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{{short description|Spanish America Caste term}} |
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'''Black Ladinos''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''negros ladinos'') were [[Hispanicized]] [[black (people)|black]] [[Ladino people|Ladinos]], exiled to [[Spanish America]] after having spent time<ref name="DRAE">[http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=esclavo esclavo ladino] in the ''[[Diccionario de la Real Academia Española]]'': "Slave who spent over a year in slavery".</ref> in [[Spain]]. |
'''Black Ladinos''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''negros ladinos'') were [[Hispanicized]] [[black (people)|black]] [[Ladino people|Ladinos]], exiled to [[Spanish America]] after having spent time<ref name="DRAE">[http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=esclavo esclavo ladino] in the ''[[Diccionario de la Real Academia Española]]'': "Slave who spent over a year in slavery".</ref> in [[Spain]]. |
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They were referred to as ''negros ladinos'' ("cultivated" or "latinized Blacks"), as opposed to ''[[bozal Spanish|negros bozales]]'' (" |
They were referred to as ''negros ladinos'' ("cultivated" or "latinized Blacks"), as opposed to ''[[bozal Spanish|negros bozales]]'' ("uneducated Blacks"), i.e. those captured in Africa. The Ladinos' skills granted them a higher price than those of ''bozales''.<ref name="Navarrete">[https://books.google.com/books?id=PH_cf27ucZAC&pg=PA132 Génesis y desarrollo de la esclavitud en Colombia: siglos XVI y XVII], page 132, [[María Cristina Navarrete]], [[University of Valle|Universidad del Valle]], 2005</ref> |
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Black Ladinos born in the Americas were ''negros [[criollo people|criollos]]'' ("[[Creole (disambiguation)|Creole]] Blacks", cf. [[Creoles of color]]). |
Black Ladinos born in the Americas were ''negros [[criollo people|criollos]]'' ("[[Creole (disambiguation)|Creole]] Blacks", cf. [[Creoles of color]]). |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Prior to the [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|arrival of Columbus to the Americas]], there were Black people |
Prior to the [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|arrival of Columbus to the Americas]], there were{{where|date=November 2022}} Black people who either lived as free men, were brought through the [[Arab slave trade]], or the [[Castilian colonization of Africa|Castilian]] or [[Portuguese colonization of Africa|Portuguese]] colonization of Africa. |
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After some time in Spanish society, those Africans became Christianized and learned Spanish. |
After some time in Spanish society, those Africans became Christianized and learned Spanish. |
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| ⚫ | There were 50,000 Black Ladinos in Spain in the 15th century.<ref name="Santa Cruz">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ysqz9XsfczYC&pg=PA306 Nicomedes Santa Cruz. Obras Completas II. Investigación (1958-1991)]'', page 306, [[Nicomedes Santa Cruz]], LibrosEnRed, 2004</ref> Although Black ladinos came from many parts of the African continent, most had their origins in the [[Upper Guinea]] region, including modern day Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, and Guinea. |
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There were 50,000 Black Ladinos in Spain in the 15th century. |
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| ⚫ | <ref name="Santa Cruz">''[https://books.google. |
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After the initial stages of the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]] showed that [[Amerindian]]s were not suitable for the labour that the conquerors required (mainly due to the Eurasian illnesses unknown in the Americas), [[Nicolás de Ovando]] decided to bring slaves from Spain.<ref name="Blackness">[https://books.google.com/books?id=mB-r3L3PMNEC |
After the initial stages of the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]] showed that [[Amerindian]]s were not suitable for the labour that the conquerors required (mainly due to the Eurasian illnesses unknown in the Americas), [[Nicolás de Ovando]] decided to bring slaves from Spain.<ref name="Blackness">[https://books.google.com/books?id=mB-r3L3PMNEC&pg=PA45 Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean, Volume 2: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations: Eastern South America and the Caribbean], [[Norman E. Whitten, Jr.]], [[Arlene Torres]], page 45.</ref> |
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Between 1502 and 1518, Castile exiled hundreds of [[Atlantic slave trade|black slaves]], primarily to work as miners. |
Between 1502 and 1518, Castile exiled hundreds of [[Atlantic slave trade|black slaves]], primarily to work as miners. Opponents of their enslavement [[Catholic Church and slavery|cited their Christian faith]] and their repeated attempts of [[Maroon (people)|escape to the mountains]] or to join the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] in revolt. Proponents declared that the rapid diminution of the Native American population required a consistent supply of reliable low-cost workers. Free Spaniards were reluctant to do manual labor or to remain settled (especially after the discovery of gold on the mainland), and only slave labor assured the economic viability of the colonies. |
