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New Frankfurt (German: Neues Frankfurt) was an affordable public housing program in Frankfurt started in 1925 and completed in 1930.^[1] It was also the name of the accompanying magazine that was published from 1926 to 1931 dedicated to international trends in architecture, art, housing and education.

History

The project was initiated by Frankfurt's mayor Ludwig Landmann, who hired the architect Ernst May as a general manager of many communal departments. Renowned architects like Max Cetto, Martin Elsaesser, Walter Gropius, Ferdinand Kramer, Adolf Meyer, Bruno Taut, Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky and Mart Stam worked in Frankfurt.

Under May 12,000 apartments were built, 2,000 more than planned. The buildings not only met the basic needs of housing, they set standards for urban development and design but also broke with house building tradition. All apartments and mansions were equipped with a Frankfurt kitchen. Catherine Bauer Wurster visited the buildings in 1930 and was inspired by the work of May.^[2]

Nazi critics denigrated the project as "Mr May's small Soviet industry"^[3] and Joseph Goebbels called Ernst May the "Lenin of German architecture", even if it is told that he loved the modern architecture. The Nazis stopped all construction activities and presented the estates to foreign visitors as their own new Nationalsocialist architecture. Most employees of the project left Germany after 1933, some of them followed Ernst May to the Soviet Union, which invited teams of famous architects, like Le Corbusier and from the Bauhaus to work there.

After some demolitions of houses designed by Mart Stam and protest, the estates were declared protected landmarks in the late 1970s.

One two-storey terrace house was renovated and restored into the standard of 1928 by the Ernst May Society, it is called the Ernst May House and is a museum today. The reconstruction was underpinned by research by architectural historians.

Selected projects

Villa May, Frankfurt am Main, 1925
Villa Elsaesser, Frankfurt am Main, 1925–1926
Estate Höhenblick, Frankfurt am Main, 1926–1927
Estate Bruchfeldstraße (Zickzackhausen), Frankfurt am Main, 1926–1927
Estate Riederwald, Frankfurt am Main, 1926–1927
Estate Praunheim, Frankfurt am Main, 1926–1928
Estate Römerstadt, Frankfurt am Main, 1926–1928
Estate Bornheimer Hang, Frankfurt am Main, 1926–1930
Estate Heimatsiedlung, Frankfurt am Main, 1927–1934
Estate Hellerhof, Frankfurt am Main, 1929–1932
Röderberg school, Frankfurt am Main, 1929–1930
Estate Westhausen, Frankfurt am Main, 1929–1931
House in Dornbusch, Frankfurt am Main, 1927–1931

Literature

Henderson, Susan R. (2013). Building culture : Ernst May and the new Frankfurt initiative, 1926–1931. New York. ISBN 978-1-4539-0533-3. OCLC 864140815.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Lane, Barbara Miller (1985). Architecture and politics in Germany, 1918-1945. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-674-04350-2. OCLC 12051124.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Treutlein, Christina; Sturm, Philipp; May, Ulrike; Sellmann, Annika; Lecointe, Elisa; Keckeisen, Simon; Ogrin, Mircea; Ernst-May-Gesellschaft (2021). Mayhaus : das Musterhaus des Neuen Frankfurt = the house museum of the Neues Frankfurt. Stuttgart. ISBN 978-3-89986-343-7. OCLC 1233265888.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

References

^ "Counter Space: the frankfurt kitchen". MoMA. 1 August 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
^ Wright, Frank Lloyd; Levine, Neil; Princeton University. Department of Art and Archaeology (2008). Modern architecture : being the Kahn lectures for 1930. Princeton, N.J. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-691-23253-9. OCLC 1260628205.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Demissie, Fassil (2012). Colonial architecture and urbanism in Africa : intertwined and contested histories. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-7546-7512-9. OCLC 746618689.

External links

[MoMA_2010-1] "Counter Space: the frankfurt kitchen". MoMA. 1 August 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2023.

