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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the mallow family Malvaceae}}
{{redirect|Hollyhock|the [[J. League Division 2]] team|Mito HollyHock|the streambank wild hollyhock, a related species in western North America|Iliamna rivularis{{!}}''Iliamna rivularis''}}
{{Redirect|Hollyhock|the streambank wild hollyhock, a related species in western North America|Iliamna rivularis{{!}}''Iliamna rivularis''|other uses|Hollyhock (disambiguation)}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Alcea_setosa.jpg
|image = Alcea_setosa.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Alcea setosa]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Alcea setosa]]''
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}}
}}


'''''Alcea''''' is a genus of about 60 species of [[flowering plant]]s in the mallow family [[Malvaceae]], commonly known as the '''hollyhocks'''.<ref name=foc>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=100963 |title=''Alcea'' |author=Tang, Y. |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, and Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts |accessdate=24 July 2012|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are native to Asia and Europe.<ref name=foc/> The single species of hollyhock from the Western Hemisphere, the [[Iliamna rivularis|streambank wild hollyhock]], belongs to a different genus.
'''''Alcea''''' is a genus of over 80 species of flowering plants in the mallow family [[Malvaceae]], commonly known as the '''hollyhocks'''.<ref name=foc>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=100963 |title=''Alcea'' |author=Tang, Y. |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, and Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=24 July 2012|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are native to Asia and Europe.<ref name=foc/> The single species of hollyhock from the Americas, the [[Iliamna rivularis|streambank wild hollyhock]], belongs to a different genus.
[[File:Hollyhock Weevil (2713629786).jpg|thumb|right|Rhopalapion longirostre|Hollyhock [[weevil]] (''Rhopalapion longirostre'')]]


==Description==
==Description==
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==Species==
==Species==
The following species are accepted:<ref name="25775-1" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:25775-1 |title=''Alcea'' L. |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=21 August 2021 }}</ref>
There are about 60 species of ''Alcea'',<ref name=foc/> including:<ref name=grin>[https://archive.is/20130706033634/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?360 GRIN Species Records of ''Alcea''.] Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).</ref>
{{div col}}
*''Alcea acaulis''
*''[[Alcea biennis]]'' (syn. ''A. pallida'')
*''[[Alcea abchazica]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''Alcea calvertii''
*''[[Alcea acaulis]]'' <small>(Cav.) Alef.</small>
*''Alcea ficifolia'' — Antwerp hollyhock
*''[[Alcea afghanica]]'' <small>I.Riedl</small>
*''Alcea flavovirens''
*''[[Alcea antoninae]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea grossheimii]]'' — Grossheim's alcea
*''[[Alcea apterocarpa]]'' <small>(Fenzl) Boiss.</small>
*''[[Alcea arbelensis]]'' <small>Boiss. & Hausskn.</small>
*''Alcea heldreichii''
*''Alcea kurdica''
*''[[Alcea assadii]]'' <small>Pakravan</small>
*''[[Alcea aucheri]]'' <small>(Boiss.) Alef.</small>
*''Alcea lavateriflora''
*''[[Alcea baldshuanica]]'' <small>(Bornm.) Iljin</small>
*''Alcea litwinowii''
*''Alcea longipedicellata''
*''[[Alcea biennis]]'' <small>Winterl</small>
*''Alcea nudiflora''
*''[[Alcea calvertii]]'' <small>(Boiss.) Boiss.</small>
*''Alcea pallida''
*''[[Alcea chrysantha]]'' <small>(Sam.) Zohary</small>
*''Alcea rhyticarpa''
*''[[Alcea damascena]]'' <small>(Mouterde) Mouterde</small>
*''[[Alcea rosea]]'' — common hollyhock
*''[[Alcea denudata]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
*''Alcea rugosa''
*''[[Alcea digitata]]'' <small>(Boiss.) Alef.</small>
*''[[Alcea setosa]]'' — bristly hollyhock
*''[[Alcea dissecta]]'' <small>(Baker f.) Zohary</small>
*''Alcea sosnovskyi''
*''[[Alcea djahromi]]'' <small>Parsa</small>
*''Alcea striata''
*''[[Alcea excubita]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''Alcea sulphurea''
*''[[Alcea fasciculiflora]]'' <small>Zohary</small>
*''[[Alcea ficifolia]]'' <small>L.</small> – Antwerp hollyhock

