORIS: Isaiah Robinson Files, 1968-1972 Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine

[6] Philip Shenon (March 6, 1983). "Changes Sought in Housing Cases", The New York Times." Retrieved 2009-01-03.

[7] The Associated Press (September 11, 1982). "THE CITY; Junior R.O.T.C. To Be Expanded". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

[8] United Press International (February 18, 1984). "THE CITY; Rights Panel Chief Leaving His Post". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

[9] Andrew L. Yarrow (November 12, 1990). "Freedom Bank's Failure Hits Harlem Like a Death in the Family". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-03.

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+{{Short description|Tuskegee Airman and American educator (1924–2011)}}
-'''Isaiah Edward Robinson, Jr.''' (February 17, 1924 - April 14, 2011) was the first African American president of the [[New York City Board of Education]].<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/collections/education/robinson.shtml NYC Department of Records and Information Service (DORIS): Isaiah Robinson Files, 1968-1972]</ref> He chaired the Board's Decentralization Committee from May, 1969 to April, 1970. Robinson graduated from the Tuskegee Institute Flight School on November 20, 1945 <ref>[http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/legacy_of_fame/tuskegee_airmen/tuskegee_airmen_pilot_listing.aspx Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing]</ref> and was one of the Documented Original [[Tuskegee Airmen]] (DOTA).
+'''Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr.''' (February 17, 1924 &ndash; April 14, 2011) was the first African-American president of the [[New York City Board of Education]].<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/collections/education/robinson.shtml NYC Department of Records and Information Service (DORIS): Isaiah Robinson Files, 1968-1972] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727194014/http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/collections/education/robinson.shtml |date=2009-07-27 }}</ref> He chaired the Board's Decentralization Committee from May, 1969 to April, 1970. Robinson graduated from the Tuskegee Institute Flight School on November 20, 1945 <ref>[http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/legacy_of_fame/tuskegee_airmen/tuskegee_airmen_pilot_listing.aspx Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000349/http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/legacy_of_fame/tuskegee_airmen/tuskegee_airmen_pilot_listing.aspx |date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> and was one of the Documented Original [[Tuskegee Airmen]] (DOTA).
 ==Life==
-Isaiah Edward Robinson, Jr. was born in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] on February 17, 1924. He grew up in Rosedale. He is the son of Isaiah Robinson, Sr. and Willia Robinson (née Willis). He had one sister. He married Sylvia Lawson. Robinson was the father of Larry Robinson (b. 1949) and three adopted sons.
+Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr. was born in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], on February 17, 1924. He grew up in Rosedale. He was the son of Isaiah Robinson, Sr. and Willia Robinson (née Willis). He had one sister. His marriage to Sylvia Lawson produced a son, Larry Robinson (b. 1949). A widowed Robinson later in life adopted three sons who were also brothers. Robinson did not have other children.
 Robinson graduated from Rosedale High School in 1942 and the Art Career School in New York City in 1949.
-He retired from public life around 1986. He lived in [[Middletown, Orange County, New York|Middletown, New York]] with his adopted sons before he returned to Birmingham, Alabama, where he died on April 14, 2011, following a stroke.<ref>[http://obits.al.com/obituaries/birmingham/obituary-search.aspx?daterange=99999&firstname=isaiah&lastname=robinson&countryid=1&stateid=3&affiliateid=24 "The Birmingham News Obituaries". Retrieved 2012-01-21]</ref> He was predeceased by his parents, sister, wife, and oldest son.
+He retired from public life around 1986. He lived in [[Middletown, Orange County, New York|Middletown, New York]], with his adopted sons before he returned to Birmingham, Alabama, where he died on April 14, 2011, following a stroke.<ref>[http://obits.al.com/obituaries/birmingham/obituary-search.aspx?daterange=99999&firstname=isaiah&lastname=robinson&countryid=1&stateid=3&affiliateid=24 "The Birmingham News Obituaries"]. Retrieved 2012-01-21.</ref> He was predeceased by his parents, sister, wife, and oldest son.
-Robinson participated in the unveiling of the new Tuskegee Airmen wing at Homewood Suites by Hilton at Stewart International Airport in January, 2008. The fourth floor wing includes a gallery of Tuskegee Airmen pictures and it overlooks the airport's runways.<ref>[http://www.hvpress.net/news/125/ARTICLE/3383/2008-02-01.html Chuck Stewart, Jr. (February 1, 2008). "Tuskegee Wing Dedicated at Homewood Suites". ''Hudson Valley Press Online''. Retrieved 2009-01-04]</ref>
+Robinson participated in the unveiling of the new Tuskegee Airmen wing at Homewood Suites by Hilton at Stewart International Airport in January, 2008. The fourth floor wing includes a gallery of Tuskegee Airmen pictures and it overlooks the airport's runways.<ref>Chuck Stewart, Jr. (February 1, 2008). [http://www.hvpress.net/news/125/ARTICLE/3383/2008-02-01.html "Tuskegee Wing Dedicated at Homewood Suites"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205034125/http://www.hvpress.net/news/125/ARTICLE/3383/2008-02-01.html |date=2008-02-05 }}. ''Hudson Valley Press Online''. Retrieved 2009-01-04.</ref>
 ==Career==
@@ Line 15: / Line 16: @@
 Robinson worked as the art director for Delmar Printing from 1958 to 1969.
-Robinson was a New York City Board of Education member from 1969 to 1978. "Robinson was the first African American president of the Board of Education...for the school years 1971-1972 and 1975-1976."<ref name="nyc.gov">[http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/collections/education/robinson.shtml DORIS: Isaiah Robinson Files, 1968-1972]</ref> He also chaired the Board's Decentralization Committee from May, 1969 to April, 1970.
