Communion and Liberation: Difference between revisions

Communion and Liberation
Comunione e Liberazione
Formation	1954; 70 years ago
Founder	Luigi Giussani
Founded at	Milan, Italy
Type	Catholic lay movement
Location	Worldwide;
Leader	Luigi Giussani (1954–2005); Julián Carrón (2005–2021); Davide Prosperi (2021–present);
Website	it.clonline.org

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Communion and Liberation (Italian: Comunione e Liberazione, often shortened to CL), since 1980 officially Fraternity of Communion and Liberation^[3] (Italian: Fraternità di Comunione e Liberazione), it is an international Catholic movement founded in 1954 by Fr. Luigi Giussani^[4] as Student Youth (Gioventù Studentesca), with the aim of presenting the Christian event in a way which is in tune with contemporary culture, making it a source of new values for the modern world.^[5] The movement is currently present in ninety countries on nearly every continent.^[6]

The name "Communion and Liberation" first appeared in 1969, and it synthesizes the conviction that the Christian event, lived in "communion" is the foundation of man's authentic "liberation".

History

Communion and Liberation find their origin in the educational and catechetical methods of Luigi Giussani who, in 1954, abandoned his teaching position at the Venegono seminary to teach Catholic religion at Berchet High School [it] in Milan. Following daily encounters with his students, Giussani soon became assistant to Catholic Action via the Gioventù Studentesca (Student Youth) branch.^[7] Within a few years, GS widely spread within and well beyond the Milanese diocese.

Though GS was part of Catholic Action, differences in approach caused internal tension and an eventual schism. In 1968, various members abandoned the group.^[7] The ones who remained faithful to Giussani organized themselves in what they eventually named "Communion and Liberation." The name was derived from a flyer distributed by some university students in 1969 with the aim to respond to the time's common mentality. While the world affirmed that man's freedom rested in revolution, they believed Christian communion was liberation.^[8]

Giussani said that he never planned to found a Catholic movement. In a letter to Pope John Paul II, he wrote, "Not only did I never intent to 'found' anything, but I believe that the genius of the movement whose birth I witnessed was the perceived urgency to proclaim the need to return to the elementary aspects of Christianity. That is a passion for the Christian fact as such, in its original elements. That's it."^[9] The pope was said to have been an ardent advocate of the movement, maintaining that it is a vanguard in "the work of overcoming the division between the Gospel and Culture".^[10] John Paul II also supported the work of the Italian politician Rocco Buttiglione, a member of the Communion and Liberation, particularly those that confirmed his European and American views.^[11] The pope's attitude was influenced by his papacy's focus on moral issues as well as the movement's anti-liberal orientation.^[12]

Giussani's former high school and university students began to express their desire to live the experience of the movement in a more stable way. Their desire was fulfilled on February 11, 1982, when the Fraternity of Communion and Liberation was recognized by the Pontifical Council for the Laity as a lay association of pontifical rights.^[8]

After Giussani's death on February 22, 2005, responsibility over Communion and Liberation was passed on to Spanish priest and theologian Julián Carrón, who resigned in 2021^[13] and was succeeded by Davide Prosperi.

The life of CL

The experience of life proposed by Communion and Liberation revolves around what Giussani considered to be the dimensions of Christian life: culture, charity, and mission.^[7] CL continues to be represented in secondary schools under the name of GS, while Communion and Liberation - University (CLU) informally encompasses the university students involved.^[14] Different forms of consecrated life are also present in the movement: Memores Domini, the Fraternity of St. Joseph, the Priestly Fraternity of St. Charles Borromeo, and the Sisters of Charity of the Assumption.^[15]

School of Community

A recurring activity in Communion and Liberation is catechesis through the School of Community (SoC), typically focusing on a text by Giussani or the Magisterium, organized by individual communities and open to the public.^[16]

Since the early stages of GS, Giussani had established his primary goals to be education to Christian maturity and collaboration in the mission of the Church in every aspect of life. The School of Community aims to be a method to verify the presence of Christ in one's life, delving into the relationship between faith and reason and, more specifically, how human reason can approach the mystery of God and the Incarnation. Participants help each other grow in awareness of how communion with Christ can give birth to a new humanity.

Prayer and the liturgy

Giussani always followed the Catholic Church's prayer and liturgy. He recommended the Liturgy of the Hours, in which Communion and Liberation pray in recto tono. In the early Seventies, a condensed version of the Ambrosian breviary was compiled; this version follows a weekly cycle rather than a four-week one and is still used today in Communion and Liberation communities. However, the consecrated religious within the movement used the official Catholic breviary for prayer. The rosary is recited frequently, and praying the Angelus, the Regina Coeli, and the Memorare is often encouraged, as is the use of the invocation to the Holy Spirit, Veni Sancte Spiritus, Veni per Mariam.

