Grove cell: Difference between revisions

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The Grove cell was an early electric primary cell named after its inventor, Welsh physical scientist William Robert Grove, and consisted of a zinc anode in dilute sulfuric acid and a platinum cathode in concentrated nitric acid, the two separated by a porous ceramic pot.

Cell details

The Grove cell voltage is about 1.9 volts and arises from the following reaction:

Zn + H₂SO₄ + 2 HNO₃ ⇌ ZnSO₄ + 2 H₂O + 2 NO₂↑

Use

The Grove cell was the favored power source of the early American telegraph system in the period 1840 – 1860 because it offered a high current output and higher voltage than the earlier Daniell cell (at 1.9 volts and 1.1 volts, respectively).

Disadvantages

By the time of the American Civil War, as telegraph traffic increased, the Grove cell's tendency to discharge poisonous nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) fumes proved increasingly hazardous to health, and as telegraphs became more complex, the need for constant voltage became critical. The Grove cell was limited in this respect, because as the cell discharged, voltage reduced. Eventually, Grove cells were replaced in use by Daniell cells.

Notes

Stillman, Benjamin (1861). Principles of Physics. Theodore Bliss. p. 578.
Ayrton, W.E. (1911). Practical Electricity. Cassell and Company. pp. 183–185.

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 [[Image:Groove'sches Element.png|thumb|Grove cell (1897)]]
+{{No footnotes|date=April 2022}}
-The '''Grove cell''' was an early electric [[primary cell]] named after its inventor, [[United Kingdom|British]] chemist [[William Robert Grove]], and consisted of a [[zinc]] [[anode]] in concentrated [[sulfuric acid]] and a [[platinum]] [[cathode]] in concentrated [[nitric acid]], the two separated by a porous ceramic pot.
+The '''Grove cell''' was an early electric [[primary cell]] named after its inventor, [[Wales|Welsh]] physical scientist [[William Robert Grove]], and consisted of a [[zinc]] [[anode]] in dilute [[sulfuric acid]] and a [[platinum]] [[cathode]] in concentrated [[nitric acid]], the two separated by a porous ceramic pot.
+==Cell details==
-The Grove cell was the favored power source of the early American [[telegraph]] system in the period [[1840]] - [[1860]] because it offered a high current output and higher [[voltage]] than the earlier [[Daniell cell]] (at 1.9 volts and 1.1 volts, respectively).
+The Grove cell voltage is about 1.9 volts and arises from the following reaction:
+: Zn + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + 2 HNO<sub>3</sub> {{eqm}} ZnSO<sub>4</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 NO<sub>2</sub>↑
+==Use==
-However, by the time of the [[American Civil War]], as telegraph traffic increased, the Grove cell's tendency to discharge poisonous nitric acid gas proved increasingly hazardous to health, and as telegraphs became more complex, the need for constant voltage became critical. The Grove cell was limited in this respect, because as the cell discharged, voltage reduced. Eventually, Grove cells were replaced in use by Daniell cells.
+The Grove cell was the favored power source of the early American [[telegraph]] system in the period 1840 – 1860 because it offered a high current output and higher [[voltage]] than the earlier [[Daniell cell]] (at 1.9 volts and 1.1 volts, respectively).
+==Disadvantages==
+By the time of the [[American Civil War]], as telegraph traffic increased, the Grove cell's tendency to discharge poisonous [[nitrogen dioxide]] (NO<sub>2</sub>) fumes proved increasingly hazardous to health, and as telegraphs became more complex, the need for constant voltage became critical. The Grove cell was limited in this respect, because as the cell discharged, voltage reduced. Eventually, Grove cells were replaced in use by [[Daniell cell]]s.
 ==See also==
-*[[Bunsen cell]]
+* [[List of battery types]]
-*[[History of the battery]]
+* [[History of the battery]]
+* [[Bunsen cell]], Using cheaper carbon instead of platinum.
-*[[Primary cell terminology]]
 ==Notes==
-*{{cite book  | last = Stillman  | first = Benjamin  | authorlink =   | coauthors =   | title = Principles of Physics  | publisher = Theodore Bliss  | date = 1861  | location =     | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=da4IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA577&dq=zamboni+cell&lr=&as_brr=1  | doi =   | id =   | isbn =| page = 576 }}
+* {{cite book  | last = Stillman  | first = Benjamin  | title = Principles of Physics  | publisher = Theodore Bliss  | year = 1861  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=da4IAAAAIAAJ&dq=zamboni+cell&pg=PA577  | page = 578 }}
-*{{cite book  | last = Ayrton  | first = W.E.| coauthors =     | authorlink =   | title = Practical Electricity  | publisher = Cassell and Company  | date = 1911  | location =   | pages = 183–185  | url =   | doi =   | id =   | isbn = }}
+* {{cite book  | last = Ayrton  | first = W.E.| title = Practical Electricity  | publisher = Cassell and Company  | year = 1911  | pages = 183–185  }}
+{{Galvanic cells}}
-[[Category:Electric batteries]]
+[[Category:Disposable batteries]]
-[[Category:Electrochemistry]]
-{{analytical-chemistry-stub}}
+{{Analytical-chemistry-stub}}
-[[bg:Елемент на Гроув]]
-[[nl:Grove-element]]

v t e Electrochemical cells
Types	Galvanic cell Concentration cell Electric battery Flow battery Trough battery Fuel cell Thermogalvanic cell Voltaic pile
Primary cell (non-rechargeable)	Alkaline Aluminium–air Bunsen Chromic acid Clark Daniell Dry Edison–Lalande Grove Leclanché Lithium metal Lithium–air Mercury Metal–air electrochemical Nickel oxyhydroxide Silicon–air Silver oxide Weston Zamboni Zinc–air Zinc–carbon
Secondary cell (rechargeable)	Automotive Lead–acid gel–VRLA Lithium–air Lithium ion Dual carbon Lithium–iron–phosphate Lithium–polymer Lithium–sulfur Lithium–titanate Metal–air Molten salt Nanopore Nanowire Nickel–cadmium Nickel–hydrogen Nickel–iron Nickel–lithium Nickel–metal hydride Nickel–zinc Polysulfide–bromide Potassium ion Rechargeable alkaline Silver–cadmium Silver–zinc Sodium ion Sodium–sulfur Solid state Vanadium redox Zinc–bromine Zinc–cerium
Other cell	Atomic battery Fuel cell Solar cell
Cell parts	Anode Binder Catalyst Cathode Electrode Electrolyte Half-cell Ions Salt bridge Semipermeable membrane