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| cinematography =
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Robert Parrish]] (uncredited)
| editing = [[Robert Parrish]] (uncredited)
| distributor = Field Photographic Branch, [[Office of Strategic Services]]
| distributor = Field Photographic Unit, [[Office of Strategic Services]]
| released = {{film date|1943}}
| released = {{film date|1943}}
| runtime = 61 minutes
| runtime = 61 minutes
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}}
}}


'''''Undercover,''''' also known as '''''Undercover: How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines''''' and '''''How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines''''', is a 1943 [[Office of Strategic Services]] [[training film]], directed by and featuring [[John Ford]]. It was edited by Ford's longtime collaborator [[Robert Parrish]].<ref name="TCM">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/1118185%7C0/How-to-Operate-Behind-Enemy-Lines.html|title=How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines|last1=Axmaker|first1=Sean|website=Turner Classic Movies|accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref>
'''''Undercover''''', also known as '''''Undercover: How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines''''' and '''''How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines''''', is a 1943 [[Office of Strategic Services]] [[training film]], directed by and featuring [[John Ford]]. It was edited by Ford's longtime collaborator [[Robert Parrish]].<ref name="TCM">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/1118185%7C0/How-to-Operate-Behind-Enemy-Lines.html|title=How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines|last1=Axmaker|first1=Sean|website=Turner Classic Movies|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>


''Undercover'' was Ford's only sound film acting role,<ref name="TCM" /><ref name="Axmaker - Spokesman Review">{{cite news|last1=Axmaker|first1=Sean|title=HOLLYWOOD GOES TO WAR: 'Five Came Back' and Other Documentaries Come to Netflix|work=Spokesman Review|date=6 April 2017|location=Spokane, Washington|page=D1}}</ref> and was the first film ever produced by an intelligence service to train its agents. The film, which is in the [[public domain]], is now widely available online since it was [[Declassification|declassified]] after the war, and it often goes unmentioned in Ford filmographies.<ref name="TCM" /><ref name="Matheson">{{cite book|last1=Matheson|first1=Sue|title=The Westerns and War Films of John Ford|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1442261051|pages=288, 328}}</ref>
''Undercover'' was Ford's only sound film acting role,<ref name="TCM" /><ref name="Axmaker - Spokesman Review">{{cite news|last1=Axmaker|first1=Sean|title=HOLLYWOOD GOES TO WAR: 'Five Came Back' and Other Documentaries Come to Netflix|work=Spokesman Review|date=6 April 2017|location=Spokane, Washington|page=D1}}</ref> and was the first film ever produced by an intelligence service to train its agents. The film, which is in the [[public domain]], is now widely available online since it was [[Declassification|declassified]] after the war, and it often goes unmentioned in Ford filmographies.<ref name="TCM" /><ref name="Matheson">{{cite book|last1=Matheson|first1=Sue|title=The Westerns and War Films of John Ford|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1442261051|pages=288, 328}}</ref>
Line 25: Line 25:
Ford was commissioned a [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]] in the [[U.S. Naval Reserves]] in 1934, and in 1940 he began bringing together thirty other experienced filmmakers in a Naval Reserve unit. He reported for active duty in September 1941.<ref name="McBride" />
Ford was commissioned a [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]] in the [[U.S. Naval Reserves]] in 1934, and in 1940 he began bringing together thirty other experienced filmmakers in a Naval Reserve unit. He reported for active duty in September 1941.<ref name="McBride" />
[[File:John Ford in OSS training film.jpg|thumb|left|John Ford in ''Undercover'']]
[[File:John Ford in OSS training film.jpg|thumb|left|John Ford in ''Undercover'']]
Although he remained officially assigned to the Navy, in October 1941, Ford's unit became part of the Office of Coordinator of Information, the OSS's predecessor. After the OSS was established in 1942, the unit became the OSS Field Photographic Branch. (The OSS was dismantled after the war and was succeeded by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].)<ref name="DIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/john-ford.html|title=A Look Back ... John Ford: War Movies — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="McBride" />
Although he remained officially assigned to the Navy, in October 1941, Ford's unit became part of the Office of Coordinator of Information, the OSS's predecessor. After the OSS was established in 1942, the unit became the OSS Field Photographic Branch. (The OSS was dismantled after the war and was succeeded by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].)<ref name="DIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/john-ford.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202728/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/john-ford.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 13, 2009|title=A Look Back ... John Ford: War Movies — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="McBride" />