Culture

Giussani's desire to encourage readership of both Catholic and secular writers who could aid in further comprehension of the Christian experience led to the "Book of the Month," a series of texts regularly recommended by Communion and Liberation.^[17] Music proposals are instead compiled in the Spirito Gentil collection.^[18]

Charity

Members of Communion and Liberation are educated to charity through "charitable work," a recurring time to serve those in need.^[14] Charitable work might constitute activities such as assisting people who are elderly or disabled, tutoring immigrant children, or providing support for families in need.

Mission

The movement of Communion and Liberation is, in its essence, a missionary movement, meaning its adherents dedicate themselves to bringing the living presence of Christ to all men. Its consecrated men and women live out the missionary life as missionary priests and sisters.^[19]

Cultural and social presence

Communion and Liberation communities regularly engage in local cultural initiatives, occasionally giving life to events that have become popular in time. The largest and most famous of these cultural initiatives is the Meeting for Friendship Among Peoples, an international cultural festival that takes place annually in Rimini, Italy.^[20] Among other smaller recurring events inspired by the Rimini Meeting are the New York Encounter,^[21] Encuentro Madrid,^[22] Rhein Meeting,^[23] Meeting Lisboa,^[24] and the London Encounter.^[25]

The official magazine of Communion and Liberation is Traces, a monthly publication that is available in eleven languages, including English.^[26]

Until the 1980s, Communion and Liberation's official publishing house was Jaca Book. Since then, publications tied to the movement have been published by various publishing houses, including Notre Dame Press, McGill-Queen's University Press, and RCS MediaGroup.

Controversies

Corruption

Members of Communion and Liberation in positions of power in Italy have faced criticism for allegedly surrounding themselves with persons affiliated with Communion and Liberation or sympathizers, thus excluding individuals of different or opposing social, political, or religious views.^[27] Carrón responded to these widespread moral charges in an interview with the Italian newspaper Repubblica, in 2012. "It is a burning disappointment. The ideals of Communion and Liberation movement are far from the corruption surfacing in the Mafia Capitale investigations. And seeing that among those being investigated are people of the movement is cause of profound sadness for us."^[28] In December 2016, Roberto Formigoni, former governor of Lombardy and former unofficial Communion and Liberation political spokesperson, was sentenced to six years in prison for bribery and corruption after four years of investigations.^[29] In 2012, when Formigoni resigned as governor due to scandals, Carrón released an interview in which he stated, "There may have been people who used CL in a certain way ... we don't intervene in the documents or acts of those with political responsibilities. There are no CL candidates, there are no CL politicians. The sooner this is made clear, the better."^[30]

Sexual abuse

In 2016, Italian priest Mauro Inzoli, formerly of Communion and Liberation, was convicted of sexual abuse against five boys.^[31] Inzoli had been removed from the priesthood in 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI, but in 2014, he was reinstated by Pope Francis.^[31] This reinstatement was reversed following the 2016 conviction, and Inzoli has been permanently out of ministry since 2017.^[31]

On 31 October 2023, officials of CL's US branch announced they had confirmed multiple cases of sexual abuse between 1997 and 2018 on the part of Christopher Bacich, who led the US branch from 2007 to 2013. CL first learned of complaints about Bacich in 2018. He has denied any fault and resigned from the movement.^[32]

References

^ "A Movement in the Church" (PDF).
^ "Recognition of the Movement status".
^ "Fraternity of Communion and Liberation". Laityfamilylife.va. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
^ "Historical Timeline". English. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
^ Paul II, John (22 February 2004). "LETTER OF JOHN PAUL II TO MSGR. LUIGI GIUSSANI ON THE OCCASION OF THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOVEMENT "COMMUNION AND LIBERATION"" (PDF). Vatican.
^ "The Christian Proposal as the Adventure of Life". English. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Alberto, Savorana (26 December 2017). The life of Luigi Giussani. Montreal. ISBN 978-0773552173. OCLC 1028904627.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Communion and liberation : a movement in the church. Rondoni, Davide, 1964-. Montrâeal [Que.]: Published for Cooperative Editoriale Nuovo Mondo by McGill-Queen's University Press. 2000. ISBN 9780773568297. OCLC 181843433.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Scritti di Don Luigi Giussani". Scritti.luigigiussani.org. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
^ Sciences, American Academy of Arts and (1991). Fundamentalisms Observed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 123. ISBN 0226508781.
^ Hebblethwaite, Peter (1995). Pope John Paul II and the Church. Kansas City: Sheed & Ward. p. 216. ISBN 1556128142.
^ Faggioli, Massimo (2016). The Rising Laity: Ecclesial Movements since Vatican II. Paulist Press. ISBN 9781587685231.
^ "Leader of CL since 2005". English. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Life in the Movement". English. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
^ "Lay and Religious Associations". English. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
^ Carozza, Sofia. "What Is Communion and Liberation?". Church Life Journal.
^ "The Word Made Flesh. Foreshadowed, Fulfilled, Forever". English. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "Voi ch'amate lo criatore. Mediaeval Lauds". English. 10 February 1970. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "The Christian Proposal as the Adventure of Life". English. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ Foundation Meeting for friendship amongst peoples, Via Flaminia 18, 47900 Rimini, Italia - Tel. (+39) 0541 783100 fax (+39) 0541 786422. "the Rimini Meeting". Meetingrimini.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Home". New York Encounter. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "Inicio | EncuentroMadrid". EncuentroMadrid (in European Spanish). Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "Rhein-Meeting". Rhein-meeting.org. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "meetinglisboa2018". meetinglisboa2018 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "The London Encounter – The Human Being: A Paradox of Freedom". Thelondonencounter.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "July/August 2018". English. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "Tutti i ciellini del presidente. Piccola Mappa Della diaspora del fu potere Celeste" (in Italian). Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "Julian Carron: "Un'enorme delusione ma Cl è agli antipodi"". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 11 June 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "Ex Lombardy governor gets six years for corruption - English". ANSA.it. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "Caso Formigoni, Carrón chiede perdono". LaStampa.it (in Italian). Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Pope Francis defrocks Italian priest convicted of child sex abuse". National Catholic Reporter. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ Christian, Gina (6 November 2023). "Abuse allegations against Communion and Liberation leader deemed credible". National Catholic Reporter. OSV News. Retrieved 8 November 2023.

