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{{Short description|Austrian bridge player and lawyer}}
'''Paul Stern''' (1892{{spaced ndash}}12 June 1948<ref name=deathnotice>{{cite news
{{Infobox person
| author =<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| title = Deaths
| name = Paul Stern
| newspaper = The Times
| image =
| location = London, England
| caption =
| date = 15 June 1948
| birth_date = 4 April 1892
| page = 1
| birth_name =
| alias =
| quote = '''STERN'''.&mdash;On June 12, 1948, at 7, Abbey Road, London, N.W.8, Dr. Paul Stern, aged 56. Funeral, Jewish Cemetery, Bushey Heath, to-day (Tuesday), 3.30 p.m.
| birth_place = [[Austria-Hungary]]
⚫
}}</ref>) was an [[Austria]]n international [[contract bridge|bridge]] player and lawyer, who fled to [[London]] in 1938. He was a bidding theorist and administrator who contributed to the early growth of the game. He founded the [[Austrian Bridge Federation]] in 1929, and was its first president.<ref>{{OEB|5|20}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1948|06|12|1892|04|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hampstead]], [[London]], [[England]]
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| education =
| occupation = Bridge player, lawyer
| spouse =
| partner =
| known_for = Founder of the [[Austrian Bridge Federation]]
}}
⚫
'''Paul Stern''' (4 April 1892 – 12 June 1948) was an [[Austria]]n international [[contract bridge|bridge]] player and lawyer, who fled to [[London]] in 1938. He was a bidding theorist and administrator who contributed to the early growth of the game. He founded the [[Austrian Bridge Federation]] in 1929, and was its first president.<ref>{{OEB|5|20}}</ref>


According to his obituary in the ''Contract Bridge Journal'':<ref name=cbj>[http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/ebumagazine/1948-06.pdf "In Remembrance of DR. PAUL STERN", ''Contract Bridge Journal'', June 1948, p26] Retrieved 12 Jan 2016</ref><blockquote>Paul Stern - whose "Dr." was a so inseparable part of his name that he signed the most casual post-card with the prefix - was, both in his early life and in his exile, an unforgettable figure. He was tall, burly, irascible, with a voice so rough, a temperament so volatile that half the people who saw him called him a dictator; but with a charm so great, a sweetness so unexpected that even those he castigated seldom bore malice for long.</blockquote>
According to his obituary in the ''Contract Bridge Journal'':<ref name=cbj>[http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/ebumagazine/1948-06.pdf "In Remembrance of DR. PAUL STERN", ''Contract Bridge Journal'', June 1948, p26] Retrieved 12 Jan 2016</ref><blockquote>Paul Stern - whose "Dr." was a so inseparable part of his name that he signed the most casual post-card with the prefix - was, both in his early life and in his exile, an unforgettable figure. He was tall, burly, irascible, with a voice so rough, a temperament so volatile that half the people who saw him called him a dictator; but with a charm so great, a sweetness so unexpected that even those he castigated seldom bore malice for long.</blockquote>