+Robinson was a New York City Board of Education member from 1969 to 1978. "Robinson was the first African American president of the Board of Education...for the school years 1971–1972 and 1975–1976."<ref name="nyc.gov">[http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/collections/education/robinson.shtml DORIS: Isaiah Robinson Files, 1968-1972] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727194014/http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/collections/education/robinson.shtml |date=2009-07-27 }}</ref> He also chaired the Board's Decentralization Committee from May 1969 to April 1970.
 He held "''ex officio'' posts in state and national organizations" while president of the New York Board of Education: trustee of the Public Education Association, director of the New York State School Boards Association, and New York State delegate to the National School Boards Association. Robinson also consulted/advised the New York Human Resource Administration, the Urban Coalition, Manhattan Borough President Percy E. Sutton, and the Intermediate School 201 complex's governing board.<ref name="nyc.gov"/>
-Robinson was chairman of the New York City Commission on Human Rights from 1978 to 1984. The commission conducted a study of 50 real estate agents and found that more than half of the listing landlords discriminated against families with children. The commission recommended that the Council allow the prosecution of landlords who illegally deny housing.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE1D91739F935A35750C0A965948260&sec=&spon=&emc=eta1 Philip Shenon (March 6, 1983). Changes Sought in Housing Cases". ''The New York Times." Retrieved 2009-01-03.]</ref> "A noisy demonstration touched off" with most of the audience chanting "Money for schools, not for war" when Robinson spoke in favor of the [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (JROTC) program expanding to Curtis High School and Staten Island.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5DC1238F932A2575AC0A964948260&scp=4&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse The Associated Press (September 11, 1982). "THE CITY; Junior R.O.T.C. To Be Expanded". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.]</ref> The expense to the city for the expansion totaled $86,000. Robinson resigned his post May, 1984 "to move on to other challenges."<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E7D9133BF93BA25751C0A962948260&sec=&spon=&emc=eta1 United Press International (February 18, 1984). "THE CITY; Rights Panel Chief Leaving His Post". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.]</ref>
+Robinson was chairman of the New York City Commission on Human Rights from 1978 to 1984. The commission conducted a study of 50 real estate agents and found that more than half of the listing landlords discriminated against families with children. The commission recommended that the Council allow the prosecution of landlords who illegally deny housing.<ref>Philip Shenon (March 6, 1983). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE1D91739F935A35750C0A965948260&sec=&spon=&emc=eta1 "Changes Sought in Housing Cases"], ''The New York Times." Retrieved 2009-01-03.</ref> "A noisy demonstration touched off" with most of the audience chanting "Money for schools, not for war" when Robinson spoke in favor of the [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (JROTC) program expanding to Curtis High School and Staten Island.<ref>The Associated Press (September 11, 1982). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5DC1238F932A2575AC0A964948260&scp=4&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse "THE CITY; Junior R.O.T.C. To Be Expanded"]. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.</ref> The expense to the city for the expansion totaled $86,000. Robinson resigned his post May, 1984 "to move on to other challenges."<ref>United Press International (February 18, 1984). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E7D9133BF93BA25751C0A962948260&sec=&spon=&emc=eta1 "THE CITY; Rights Panel Chief Leaving His Post"]. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.</ref>
 Robinson worked in the Community Trust's Office of University and Corporate Affairs from 1984 to 1986.
-Robinson became chairman of the Freedom National Bank of New York in 1988. Robinson and George A. Russell, Jr.'s management team took over the troubled institution "but was unable to attract enough new investors or staunch the bank's growing losses...$1.9 million in 1988 and $2.8 million [in 1989], according to David M. Barr, an F.D.I.C. spokesman. [Nineteen-ninety's] losses were expected to exceed $2 million."<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DF123BF931A25752C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&&scp=16&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse Andrew L. Yarrow (November 12, 1990). "Freedom Bank's Failure Hits Harlem Like a Death in the Family". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.]</ref> The Freedom National Bank of New York was founded in 1964 by [[Jackie Robinson]], Attorney Dunbar McLaurin, and other investors. It was based in Harlem, New York.
+Robinson became chairman of the [[Freedom National Bank]] of New York in 1988. Robinson and George A. Russell Jr.'s management team took over the troubled institution "but was unable to attract enough new investors or staunch the bank's growing losses...$1.9 million in 1988 and $2.8 million [in 1989], according to David M. Barr, an F.D.I.C. spokesman. [Nineteen-ninety's] losses were expected to exceed $2 million."<ref>Andrew L. Yarrow (November 12, 1990). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DF123BF931A25752C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&&scp=16&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse "Freedom Bank's Failure Hits Harlem Like a Death in the Family"]. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.</ref> The Freedom National Bank of New York was founded in 1964 by [[Jackie Robinson]], Attorney [[Dunbar McLaurin]], and other investors. It was based in Harlem, New York.
