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{{Short description|Genus of barnacles}}
{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Chthamalus''
| image = Chthamalus stellatus.jpg
| image = Chthamalus stellatus.jpg
| image_caption = A colony of ''[[Chthamalus stellatus]]''
| image_caption = A colony of ''[[Chthamalus stellatus]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Chthamalus
⚫
| authority = [[Camillo Ranzani|Ranzani]], 1817&nbsp;<ref name="WoRMS"/>
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Crustacean|Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Maxillopoda]]
| subclassis = [[Barnacle|Cirripedia]]
| ordo = [[Sessilia]]
| familia = [[Chthamalidae]]
| genus = '''''Chthamalus'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Camillo Ranzani|Ranzani]], 1817&nbsp;<ref name="WoRMS"/>
}}
}}

'''''Chthamalus''''' is a [[genus (biology)|genus]] of [[barnacle]]s that is found along almost all coasts of the [[northern hemisphere]], as well as many regions in the [[southern hemisphere]]. These small barnacles have been studied in part because of the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] confusion over a group of species that, by and large, are [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] and ecologically quite similar. In recent years, molecular techniques have identified a number of [[cryptic species]] that have been subsequently confirmed by taxonomists using morphological measurements. Most recently the genus has been shown to be [[paraphyletic]], with the genus ''Microeuraphia'' nested within ''Chthamalus''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A "shallow phylogeny" of shallow barnacles (''Chthamalus'') |author=John P. Wares, M. Sabrina Pankey, Fabio Pitombo, Liza Gómez Daglio, Yair Achituv |year=2009 |journal=[[PLoS One]] |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5567 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005567 |pmc=2678261 |editor1-last=Bruno |editor1-first=John F. |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005567 |pmid=19440543}}</ref>
'''''Chthamalus''''' (χθαμαλός, "flat" or "on the ground"<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Natural History Terms with their derivations|year=1863|publisher=L. Reeve & Company|author=David H. McNicoll, M.D.|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarynatur00nicogoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarynatur00nicogoog/page/n102 91]|quote=etymology chthamalus.}}</ref>) is a [[genus (biology)|genus]] of [[barnacle]]s that is found along almost all non-boreal coasts of the [[northern hemisphere]], as well as many regions in the [[southern hemisphere]]. These small barnacles have been studied in part because of the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] confusion over a group of species that, by and large, are [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] and ecologically quite similar. In recent years, molecular techniques have identified a number of [[cryptic species]] that have been subsequently confirmed by taxonomists using morphological measurements.<ref>{{cite journal | title= Small, flat, and gray: Cryptic diversity in chthamalid barnacles in the global context of marine coastal biogeography (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Chthamalidae)|author=John P. Wares|year=2020|journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]]|volume=40|pages=1–16|doi=10.1093/jcbiol/ruz086|doi-access=free}}</ref> Most recently the genus has been shown to be [[paraphyletic]], with the genus ''Microeuraphia'' nested within ''Chthamalus''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A "shallow phylogeny" of shallow barnacles (''Chthamalus'') |author=John P. Wares |author2=M. Sabrina Pankey |author3=Fabio Pitombo |author4=Liza Gómez Daglio |author5=Yair Achituv |year=2009 |journal=[[PLoS One]] |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5567 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005567 |pmc=2678261 |editor1-last=Bruno |editor1-first=John F. |pmid=19440543|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5567W |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Field Identification==
==Field Identification==


Identification of barnacles in the field can be challenging, and identification of particular species of ''Chthamalus'' is not considered reliable in the field other than a few species. However, a notable distinction in the arrangement of wall plates can help biologists distinguish Chthamalid barnacles from the other common barnacles in the family Balanidae. In chthamalid barnacles, the side plates overlap both the rostrum and the carina (the plates at the ends of the opercular opening), while in balanids one end plate (the rostrum) overlaps the adjoining side plates (rostrolaterals).
Identification of barnacles in the field can be challenging, and identification of particular species of ''Chthamalus'' is not considered reliable in the field other than a few species. However, a notable distinction in the arrangement of wall plates can help biologists distinguish Chthamalid barnacles from the other common barnacles in the family Balanidae. In chthamalid barnacles, the side plates overlap both the rostrum and the carina (the plates at the ends of the opercular opening), while in balanids one end plate (the rostrum) overlaps the adjoining side plates (rostrolaterals).



