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{{short description|Japanese geisha}}
{{short description|Japanese geisha}}
<!--Copied and translated from jawp [[:ja:花園歌子]]&oldid=70860431 [https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92%E6%AD%8C%E5%AD%90&oldid=70860431 as '''14:06 (UTC) 5 December 2018 by Zazanasawa'''] into page [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utako_Hanazono&oldid=904073976 as of 20:19 (UTC), 29 June 2019]. -->

'''Utako Hanazono''' {{Nihongo|2=花園歌子|3=Hanazono, Utako}} (January 1905<ref name="yoshino">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.yoshinosakuzou.jp/publish/documents/dayori13-4.PDF|language=ja |title=Yoshino Sakuzō Kōza 2005|journal= Yoshino Sakuzō Dayori|trans-title= Sakuzo Yoshino Workshop 2005|editor-last= Furukawa |editor-first= Gakujin|publisher= Yoshino Sakuzo Kinenkan|location= [[Ōsaki, Miyagi]]|date=December 1, 2005|access-date=July 6, 2014|issue=13|page=4|oclc=884760648}}</ref> &ndash; 1982) was a Japanese writer,<ref name="asahi100">{{Cite book|language=ja |title=Nijisseiki nippon Inō Isai Hyakunin|trans-title=20th Century Japan's 100 Genius and Great Talents|year=1993|publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun]]|series= Asahi One Theme Magazine|pages=34–35|chapter=Hanazono Utako|first=Masao |last= Yamaguchi
'''Utako Hanazono''' (1905 – 1982) was a Japanese writer, modern dancer, and geisha.
|author-link=Masao Yamaguchi}}</ref> modern dancer, geisha and a Japanese traditional dance master by the name of Tamae Hanazono at her later years.<ref name="yoshino"/>


== Biography ==
== Biography ==

Hanazono was born in January 1905. She worked as a [[geisha]], studying classical Japanese art forms. She publicly criticized the Japanese government in the 1920s and 1930s for preventing geisha to take on other professions in order to earn a living. Hanazono believed that many geisha were forced to turn to sex work in order to survive because of this law. She also challenged the social discrimination faced by geisha due to ancient social traditions and customs that they were still required to observe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=F1NwgHY5zCEC&pg=PT146&lpg=PT146&dq=Utako+Hanazono&source=bl&ots=WHcq5i9f-X&sig=ACfU3U0HmR9Zr_m2jyHqM1FxGlIRvHjX9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr5eSE9s3iAhUjheAKHbqCBFYQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Utako%20Hanazono&f=false</ref> Hanazono wrote works about women's rights, criticizing Japan's patriarchal society, and studied modern dance.<ref>http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue29/bardsley.htm</ref>
Hanazono was born in January 1905, educated at the Tokyo Women's Pharmaceutical School (a predecessor to [[Meiji Pharmaceutical University]]), and started working as a clerk at a pharmaceutical company before joining a leftist theater led by Shunkichi Kurose, her future husband. Hanazono's real name by marriage was {{Nihongo|1=Nao Kurose|2=黒瀬 直|3=Kurose Nao}} who practiced then top notch modern dance at that troop,<ref name="yoshino"/> and joined a burlesque studio in [[Asakusa]].<ref name="asahi100" /> It was in [[Shinbashi]] where Hanazono started as a [[geisha]], soon to become popular as a ''modern geisha'', a person with the background of modern dance.<ref name="asahi100" /> While she was hired at a geisha dispatch house under an [[Indentured servitude|indentured contract]], Hanazono stayed with that house even after her tenure had expired.<ref name="matsuda">{{Cite book|last=Matsuda|first= Yukiko|year= 2012|language=ja |title= Geigi to iu rōdō no sai teii - rōdō-sha no kenri o mamoru shohō o megutte|trans-title= Relocation of the labor of geisha &mdash; On laws that protect the rights of workers|journal=Research Center for Survival Studies Report|chapter=1. Shōwa 20 nendai-zenhan made no rōdō jōken - geigi kagyō keiyaku to zenshakukin keiyaku (Working conditions up to the first half of the Showa 20's [1945-54] &mdash; indentured servitude and advance debt contracts for geisha)|publisher=Survival Study Center at Ritsumeikan University|issue=17|pages=309–312|url= https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/997031234?page=frame&url=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fr-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp%2Frepo%2Frepository%2Frcube%2F3377%2Fav17_p307matsuda.pdf%26checksum%3Dad4791c7ae2e1d6727e94f4dd08c5513&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail=:noframes|format=PDF |oclc=997031234}}</ref>