== Career in bridge ==
== Career in bridge ==
Stern was a member of the Austria open teams that won the first two European championships, 1932 and 1933, under the [[Bermuda Bowl#Predecessors|auspices of the International Bridge League]] in [[Scheveningen]], Netherlands, and in London.<ref>Francis, p. 805.</ref> In 1935 he developed the [[Vienna System]], or Austrian System, the first highly artificial [[bidding system]] to achieve international success. Strong hands (equivalent to about 18 or more high-card points using the now-standard [[Milton Work]] count) were opened One Notrump; most hands with 11–17 points that lacked a five card spade, heart or diamond suit were opened One Club.<ref>Francis, p. 542.</ref> Many strong players adopted the Vienna System and Stern remained the leader and an important mentor. He was the {{gcb|npc|non-playing captain}} when Austria recaptured the European championships (Open category) in 1936 and 1937.<ref name=EBLteams>[http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=4 European Team Championships] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130021/http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=4 |date=2011-09-27 }}: List&nbsp;... to Date. [[European Bridge League]]. Retrieved 2014-06-18. <br>Select a champion team name to see its personnel.</ref>
Stern was a member of the Austria open teams who won the first two European championships, 1932 and 1933, under the [[Bermuda Bowl#Predecessors|auspices of the International Bridge League]] in [[Scheveningen]], Netherlands, and in London.<ref>Francis, p. 805.</ref> In 1935 he developed the [[Vienna System]], or Austrian System, the first highly artificial [[bidding system]] to achieve international success. Strong hands (equivalent to about 18 or more high-card points using the now-standard [[Milton Work]] count) were opened One Notrump; most hands with 11–17 points that lacked a five card spade, heart or diamond suit were opened One Club.<ref>Francis, p. 542.</ref> Many strong players adopted the Vienna System and Stern remained the leader and an important mentor. He was the {{gcb|npc|non-playing captain}} when Austria recaptured the European championships (Open category) in 1936 and 1937.<ref name=EBLteams>[http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=4 European Team Championships] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130021/http://www.eurobridge.org/competitions/european_championships/TeamChampionships.asp?qmenuid=4 |date=2011-09-27 }}: List&nbsp;... to Date. [[European Bridge League]]. Retrieved 2014-06-18. <br>Select a champion team name to see its personnel.</ref>


[[Image:Austrian team 72 KB.jpg|thumb|right|397 px| The winning Austria open team at the 1937 world championships: Karl Schneider, Hans Jellinek, Edouard Frischauer, Paul Stern (captain), Josephine Culbertson (US), [[Walter Herbert (conductor)|Walter Herbert]], [[Helen Sobel Smith|Helen Sobel]] (US), and Karl von Blöhdorn. Missing: Udo von Meissl. ]]
[[Image:Austrian team 72 KB.jpg|thumb|right|397 px| The winning Austria open team at the 1937 world championships: Karl Schneider, Hans Jellinek, Edouard Frischauer, Paul Stern (captain), Josephine Culbertson (US), [[Walter Herbert (conductor)|Walter Herbert]], [[Helen Sobel Smith|Helen Sobel]] (US), and Karl von Blöhdorn. Missing: Udo von Meissl.]]