External links

Communion and Liberation International homepage

[foo-1] "A Movement in the Church" (PDF).

[2] "Recognition of the Movement status".

[3] "Fraternity of Communion and Liberation". Laityfamilylife.va. Retrieved 15 August 2019.

[4] "Historical Timeline". English. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.

[5] Paul II, John (22 February 2004). "LETTER OF JOHN PAUL II TO MSGR. LUIGI GIUSSANI ON THE OCCASION OF THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOVEMENT "COMMUNION AND LIBERATION"" (PDF). Vatican.

[6] "The Christian Proposal as the Adventure of Life". English. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.

[:0-7] Alberto, Savorana (26 December 2017). The life of Luigi Giussani. Montreal. ISBN 978-0773552173. OCLC 1028904627.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[:1-8] Communion and liberation : a movement in the church. Rondoni, Davide, 1964-. Montrâeal [Que.]: Published for Cooperative Editoriale Nuovo Mondo by McGill-Queen's University Press. 2000. ISBN 9780773568297. OCLC 181843433.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[9] "Scritti di Don Luigi Giussani". Scritti.luigigiussani.org. Retrieved 23 July 2018.

[10] Sciences, American Academy of Arts and (1991). Fundamentalisms Observed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 123. ISBN 0226508781.

[11] Hebblethwaite, Peter (1995). Pope John Paul II and the Church. Kansas City: Sheed & Ward. p. 216. ISBN 1556128142.

[12] Faggioli, Massimo (2016). The Rising Laity: Ecclesial Movements since Vatican II. Paulist Press. ISBN 9781587685231.

[13] "Leader of CL since 2005". English. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2018.

[life-14] "Life in the Movement". English. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.

[15] "Lay and Religious Associations". English. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2018.

[16] Carozza, Sofia. "What Is Communion and Liberation?". Church Life Journal.

[17] "The Word Made Flesh. Foreshadowed, Fulfilled, Forever". English. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[18] "Voi ch'amate lo criatore. Mediaeval Lauds". English. 10 February 1970. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[19] "The Christian Proposal as the Adventure of Life". English. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[20] Foundation Meeting for friendship amongst peoples, Via Flaminia 18, 47900 Rimini, Italia - Tel. (+39) 0541 783100 fax (+39) 0541 786422. "the Rimini Meeting". Meetingrimini.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[21] "Home". New York Encounter. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[22] "Inicio | EncuentroMadrid". EncuentroMadrid (in European Spanish). Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[23] "Rhein-Meeting". Rhein-meeting.org. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[24] "meetinglisboa2018". meetinglisboa2018 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[25] "The London Encounter – The Human Being: A Paradox of Freedom". Thelondonencounter.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[26] "July/August 2018". English. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[27] "Tutti i ciellini del presidente. Piccola Mappa Della diaspora del fu potere Celeste" (in Italian). Retrieved 9 August 2018.

[28] "Julian Carron: "Un'enorme delusione ma Cl è agli antipodi"". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 11 June 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2018.

[29] "Ex Lombardy governor gets six years for corruption - English". ANSA.it. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2018.

[30] "Caso Formigoni, Carrón chiede perdono". LaStampa.it (in Italian). Retrieved 9 August 2018.

[:2-31] "Pope Francis defrocks Italian priest convicted of child sex abuse". National Catholic Reporter. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.