She publicly criticized the Japanese government in the 1920s and 1930s for preventing geisha to take on other professions in order to earn a living. In her book "Geigitsū"<ref>"Geigitsū", Tokyo: Shiroku Shoin, 1930. Vol.29, Tsū Sōsho Series, {{oclc|674280562}}. Reprint in [https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/756213005?page=frame&url=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOI6AAAAMAAJ%26checksum%3D21c01c2e0eca0814df3a070ed6cd0d29&Ō=&linktype=digitalObject&detail= "Geigitsu"], Kora, Rumiko ; Iwami, Teruyo (eds.), Yumani Shobo, 2004. Vol.II (Josei no mita kindai series), No. 4, Josei to rōdō. {{ISBN|4843312215|9784843312216|4843312142|9784843312148}}, {{OCLC|674397954}}. {{via|Google Books}}</ref> Hanazono annoyed leading women's right activists [[Fukuda Hideko]] as well as [[Wakamatsu Shizuko]] by pointing out that many geisha were forced to turn to sex work in order to survive because of this law.<ref name="asahi100" /> She also challenged the social discrimination faced by geisha due to ancient social traditions and customs that they were still required to observe,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1NwgHY5zCEC&q=Utako+Hanazono&pg=PT146|title=Butterfly's Sisters: The Geisha in Western Culture|first=Yoko|last=Kawaguchi|date=3 June 2019|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300169461|via=Google Books}}</ref> including customary indentured servitude which had been bound with advance debt contracts.<ref name="matsuda" />{{efn|There is an observation that Hanazono's "Geigitsū" of 1930 was written by her husband Shunkichi Kurose.<ref name="asahi100" />}}

As a renowned book collector for the theme of geigi,<ref name="asahi100" /> Hanazono joined the Meiji Culture Study Group <small>[</small><small>[[:ja:明治文化研究会|ja]]</small><small>]</small><ref name="yoshino" /> as an enthusiastic fan of the leader [[Sakuzō Yoshino]],<ref name="asahi100" /> while exchanging views with another bibliophile Shōzō Saitō <small>[</small><small>[[:ja:斎藤昌三 (古書研究家)|ja]]</small><small>]</small>. Hanazono remarried with Iruru Hirai, aka Iruru Masaoka, in 1941, a researcher on traditional Japanese entertainment including ''[[rakugo]]'' and ''yose'' Japanese vaudeville.

In her latter years, she founded her own school of Hanazono of traditional Japanese dance, named herself their first ''Iemoto'' or the head master, with the name of Tamae Hanazono.<ref name="yoshino" />

Hanazono wrote works about women's rights, criticizing Japan's patriarchal society, and studied modern dance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue29/bardsley.htm|title=Intersections: The New Woman Meets the Geisha: The Politics of Pleasure in 1910s Japan|website=intersections.anu.edu.au}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* "Geigitsū", Tōkyō: Shiroku Shoin, 1930. Vol.29, Tsū Sōsho Series, {{oclc|674280562}}.
** Reprint: [https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/756213005?page=frame&url=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOI6AAAAMAAJ%26checksum%3D21c01c2e0eca0814df3a070ed6cd0d29&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail= "Geigitsu"], Kora, Rumiko ; Iwami, Teruyo (eds.), Yumani Shobo, 2004. Vol.II (Josei no mita kindai series), No. 4, Josei to rodo. {{ISBN|4843312215|9784843312216|4843312142|9784843312148}}, {{OCLC|674397954}}. {{via|Google Books}}
* "Onna kara ningen e &mdash; Josei bunka kenkyū shiryō ichiran" [From Woman to Human-being: List of Materials on Women's Culture Research], Tokyo : Ōsawa Tadashi, 1931. {{oclc|673014976}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanazono, Utako}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
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[[Category:Geishas]]
[[Category:Geishas]]
[[Category:Japanese female dancers]]
[[Category:Japanese female dancers]]
[[Category:Japanese dancers]]
[[Category:Japanese women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Japanese women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Modern dancers]]
[[Category:Modern dancers]]

Latest revision as of 16:36, 20 April 2023

Utako Hanazono Hanazono, Utako (花園歌子) (January 1905[1] – 1982) was a Japanese writer,[2] modern dancer, geisha and a Japanese traditional dance master by the name of Tamae Hanazono at her later years.[1]

