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{{Short description|Ancient Greek Academic Skeptic philosopher}}
{{Short description|2nd-century BC Greek academic skeptic philosopher}}

'''Clitomachus''' or '''Cleitomachus''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Κλειτόμαχος}}, ''Kleitómakhos''; 187/6–110/9{{nbsp}}BC{{sfn|Dorandi|1999|p=49}}) was a [[Carthage|Carthaginian]] who came to [[Athens]] in 163/2{{nbsp}}BC{{efn|Tiziano Dorandi (1999) however, writes that he "had reached his fortieth year when he went to Athens",{{sfn|Dorandi|1999|p=33}} but this is, according to Woldemar Görler (1994), not trustworthy.{{sfn|Görler|1994|pp=898–914}} }} and studied [[philosophy]] under [[Carneades]]. He became head of the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]] around 127/6{{nbsp}}BC. He was an [[Academic skepticism|Academic skeptic]] like his master. Nothing survives of his writings, which were dedicated to making known the views of Carneades, but [[Cicero]] made use of them for some of his works.
{{Infobox philosopher
|birth_name= ''Hasdrubal (Ἀσδρούβας)''
|birth_place=[[Carthage]]
|influences=[[Carneades]]
|birth_date={{circa|186 B.C.}}
|death_date={{circa|110 B.C.}}
|death_place=[[Athens]]
|native_name=Κλειτόμαχος
|influenced=[[Philo of Larissa]], [[Cicero]]
|school_tradition=[[Academic skepticism]]
|institutions=[[Platonic Academy|Academy]] ([[scholarch]])
}}
'''Clitomachus''' or '''Cleitomachus''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Κλειτόμαχος}}, ''Kleitómakhos''; 187/6–110/9{{nbsp}}BC{{sfn|Dorandi|1999|p=49}}) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] philosopher, originally from [[Carthage]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cleitomachus {{!}} Greek philosopher|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleitomachus|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> who came to [[Athens]] in 163/2{{nbsp}}BC{{efn|Tiziano Dorandi (1999) however, writes that he "had reached his fortieth year when he went to Athens",{{sfn|Dorandi|1999|p=33}} but this is, according to Woldemar Görler (1994), not trustworthy.{{sfn|Görler|1994|pp=898–914}} }} and studied [[philosophy]] under [[Carneades]]. He became head of the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]] around 127/6{{nbsp}}BC. He was an [[Academic skepticism|Academic skeptic]] like his master. Nothing survives of his writings, which were dedicated to making known the views of Carneades, but [[Cicero]] made use of them for some of his works.


==Life==
==Life==
Clitomachus was born in [[Carthage]] in 187/6{{nbsp}}BC as '''Hasdrubal''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Ἀσδρούβας}}, ''Hasdroúbas''; {{lang-xpu|𐤏𐤆𐤓{{popdf}}𐤁{{popdf}}𐤏𐤋{{popdf}}}},{{sfnp|Huss|1985|p=[https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC&pg=PA566 566]}} ''ʿAzrubaʿal'', "Help of [[Baal]]"). He came to [[Athens]] in 163/2 BC, when he was about 24 years old.{{sfn|Dorandi|1999|p=33}} There he became connected with the founder of the New Academy, the philosopher [[Carneades]], under whose guidance he rose to be one of the most distinguished disciples of this school; but he also studied at the same time the philosophy of the [[Stoics]] and [[Peripatetics]]. In 127/6 BC, two years after the death of Carneades, he became the effective head ([[scholarch]]) of the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]]. He continued to teach at Athens till as late as 111 BC, as [[Lucius Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] heard him in that year.<ref>Cicero, ''de Oratore'', i. 11.</ref> He died in 110/09 BC, and was succeeded as scholarch by [[Philo of Larissa]].
Clitomachus was born in [[Carthage]] in 187/6{{nbsp}}BC as '''Hasdrubal''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Ἀσδρούβας}}, ''Hasdroúbas''; {{lang-xpu|𐤏𐤆𐤓{{popdf}}𐤁{{popdf}}𐤏𐤋{{popdf}}}},{{sfnp|Huss|1985|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC&pg=PA566 566]}} ''ʿAzrubaʿal'', "Help of [[Baal]]"). He came to [[Athens]] in 163/2 BC, when he was about 24 years old.{{sfn|Dorandi|1999|p=33}} There he became connected with the founder of the New Academy, the philosopher [[Carneades]], under whose guidance he rose to be one of the most distinguished disciples of this school; but he also studied at the same time the philosophy of the [[Stoics]] and [[Peripatetics]]. In 127/6 BC, two years after the death of Carneades, he became the effective head ([[scholarch]]) of the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Clitomachus|volume=6|page=531}}</ref> He continued to teach at Athens till as late as 111 BC, as [[Lucius Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] heard him in that year.<ref>Cicero, ''de Oratore'', i. 11.</ref> He died in 110/09 BC, and was succeeded as scholarch by [[Philo of Larissa]].