[32] Christian, Gina (6 November 2023). "Abuse allegations against Communion and Liberation leader deemed credible". National Catholic Reporter. OSV News. Retrieved 8 November 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Lay Italian Catholic ecclesial movement}}
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 {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
 {{Infobox organization
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+| formation           = {{start date and age|1954}}<ref name="foo">{{cite web |url=https://it.clonline.org/cm-files/2017/03/14/inglese.pdf|title=A Movement in the Church}}</ref>
-| founder =
+| founder             = [[Luigi Giussani]]
-| founding_location = [[Milan]], [[Italy]]
+| founding_location   = [[Milan]], [[Italy]]
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+| extinction          = <!-- or: | dissolved = -->   <!--e.g. use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}-->
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+| type                = [[Catholic lay organisations|Catholic lay movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/laity/documents/rc_pc_laity_doc_20051114_associazioni_en.html|title=Recognition of the Movement status}}</ref>
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-| leader_name = [[Julián Carrón]]
+| leader_name         = {{ubl|Luigi Giussani (1954–2005)|[[Julián Carrón]] (2005–2021)|Davide Prosperi (2021–present)}}
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 }}
-'''Communion and Liberation''' (Italian: '''Comunione e Liberazione''', often shortened to '''CL''') is an [[Italy|Italian]] Catholic movement founded in 1954 by Fr. [[Luigi Giussani]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/cl/t218/historical-timeline|title=Historical Timeline|date=2016-06-27|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref> The official name is the '''Fraternity of Communion and Liberation'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laityfamilylife.va/content/laityfamilylife/en/sezione-laici/repertorio/fraternita-di-comunione-e-liberazione-.html|title=Fraternity of Communion and Liberation|website=Laityfamilylife.va|access-date=August 15, 2019}}</ref> Its aim is to present the Christian event in a way which is in tune with contemporary culture, making it a source of new values for the modern world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/2004/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20040420_msgr-giussani.pdf|title=LETTER OF JOHN PAUL II TO MSGR. LUIGI GIUSSANI ON THE OCCASION OF THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOVEMENT "COMMUNION AND LIBERATION"|first=John |last=Paul II|date=February 22, 2004|website=Vatican}}</ref>
+'''Communion and Liberation''' ({{lang-it|Comunione e Liberazione}}, often shortened to '''CL'''), since 1980 officially '''Fraternity of Communion and Liberation'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laityfamilylife.va/content/laityfamilylife/en/sezione-laici/repertorio/fraternita-di-comunione-e-liberazione-.html|title=Fraternity of Communion and Liberation|website=Laityfamilylife.va|access-date=August 15, 2019}}</ref> ({{lang-it|Fraternità di Comunione e Liberazione|links=no}}), it is an international [[Catholic lay organisations|Catholic movement]] founded in 1954 by Fr. [[Luigi Giussani]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/cl/t218/historical-timeline|title=Historical Timeline|date=2016-06-27|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref> as '''Student Youth''' ({{lang|it|Gioventù Studentesca}}), with the aim of presenting the Christian event in a way which is in tune with contemporary culture, making it a source of new values for the modern world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/2004/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20040420_msgr-giussani.pdf|title=LETTER OF JOHN PAUL II TO MSGR. LUIGI GIUSSANI ON THE OCCASION OF THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOVEMENT "COMMUNION AND LIBERATION"|first=John |last=Paul II|date=February 22, 2004|website=Vatican}}</ref> The movement is currently present in ninety countries on nearly every continent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/cl|title=The Christian Proposal as the Adventure of Life|date=2016-06-27|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref>
-The name '''Communion and Liberation''' first appeared in 1969 and it synthesizes the conviction that the Christian event, lived in ''communion'', is the foundation of man’s authentic ''liberation''.
+The name "Communion and Liberation" first appeared in 1969, and it synthesizes the conviction that the Christian event, lived in "communion" is the foundation of man's authentic "liberation".
-Communion and Liberation is currently present in ninety countries on nearly every continent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/cl|title=The Christian Proposal as the Adventure of Life|date=2016-06-27|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref>
 ==History==
 {{Main|Luigi Giussani}}
-Communion and Liberation finds its origin in the educational and [[catechetical]] methods of [[Luigi Giussani]] who, in 1954, abandoned his teaching position at the [[Venegono Inferiore|Venegono]] seminary to teach Catholic religion at [[Berchet High School]] in [[Milan]]. Following daily encounters with his students, Giussani soon became assistant to [[Catholic Action]] via the ''Gioventù Studentesca'' (Student Youth) branch.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The life of Luigi Giussani|last=Alberto|first=Savorana|isbn=978-0773552173|location=Montreal|oclc=1028904627|date = 26 December 2017}}</ref> Within a few years, GS widely spread within and well beyond the Milanese diocese.
+Communion and Liberation find their origin in the educational and [[catechetical]] methods of [[Luigi Giussani]] who, in 1954, abandoned his teaching position at the [[Venegono Inferiore|Venegono]] seminary to teach Catholic religion at {{ill|Berchet High School|it|Liceo classico Giovanni Berchet}} in [[Milan]]. Following daily encounters with his students, Giussani soon became assistant to [[Azione Cattolica|Catholic Action]] via the {{lang|it|Gioventù Studentesca}} (Student Youth) branch.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The life of Luigi Giussani|last=Alberto|first=Savorana|isbn=978-0773552173|location=Montreal|oclc=1028904627|date = 26 December 2017}}</ref> Within a few years, GS widely spread within and well beyond the Milanese diocese.
-Though GS was part of [[Catholic Action]], differences in approach caused internal tension and an eventual schism. In 1968, various members abandoned the group.<ref name=":0" /> The ones who remained faithful to Giussani organized themselves in what they eventually named "Communion and Liberation". The name derived from a flyer distributed by some university students in 1969 with the aim to respond to the time's common mentality: while the world affirmed that man's freedom rested in revolution, they believed that in Christian communion was liberation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Communion and liberation : a movement in the church|date=2000|publisher=Published for Cooperative Editoriale Nuovo Mondo by McGill-Queen's University Press|others=Rondoni, Davide, 1964-|isbn=9780773568297|location=Montrâeal [Que.]|oclc=181843433}}</ref>