*''[[Alcea flavovirens]]'' <small>(Boiss. & Buhse) Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea freyniana]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea froloviana]]'' <small>(Litv.) Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea galilaea]]'' <small>Zohary</small>
*''[[Alcea ghahremanii]]'' <small>Pakravan & Assadi</small>
*''[[Alcea gorganica]]'' <small>(Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.) Zohary</small>
*''[[Alcea heldreichii]]'' <small>(Boiss.) Boiss.</small>
*''[[Alcea hohenackeri]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
*''[[Alcea hyrcana]]'' <small>Grossh.</small>
*''[[Alcea ilamica]]'' <small>Pakravan</small>
*''[[Alcea iranshahrii]]'' <small>Pakravan, Ghahr. & Assadi</small>
*''[[Alcea karakalensis]]'' <small>Freyn</small>
*''[[Alcea karsiana]]'' <small>(Bordz.) Litv.</small>
*''[[Alcea koelzii]]'' <small>I.Riedl</small>
*''[[Alcea kopetdaghensis]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea kuhsanguia]]'' <small>Parsa</small>
*''[[Alcea kurdica]]'' <small>(Schltdl.) Alef.</small>
*''[[Alcea kusjariensis]]'' <small>(Iljin ex Grossh.) Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea lasiocalycina]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
*''[[Alcea lavateriflora]]'' <small>(DC.) Boiss.</small>
*''[[Alcea lenkoranica]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea litvinovii]]'' <small>(Iljin) Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea loftusii]]'' <small>(Baker f.) Zohary</small>
*''[[Alcea longipedicellata]]'' <small>I.Riedl</small>
*''[[Alcea mazandaranica]]'' <small>Pakravan & Ghahr.</small>
*''[[Alcea mosulensis]]'' <small>I.Riedl</small>
*''[[Alcea mozaffarianii]]'' <small>Ghahr. & Pakravan & Assadi</small>
*''[[Alcea nikitinii]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea nudiflora]]'' <small>(Lindl.) Boiss.</small>
*''[[Alcea peduncularis]]'' <small>Boiss. & Hausskn.</small>
*''[[Alcea pisidica]]'' <small>Hub.-Mor.</small>
*''[[Alcea popovii]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea rechingeri]]'' <small>(Zohary) I.Riedl</small>
*''[[Alcea remotiflora]]'' <small>(Boiss. & Heldr.) Alef.</small>
*''[[Alcea rhyticarpa]]'' <small>(Trautv.) Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea rosea]]'' <small>L.</small> – common hollyhock
*''[[Alcea rosulata]]'' <small>I.Riedl</small>
*''[[Alcea rufescens]]'' <small>(Boiss.) Boiss.</small>
*''[[Alcea rugosa]]'' <small>Alef.</small>
*''[[Alcea scabridula]]'' <small>I.Riedl</small>
*''[[Alcea schirazana]]'' <small>Alef.</small>
*''[[Alcea semnanica]]'' <small>Pakravan</small>
*''[[Alcea setosa]]'' <small>(Boiss.) Alef.</small> – bristly hollyhock
*''[[Alcea sophiae]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea sosnovskyi]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea sotudehi]]'' <small>Parsa</small>
*''[[Alcea striata]]'' <small>(DC.) Alef.</small>
*''[[Alcea sulphurea]]'' <small>(Boiss. & Hohen.) Alef.</small>
*''[[Alcea sycophylla]]'' <small>Iljin & V.V.Nikitin</small>
*''[[Alcea tabrisiana]]'' <small>(Boiss. & Buhse) Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea talassica]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea tarica]]'' <small>Pakravan & Ghahr.</small>
*''[[Alcea teheranica]]'' <small>Parsa</small>
*''[[Alcea tholozanii]]'' <small>Stapf</small>
*''[[Alcea transcaucasica]]'' <small>(Iljin) Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea turcomanica]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea turkeviczii]]'' <small>Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea vameghii]]'' <small>Parsa</small>
*''[[Alcea wilhelminae]]'' <small>I.Riedl</small>
*''[[Alcea woronowii]]'' <small>(Iljin ex Grossh.) Iljin</small>
*''[[Alcea xanthochlora]]'' <small>I.Riedl</small>
{{div col end}}
==Uses==
==Uses==