The [[Bermuda Bowl#Predecessors|1937 IBL Championships]] doubled as the first world championship tournament, conducted June 1937 in [[Budapest]]. In the [[final (competition)|final]], Austria defeated [[Ely Culbertson]]'s team from the United States by 4,740 points over 96 [[board (bridge)|boards]], using the Vienna System against the natural Culbertson system.<ref>There were two teams from the US in the field of 19 otherwise national teams. In a sense they represented the Culbertson System and the United States respectively. <br>{{cite news
The [[Bermuda Bowl#Predecessors|1937 IBL Championships]] doubled as the first world championship tournament, conducted June 1937 in [[Budapest]]. In the [[final (competition)|final]], Austria defeated [[Ely Culbertson]]'s team from the United States by 4,740 points over 96 [[board (bridge)|boards]], using the Vienna System against the natural Culbertson system.<ref>There were two teams from the US in the field of 19 otherwise national teams. In a sense they represented the Culbertson System and the United States respectively. <br>{{cite news
|author=[[Alan Truscott|Truscott, Alan]]
|author=Truscott, Alan
|author-link=Alan Truscott
|title=BRIDGE: A Viennese Victory
|title=BRIDGE: A Viennese Victory
|date=21 June 1987
|date=21 June 1987
|newspaper=The New York Times
|newspaper=The New York Times
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/21/style/bridge-a-viennese-victory.html
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/21/style/bridge-a-viennese-victory.html
|accessdate=2008-08-14
|access-date=2008-08-14
}}</ref> The result of this match caused a sensation, as did all the previous Culbertson matches. Stern's book on the championships does not mention that there were other teams in the event!<ref>Stern, Paul (1938). ''Beating the Culbertsons: how the Austrians won the world contract bridge championships''. London: Laurie.</ref> The world champions were anchored by Karl Schneider and Hans Jellinek, perhaps the world's strongest pair at the time, with Karl von Blöhdorn, Dr Edward Frischauer, [[Walter Herbert (conductor)|Walter Herbert]] and Udo von Meissl. ([[Glossary of contract bridge terms#team|Bridge teams, or teams-of-four]], commonly have six players with two on the "bench" at any time.) Culbertson traveled with four players, as usual —Ely and Josephine at one table, [[Helen Sobel Smith|Helen Sobel]] and Charles Vogelhofer at the other— and it was widely thought at the time that this quartet was not America's best. In addition, the Culbertsons were on the verge of divorce, which cannot be good for a bridge partnership.<ref>{{cite book |last = Clay |first = John |authorlink = |title = Culbertson: The Man Who Made Contract Bridge |publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicolson |location = London |pages = 196–97 |series = |year = 1985 |doi = |isbn = 0-297-78436-6}}</ref>
}}</ref> The result of this match caused a sensation, as did all the previous Culbertson matches. Stern's book on the championships does not mention that there were other teams in the event!<ref>Stern, Paul (1938). ''Beating the Culbertsons: how the Austrians won the world contract bridge championships''. London: Laurie.</ref> The world champions were anchored by Karl Schneider and Hans Jellinek, perhaps the world's strongest pair at the time, with Karl von Blöhdorn, Dr Edward Frischauer, [[Walter Herbert (conductor)|Walter Herbert]] and Udo von Meissl. ([[Glossary of contract bridge terms#team|Bridge teams, or teams-of-four]], commonly have six players with two on the "bench" at any time.) Culbertson traveled with four players, as usual —Ely and Josephine at one table, [[Helen Sobel Smith|Helen Sobel]] and Charles Vogelhofer at the other— and it was widely thought at the time that this quartet was not America's best. In addition, the Culbertsons were on the verge of divorce, which cannot be good for a bridge partnership.<ref>{{cite book |last = Clay |first = John |title = Culbertson: The Man Who Made Contract Bridge |publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicolson |location = London |pages = [https://archive.org/details/culbertsonmanwho0000clay/page/196 196–97] |year = 1985 |isbn = 0-297-78436-6 |url = https://archive.org/details/culbertsonmanwho0000clay/page/196 }}</ref>


Austria also won the Ladies flight of the exceptional European/World championships, and thus won the first three annual Europeans for women.<ref name=EBLteams /> Decades later, Stern's protégé (Erika) Rixi Scharfstein, a member of those 1935 to 1937 champions, would win many European and world titles as [[Rixi Markus]] representing Great Britain.<ref>{{WBFpeople|1122|Rixi Markus}}. Retrieved 2011-09-07.</ref>
Austria also won the Ladies flight of the exceptional European/World championships, and thus won the first three annual Europeans for women.<ref name=EBLteams /> Decades later, Stern's protégé (Erika) Rixi Scharfstein, a member of those 1935 to 1937 champions, would win many European and world titles as [[Rixi Markus]] representing Great Britain.<ref>{{WBFpeople|1122|Rixi Markus}}. Retrieved 2011-09-07.</ref>


According to a September 1948 article on Markus in the ''Contract Bridge Journal'', Stern was "perhaps the greatest coach who ever lived".<ref>{{cite book |last = Hasenson |first = Peter |authorlink = |title = British Bridge Almanack |publisher = 77 Publishing |location = London |page = 143 |series = |year = 2004 |doi = |isbn = 0-9549241-0-X}}</ref> A dictatorial leader, Stern insisted that his players adhered with rigidity to his system, but his over-emphatic statements and instructions were tempered by an underlying warmth of personality.<ref name=Ramsey>{{cite book |last = Ramsey |first = Guy |authorlink = |title = Aces All |publisher = Museum Press Limited |location = London |pages = 182–93 |series = |year = 1955 |doi = |isbn = }}</ref> According to Rixi Markus's autobiography, ''A Vulnerable Game'', Stern would hit her on the hand if she made a mistake. When training the Austrian ladies' team, if unhappy with their play he would yell "Cows!".<ref>Shireen Mohandes. "Autobridge" (sidebar on Stern). ''Bridge''. February 2017. p 29.</ref>
According to a September 1948 article on Markus in the ''Contract Bridge Journal'', Stern was "perhaps the greatest coach who ever lived".<ref>{{cite book |last = Hasenson |first = Peter |title = British Bridge Almanack |publisher = 77 Publishing |location = London |page = 143 |year = 2004 |isbn = 0-9549241-0-X}}</ref> A dictatorial leader, Stern insisted that his players adhered with rigidity to his system, but his over-emphatic statements and instructions were tempered by an underlying warmth of personality.<ref name=Ramsey>{{cite book |last = Ramsey |first = Guy |title = Aces All |publisher = Museum Press Limited |location = London |pages = 182–93 |year = 1955 }}</ref> According to Rixi Markus's autobiography, ''A Vulnerable Game'', Stern would hit her on the hand if she made a mistake. When training the Austrian ladies' team, if unhappy with their play he would yell "Cows!".<ref>Shireen Mohandes. "Autobridge" (sidebar on Stern). ''Bridge''. February 2017. p 29.</ref>