+Though GS was part of Catholic Action, differences in approach caused internal tension and an eventual schism. In 1968, various members abandoned the group.<ref name=":0" /> The ones who remained faithful to Giussani organized themselves in what they eventually named "Communion and Liberation." The name was derived from a flyer distributed by some university students in 1969 with the aim to respond to the time's common mentality. While the world affirmed that man's freedom rested in revolution, they believed Christian communion was liberation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Communion and liberation : a movement in the church|date=2000|publisher=Published for Cooperative Editoriale Nuovo Mondo by McGill-Queen's University Press|others=Rondoni, Davide, 1964-|isbn=9780773568297|location=Montrâeal [Que.]|oclc=181843433}}</ref>
-Giussani said that he never planned to found a Catholic movement. In a letter to [[Pope John Paul II]], he wrote, "Not only did I never intent to 'found' anything, but I believe that the genius of the movement whose birth I witnessed was the perceived urgency to proclaim the need to return to the elementary aspects of Christianity. That is, passion for the Christian fact as such, in its original elements. That's it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scritti.luigigiussani.org/en/s/nella-fedelta-al-magistero-abbiamo-sempre-voluto-portare-la-gente-a-scoprire-come-cristo-e-presenza-20050528|title=Scritti di Don Luigi Giussani|website=Scritti.luigigiussani.org|language=en|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref> The pope was said to have been an ardent advocate of the movement, maintaining that it is a vanguard in "the work of overcoming the division between the Gospel and Culture".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|last=Sciences|first=American Academy of Arts and|date=1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226508781|location=Chicago|pages=123}}</ref> John Paul II has also supported the work of the Italian politician [[Rocco Buttiglione]], a member of the Communion and Liberation, particularly those that confirmed his European and American views.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pope John Paul II and the Church|last=Hebblethwaite|first=Peter|date=1995|publisher=Sheed & Ward|isbn=1556128142|location=Kansas City|pages=216}}</ref> The pope's attitude was influenced by his papacy's focus on moral issues as well as the movement's anti-liberal orientation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTJHDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Communion+and+Liberation%22+pope+john+paul&pg=PT44|title=The Rising Laity: Ecclesial Movements since Vatican II|last=Faggioli|first=Massimo|date=2016|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=9781587685231|language=en}}</ref>
+Giussani said that he never planned to found a Catholic movement. In a letter to [[Pope John Paul II]], he wrote, "Not only did I never intent to 'found' anything, but I believe that the genius of the movement whose birth I witnessed was the perceived urgency to proclaim the need to return to the elementary aspects of Christianity. That is a passion for the Christian fact as such, in its original elements. That's it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scritti.luigigiussani.org/en/s/nella-fedelta-al-magistero-abbiamo-sempre-voluto-portare-la-gente-a-scoprire-come-cristo-e-presenza-20050528|title=Scritti di Don Luigi Giussani|website=Scritti.luigigiussani.org|language=en|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref> The pope was said to have been an ardent advocate of the movement, maintaining that it is a vanguard in "the work of overcoming the division between the Gospel and Culture".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|last=Sciences|first=American Academy of Arts and|date=1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226508781|location=Chicago|pages=123}}</ref> John Paul II also supported the work of the Italian politician [[Rocco Buttiglione]], a member of the Communion and Liberation, particularly those that confirmed his European and American views.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pope John Paul II and the Church|last=Hebblethwaite|first=Peter|date=1995|publisher=Sheed & Ward|isbn=1556128142|location=Kansas City|pages=216}}</ref> The pope's attitude was influenced by his papacy's focus on moral issues as well as the movement's anti-liberal orientation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTJHDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Communion+and+Liberation%22+pope+john+paul&pg=PT44|title=The Rising Laity: Ecclesial Movements since Vatican II|last=Faggioli|first=Massimo|date=2016|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=9781587685231|language=en}}</ref>
 [[File:Julián Carrón - Padova 24-02-2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Julián Carrón, Padua 2016]]
-Giussani's former students from high school and university began to express their desire to live the experience of the movement in a more stable way. Their desire was fulfilled on February 11, 1982, when the Fraternity of Communion and Liberation was recognized by the [[Pontifical Council for the Laity]] as a lay association of pontifical right.<ref name=":1" />
+Giussani's former high school and university students began to express their desire to live the experience of the movement in a more stable way. Their desire was fulfilled on February 11, 1982, when the Fraternity of Communion and Liberation was recognized by the [[Pontifical Council for the Laity]] as a lay association of pontifical rights.<ref name=":1" />
-After Giussani's death on February 22, 2005, responsibility over Communion and Liberation was passed on to Spanish priest and theologian Fr. [[Julián Carrón]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/fr-carron|title=Leader of CL since 2005|date=2017-01-13|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref>
+After Giussani's death on February 22, 2005, responsibility over Communion and Liberation was passed on to Spanish priest and theologian [[Julián Carrón]], who resigned in 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/fr-carron|title=Leader of CL since 2005|date=2017-01-13|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref> and was succeeded by Davide Prosperi.
 ==The life of CL==
 {{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