==Writings==
==Writings==
Of his works, which amounted to 400 books,{{sfn|Laërtius|1925|loc=§ 67}} only a few titles are preserved. His main object in writing them was to make known the philosophy of his master [[Carneades]], from whose views he never dissented. Clitomachus continued to reside at Athens till the end of his life; but he continued to cherish a strong affection for his native country, and when [[Carthage]] was captured and destroyed in 146 BC, he wrote a work to console his unfortunate countrymen. This work, which [[Cicero]] says he had read, was taken from a discourse of Carneades, and was intended to exhibit the consolation which philosophy supplies even under the greatest calamities.<ref>Cicero, ''Tusculanae Quaestione'', iii. 22.</ref> His work was highly regarded by Cicero,<ref>Cicero, ''Academica'', ii. 6, 31.</ref> who based parts of his ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'', ''[[De Divinatione]]'' and ''[[De Fato]]'' on a work of Clitomachus he names as ''On the Withholding of Assent'' ({{lang-la|De Sustinendis Adsensionibus}}).<ref>Cicero, ''Academica'', ii. 31.</ref>
Of his works, which amounted to 400 books,{{sfn|Laërtius|1925|loc=§ 67}} only a few titles are preserved. His main object in writing them was to make known the philosophy of his master [[Carneades]], from whose views he never dissented. Clitomachus continued to reside at Athens till the end of his life; but he continued to cherish a strong affection for his native country, and when [[Carthage]] was [[Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)|captured and destroyed]] in 146 BC, he wrote a work to console his unfortunate countrymen.<ref name="EB1911"/> This work, which [[Cicero]] says he had read, was taken from a discourse of Carneades, and was intended to exhibit the consolation which philosophy supplies even under the greatest calamities.<ref>Cicero, ''Tusculanae Quaestione'', iii. 22.</ref> His work was highly regarded by Cicero,<ref>Cicero, ''Academica'', ii. 6, 31.</ref> who based parts of his ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'', ''[[De Divinatione]]'' and ''[[De Fato]]'' on a work of Clitomachus he names as ''On the Withholding of Assent'' ({{lang-la|De Sustinendis Adsensionibus}}).<ref>Cicero, ''Academica'', ii. 31.</ref>


Clitomachus probably treated the history of philosophy in his work on the philosophical sects: ''On the Schools of Thought'' ({{lang-el|περί αἱρέσεων}}).{{sfn|Laërtius|1925|loc=§ 92}}
Clitomachus probably treated the history of philosophy in his work on the philosophical sects: ''On the Schools of Thought'' ({{lang-el|περί αἱρέσεων}}).{{sfn|Laërtius|1925|loc=§ 92}}
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===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last=Dorandi |first=Tiziano |year=1999 |chapter=Chapter 2: Chronology |editor-last=Algra |editor-first=Keimpe |display-editors=etal |title=The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00algr |url-access=limited |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521250283 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00algr/page/n68 49]}}
*{{DGRBM|author=AS|title=Cleitomachus|volume=1|page=784|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0001.001/799?page=root;size=100;view=image}}
*{{cite book |last=Dorandi |first=Tiziano |year=1999 |chapter=Chapter 2: Chronology |editor-last=Algra |editor-first=Keimpe |display-editors=etal |title=The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00algr |url-access=limited |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521250283 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00algr/page/n68 49]}}
*{{cite LotEP|chapter=Clitomachus}}
*{{cite LotEP|chapter=Clitomachus}}
*{{cite book |last=Görler |first=Woldemar |chapter=Die Akademie zwischen Karneades und Philon |title=Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie, Die Philosophie der Antike, Bd. 4/2: Die hellenistische Philosophie, hrsg. |editor-first=Hellmut |editor-last=Flashar |edition=2nd |publisher=Schwabe |location=Basel |year=1994 |isbn=3-7965-0930-4 |pages=898–914 |language=de }}
*{{cite book |last=Görler |first=Woldemar |chapter=Die Akademie zwischen Karneades und Philon |title=Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie, Die Philosophie der Antike, Bd. 4/2: Die hellenistische Philosophie, hrsg. |editor-first=Hellmut |editor-last=Flashar |edition=2nd |publisher=Schwabe |location=Basel |year=1994 |isbn=3-7965-0930-4 |pages=898–914 |language=de }}
* {{citation |last=Huss |first=Werner |title=Geschichte der Karthager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=Munich |date=1985 |isbn=9783406306549 }}. {{in lang|de}}
* {{citation |last=Huss |first=Werner |title=Geschichte der Karthager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=Munich |date=1985 |isbn=978-3406306549 }}. {{in lang|de}}
*{{DGRBM|author=AS|title=Cleitomachus|volume=1|page=784|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0001.001/799?page=root;size=100;view=image}}