When [[Germany]] annexed Austria in 1938 ([[Anschluss]]), he returned his military medals, awarded in [[World War I]] and which included the Golden Merit Cross with Crown awarded for the highest level of bravery in the face of the enemy, to the [[Nazi]] authorities and included an insulting letter. As a result, he was put on a death list. He escaped to [[England]]; his wife, Martha, and two teenage children joined him shortly afterwards.<ref>Shireen Mohandes. "Lives and Times. Part 2: 1936-9" ''Bridge''. October 2017. Pages 36-39.</ref> He was a major bridge figure in London for the next decade, founding a school of bridge which taught his bidding system, running a weekly duplicate in [[Hampstead]] during [[World War II]] and playing rubber bridge regularly at the Hamilton Club and [[Richard Lederer (bridge)|Lederer's]]. Stern became a naturalised British citizen in March 1948, a few months before his death.<ref>Shireen Mohandes. "Lives and Times. Part 4: 1945-52". ''Bridge''. December 2017. Pages 28-29.</ref>
When [[Germany]] annexed Austria in 1938 ([[Anschluss]]), he returned his military medals, awarded in [[World War I]] and which included the Golden Merit Cross with Crown awarded for the highest level of bravery in the face of the enemy, to the [[Nazi]] authorities and included an insulting letter. As a result, he was put on a death list. He escaped to [[England]]; his wife, Martha, and two teenage children joined him shortly afterwards.<ref>Shireen Mohandes. "Lives and Times. Part 2: 1936-9" ''Bridge''. October 2017. Pages 36-39.</ref> He was a major bridge figure in London for the next decade, founding a school of bridge which taught his bidding system, running a weekly duplicate in [[Hampstead]] during [[World War II]] and playing rubber bridge regularly at the Hamilton Club and [[Richard Lederer (bridge)|Lederer's]]. Stern became a naturalised British citizen in March 1948, a few months before his death.<ref>Shireen Mohandes. "Lives and Times. Part 4: 1945-52". ''Bridge''. December 2017. Pages 28-29.</ref>
Line 37: Line 49:


==Publications==
==Publications==
⚫
* ''Championship der international bridge league: Wien, 7.–12 juni 1934: 1800 Spiele (45 matches à 40 Spiele)'' (Vienna: Stern<!--unpub?-->), 199 pp. – IBL Championship 1934 – Stern with the assistance of Egon Watza and Manfred Wlaschütz. {{OCLC|68512775}}