-The experience of life proposed by Communion and Liberation revolves around what Giussani considered to be the dimensions of Christian life: culture, charity, and mission.<ref name=":0" /> CL continues to be represented in secondary schools under the name of GS, while Communion and Liberation - University (CLU) informally encompasses the University students involved.<ref name=life>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/cl/t218/life-in-the-movement|title=Life in the Movement|date=2016-06-27|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref> Different forms of consecrated life are also present in the movement: ''Memores Domini'', the Fraternity of St. Joseph, the Priestly Fraternity of St. Charles Borromeo, and the Sisters of Charity of the Assumption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/cl/t218/lay-and-religious-associations|title=Lay and Religious Associations|date=2017-01-13|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref>
+The experience of life proposed by Communion and Liberation revolves around what Giussani considered to be the dimensions of Christian life: culture, charity, and mission.<ref name=":0" /> CL continues to be represented in secondary schools under the name of GS, while Communion and Liberation - University (CLU) informally encompasses the university students involved.<ref name=life>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/cl/t218/life-in-the-movement|title=Life in the Movement|date=2016-06-27|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref> Different forms of consecrated life are also present in the movement: ''Memores Domini'', the Fraternity of St. Joseph, the Priestly Fraternity of St. Charles Borromeo, and the Sisters of Charity of the Assumption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.clonline.org/cl/t218/lay-and-religious-associations|title=Lay and Religious Associations|date=2017-01-13|work=English|access-date=2018-07-23|language=EN}}</ref>
 === School of Community ===
-A recurring activity in Communion and Liberation is [[catechesis]] though School of Community (SoC), typically focusing on a text by Giussani or the Magisterium, organized by individual communities and open to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/what-is-communion-and-liberation/|title=What Is Communion and Liberation?|first=Sofia|last=Carozza|website=Church Life Journal}}</ref>
+A recurring activity in Communion and Liberation is [[catechesis]] through the School of Community (SoC), typically focusing on a text by Giussani or the Magisterium, organized by individual communities and open to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/what-is-communion-and-liberation/|title=What Is Communion and Liberation?|first=Sofia|last=Carozza|website=Church Life Journal}}</ref>
-Since the early stages of GS, Giussani had established his primary goals to be education to Christian maturity and collaboration in the mission of the Church in every aspect of life. The School of Community aims to be a method to verify the presence of [[Christ]] in one's life, delving into the relationship between faith and reason and, more specifically, how human reason can approach the mystery of God and of the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]]. Participants help each other grow in awareness of how communion with Christ can give birth to a new humanity.
+Since the early stages of GS, Giussani had established his primary goals to be education to Christian maturity and collaboration in the mission of the Church in every aspect of life. The School of Community aims to be a method to verify the presence of [[Christ]] in one's life, delving into the relationship between faith and reason and, more specifically, how human reason can approach the mystery of God and the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]]. Participants help each other grow in awareness of how communion with Christ can give birth to a new humanity.
 === Prayer and the liturgy ===
-Giussani always followed the Catholic Church's prayer and liturgy. He recommended the [[Liturgy of the Hours]], which Communion and Liberation prays in ''[[recto tono]]''. In the early Seventies, a condensed version of the Ambrosian breviary was compiled; this version follows a weekly cycle, rather than a four-week one, and is still used today in Communion and Liberation communities. The consecrated religious within the movement, however, use the official Catholic breviary for prayer. The [[rosary]] is recited frequently, and praying the [[Angelus]], the [[Regina Coeli]], and the [[Memorare]] is often encouraged, as is the use of the invocation to the Holy Spirit, ''Veni Sancte Spiritus, veni per Mariam.''
+Giussani always followed the Catholic Church's prayer and liturgy. He recommended the [[Liturgy of the Hours]], in which Communion and Liberation pray in ''[[recto tono]]''. In the early Seventies, a condensed version of the Ambrosian breviary was compiled; this version follows a weekly cycle rather than a four-week one and is still used today in Communion and Liberation communities. However, the consecrated religious within the movement used the official Catholic breviary for prayer. The [[rosary]] is recited frequently, and praying the [[Angelus]], the [[Regina Coeli]], and the [[Memorare]] is often encouraged, as is the use of the invocation to the Holy Spirit, ''Veni Sancte Spiritus, Veni per Mariam.''
 === Culture ===
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 === Charity ===
-Members of Communion and Liberation are educated to charity through "charitable work," a recurring time to serve those in need.<ref name=life/> Charitable work might constitute of activities such as assisting the elderly and the disabled, tutoring immigrant children, or providing support for families in need.
+Members of Communion and Liberation are educated to charity through "charitable work," a recurring time to serve those in need.<ref name=life/> Charitable work might constitute activities such as assisting people who are elderly or disabled, tutoring immigrant children, or providing support for families in need.
 === Mission ===
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 Until the 1980s, Communion and Liberation's official publishing house was Jaca Book. Since then, publications tied to the movement have been published by various publishing houses, including [[University of Notre Dame Press|Notre Dame Press]], [[McGill-Queen's University Press]], and [[RCS MediaGroup]].
-==Controversies and criticism==
+==Controversies==
+===Corruption===
-Members of Communion and Liberation in positions of power in Italy have faced criticism for allegedly surrounding themselves with persons affiliated with Communion and Liberation or with sympathizers, thus excluding individuals of different or opposing social, political, or religious views.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/granmilano/2018/01/21/news/comunione-e-liberazione-piccola-mappa-della-diaspora-del-fu-potere-celeste-173678/|title=Tutti i ciellini del presidente. Piccola mappa della diaspora del fu potere Celeste|access-date=2018-08-09|language=it}}</ref>