 ==Activism==
-He held leadership positions in the African American community in the areas of education and economic development: Associate Director of the Harlem Freedom School, Arrangements Chairman of the 1967 National Conference on Black Power, Chairmen of the Harlem Parents' Committee, and President of Harlem Commonwealth Council of Economic Development.
+He held leadership positions in the African-American community in the areas of education and economic development: Associate Director of the Harlem Freedom School, Arrangements Chairman of the 1967 National Conference on Black Power, Chairmen of the Harlem Parents' Committee, and President of Harlem Commonwealth Council of Economic Development.
 In the early 1960s, Robinson was an active participate in the integration efforts of New York City schools. "He was remembered in 1963 for walking out of a school board meeting and denouncing the board's integration plans as 'gradualism and tokenism'. During the 1966 controversy over community control, he accused the Board of Education of standing by while 'children are being slaughtered through educational genocide'".<ref name="nyc.gov"/>
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 ==Military==
-Robinson graduated as Second Lieutenant from the Tuskegee Institute Flight School on November 20, 1945 as a member of class 45-H-TE. He was commissioned a pilot in the [[U.S. Army Air Force]].
+Robinson graduated as Second Lieutenant from the Tuskegee Institute Flight School on November 20, 1945, as a member of class 45-H-TE. He was commissioned a pilot in the [[U.S. Army Air Force]].
+==See also==
+* ''[[Dogfights (TV series)]]''
+* [[Executive Order 9981]]
+* [[Freeman Field Mutiny]]
+* [[List of Tuskegee Airmen]]
+* [[Military history of African Americans]]
+* [[The Tuskegee Airmen|''The Tuskegee Airmen'' (movie)]]
 ==Notes==
+{{Reflist|30em}}
-<references/>
 ==References==
-[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E1D61E39F931A25752C1A967948260&scp=12&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse A. O. Sulzberger, Jr. (November 12, 1981). "Unmarried Couple Win Fight Against Rent Rise". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.]
+A. O. Sulzberger, Jr (November 12, 1981). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E1D61E39F931A25752C1A967948260&scp=12&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse "Unmarried Couple Win Fight Against Rent Rise"]. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.
-[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DEEDD1438F933A15751C1A965948260&scp=18&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse Isaiah E. Robinson, Jr. (December 20, 1983). "Rid Housing of Bias Against Children". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.]
+Isaiah E. Robinson, Jr. (December 20, 1983). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DEEDD1438F933A15751C1A965948260&scp=18&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse "Rid Housing of Bias Against Children"]. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.
-[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E6DE103BF93AA25750C0A964948260&scp=20&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse Lee A. Daniels ( March 19, 1982). "About Real Estate; Housing Discrimination: Study of City is Updated". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.]
+Lee A. Daniels ( March 19, 1982). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E6DE103BF93AA25750C0A964948260&scp=20&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse "About Real Estate; Housing Discrimination: Study of City is Updated"]. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.
-[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DA153EF93BA2575BC0A961948260&sec=&spon=&&scp=27&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse Dena Kleiman (August 18, 1987). "1,500 Mourn Slain Leader Of Custodians". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.]
+Dena Kleiman (August 18, 1987). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DA153EF93BA2575BC0A961948260&sec=&spon=&&scp=27&sq=isaiah%20robinson%20jr&st=cse "1,500 Mourn Slain Leader Of Custodians"]. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.
-[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEEDD1439F930A35751C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 Stephanie Strom (December 3, 1990). "Failed Dreams - The Collapse of a Harlem Bank; Freedom Bank's Demise: A Trail Of Risky Loans and Fast Growth". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.]
+Stephanie Strom (December 3, 1990). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEEDD1439F930A35751C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 "Failed Dreams - The Collapse of a Harlem Bank; Freedom Bank's Demise: A Trail Of Risky Loans and Fast Growth"]. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 2009-01-03.
 ==External links==
-{{Portal|United States Air Force}}
 * [http://tuskegeeairmen.org Tuskegee Airmen, Inc.]
 {{Tuskegee Airmen}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Robinson, Isaiah Edward Jr.}}
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Robinson, Isaiah Edward, Jr.
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American educationalist
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = February 17, 1924
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    = Birmingham, Alabama
-| DATE OF DEATH     = April 14, 2011
-| PLACE OF DEATH    = Birmingham, Alabama
-}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Robinson, Isaiah Edward, Jr.}}
 [[Category:1924 births]]
 [[Category:Tuskegee Airmen]]
 [[Category:United States Army Air Forces officers]]
 [[Category:2011 deaths]]
+[[Category:People from Birmingham, Alabama]]
+[[Category:African-American aviators]]
+[[Category:21st-century African-American people]]