⚫
* ''Championship der international bridge league: Wien, 7.-12 juni 1934: 1800 Spiele (45 matches à 40 Spiele)'' (Vienna: Stern<!--unpub?-->), 199 pp. – IBL Championship 1934 – Stern with the assistance of Egon Watza and Manfred Wlaschütz. {{OCLC|68512775}}
* ''Wir lizitieren&nbsp;... die Ansagetechnik der Wiener Weltmeister'' (Vienna: Stern, 1937), 220 pp. {{OCLC|72406872}}
* ''Wir lizitieren&nbsp;... die Ansagetechnik der Wiener Weltmeister'' (Vienna: Stern, 1937), 220 pp. {{OCLC|72406872}}
* ''Beating the Culbertsons: how the Austrians won the world contract bridge championship; with 96 diagrams of the actual hands played and comments thereon'' (London: [[Thomas Werner Laurie|T. Werner Laurie]], 1938), 128 pp. {{OCLC|660017838}} – [[Bermuda Bowl#Predecessors|IBL Championship 1937]]
* ''Beating the Culbertsons: how the Austrians won the [first] world contract bridge championship; with 96 diagrams of the actual hands played and comments thereon'' (London: [[Thomas Werner Laurie|T. Werner Laurie]], 1938), 128 pp. {{OCLC|660017838}} – [[Bermuda Bowl#Predecessors|IBL Championship 1937]]
* {{cite book |last=Stern |first=Paul |authormask=2 |title=The Stern Austrian System |edition =
* {{cite book |last=Stern |first=Paul |author-mask=2 |title=The Stern Austrian System
|publisher=[[George G. Harrap]] |location=London |year=1938 |lccn= |oclc=
|publisher=[[George G. Harrap]] |location=London |year=1938
}} 192 pp. – "Translated with the assistance of Margery Belsey." {{OCLC|504644018}}
}} 192 pp. – "Translated with the assistance of Margery Belsey." {{OCLC|504644018}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=Paul |authormask=2 |last2=Butler |first2=Geoffrey L. |title=The Two-Club System of Bidding |edition=
* {{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=Paul |author-mask=2 |last2=Butler |first2=Geoffrey L. |title=The Two-Club System of Bidding
|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |year=1940 |oclc=
|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |year=1940
}} 300 pp. {{OCLC|69215610}}
}} 300 pp. {{OCLC|69215610}}
* {{cite book |last1=Darvas |first1=Robert |last2=Hart |first2=Norman de Villiers |title = Right Through the Pack: a bridge fantasy
* {{cite book |last1=Darvas |first1=Robert |last2=Hart |first2=Norman de Villiers |title = Right Through the Pack: a bridge fantasy
|publisher=Contract Bridge Equipment Ltd |location=Leeds |year=1947 |lccn= |oclc=
|publisher=Contract Bridge Equipment Ltd |location=Leeds |year=1947
}} 220 pp. – Assisted by Stern. {{OCLC|559152645}}
}} 220 pp. – Assisted by Stern. {{OCLC|559152645}}
* {{cite book |last=Stern |first=Paul |authormask=2 |last2=Smith |first2=Arthur Joseph |title=Sorry, Partner: 120 everyday hands that have been mis-bid, mis-played or mis-defended, explained in detail with expert advice |edition=
* {{cite book |last=Stern |first=Paul |author-mask=2 |last2=Smith |first2=Arthur Joseph |title=Sorry, Partner: 120 everyday hands that have been mis-bid, mis-played or mis-defended, explained in detail with expert advice
|publisher=Faber |year=1945 |lccn=47017611 |oclc=
|publisher=Faber |year=1945 |lccn=47017611
}} 141 pp. {{OCLC|723603804}}
}} 141 pp. {{OCLC|723603804}}
* {{cite book |last=Stern |first=Paul |authormask=2 |last2=Smith |first2=A. J. |last3=Hart |first3=Norman de Villiers |title=The Vienna System of Contract Bridge
* {{cite book |last=Stern |first=Paul |author-mask=2 |last2=Smith |first2=A. J. |last3=Hart |first3=Norman de Villiers |title=The Vienna System of Contract Bridge
|publisher=Contract Bridge Equipment |year=1947 |lccn= |oclc=
|publisher=Contract Bridge Equipment |year=1947
}} 243 pp. – "New and complete text book." {{OCLC|13547916}}
}} 243 pp. – "New and complete text book." {{OCLC|13547916}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist |25em}}
{{Reflist |25em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
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[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian lawyers]]
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[[Category:Austrian contract bridge players]]
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[[Category:British and Irish contract bridge players]]
[[Category:British and Irish contract bridge players]]
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[[Category:Austrian contract bridge players]]
[[Category:Jewish contract bridge players]]
[[Category:Contract bridge writers]]
[[Category:Contract bridge writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914)]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Formerly missing people]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Austrian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Austria]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British people of Austrian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Austrian lawyers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914)]]
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[[Category:Bridge players from London‎]]