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==Examples== |
==Examples== |
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* [[Afro-Spaniard]]: Current inhabitants of Spain of African descent. |
* [[Afro-Spaniard]]: Current inhabitants of Spain of African descent. |
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* [[Emancipados]]: Black [[Spanish Guinea]]ns who enjoyed a special status by their Roman Catholic and Spanish education. |
* [[Emancipados]]: Black [[Spanish Guinea]]ns who enjoyed a special status by their Roman Catholic and Spanish education. |
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* [[Seasoning (colonialism)]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{ |
*{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040825204334/http://www.personal.us.es/alporu/histsevilla/esclavos_procedencia.htm La procedencia de los esclavos negros en Sevilla], "The provenience of black slaves in [[Seville]]". |
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* {{ |
* {{in lang|es}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=rGmU7O8ljkUC&pg=PA515 Léxico Hispanoamericano del siglo 16], page 515, [[Peter Boyd-Bowman]], Tamesis, 1971. Examples of the usage of ''ladino'' in 16th-century Spanish. |
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*{{ |
*{{in lang|es}} [https://www.hermandadlosnegritos.org/home/ Hermandad Los Negritos], a Roman Catholic brotherhood in Seville, claiming to date from the 14th century, originally for Black Christians. |
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[[Category:Spanish language]] |
[[Category:Spanish language]] |
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Revision as of 20:39, 14 March 2023
Black Ladinos (Spanish: negros ladinos) were Hispanicized black Ladinos, exiled to Spanish America after having spent time[1] in Spain.
They were referred to as negros ladinos ("cultivated" or "latinized Blacks"), as opposed to negros bozales ("uneducated Blacks"), i.e. those captured in Africa. The Ladinos' skills granted them a higher price than those of bozales.[2]
Black Ladinos born in the Americas were negros criollos ("Creole Blacks", cf. Creoles of color).
History
Prior to the arrival of Columbus to the Americas, there were[where?] Black people who either lived as free men, were brought through the Arab slave trade, or the Castilian or Portuguese colonization of Africa. After some time in Spanish society, those Africans became Christianized and learned Spanish. There were 50,000 Black Ladinos in Spain in the 15th century.[3] Although Black ladinos came from many parts of the African continent, most had their origins in the Upper Guinea region, including modern day Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, and Guinea.
After the initial stages of the Spanish colonization of the Americas showed that Amerindians were not suitable for the labour that the conquerors required (mainly due to the Eurasian illnesses unknown in the Americas), Nicolás de Ovando decided to bring slaves from Spain.[4] Between 1502 and 1518, Castile exiled hundreds of black slaves, primarily to work as miners. Opponents of their enslavement cited their Christian faith and their repeated attempts of escape to the mountains or to join the Native Americans in revolt. Proponents declared that the rapid diminution of the Native American population required a consistent supply of reliable low-cost workers. Free Spaniards were reluctant to do manual labor or to remain settled (especially after the discovery of gold on the mainland), and only slave labor assured the economic viability of the colonies.
Examples
- Estevanico (c. 1500–1539), a Berber captured by the Portuguese and sold to a Spanish Conquistador.
- The slaves in the schooner La Amistad were Mendes captured in Africa but were described as Ladinos[5] by their Cuban buyers to avoid the ban on international slave trade.
See also
- Afro-Spaniard: Current inhabitants of Spain of African descent.
- Emancipados: Black Spanish Guineans who enjoyed a special status by their Roman Catholic and Spanish education.
- Seasoning (colonialism)
References
- ^ esclavo ladino in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española: "Slave who spent over a year in slavery".
- ^ Nicomedes Santa Cruz. Obras Completas II. Investigación (1958-1991), page 306, Nicomedes Santa Cruz, LibrosEnRed, 2004
- ^ Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean, Volume 2: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations: Eastern South America and the Caribbean, Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Arlene Torres, page 45.
- ^ The Amistad Case Archived November 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
External links
- (in Spanish) La procedencia de los esclavos negros en Sevilla, "The provenience of black slaves in Seville".
- (in Spanish) Léxico Hispanoamericano del siglo 16, page 515, Peter Boyd-Bowman, Tamesis, 1971. Examples of the usage of ladino in 16th-century Spanish.
- (in Spanish) Hermandad Los Negritos, a Roman Catholic brotherhood in Seville, claiming to date from the 14th century, originally for Black Christians.