Hollyhocks are popular [[garden]] [[ornamental plant]]s. They are easily grown from seed. Breeds with red flowers attract [[hummingbird]]s and [[butterfly|butterflies]]. [[Cultivar]]s have been bred, especially from ''A. rosea''. They include the [[double-flowered]] 'Chater's Double', the [[raspberry (color)|raspberry-colored]] 'Creme de Cassis', and 'The Watchman', which has dark, nearly black, [[maroon]] flowers.<ref name=bhg>[http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/perennial/hollyhock/ Hollyhock: ''A. rosea''.] ''Better Homes and Gardens''.</ref>
Hollyhocks are popular [[garden]] [[ornamental plant]]s. They are easily grown from seed. Breeds with red flowers attract [[hummingbird]]s and [[butterfly|butterflies]]. [[Cultivar]]s have been bred, especially from ''A. rosea''. They include the [[double-flowered]] 'Chater's Double', the [[raspberry (color)|raspberry-colored]] 'Creme de Cassis', and 'The Watchman', which has dark, nearly black, [[maroon]] flowers.<ref name=bhg>[http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/perennial/hollyhock/ Hollyhock: ''A. rosea''.] ''Better Homes and Gardens''.</ref>


The stems of hollyhocks can be used as firewood, and the roots have been used medicinally.<ref name=foc/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Aydin | first1 = S. | last2 = Öztürk | first2 = Y. | last3 = Başer | first3 = K. H. C. | last4 = Kirimer | first4 = N. | last5 = Kurtar-Öztürk | first5 = N. | title = Effects of ''Alcea pallida'' L. (A.) and ''Tilia argentea'' Desf. Ex DC infusions on swimming performance in mice | doi = 10.1002/ptr.2650060411 | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 219–220| year = 1992 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>
The stems of hollyhocks can be used as firewood, and the roots have been used medicinally.<ref name=foc/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Aydin | first1 = S. | last2 = Öztürk | first2 = Y. | last3 = Başer | first3 = K. H. C. | last4 = Kirimer | first4 = N. | last5 = Kurtar-Öztürk | first5 = N. | title = Effects of ''Alcea pallida'' L. (A.) and ''Tilia argentea'' Desf. Ex DC infusions on swimming performance in mice | doi = 10.1002/ptr.2650060411 | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 219–220| year = 1992 }}</ref>

[[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|thumb|The Maruni Mitsu Aoi, the hollyhock [[Mon (emblem)|mon]] of the [[Tokugawa clan]]]]


==Pests and diseases==
==Pests and diseases==
[[File:Hollyhock Weevil (2713629786).jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Rhopalapion longirostre|Hollyhock [[weevil]] (''Rhopalapion longirostre'')]]

''Alcea'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Bucculatrix quadrigemina]]'' and ''[[Vanessa cardui]]'', the painted lady.
''Alcea'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Bucculatrix quadrigemina]]'' and ''[[Vanessa cardui]]'', the painted lady.


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==Culture==
==Culture==
The [[Aoi Matsuri]] (Hollyhock Festival) is one of the three main festivals of the city of [[Kyoto]].
[[File:Aoix2.jpg|thumb|right|Man carrying a hollyhock float during the [[Aoi Matsuri]] procession]]
A hollyhock flower, known in Japan as {{Nihongo||葵|aoi}}, was incorporated into the official seal (''[[Mon (emblem)|mon]]'') of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in Japan, and through this influence has maintained importance in modern Japanese culture. For example, it inspired the name and symbol of [[Mito HollyHock]], a professional soccer club in a city formerly led by the [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa family]]. The [[Aoi Matsuri]] (Hollyhock Festival) is one of the three main festivals of the city of [[Kyoto]].

During the [[Victorian era]], the hollyhock symbolized both ambition and fecundity in the [[language of flowers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm|title=Language of Flowers - Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments|website=www.languageofflowers.com|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
During the [[Victorian era]], the hollyhock symbolized both ambition and fecundity in the [[language of flowers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm|title=Language of Flowers - Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments|website=www.languageofflowers.com|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>

The [[National Plant Collection|UK National Collection]] of hollyhocks is held by Jonathan Sheppard in Lincolnshire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/how-can-you-help/sponsor-the-national-plant-collections/sponsor-the-national-plant-collections-follow-alcea-hollyhocks/|title=Join Plant Heritage &#124; Conserving the diversity of garden plants|website=www.plantheritage.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lincolnshirelife.co.uk/lifestyle/cupcake-and-fizz/|title=Cupcakes and fizz!|website=Lincolnshire Life}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Aoix2.jpg|Man carrying a hollyhock float during the [[Aoi Matsuri]] procession
</gallery>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="190px" heights="180px" >
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" >
File:Hollyhock - Kolkata 2011-02-25 1734.JPG|''Alcea'' sp.
File:Hollyhock - Kolkata 2011-02-25 1734.JPG|''Alcea'' sp.
File:Alcea-setosa--Chotmit--Zachi-Evenor.jpg|''Alcea setosa''
File:Alcea-setosa--Chotmit--Zachi-Evenor.jpg|''Alcea setosa''
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Wikispecies}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Alcea}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Alcea|''Alcea''}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Alcea|''Alcea''}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1148371}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1148371}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Alcea| ]]
[[Category:Malveae]]
[[Category:Malveae]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Malvaceae genera]]
[[Category:Malvaceae genera]]
[[Category:Perennial plants]]
[[Category:Perennial plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]

Latest revision as of 05:44, 16 October 2023

"Hollyhock" redirects here. For the streambank wild hollyhock, a related species in western North America, see Iliamna rivularis. For other uses, see Hollyhock (disambiguation).