[Wright_Levine_Princeton_University._Department_of_Art_and_Archaeology_2008_p.-2] Wright, Frank Lloyd; Levine, Neil; Princeton University. Department of Art and Archaeology (2008). Modern architecture : being the Kahn lectures for 1930. Princeton, N.J. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-691-23253-9. OCLC 1260628205.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Demissie_2012_p.-3] Demissie, Fassil (2012). Colonial architecture and urbanism in Africa : intertwined and contested histories. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-7546-7512-9. OCLC 746618689.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
+{{other uses|New Frankfort (disambiguation)}}
 [[Image:Neues-frankfurt römerstadt 01.JPG|thumb|The design of the "Rundling" was inspired by ship building]]
 [[Image:Ernst-may-haus- (1).jpg|thumb|Reconstructed colour scheme in the ''Ernst-May-House'']]
 [[Image:Neues-frankfurt niederrad.JPG|thumb|Typography by [[Paul Renner]] who designed in Frankfurt also the typeface [[Futura (typeface)|"Futura"]]]]
+[[Image: Siedlung Hellerhof.jpg|thumb|Hellerhofsiedlung 1931]]
-'''New Frankfurt''' was an affordable [[public housing]] program started in 1925 and completed in 1930.<ref>[http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/counter_space/the_frankfurt_kitchen MOMA: "The Frankfurt Kitchen"]. retrieved 11 April 2013</ref> It was also the name of the accompanying magazine that was published from 1926 to 1931 dedicated to international tendencies in architecture, the renewal of art, housing and education.
+'''New Frankfurt''' (German: '''''Neues Frankfurt''''') was an affordable public housing program in [[Frankfurt]] started in 1925 and completed in 1930.<ref name="MoMA 2010">{{cite web | title=Counter Space: the frankfurt kitchen | website=MoMA | date=1 August 2010 | url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/counter_space/the_frankfurt_kitchen/ | access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> It was also the name of the accompanying magazine that was published from 1926 to 1931 dedicated to international trends in architecture, art, housing and education.
 ==History==
 The project was initiated by Frankfurt's mayor [[Ludwig Landmann]], who hired the architect [[Ernst May]] as a general manager of many communal departments. Renowned architects like [[Max Cetto]], [[Martin Elsaesser]], [[Walter Gropius]], [[Ferdinand Kramer]], [[Adolf Meyer (architect)|Adolf Meyer]], [[Bruno Taut]], [[Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky]] and [[Mart Stam]] worked in Frankfurt.
-Under May 12,000 apartments were built, 2,000 more than planned. The buildings not only met the basic needs of housing, they set standards for urban development and design but brake also with traditional house building. All apartments and mansions were equipped with a [[Frankfurt kitchen]]. [[Catherine Bauer Wurster]] visited the buildings in 1930 and was inspired by the work of May.<ref>Leill Levine: ''Frank Lloyd Wright: Modern Architecture: Being the Kahn Lectures for 1930'', 2008 pg.ix</ref>
+Under May 12,000 apartments were built, 2,000 more than planned. The buildings not only met the basic needs of housing, they set standards for urban development and design but also broke with house building tradition. All apartments and mansions were equipped with a [[Frankfurt kitchen]]. [[Catherine Bauer Wurster]] visited the buildings in 1930 and was inspired by the work of May.<ref name="Wright Levine Princeton University. Department of Art and Archaeology 2008 p. ">{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Frank Lloyd | last2=Levine | first2=Neil | author3=Princeton University. Department of Art and Archaeology | title=Modern architecture : being the Kahn lectures for 1930 | publication-place=Princeton, N.J. | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-691-23253-9 | oclc=1260628205 | page=ix}}</ref>
-Nazi critics denigrated the project as “Mr May's small Soviet industry”<ref>Fassil Demissie: ''Colonial Architecture and Urbanism in Africa'', 2011 pg.374</ref> and [[Joseph Goebbels]] called Ernst May for propaganda reasons the “Lenin of Germany”, even if it told that he loved the modern architecture. The Nazis stopped all construction activities and presented the estates as an own new Nationalsocialist architecture to foreign visitors. Most employees of the project left Germany after 1933, some of them followed Ernst May to the Sowjetunion, which invited teams of famous architects, like Le Corbusier and from the Bauhaus to work there.