==Species==
==Species==
The following species are included in the genus ''Chthamalus'':<ref name="WoRMS">{{cite web |author=Benny K. K. Chan |year=2011 |title=''Chthamalus'' Ranzani, 1817 |publisher=[[World Register of Marine Species]] |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=106126 |accessdate=February 24, 2011}}</ref>
The following species are included in the genus ''Chthamalus'':<ref name="WoRMS">{{cite web |author=Benny K. K. Chan |year=2021 |title=''Chthamalus'' Ranzani, 1817 |publisher=[[World Register of Marine Species]] |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=106126 |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
*''[[Chthamalus angustitergum]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus angustitergum]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
*''[[Chthamalus anisopoma]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus anisopoma]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
*''[[Chthamalus antennatus]]'' <small>Darwin, 1854</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus antennatus]]'' <small>Darwin, 1854</small>
*''[[Chthamalus challengeri]]'' <small>Hoek, 1883</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus barnesi]]'' <small>Achituv & Safriel, 1980</small>
*''[[Chthamalus dalli]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus bisinuatus]]'' <small>(Pilsbry, 1916)</small>
*''[[Chthamalus dentatus]]'' <small>Krauss</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus challengeri]]'' <small>Hoek, 1883</small>
*''[[Chthamalus fragilis]]''
* ''[[Chthamalus dalli]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small> (little brown barnacle)
*''[[Chthamalus hedgecocki]]'' <small>Pitombo & Burton, 2007</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus dentatus]]'' <small>Krauss, 1848</small> (tooth barnacle)
*''[[Chthamalus malayensis]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus fissus]]'' <small>Darwin, 1854</small>
*''[[Chthamalus montagui]]'' <small>Southward, 1976</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus fragilis]]'' <small>Darwin, 1854</small> (fragile barnacle)
*''[[Chthamalus moro]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus hedgecocki]]'' <small>Pitombo & Burton, 2007</small>
*''[[Chthamalus neglectus]]'' <small>Yan & Chan, 2004</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus malayensis]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
*''[[Chthamalus panamensis]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus montagui]]'' <small>Southward, 1976</small> (montagu's stellate barnacle)
*''[[Chthamalus proteus]]'' <small>Dando & Southward, 1980</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus moro]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
*''[[Chthamalus sinensis]]'' <small>Ren, 1984</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus newmani]]'' <small>Chan, 2016</small>
*''[[Chthamalus southwardorum]]'' <small>Pitombo & Burton, 2007</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus panamensis]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
*''[[Chthamalus stellatus]]'' <small>(Poli, 1795)</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus proteus]]'' <small>Dando & Southward, 1980</small> (Atlantic barnacle)
* ''[[Chthamalus sinensis]]'' <small>Ren, 1984</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus southwardi]]'' <small>Poltarukha, 2000</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus southwardorum]]'' <small>Pitombo & Burton, 2007</small>
* ''[[Chthamalus stellatus]]'' <small>(Poli, 1791)</small> (poli's stellate barnacle)
* ''[[Chthamalus williamsi]]'' <small>Chan & Cheang, 2015</small>
* † ''[[Chthamalus graziani]]'' <small>Carriol, 2008</small>
* † ''[[Chthamalus ligusticus]]'' <small>de Alessandri, 1895</small>
* † ''[[Chthamalus nasus]]'' <small>Carriol, 2008</small>
* † ''[[Chthamalus robustus]]'' <small>Carriol, 2008</small>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3808874}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Barnacles]]
[[Category:Barnacles]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Camillo Ranzani]]
[[Category:Maxillopoda genera]]




Latest revision as of 16:28, 26 October 2023

Chthamalus
A colony of Chthamalus stellatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Thecostraca
Subclass: Cirripedia
Order: Balanomorpha
Family: Chthamalidae
Genus: Chthamalus
Ranzani, 1817 [1]

Chthamalus (χθαμαλός, "flat" or "on the ground"[2]) is a genus of barnacles that is found along almost all non-boreal coasts of the northern hemisphere, as well as many regions in the southern hemisphere. These small barnacles have been studied in part because of the taxonomic confusion over a group of species that, by and large, are morphologically and ecologically quite similar. In recent years, molecular techniques have identified a number of cryptic species that have been subsequently confirmed by taxonomists using morphological measurements.[3] Most recently the genus has been shown to be paraphyletic, with the genus Microeuraphia nested within Chthamalus.[4]

Field Identification

[edit]

Identification of barnacles in the field can be challenging, and identification of particular species of Chthamalus is not considered reliable in the field other than a few species. However, a notable distinction in the arrangement of wall plates can help biologists distinguish Chthamalid barnacles from the other common barnacles in the family Balanidae. In chthamalid barnacles, the side plates overlap both the rostrum and the carina (the plates at the ends of the opercular opening), while in balanids one end plate (the rostrum) overlaps the adjoining side plates (rostrolaterals).

Species

[edit]

The following species are included in the genus Chthamalus:[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Benny K. K. Chan (2021). "Chthamalus Ranzani, 1817". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  2. ^ David H. McNicoll, M.D. (1863). Dictionary of Natural History Terms with their derivations. L. Reeve & Company. p. 91. etymology chthamalus.
  3. ^ John P. Wares (2020). "Small, flat, and gray: Cryptic diversity in chthamalid barnacles in the global context of marine coastal biogeography (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Chthamalidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 40: 1–16. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruz086.
  4. ^ John P. Wares; M. Sabrina Pankey; Fabio Pitombo; Liza Gómez Daglio; Yair Achituv (2009). Bruno, John F. (ed.). "A "shallow phylogeny" of shallow barnacles (Chthamalus)". PLoS One. 4 (5): e5567. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5567W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005567. PMC 2678261. PMID 19440543.


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