Alcea
Alcea setosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Malvoideae
Tribe: Malveae
Genus: Alcea
L.
Species

See text

Alcea is a genus of over 80 species of flowering plants in the mallow family Malvaceae, commonly known as the hollyhocks.[1] They are native to Asia and Europe.[1] The single species of hollyhock from the Americas, the streambank wild hollyhock, belongs to a different genus.

Description

[edit]

Hollyhocks are annual, biennial, or perennial plants usually taking an erect, unbranched form. The herbage usually has a coating of star-shaped hairs. The leaf blades are often lobed or toothed, and are borne on long petioles. The flowers may be solitary or arranged in fascicles or racemes. The notched petals are usually over three centimeters wide and may be pink, white, purple, or yellow. The fruit is a schizocarp, a dry disc divided into over 15 sections that contain seeds.[1]

Species

[edit]

The following species are accepted:[2]

Uses

[edit]

Hollyhocks are popular garden ornamental plants. They are easily grown from seed. Breeds with red flowers attract hummingbirds and butterflies. Cultivars have been bred, especially from A. rosea. They include the double-flowered 'Chater's Double', the raspberry-colored 'Creme de Cassis', and 'The Watchman', which has dark, nearly black, maroon flowers.[3]

The stems of hollyhocks can be used as firewood, and the roots have been used medicinally.[1][4]

Pests and diseases

[edit]
Rhopalapion longirostre
Hollyhock weevil (Rhopalapion longirostre)

Alcea species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix quadrigemina and Vanessa cardui, the painted lady.

The mallow flea beetle (Podagrica fuscicornis) is a pest that makes tiny holes in the leaves. Cutworms, aphids, and capsid bugs use the plant as a food source in hotter and drier conditions.[5] A number of weevils use A. rosea as their host plant, including Rhopalapion longirostre, Alocentron curvirostre, and Aspidapion validum.[6]

The plants are also susceptible to the pathogenic fungus Puccinia malvacearum, the hollyhock rust.[7]

Culture

[edit]

The Aoi Matsuri (Hollyhock Festival) is one of the three main festivals of the city of Kyoto. During the Victorian era, the hollyhock symbolized both ambition and fecundity in the language of flowers.[8]

The UK National Collection of hollyhocks is held by Jonathan Sheppard in Lincolnshire.[9][10]

  • Man carrying a hollyhock float during the Aoi Matsuri procession
    Man carrying a hollyhock float during the Aoi Matsuri procession
[edit]
  • Alcea sp.
    Alcea sp.
  • Alcea setosa
    Alcea setosa
  • Sepals
    Sepals
  • Alcea rosea 'Nigra'
    Alcea rosea 'Nigra'
  • Alcea sp.
    Alcea sp.
  • Alcea sp. Closer look at the flower
    Alcea sp. Closer look at the flower

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Tang, Y.; et al. "Alcea". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, and Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  2. ^ "Alcea L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  3. ^ Hollyhock: A. rosea. Better Homes and Gardens.
  4. ^ Aydin, S.; Öztürk, Y.; Başer, K. H. C.; Kirimer, N.; Kurtar-Öztürk, N. (1992). "Effects of Alcea pallida L. (A.) and Tilia argentea Desf. Ex DC infusions on swimming performance in mice". Phytotherapy Research. 6 (4): 219–220. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650060411.
  5. ^ Brickell, C., Ed. The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Dorling Kindersly, London. 1996. pg. 93. ISBN 0-7513-0436-0
  6. ^ Wilhelm, G., et al. (2011). Sexual dimorphism in head structures of the weevil Rhopalapion longirostre (Olivier 1807) (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): a response to ecological demands of egg deposition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 104(3) 642-60.
  7. ^ Hollyhock rust. Royal Horticultural Society.
  8. ^ "Language of Flowers - Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments". www.languageofflowers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  9. ^ "Join Plant Heritage | Conserving the diversity of garden plants". www.plantheritage.org.uk.
  10. ^ "Cupcakes and fizz!". Lincolnshire Life.
[edit]
  • Data related to Alcea at Wikispecies
  • Media related to Alcea at Wikimedia Commons
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