Original appropriation: Difference between revisions
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Appropriation is a |
{{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}'''Appropriation''' is a process by which previously unowned [[natural resources]], particularly land, become the [[property]] of a person or group of persons. The term is widely used in economics in this sense. In certain cases, it proceeds under very specifically defined forms, such as driving stakes or other such markers into the land claimed, which form gave rise to the term “staking a claim.” "[[adverse possession|Squatter’s rights]]" are another form of appropriation, but are usually asserted against land to which ownership rights of another party have been recognized. In legal regimes recognizing such acquisition of property, the ownership of duly appropriated holdings enjoys such protections as the law provides for ownership of property in general.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greer |first1=Allan |title=Commons and Enclosure in the Colonization of North America |journal=The American Historical Review |date=April 2012 |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=365–386 |doi=10.1086/ahr.117.2.365 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Under some systems using this method of acquiring ownership of land, it is permitted to employ violence in defending the duly appropriated holding against encroachment against the ownership or usage claims, again usually according to specifically defined forms including warnings to the encroaching party, exhaustion or unavailability of duly constituted law-enforcement resources, etc.. |
Under some systems using this method of acquiring ownership of land, it is permitted to employ violence in defending the duly appropriated holding against encroachment against the ownership or usage claims, again usually according to specifically defined forms including warnings to the encroaching party, exhaustion or unavailability of duly constituted law-enforcement resources, etc.. |
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[[Libertarian]] and other property-rights-oriented ideologies define appropriation as requiring the “mixing” of the would-be |
[[Libertarianism|Libertarian]] and other property-rights-oriented ideologies define appropriation as requiring the “mixing” of the would-be owner's labor with the land claimed.<ref>Rothbard, Murray N.: ''[[Man, Economy and State]] with [[Power and Market]]'', page 169. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2004</ref> A prime example of such mixing is [[farming]], although various extractive activities such as mining, and the grazing of herds are often recognized. Personal, physical residence is often recognized after some minimum documented continuous period of time, as is built structures on the land whose ownership has not previously been recognized by the authority whose recognition is sought. |
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Appropriation through use can apply to resources other than the exclusive right to use of the surface of the land. As mentioned, mineral rights are recognized under various conditions, as are [[riparian rights]]. Appropriation can apply to inland waters within a certain distance of appropriated land, and even to the liquid water in a reservoir, lake, or stream. Appropriation has been applied under common law to resources as disparate as radio broadcast frequencies and Internet Web site names, but many such claims have been overturned through legislated arrangements mandating other standards for the assignment of ownership rights in such things. |
Appropriation through use can apply to resources other than the exclusive right to use of the surface of the land. As mentioned, mineral rights are recognized under various conditions, as are [[riparian rights]]. Appropriation can apply to inland waters within a certain distance of appropriated land, and even to the liquid water in a reservoir, lake, or stream. {{cnspan|text=Appropriation has been applied under common law to resources as disparate as radio broadcast frequencies and [[Internet]] Web site names|date=February 2016}}, but many such claims have been overturned through legislated arrangements mandating other standards for the assignment of ownership rights in such things. |
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Appropriation as a means of acquiring property is related to the schools of thought that call for ongoing use as a condition of continued ownership, as is the case in some regimes with trademarks, but it applies to initial ownership. |
Appropriation as a means of acquiring property is related to the schools of thought that call for ongoing use as a condition of continued ownership, as is the case in some regimes with trademarks, but it applies to initial ownership. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Eminent domain]] |
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* [[Homestead principle]] |
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* [[Nationalization]] |
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* [[Structural encroachment]] |
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* [[Trespass]] |
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* [[Georgism]] |
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* [[Labor theory of property]] |
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{{colend}} |
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==References== |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Linebaugh |first1=Peter |title=Karl Marx, the theft of wood, and working class composition: A contribution to the current debate |journal=Crime and Social Justice |date=1976 |issue=6 |pages=5–16 |jstor=29765987 }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Bensaïd |first1=Daniel |title=The Dispossessed: Karl Marx's Debates on Wood Theft and the Right of the Poor |date=2021 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-4529-6562-8 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Schmidtz |first1=David |title=When is original appropriation required? |journal=The Monist |date=1990 |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=504–518 |id={{ProQuest|1296689122}} |doi=10.5840/monist19907342 |jstor=27903207 }} |
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[[Category:Law and economics]] |
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[[Category:Libertarian theory]] |
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[[Category:Property]] |
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[[Category:Property law]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:23, 16 February 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2016) |
Appropriation is a process by which previously unowned natural resources, particularly land, become the property of a person or group of persons. The term is widely used in economics in this sense. In certain cases, it proceeds under very specifically defined forms, such as driving stakes or other such markers into the land claimed, which form gave rise to the term “staking a claim.” "Squatter’s rights" are another form of appropriation, but are usually asserted against land to which ownership rights of another party have been recognized. In legal regimes recognizing such acquisition of property, the ownership of duly appropriated holdings enjoys such protections as the law provides for ownership of property in general.[1]
Under some systems using this method of acquiring ownership of land, it is permitted to employ violence in defending the duly appropriated holding against encroachment against the ownership or usage claims, again usually according to specifically defined forms including warnings to the encroaching party, exhaustion or unavailability of duly constituted law-enforcement resources, etc..
Libertarian and other property-rights-oriented ideologies define appropriation as requiring the “mixing” of the would-be owner's labor with the land claimed.[2] A prime example of such mixing is farming, although various extractive activities such as mining, and the grazing of herds are often recognized. Personal, physical residence is often recognized after some minimum documented continuous period of time, as is built structures on the land whose ownership has not previously been recognized by the authority whose recognition is sought.
Appropriation through use can apply to resources other than the exclusive right to use of the surface of the land. As mentioned, mineral rights are recognized under various conditions, as are riparian rights. Appropriation can apply to inland waters within a certain distance of appropriated land, and even to the liquid water in a reservoir, lake, or stream. Appropriation has been applied under common law to resources as disparate as radio broadcast frequencies and Internet Web site names[citation needed], but many such claims have been overturned through legislated arrangements mandating other standards for the assignment of ownership rights in such things.
Appropriation as a means of acquiring property is related to the schools of thought that call for ongoing use as a condition of continued ownership, as is the case in some regimes with trademarks, but it applies to initial ownership.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Greer, Allan (April 2012). "Commons and Enclosure in the Colonization of North America". The American Historical Review. 117 (2): 365–386. doi:10.1086/ahr.117.2.365.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N.: Man, Economy and State with Power and Market, page 169. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2004
Further reading
[edit]- Linebaugh, Peter (1976). "Karl Marx, the theft of wood, and working class composition: A contribution to the current debate". Crime and Social Justice (6): 5–16. JSTOR 29765987.
- Bensaïd, Daniel (2021). The Dispossessed: Karl Marx's Debates on Wood Theft and the Right of the Poor. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6562-8.
- Schmidtz, David (1990). "When is original appropriation required?". The Monist. 73 (4): 504–518. doi:10.5840/monist19907342. JSTOR 27903207. ProQuest 1296689122.