+Members of Communion and Liberation in positions of power in Italy have faced criticism for allegedly surrounding themselves with persons affiliated with Communion and Liberation or sympathizers, thus excluding individuals of different or opposing social, political, or religious views.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/granmilano/2018/01/21/news/comunione-e-liberazione-piccola-mappa-della-diaspora-del-fu-potere-celeste-173678/|title=Tutti i ciellini del presidente. Piccola Mappa Della diaspora del fu potere Celeste|access-date=2018-08-09|language=it}}</ref> Carrón responded to these widespread moral charges in an interview with the Italian newspaper ''[[La Repubblica|Repubblica]],'' in 2012. "It is a burning disappointment. The ideals of Communion and Liberation movement are far from the corruption surfacing in the Mafia Capitale investigations. And seeing that among those being investigated are people of the movement is cause of profound sadness for us."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-06-11|title=Julian Carron: "Un'enorme delusione ma Cl è agli antipodi"|language=it|work=Repubblica.it|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2015/06/11/news/julian_carron_un_enorme_delusione_ma_cl_e_agli_antipodi_-116584997/|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> In December 2016, [[Roberto Formigoni]], former governor of [[Lombardy]] and former unofficial Communion and Liberation political spokesperson, was sentenced to six years in prison for bribery and corruption after four years of investigations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/12/22/ex-lombardy-governor-formigoni-gets-six-year-jail-term-2_10370b1e-ca85-4c3c-97a6-836d2679e0ee.html|title=Ex Lombardy governor gets six years for corruption - English|date=2016-12-22|work=ANSA.it|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en}}</ref> In 2012, when Formigoni resigned as governor due to scandals, Carrón released an interview in which he stated, "There may have been people who used CL in a certain way ... we don't intervene in the documents or acts of those with political responsibilities. There are no CL candidates, there are no CL politicians. The sooner this is made clear, the better."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2012/05/02/vaticaninsider/caso-formigoni-carrn-chiede-perdono-5K1TYRRYtKh0rqqecl4BJK/pagina.html|title=Caso Formigoni, Carrón chiede perdono|work=LaStampa.it|access-date=2018-08-09|language=it-IT}}</ref>
+=== Sexual abuse ===
-===''La Cascina'' and the Mafia Capitale investigation===
+In 2016, Italian priest Mauro Inzoli, formerly of Communion and Liberation, was convicted of sexual abuse against five boys.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/accountability/pope-francis-defrocks-italian-priest-convicted-child-sex-abuse|title=Pope Francis defrocks Italian priest convicted of child sex abuse|date=2017-06-28|work=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=2018-08-08|language=en}}</ref> Inzoli had been removed from the priesthood in 2012 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]], but in 2014, he was reinstated by [[Pope Francis]].<ref name=":2" /> This reinstatement was reversed following the 2016 conviction, and Inzoli has been permanently out of ministry since 2017.<ref name=":2" />
-In 2015, La Cascina,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lacascina.it/|title=La Cascina - Società Cooperativa|website=La Cascina|language=it-IT|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> an Italian coop with some ties to Communion and Liberation, was involved in a [[Mafia Capitale investigation]] due to the corruption of some of its managers.  The company was placed under judicial management until July 2016.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.romatoday.it/politica/la-cascina--revocata-amministrazione-giudiziaria.html|title=Mafia capitale, La Cascina: "Revocata l'amministrazione giudiziaria"|work=RomaToday|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> Fr. Julián Carrón responded to the scandal in an interview with the Italian newspaper ''[[La Repubblica|Repubblica]].'' "It is a burning disappointment. The ideals of the movement of Communion and Liberation are far from the corruption surfacing in the Mafia Capitale investigations. And seeing that among those being investigated are people of the movement is cause of profound sadness for us."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2015/06/11/news/julian_carron_un_enorme_delusione_ma_cl_e_agli_antipodi_-116584997/|title=Julian Carron: "Un'enorme delusione ma Cl è agli antipodi"|date=2015-06-11|work=Repubblica.it|access-date=2018-08-09|language=it}}</ref>
+On 31 October 2023, officials of CL's US branch announced they had confirmed multiple cases of sexual abuse between 1997 and 2018 on the part of Christopher Bacich, who led the US branch from 2007 to 2013. CL first learned of complaints about Bacich in 2018. He has denied any fault and resigned from the movement.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 8 November 2023 | work = National Catholic Reporter | date = 6 November 2023 | url = https://www.ncronline.org/news/abuse-allegations-against-communion-and-liberation-leader-deemed-credible | title = Abuse allegations against Communion and Liberation leader deemed credible |first = Gina | last = Christian | agency = OSV News }}</ref>
-=== Roberto Formigoni ===
-In December 2016, [[Roberto Formigoni]], ex-governor of [[Lombardy]] and former unofficial Communion and Liberation political spokesperson, was sentenced to six years in prison for bribery and corruption after four years of investigations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/12/22/ex-lombardy-governor-formigoni-gets-six-year-jail-term-2_10370b1e-ca85-4c3c-97a6-836d2679e0ee.html|title=Ex Lombardy governor gets six years for corruption - English|date=2016-12-22|work=ANSA.it|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en}}</ref> In 2012, when Formigoni resigned as governor due to scandals, Fr. Julián Carrón released an interview in which he stated, "There may have been people who used CL in a certain way ... we don't intervene in the documents or acts of those with political responsibilities. There are no CL candidates, there are no CL politicians. The sooner this is made clear, the better."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2012/05/02/vaticaninsider/caso-formigoni-carrn-chiede-perdono-5K1TYRRYtKh0rqqecl4BJK/pagina.html|title=Caso Formigoni, Carrón chiede perdono|work=LaStampa.it|access-date=2018-08-09|language=it-IT}}</ref>
-=== Mauro Inzoli ===
-In 2017, [[Pope Francis]] defrocked Italian priest Mauro Inzoli, formerly of Communion and Liberation, who in 2016 was convicted of sexual abuse against five boys.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/accountability/pope-francis-defrocks-italian-priest-convicted-child-sex-abuse|title=Pope Francis defrocks Italian priest convicted of child sex abuse|date=2017-06-28|work=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=2018-08-08|language=en}}</ref> Inzoli was removed from the priesthood in 2012 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]], but was reinstated by Francis in 2014.<ref name=":2" />
 ==References==
@@ Line 128: / Line 125: @@
 {{Associations of the Christian faithful}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Communion and Liberation| ]]

