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{{Short description|Minibus share taxis in Tanzania}} |
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[[File:DalaDala.jpg|thumb|300px|A ''dala dala'' on a rural road in [[Zanzibar]].]] |
[[File:DalaDala.jpg|thumb|300px|A ''dala dala'' on a rural road in [[Zanzibar]].]] |
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'''Dala dala''' are minibus [[share taxi]]s in [[Tanzania]].<ref name=blog2>[http://isteptanzania.wordpress.com/2009/05/29/thoughts-on-dala-dala-buses/ Thoughts On Dala Dala Buses] isteptanzania.wordpress.com, May 29, 2009</ref> |
'''Dala dala''' are minibus [[share taxi]]s in [[Tanzania]].<ref name=blog2>[http://isteptanzania.wordpress.com/2009/05/29/thoughts-on-dala-dala-buses/ Thoughts On Dala Dala Buses] isteptanzania.wordpress.com, May 29, 2009</ref> These converted trucks and minibuses are the primary public transportation system in the country.<ref name=ddwars/> While the name originates from the English word "dollar", they are also referred to as ''thumni''.<ref name=ddwars>{{cite news | url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft138nb0tj&chunk.id=d0e3896&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3893&brand=eschol | title=The Daladala Bus Wars | work=Changing the Rules: the Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania | year=1997 | agency=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS | accessdate=June 29, 2012 | author=Tripp, Aili Mari | author-link=Aili M. Tripp}}</ref> |
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Before minibuses became widely used, a truck with benches placed in the [[truck |
Before minibuses became widely used, a truck with benches placed in the [[Pickup truck#Pickup_bed_styles|bed]] was the typical Tanzanian privately owned public transport.<ref>[http://www.zanzibar.org/ Travel Guide to Zanzibar] zanzibar.org</ref> Called ''chai maharagwe'', these were popular and also used to transport and deliver goods along the route {{circa}} 1990.<ref name=ddwars/> |
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While |
While ''dala dala'' may run fixed routes picking up passengers at central locations,<ref>{{cite web | title=How many people can you fit into a dala-dala | url=http://drshem.com/2011/06/10/how-many-people-can-you-fit-into-a-dala-dala/ | work=How many people can you fit into a dala-dala | accessdate=2011-06-12}}</ref> they will also stop anywhere along their route to drop someone off or allow a prospective passenger to board.<ref name=blog2/> |
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In contrast to most of these minibuses, in [[Dar es Salaam]] some ''dala dala'' are publicly operated as of 2008.<ref group=AICD name=synd2/> |
In contrast to most of these minibuses, in [[Dar es Salaam]] some ''dala dala'' are publicly operated as of 2008.<ref group=AICD name=synd2/> |
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==History in Dar es Salaam== |
==History in Dar es Salaam== |
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[[Image:Daladala.jpg|thumb|300px|A ''dala dala'' in the city of Dar es Salaam, 2008]] |
[[Image:Daladala.jpg|thumb|300px|A ''dala dala'' in the city of Dar es Salaam, in 2008.]] |
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The ''dala dala'' developed as illegal taxis in [[Dar es Salaam]] |
The ''dala dala'' developed as illegal taxis in [[Dar es Salaam]], the largest city in Tanzania, due to a deteriorating system of government-run public transport in an environment of rising demand for such services.<ref name=academ>{{cite journal | url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/12960/1/Rizzo_Dar_es_Salaam.pdf | title=Being taken for a ride: privatisation of the Dar es Salaam transport system 1983–1998 | author=Rizzo, Matteo | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | year=2002 | volume=40 | issue=1 | pages=133–157 | doi=10.1017/s0022278x01003846}}</ref> Between 1975 and 1983, the year ''dala dala'' were legalized, the number of buses operating in [[Dar es Salaam]] declined by 36% while the population increased by around 80%.<ref name=academ/> In 1983, the government transport company was allowed to sub-contract to private entities, but due to high tariffs, this did little to substantially increase the numbers of licensed ''dala dala''.<ref name=academ/> |
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Further reforms in the late 1990s caused the amount of legal minibuses to |
Further reforms in the late 1990s caused the amount of legal minibuses to swell, and between 1991 and 1998 their numbers rose by 450%.<ref name=academ/> Large amounts of pirate minibuses continued to exist, however, and in 1998 it was estimated that these comprised nearly half of all ''dala dala'' in operation.<ref name=academ/> By 1998 ''dala dala'' had almost completely superseded government run public transport; in that year a total of 12 government operated buses plied the streets.<ref name=academ/> Around that time there were somewhere between 7,650 and 6,300 ''dala dala'' in operation.<ref name=academ/> |
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==Conductor== |
==Conductor== |
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[[File:Two dala dalas (minibuses) in Mwanza.JPG|thumbnail|Two ''dala |
[[File:Two dala dalas (minibuses) in Mwanza.JPG|thumbnail|Two ''dala dala'' in the city of [[Mwanza]] in 2015.]] |
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''Dala dala'' are often operated by both a driver and a [[Conductor (transportation)#Bus conductor|conductor]].<ref name=blog2/> Called a ''mpigadebe'', the name for ''dala dala'' conductors literally means "a person who hits a debe" (a 4-gallon tin container used for transporting gasoline or water) in reference to the fact that conductors will hit the roof and side of the van to attract customers and notify the driver when to leave a station.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
''Dala dala'' are often operated by both a driver and a [[Conductor (transportation)#Bus conductor|conductor]].<ref name=blog2/> Called a ''mpigadebe'', the name for ''dala dala'' conductors literally means "a person who hits a debe" (a 4-gallon tin container used for transporting gasoline or water) in reference to the fact that conductors will hit the roof and side of the van to attract customers and notify the driver when to leave a station.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
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==Regulation== |
==Regulation== |
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These [[vehicle for hire|vehicles for hire]] have their routes allocated by a Tanzanian transport [[regulator (economics)|regulator]], |