{{Platonists}}
{{Platonists}}
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[[Category:180s BC births]]
[[Category:180s BC births]]
[[Category:110s BC deaths]]
[[Category:110s BC deaths]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC philosophers]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Greek philosophers]]
[[Category:Academic philosophers]]
[[Category:Academic skepticism]]
[[Category:Ancient Skeptic philosophers]]
[[Category:Carthaginians]]
[[Category:Carthaginians]]
[[Category:Hellenistic-era philosophers from Africa]]
[[Category:Hellenistic-era philosophers from Africa]]
[[Category:Hellenistic-era philosophers in Athens]]
[[Category:Hellenistic-era philosophers in Athens]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Punic people]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Punic people]]
[[Category:Academic skeptics]]

Revision as of 01:40, 23 July 2023

Clitomachus
Κλειτόμαχος
Born
Hasdrubal (Ἀσδρούβας)

c. 186 B.C.
Diedc. 110 B.C.
SchoolAcademic skepticism
InstitutionsAcademy (scholarch)

Clitomachus or Cleitomachus (Greek: Κλειτόμαχος, Kleitómakhos; 187/6–110/9 BC[1]) was a Greek philosopher, originally from Carthage,[2] who came to Athens in 163/2 BC[a] and studied philosophy under Carneades. He became head of the Academy around 127/6 BC. He was an Academic skeptic like his master. Nothing survives of his writings, which were dedicated to making known the views of Carneades, but Cicero made use of them for some of his works.

Life

Clitomachus was born in Carthage in 187/6 BC as Hasdrubal (Greek: Ἀσδρούβας, Hasdroúbas; Template:Lang-xpu,[5] ʿAzrubaʿal, "Help of Baal"). He came to Athens in 163/2 BC, when he was about 24 years old.[3] There he became connected with the founder of the New Academy, the philosopher Carneades, under whose guidance he rose to be one of the most distinguished disciples of this school; but he also studied at the same time the philosophy of the Stoics and Peripatetics. In 127/6 BC, two years after the death of Carneades, he became the effective head (scholarch) of the Academy.[6] He continued to teach at Athens till as late as 111 BC, as Crassus heard him in that year.[7] He died in 110/09 BC, and was succeeded as scholarch by Philo of Larissa.

Writings

Of his works, which amounted to 400 books,[8] only a few titles are preserved. His main object in writing them was to make known the philosophy of his master Carneades, from whose views he never dissented. Clitomachus continued to reside at Athens till the end of his life; but he continued to cherish a strong affection for his native country, and when Carthage was captured and destroyed in 146 BC, he wrote a work to console his unfortunate countrymen.[6] This work, which Cicero says he had read, was taken from a discourse of Carneades, and was intended to exhibit the consolation which philosophy supplies even under the greatest calamities.[9] His work was highly regarded by Cicero,[10] who based parts of his De Natura Deorum, De Divinatione and De Fato on a work of Clitomachus he names as On the Withholding of Assent (Latin: De Sustinendis Adsensionibus).[11]

Clitomachus probably treated the history of philosophy in his work on the philosophical sects: On the Schools of Thought (Greek: περί αἱρέσεων).[12]

Two of Clitomachus' works are known to have been dedicated to prominent Romans, the poet Gaius Lucilius and the one-time consul Lucius Marcius Censorinus,[13] suggesting that his work was known and appreciated in Rome.

Notes

  1. ^ Tiziano Dorandi (1999) however, writes that he "had reached his fortieth year when he went to Athens",[3] but this is, according to Woldemar Görler (1994), not trustworthy.[4]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Dorandi 1999, p. 49.
  2. ^ "Cleitomachus | Greek philosopher". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  3. ^ a b Dorandi 1999, p. 33.
  4. ^ Görler 1994, pp. 898–914.
  5. ^ Huss (1985), p. 566.
  6. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clitomachus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 531.
  7. ^ Cicero, de Oratore, i. 11.
  8. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 67.
  9. ^ Cicero, Tusculanae Quaestione, iii. 22.
  10. ^ Cicero, Academica, ii. 6, 31.
  11. ^ Cicero, Academica, ii. 31.
  12. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 92.
  13. ^ Cicero, Academica, ii. 32.

Bibliography