Biography

[edit]

Hanazono was born in January 1905, educated at the Tokyo Women's Pharmaceutical School (a predecessor to Meiji Pharmaceutical University), and started working as a clerk at a pharmaceutical company before joining a leftist theater led by Shunkichi Kurose, her future husband. Hanazono's real name by marriage was Nao Kurose (黒瀬 直, Kurose Nao) who practiced then top notch modern dance at that troop,[1] and joined a burlesque studio in Asakusa.[2] It was in Shinbashi where Hanazono started as a geisha, soon to become popular as a modern geisha, a person with the background of modern dance.[2] While she was hired at a geisha dispatch house under an indentured contract, Hanazono stayed with that house even after her tenure had expired.[3]

She publicly criticized the Japanese government in the 1920s and 1930s for preventing geisha to take on other professions in order to earn a living. In her book "Geigitsū"[4] Hanazono annoyed leading women's right activists Fukuda Hideko as well as Wakamatsu Shizuko by pointing out that many geisha were forced to turn to sex work in order to survive because of this law.[2] She also challenged the social discrimination faced by geisha due to ancient social traditions and customs that they were still required to observe,[5] including customary indentured servitude which had been bound with advance debt contracts.[3][a]

As a renowned book collector for the theme of geigi,[2] Hanazono joined the Meiji Culture Study Group [ja][1] as an enthusiastic fan of the leader Sakuzō Yoshino,[2] while exchanging views with another bibliophile Shōzō Saitō [ja]. Hanazono remarried with Iruru Hirai, aka Iruru Masaoka, in 1941, a researcher on traditional Japanese entertainment including rakugo and yose Japanese vaudeville.

In her latter years, she founded her own school of Hanazono of traditional Japanese dance, named herself their first Iemoto or the head master, with the name of Tamae Hanazono.[1]

Hanazono wrote works about women's rights, criticizing Japan's patriarchal society, and studied modern dance.[6]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • "Geigitsū", Tōkyō: Shiroku Shoin, 1930. Vol.29, Tsū Sōsho Series, OCLC 674280562.
  • "Onna kara ningen e — Josei bunka kenkyū shiryō ichiran" [From Woman to Human-being: List of Materials on Women's Culture Research], Tokyo : Ōsawa Tadashi, 1931. OCLC 673014976

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ There is an observation that Hanazono's "Geigitsū" of 1930 was written by her husband Shunkichi Kurose.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Furukawa, Gakujin, ed. (December 1, 2005). "Yoshino Sakuzō Kōza 2005" [Sakuzo Yoshino Workshop 2005] (PDF). Yoshino Sakuzō Dayori (in Japanese) (13). Ōsaki, Miyagi: Yoshino Sakuzo Kinenkan: 4. OCLC 884760648. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Yamaguchi, Masao (1993). "Hanazono Utako". Nijisseiki nippon Inō Isai Hyakunin [20th Century Japan's 100 Genius and Great Talents]. Asahi One Theme Magazine (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. pp. 34–35.
  3. ^ a b Matsuda, Yukiko (2012). "1. Shōwa 20 nendai-zenhan made no rōdō jōken - geigi kagyō keiyaku to zenshakukin keiyaku (Working conditions up to the first half of the Showa 20's [1945-54] — indentured servitude and advance debt contracts for geisha)". Geigi to iu rōdō no sai teii - rōdō-sha no kenri o mamoru shohō o megutte [Relocation of the labor of geisha — On laws that protect the rights of workers] (PDF) (in Japanese). Survival Study Center at Ritsumeikan University. pp. 309–312. OCLC 997031234. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  4. ^ "Geigitsū", Tokyo: Shiroku Shoin, 1930. Vol.29, Tsū Sōsho Series, OCLC 674280562. Reprint in "Geigitsu", Kora, Rumiko ; Iwami, Teruyo (eds.), Yumani Shobo, 2004. Vol.II (Josei no mita kindai series), No. 4, Josei to rōdō. ISBN 4843312215, 9784843312216, 4843312142, 9784843312148, OCLC 674397954. (Full text via Google Books.)
  5. ^ Kawaguchi, Yoko (3 June 2019). Butterfly's Sisters: The Geisha in Western Culture. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300169461 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ "Intersections: The New Woman Meets the Geisha: The Politics of Pleasure in 1910s Japan". intersections.anu.edu.au.
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