These [[vehicle for hire|vehicles for hire]] have their routes allocated by a Tanzanian transport [[regulator (economics)|regulator]], Land Transport Regulatory Authority (LATRA),<ref group=AICD name=xii/> but syndicates (informal groups that fix fares, collect dues, and manage stations) also exist.<ref group=AICD name=synd2/> Prior to 1983, all forms of privately owned public transport were illegal in Tanzania,<ref name=academ/> and as of 1991<ref name=ddwars/> and 1998<ref name=academ/> at least half of all ''dala dala'' continued to operate without a license. |
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Transport Regulatory Authority (SUMATRA),<ref group=AICD name=xii/> but syndicates (informal groups that fix fares, collect dues, and manage stations) also exist.<ref group=AICD name=synd2/> Prior to 1983, all forms of privately owned public transport were illegal in Tanzania,<ref name=academ/> and in 1991<ref name=ddwars/> and 1998<ref name=academ/> at least half of all ''dala dala'' continued to operate without a license. |
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In 2002 it was noted that the ''dala dala'' [[Market (economics)|market]] "seems to remain under conditions close to classical [[perfect competition]]."<ref name=academ/> |
In 2002 it was noted that the ''dala dala'' [[Market (economics)|market]] "seems to remain under conditions close to classical [[perfect competition]]."<ref name=academ/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* |
*[[Boda-boda|Boda boda]] |
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* |
*[[Matatu]] |
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* |
*[[Tro tro]] |
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*[[Weyala]], share taxi conductors in [[Ethiopia]] |
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* [[Midibus]] |
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* [[Multicab]] |
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* [[Songthaew]] |
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* [[Tap tap]] |
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* [[Jeepney]] |
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* [[Boda boda]] |
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* [[Colectivo]] |
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* [[Matatu]] |
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* [[Tro tro]] |
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* [[Weyala]] |
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* [[Dollar van]] |
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* [[Pesero]] |
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* [[Public light bus]] |
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* [[Marshrutka]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 15:07, 13 April 2023
Dala dala are minibus share taxis in Tanzania.[1] These converted trucks and minibuses are the primary public transportation system in the country.[2] While the name originates from the English word "dollar", they are also referred to as thumni.[2]
Before minibuses became widely used, a truck with benches placed in the bed was the typical Tanzanian privately owned public transport.[3] Called chai maharagwe, these were popular and also used to transport and deliver goods along the route c. 1990.[2]
While dala dala may run fixed routes picking up passengers at central locations,[4] they will also stop anywhere along their route to drop someone off or allow a prospective passenger to board.[1]
In contrast to most of these minibuses, in Dar es Salaam some dala dala are publicly operated as of 2008.[AICD 1]
History in Dar es Salaam
[edit]
The dala dala developed as illegal taxis in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania, due to a deteriorating system of government-run public transport in an environment of rising demand for such services.[5] Between 1975 and 1983, the year dala dala were legalized, the number of buses operating in Dar es Salaam declined by 36% while the population increased by around 80%.[5] In 1983, the government transport company was allowed to sub-contract to private entities, but due to high tariffs, this did little to substantially increase the numbers of licensed dala dala.[5]
Further reforms in the late 1990s caused the amount of legal minibuses to swell, and between 1991 and 1998 their numbers rose by 450%.[5] Large amounts of pirate minibuses continued to exist, however, and in 1998 it was estimated that these comprised nearly half of all dala dala in operation.[5] By 1998 dala dala had almost completely superseded government run public transport; in that year a total of 12 government operated buses plied the streets.[5] Around that time there were somewhere between 7,650 and 6,300 dala dala in operation.[5]
Conductor
[edit]_in_Mwanza.JPG)
Dala dala are often operated by both a driver and a conductor.[1] Called a mpigadebe, the name for dala dala conductors literally means "a person who hits a debe" (a 4-gallon tin container used for transporting gasoline or water) in reference to the fact that conductors will hit the roof and side of the van to attract customers and notify the driver when to leave a station.[citation needed]
Regulation
[edit]These vehicles for hire have their routes allocated by a Tanzanian transport regulator, Land Transport Regulatory Authority (LATRA),[AICD 2] but syndicates (informal groups that fix fares, collect dues, and manage stations) also exist.[AICD 1] Prior to 1983, all forms of privately owned public transport were illegal in Tanzania,[5] and as of 1991[2] and 1998[5] at least half of all dala dala continued to operate without a license.
In 2002 it was noted that the dala dala market "seems to remain under conditions close to classical perfect competition."[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Thoughts On Dala Dala Buses isteptanzania.wordpress.com, May 29, 2009
- ^ a b c d Tripp, Aili Mari (1997). "The Daladala Bus Wars". Changing the Rules: the Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ^ Travel Guide to Zanzibar zanzibar.org
- ^ "How many people can you fit into a dala-dala". How many people can you fit into a dala-dala. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rizzo, Matteo (2002). "Being taken for a ride: privatisation of the Dar es Salaam transport system 1983–1998" (PDF). The Journal of Modern African Studies. 40 (1): 133–157. doi:10.1017/s0022278x01003846.
- ^ a b Stuck in Traffic; Urban Transport in Africa (page 9) Ajay Kumar & Fanny Barrett. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in cooperation with the World Bank, January 2008. Draft Final Report.
- ^ Barrentt & Kumar, Page xii