Latest revision as of 02:55, 3 October 2023

Paul Stern
Born4 April 1892
Austria-Hungary
Died12 June 1948(1948-06-12) (aged 56)
Hampstead, London, England
Occupation(s)Bridge player, lawyer
Known forFounder of the Austrian Bridge Federation

Paul Stern (4 April 1892 – 12 June 1948) was an Austrian international bridge player and lawyer, who fled to London in 1938. He was a bidding theorist and administrator who contributed to the early growth of the game. He founded the Austrian Bridge Federation in 1929, and was its first president.[1]

According to his obituary in the Contract Bridge Journal:[2]

Paul Stern - whose "Dr." was a so inseparable part of his name that he signed the most casual post-card with the prefix - was, both in his early life and in his exile, an unforgettable figure. He was tall, burly, irascible, with a voice so rough, a temperament so volatile that half the people who saw him called him a dictator; but with a charm so great, a sweetness so unexpected that even those he castigated seldom bore malice for long.

Career in bridge

[edit]

Stern was a member of the Austria open teams who won the first two European championships, 1932 and 1933, under the auspices of the International Bridge League in Scheveningen, Netherlands, and in London.[3] In 1935 he developed the Vienna System, or Austrian System, the first highly artificial bidding system to achieve international success. Strong hands (equivalent to about 18 or more high-card points using the now-standard Milton Work count) were opened One Notrump; most hands with 11–17 points that lacked a five card spade, heart or diamond suit were opened One Club.[4] Many strong players adopted the Vienna System and Stern remained the leader and an important mentor. He was the non-playing captain when Austria recaptured the European championships (Open category) in 1936 and 1937.[5]

The winning Austria open team at the 1937 world championships: Karl Schneider, Hans Jellinek, Edouard Frischauer, Paul Stern (captain), Josephine Culbertson (US), Walter Herbert, Helen Sobel (US), and Karl von Blöhdorn. Missing: Udo von Meissl.

The 1937 IBL Championships doubled as the first world championship tournament, conducted June 1937 in Budapest. In the final, Austria defeated Ely Culbertson's team from the United States by 4,740 points over 96 boards, using the Vienna System against the natural Culbertson system.[6] The result of this match caused a sensation, as did all the previous Culbertson matches. Stern's book on the championships does not mention that there were other teams in the event![7] The world champions were anchored by Karl Schneider and Hans Jellinek, perhaps the world's strongest pair at the time, with Karl von Blöhdorn, Dr Edward Frischauer, Walter Herbert and Udo von Meissl. (Bridge teams, or teams-of-four, commonly have six players with two on the "bench" at any time.) Culbertson traveled with four players, as usual —Ely and Josephine at one table, Helen Sobel and Charles Vogelhofer at the other— and it was widely thought at the time that this quartet was not America's best. In addition, the Culbertsons were on the verge of divorce, which cannot be good for a bridge partnership.[8]

Austria also won the Ladies flight of the exceptional European/World championships, and thus won the first three annual Europeans for women.[5] Decades later, Stern's protégé (Erika) Rixi Scharfstein, a member of those 1935 to 1937 champions, would win many European and world titles as Rixi Markus representing Great Britain.[9]

According to a September 1948 article on Markus in the Contract Bridge Journal, Stern was "perhaps the greatest coach who ever lived".[10] A dictatorial leader, Stern insisted that his players adhered with rigidity to his system, but his over-emphatic statements and instructions were tempered by an underlying warmth of personality.[11] According to Rixi Markus's autobiography, A Vulnerable Game, Stern would hit her on the hand if she made a mistake. When training the Austrian ladies' team, if unhappy with their play he would yell "Cows!".[12]

When Germany annexed Austria in 1938 (Anschluss), he returned his military medals, awarded in World War I and which included the Golden Merit Cross with Crown awarded for the highest level of bravery in the face of the enemy, to the Nazi authorities and included an insulting letter. As a result, he was put on a death list. He escaped to England; his wife, Martha, and two teenage children joined him shortly afterwards.[13] He was a major bridge figure in London for the next decade, founding a school of bridge which taught his bidding system, running a weekly duplicate in Hampstead during World War II and playing rubber bridge regularly at the Hamilton Club and Lederer's. Stern became a naturalised British citizen in March 1948, a few months before his death.[14]