+Nazi critics denigrated the project as "Mr May's small Soviet industry"<ref name="Demissie 2012 p. ">{{cite book | last=Demissie | first=Fassil | title=Colonial architecture and urbanism in Africa : intertwined and contested histories | publisher=Ashgate | publication-place=Farnham, Surrey, England | date=2012 | isbn=978-0-7546-7512-9 | oclc=746618689 | page=374}}</ref> and [[Joseph Goebbels]] called Ernst May the "Lenin of German architecture", even if it is told that he loved the modern architecture. The Nazis stopped all construction activities and presented the estates to foreign visitors as their own new Nationalsocialist architecture. Most employees of the project left Germany after 1933, some of them followed Ernst May to the Soviet Union, which invited teams of famous architects, like Le Corbusier and from the Bauhaus to work there.
-After some demolitions of houses designed by [[Mart Stam]] and protest, the estates were declared protected landmarks in the late 1070ies.
+After some demolitions of houses designed by [[Mart Stam]] and protest, the estates were declared protected landmarks in the late 1970s.
-One two-storey terrace house was renovated and restored into the standard of 1928 by the Ernst-May-Society, it is called ''Ernst May House'' and is a museum today.
+One two-storey terrace house was renovated and restored into the standard of 1928 by the Ernst May Society, it is called the ''Ernst May House'' and is a museum today. The reconstruction was underpinned by research by architectural historians.
 ==Selected projects==
@@ Line 29: / Line 32: @@
 *Röderberg school, Frankfurt am Main, 1929–1930
 *Estate Westhausen, Frankfurt am Main, 1929–1931
-*House in Dornbusch, Frankfurt an Main, 1927–1931
+*House in Dornbusch, Frankfurt am Main, 1927–1931
+== Literature ==
+* {{cite book | last=Henderson | first=Susan R. | title=Building culture : Ernst May and the new Frankfurt initiative, 1926–1931 | publication-place=New York | date=2013 | isbn=978-1-4539-0533-3 | oclc=864140815}}
+* {{cite book | last=Lane | first=Barbara Miller | title=Architecture and politics in Germany, 1918-1945 | publication-place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | date=1985 | isbn=0-674-04350-2 | oclc=12051124}}
+* {{cite book | last=Treutlein | first=Christina | last2=Sturm | first2=Philipp | last3=May | first3=Ulrike | last4=Sellmann | first4=Annika | last5=Lecointe | first5=Elisa | last6=Keckeisen | first6=Simon | last7=Ogrin | first7=Mircea | author8=Ernst-May-Gesellschaft | title=Mayhaus : das Musterhaus des Neuen Frankfurt = the house museum of the Neues Frankfurt | publication-place=Stuttgart | date=2021 | isbn=978-3-89986-343-7 | oclc=1233265888}}
 ==See also==
-*[[Berlin Modernism Housing Estates]]
+*[[Berlin Modernism Housing Estates]], Berlin 1926
+*[[Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau]], 1923–1930
-*[[Weissenhof Estate]], Stuttgart 1927
+*[[Weissenhof Estate]], Stuttgart, 1927
+*[[Frankfurt kitchen|Frankfurter Küche]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 39: / Line 49: @@
 == External links ==
+{{commons|Neues Frankfurt|New Frankfurt}}
+*[https://www.museumangewandtekunst.de/en/visit/exhibitions/modernism-in-frankfurt.html Exhibition "Modernism in Frankfurt, 1919–1933"]
-{{commonscat|Neues Frankfurt|New Frankfurt}}
-* https://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=317578&_ffmpar[_id_inhalt]=5021021 Informations on frankfurt.de
+* [https://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=317578&_ffmpar%5B_id_inhalt%5D=5021021 May's housing project]
 * [http://www.ernst-may-haus.de Website of the Ernst-May-Society]
+{{coord missing|Hesse}}
 [[Category:Buildings and structures in Frankfurt]]
 [[Category:Housing in Germany]]
 [[Category:Public housing]]
+[[Category:Architecture in Germany]]
+[[Category:1920s architecture]]
+[[Category:Modernist architecture in Germany]]
-{{Germany-geo-stub}}
+[[Category:Heritage sites in Hesse]]