Ford initially was assigned to make documentary films for release to the public. Among them were ''[[The Battle of Midway (film)|The Battle of Midway]],'' and ''[[December 7th: The Movie]],'' both of which won the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]].<ref name="DIA" /><ref name="TCM" /> The two films, like ''Undercover'', were edited by Robert Parrish, who had worked with Ford on ''[[Young Mr. Lincoln]]'' (1939), ''[[The Grapes of Wrath (film)|The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1940) and other films. The Field Photographic Branch was later tasked with documenting OSS wartime activities and producing training films for its personnel.<ref name="DIA" /> Hundreds of OSS training films were produced, and were an integral part of the curriculum for agents before being sent into the field.<ref name="Chambers">{{cite journal|last1=Chambers II|first1=Dr. John Whiteclay|title=Office of Strategic Services Training During World War II|journal=Studies in Intelligence|date=June 2010|volume=54|issue=2|pages=5, 10, 19|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf|accessdate=10 September 2017}}</ref>
Ford initially was assigned to make documentary films for release to the public. Among them were ''[[The Battle of Midway (film)|The Battle of Midway]],'' and ''[[December 7th: The Movie]],'' both of which won the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]].<ref name="DIA" /><ref name="TCM" /> The two films, like ''Undercover'', were edited by Robert Parrish, who had worked with Ford on ''[[Young Mr. Lincoln]]'' (1939), ''[[The Grapes of Wrath (film)|The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1940) and other films. The Field Photographic Branch was later tasked with documenting OSS wartime activities and producing training films for its personnel.<ref name="DIA" /> Hundreds of OSS training films were produced, and were an integral part of the curriculum for agents before being sent into the field.<ref name="Chambers">{{cite journal|last1=Chambers II|first1=Dr. John Whiteclay|title=Office of Strategic Services Training During World War II|journal=Studies in Intelligence|date=June 2010|volume=54|issue=2|pages=5, 10, 19|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707003431/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2010|access-date=10 September 2017}}</ref>


Ford's OSS training films instructed OSS agents in equipment and techniques they would be using in the field. Among them were ''Training Group'' (1942) and ''The Mole'' (1943), both of which, like ''Undercover'', were [[Declassification|declassified]] after the war and are in the public domain.<ref name="Matheson" />
Ford's OSS training films instructed OSS agents in equipment and techniques they would be using in the field. Among them were ''Training Group'' (1942) and ''The Mole'' (1943), both of which, like ''Undercover'', were [[Declassification|declassified]] after the war and are in the public domain.<ref name="Matheson" />
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''Undercover'' is a [[docudrama]] that dramatizes the experiences of OSS agents to teach them the right and wrong way of comporting themselves in the field. It is structured as a [[Story within a story|film within a film]].
''Undercover'' is a [[docudrama]] that dramatizes the experiences of OSS agents to teach them the right and wrong way of comporting themselves in the field. It is structured as a [[Story within a story|film within a film]].


Introduced by Col. Henson L.{{nbs}}Robinson, chief of the OSS Division of Schools and Training, it begins by giving examples of agents discovered because of carelessness, and goes on to describe proper agent attitude, the importance of study, and methods of infiltrating enemy territory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undercover – National Archives Catalog Entry|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/39979|website=catalog.archives.gov|publisher=National Archives|language=en}}</ref>
Introduced by Colonel Henson L.{{nbs}}Robinson, chief of the OSS Division of Schools and Training, it begins by giving examples of agents discovered because of carelessness, and goes on to describe proper agent attitude, the importance of study, and methods of infiltrating enemy territory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undercover – National Archives Catalog Entry|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/39979|website=catalog.archives.gov|publisher=National Archives|language=en}}</ref>


Most of the film tells the story of two recruits, one of whom is an overconfident agent known as "Student Charlie" and the other is "Student Al," a studious, careful agent. Germany is the obvious target of their activities but is not mentioned by name, with locales referred to as "Enemytown" and "The Capital." While Al carefully prepares, Charlie does not. As a result, Al winds up smoothly adapting to his assignment while Charlie gets into serious trouble.<ref name="TCM" />
Most of the film tells the story of two recruits, one of whom is an overconfident agent known as "Student Charlie" and the other is "Student Al", a studious, careful agent. Germany is the obvious target of their activities but is not mentioned by name, with locales referred to as "Enemytown" and "The Capital". While Al carefully prepares, Charlie does not. As a result, Al winds up smoothly adapting to his assignment while Charlie gets into serious trouble.<ref name="TCM" />


[[File:Screenshot - OSS training film - Undercover.jpg|thumb|Charlie unwisely flirts with a jealous sailor's girlfriend]]
[[File:Screenshot - OSS training film - Undercover.jpg|thumb|Agent Charlie unwisely flirts with a jealous sailor's girlfriend]]