He did not tolerate fools gladly at the bridge table. Once he was confronted with having thrown a cup of coffee at his partner, and said, "It was nothing serious. There was no sugar in it".[15]

He suffered from diabetes.[11]

Publications

[edit]
  • Championship der international bridge league: Wien, 7.–12 juni 1934: 1800 Spiele (45 matches à 40 Spiele) (Vienna: Stern), 199 pp. – IBL Championship 1934 – Stern with the assistance of Egon Watza and Manfred Wlaschütz. OCLC 68512775
  • Wir lizitieren ... die Ansagetechnik der Wiener Weltmeister (Vienna: Stern, 1937), 220 pp. OCLC 72406872
  • Beating the Culbertsons: how the Austrians won the [first] world contract bridge championship; with 96 diagrams of the actual hands played and comments thereon (London: T. Werner Laurie, 1938), 128 pp. OCLC 660017838 – IBL Championship 1937
  • —— (1938). The Stern Austrian System. London: George G. Harrap. 192 pp. – "Translated with the assistance of Margery Belsey." OCLC 504644018
  • ——; Butler, Geoffrey L. (1940). The Two-Club System of Bidding. Faber and Faber. 300 pp. OCLC 69215610
  • Darvas, Robert; Hart, Norman de Villiers (1947). Right Through the Pack: a bridge fantasy. Leeds: Contract Bridge Equipment Ltd. 220 pp. – Assisted by Stern. OCLC 559152645
  • ——; Smith, Arthur Joseph (1945). Sorry, Partner: 120 everyday hands that have been mis-bid, mis-played or mis-defended, explained in detail with expert advice. Faber. LCCN 47017611. 141 pp. OCLC 723603804
  • ——; Smith, A. J.; Hart, Norman de Villiers (1947). The Vienna System of Contract Bridge. Contract Bridge Equipment. 243 pp. – "New and complete text book." OCLC 13547916

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Francis, Henry G.; Truscott, Alan F.; Francis, Dorthy A., eds. (1994). The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (5th ed.). Memphis, TN: American Contract Bridge League. p. 20. ISBN 0-943855-48-9. LCCN 96188639.
  2. ^ "In Remembrance of DR. PAUL STERN", Contract Bridge Journal, June 1948, p26 Retrieved 12 Jan 2016
  3. ^ Francis, p. 805.
  4. ^ Francis, p. 542.
  5. ^ a b European Team Championships Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine: List ... to Date. European Bridge League. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
    Select a champion team name to see its personnel.
  6. ^ There were two teams from the US in the field of 19 otherwise national teams. In a sense they represented the Culbertson System and the United States respectively.
    Truscott, Alan (21 June 1987). "BRIDGE: A Viennese Victory". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  7. ^ Stern, Paul (1938). Beating the Culbertsons: how the Austrians won the world contract bridge championships. London: Laurie.
  8. ^ Clay, John (1985). Culbertson: The Man Who Made Contract Bridge. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 196–97. ISBN 0-297-78436-6.
  9. ^ "International record for Rixi Markus". World Bridge Federation.. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  10. ^ Hasenson, Peter (2004). British Bridge Almanack. London: 77 Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 0-9549241-0-X.
  11. ^ a b Ramsey, Guy (1955). Aces All. London: Museum Press Limited. pp. 182–93.
  12. ^ Shireen Mohandes. "Autobridge" (sidebar on Stern). Bridge. February 2017. p 29.
  13. ^ Shireen Mohandes. "Lives and Times. Part 2: 1936-9" Bridge. October 2017. Pages 36-39.
  14. ^ Shireen Mohandes. "Lives and Times. Part 4: 1945-52". Bridge. December 2017. Pages 28-29.
  15. ^ Campanile, Migry Zur, and others (no date). "Paul Lukacs", side-bar on Stern. www.migry.com (c) 1997–2011.
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