v t e Associations of the Christian faithful
International associations of the faithful	L'Arche Catholic Integrated Community (KIG) Chemin Neuf Community (CCN) Christian Life Community (CVX) Christian Life Movement (CLM) Communion and Liberation (CL) Community of Sant'Egidio Community of the Beatitudes Cooperators of Opus Dei Couples for Christ (CFC) Cursillo (OMCC) Emmanuel Community Fimcap Focolare Movement Heralds of the Gospel (EP) International Alliance of Catholic Knights (IACK) International Catholic Conference of Scouting (ICCS) International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC) International Federation of Catholic Universities (IFCU) International Kolping Society (IKS) International Union of Catholic Esperantists (IKUE) International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe (UIGSE-FSE) Jesus Youth (JY) Lay Claretian Movement (MSC) Legion of Mary Light-Life Movement (RŚŻ) Militia Immaculatae (M.I.) Regnum Christi Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement SIGNIS Society of Saint Vincent de Paul (SSVP) Teams of Our Lady (END) Teresian Association (T.A.) Union of Catholic Apostolate (UAC) World Movement of Christian Workers (WMCW)
Other associations of the faithful	Apostolate for Family Consecration Association of Vatican Lay Workers Brotherhood of Hope (BH) Catholic Charismatic Renewal Catholic Christian Outreach Catholic Worker Movement Fellowship of Catholic University Students Franciscan Brothers of Peace Franciscan Brothers of the Eucharist Madonna House NET Ministries Pope's Worldwide Prayer Network Queen of Angels Foundation Saint Paul's Outreach (SPO)
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