None of the actors or crew members involved in the film received on-screen credit, and one Ford biography says that most of the roles were performed by "mediocre actors." One notable performer is Victor Varconi, a Hungarian actor and silent film star, who played a Gestapo interrogator.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Jeffrey |title=The Lost Worlds of John Ford: Beyond the Western |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-11468-5 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH_NDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA236&dq=john+ford+oss+undercover+film&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU9p6y5sjtAhWEwVkKHfteCqoQ6AEwAnoECAYQAg |language=en}}</ref> Ford is easily identifiable as "J.P. Baldwin, Attorney at Law," the civilian cover of an OSS officer, puffing on a pipe and with a large handkerchief in his breast pocket. In her book ''The Westerns and War Films of John Ford'', author Sue Matheson says that "watching the film, it is difficult to determine where Ford the director and Ford the OSS man begin and end." His character stresses the importance of teamwork, which is important to film crews as well as OSS operatives.<ref name="Matheson" />
None of the actors or crew members involved in the film received on-screen credit, and one Ford biography says that most of the roles were performed by "mediocre actors". One notable performer is [[Victor Varconi]], a Hungarian actor and silent film star, who played a Gestapo interrogator.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Jeffrey |title=The Lost Worlds of John Ford: Beyond the Western |date=20 February 2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-11468-5 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH_NDwAAQBAJ&dq=john+ford+oss+undercover+film&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref> Ford is easily identifiable as "J.P. Baldwin, Attorney at Law", the civilian cover of an OSS officer, puffing on a pipe and with a large handkerchief in his breast pocket. In her book ''The Westerns and War Films of John Ford'', author Sue Matheson says that "watching the film, it is difficult to determine where Ford the director and Ford the OSS man begin and end." His character stresses the importance of teamwork, which is important to film crews as well as OSS operatives.<ref name="Matheson" />


Though produced for educational purposes, the film has creative touches not often seen in military training films, with attention paid to camera angles and movement. Scenes are crosscut to move the story along.<ref name="TCM" />
Though produced for educational purposes, the film has creative touches not often seen in military training films, with attention paid to camera angles and movement. Scenes are crosscut to move the story along.<ref name="TCM" />


Vice Admiral [[John D. Bulkeley]] said in an interview after the war that Ford "went through the whole monkey business" portraying an OSS agent under civilian cover, and that "he loved to do that."<ref name="McBride">{{cite book|last1=McBride|first1=Joseph|title=Searching for John Ford|date=2011|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson|isbn=1604734671|pages=348–352}}</ref>
Vice Admiral [[John D. Bulkeley]] said in an interview after the war that Ford "went through the whole monkey business" portraying an OSS agent under civilian cover, and that "he loved to do that."<ref name="McBride">{{cite book|last1=McBride|first1=Joseph|title=Searching for John Ford|date=2011|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson|isbn=978-1604734676|pages=348–352}}</ref>


== Recent showings ==
== Recent showings ==
Line 54: Line 54:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{IMDb title|id=0274560|title=How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines}}
*{{IMDb title|id=0274560|title=How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines}}
*''[https://archive.org/details/youtube-FbuF_QwRP-E Undercover: How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines]'' is available for free download at the [[Internet Archive]]
*''[https://archive.org/details/youtube-FbuF_QwRP-E Undercover: How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines]'' is available for free download at the [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/39979 National Archives catalog listing]
* [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/39979 National Archives catalog listing]
*[https://www.nps.gov/prwi/learn/historyculture/ossfilms.htm OSS Training Films available for free download, National Park Service]
*[https://www.nps.gov/prwi/learn/historyculture/ossfilms.htm OSS Training Films available for free download, National Park Service]
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf Study of Office of Strategic Services Training During World War II]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100707003431/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf Study of Office of Strategic Services Training During World War II]


{{John Ford}}
{{John Ford}}
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[[Category:Office of Strategic Services]]
[[Category:Office of Strategic Services]]
[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 films]]
⚫
[[Category:1944 drama films]]
⚫
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Ford]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Ford]]
[[Category:Docudrama films]]
[[Category:American docudrama films]]
[[Category:American spy films]]
[[Category:American spy films]]
[[Category:Espionage techniques]]
[[Category:Espionage techniques]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:1943 drama films]]
[[Category:1943 drama films]]
⚫
[[Category:1940s English-language films]]
⚫
[[Category:1940s American films]]

Latest revision as of 21:46, 14 May 2023

Undercover
OSS officer "Baldwin" (John Ford) meets overconfident trainee "Charlie"
Directed byJohn Ford (uncredited)
Edited byRobert Parrish (uncredited)
Distributed byField Photographic Unit, Office of Strategic Services
Release date
  • 1943 (1943)
Running time
61 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish

Undercover, also known as Undercover: How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines and How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines, is a 1943 Office of Strategic Services training film, directed by and featuring John Ford. It was edited by Ford's longtime collaborator Robert Parrish.[1]

Undercover was Ford's only sound film acting role,[1][2] and was the first film ever produced by an intelligence service to train its agents. The film, which is in the public domain, is now widely available online since it was declassified after the war, and it often goes unmentioned in Ford filmographies.[1][3]

Background

[edit]

Ford was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Naval Reserves in 1934, and in 1940 he began bringing together thirty other experienced filmmakers in a Naval Reserve unit. He reported for active duty in September 1941.[4]

John Ford in Undercover

Although he remained officially assigned to the Navy, in October 1941, Ford's unit became part of the Office of Coordinator of Information, the OSS's predecessor. After the OSS was established in 1942, the unit became the OSS Field Photographic Branch. (The OSS was dismantled after the war and was succeeded by the Central Intelligence Agency.)[5][4]

Ford initially was assigned to make documentary films for release to the public. Among them were The Battle of Midway, and December 7th: The Movie, both of which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.[5][1] The two films, like Undercover, were edited by Robert Parrish, who had worked with Ford on Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940) and other films. The Field Photographic Branch was later tasked with documenting OSS wartime activities and producing training films for its personnel.[5] Hundreds of OSS training films were produced, and were an integral part of the curriculum for agents before being sent into the field.[6]

Ford's OSS training films instructed OSS agents in equipment and techniques they would be using in the field. Among them were Training Group (1942) and The Mole (1943), both of which, like Undercover, were declassified after the war and are in the public domain.[3]

The film

[edit]
Undercover: How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines

Undercover is a docudrama that dramatizes the experiences of OSS agents to teach them the right and wrong way of comporting themselves in the field. It is structured as a film within a film.

Introduced by Colonel Henson L. Robinson, chief of the OSS Division of Schools and Training, it begins by giving examples of agents discovered because of carelessness, and goes on to describe proper agent attitude, the importance of study, and methods of infiltrating enemy territory.[7]

Most of the film tells the story of two recruits, one of whom is an overconfident agent known as "Student Charlie" and the other is "Student Al", a studious, careful agent. Germany is the obvious target of their activities but is not mentioned by name, with locales referred to as "Enemytown" and "The Capital". While Al carefully prepares, Charlie does not. As a result, Al winds up smoothly adapting to his assignment while Charlie gets into serious trouble.[1]

Agent Charlie unwisely flirts with a jealous sailor's girlfriend

None of the actors or crew members involved in the film received on-screen credit, and one Ford biography says that most of the roles were performed by "mediocre actors". One notable performer is Victor Varconi, a Hungarian actor and silent film star, who played a Gestapo interrogator.[8] Ford is easily identifiable as "J.P. Baldwin, Attorney at Law", the civilian cover of an OSS officer, puffing on a pipe and with a large handkerchief in his breast pocket. In her book The Westerns and War Films of John Ford, author Sue Matheson says that "watching the film, it is difficult to determine where Ford the director and Ford the OSS man begin and end." His character stresses the importance of teamwork, which is important to film crews as well as OSS operatives.[3]

Though produced for educational purposes, the film has creative touches not often seen in military training films, with attention paid to camera angles and movement. Scenes are crosscut to move the story along.[1]

Vice Admiral John D. Bulkeley said in an interview after the war that Ford "went through the whole monkey business" portraying an OSS agent under civilian cover, and that "he loved to do that."[4]

Recent showings

[edit]

The film has been shown on Turner Classic Movies and was made available on Netflix in 2017, and is available online as a public domain film at the Internet Archive and other sites.[2][1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Axmaker, Sean. "How to Operate Behind Enemy Lines". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  2. ^ a b Axmaker, Sean (6 April 2017). "HOLLYWOOD GOES TO WAR: 'Five Came Back' and Other Documentaries Come to Netflix". Spokesman Review. Spokane, Washington. p. D1.
  3. ^ a b c Matheson, Sue (2016). The Westerns and War Films of John Ford. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 288, 328. ISBN 978-1442261051.
  4. ^ a b c McBride, Joseph (2011). Searching for John Ford. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 348–352. ISBN 978-1604734676.
  5. ^ a b c "A Look Back ... John Ford: War Movies — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  6. ^ Chambers II, Dr. John Whiteclay (June 2010). "Office of Strategic Services Training During World War II" (PDF). Studies in Intelligence. 54 (2): 5, 10, 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  7. ^ "Undercover – National Archives Catalog Entry". catalog.archives.gov. National Archives.
  8. ^ Richards, Jeffrey (20 February 2020). The Lost Worlds of John Ford: Beyond the Western. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-350-11468-5.
[edit]
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