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{{Short description|Historical astronomical observatory in New Brunswick, New Jersey}}
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[[File:Schanck Observatory, Rutgers University, east view.jpg|{{largethumb}}|The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory as seen from George Street in 2014.]]
[[File:Schanck Observatory, Rutgers University, east view.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory as seen from George Street in 2014.]]


The '''Daniel S. Schanck Observatory''' is a former [[observatory|astronomical observatory]] on the [[Queens Campus]] of [[Rutgers University]] in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]], [[United States]]. It is located along George Street near the corner with Hamilton Street at the side of the car park to [[Kirkpatrick Chapel]], to the northwest of [[Old Queens]] and [[Geology Hall]].
The '''Daniel S. Schanck Observatory''' is an historical [[observatory|astronomical observatory]] on the [[Queens Campus, Rutgers University|Queens Campus]] of [[Rutgers University]] in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]], United States, and is tied for the seventh oldest observatory in the US alongside the Vassar College Observatory. It is located on George Street near the corner with Hamilton Street, opposite the parking lot adjacent to [[Kirkpatrick Chapel]], and to the northeast of [[Old Queens]] and [[Geology Hall]].


The two-story [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] building of the observatory was designed by architect Willard Smith after the [[Tower of the Winds]] in [[Athens]] and was built in 1865. It was named after New York City businessman Daniel S. Schanck, who donated a large portion of the funds to construct and equip the observatory. Outfitted with [[telescope]]s, [[clock]]s, and other scientific equipment donated to Rutgers, the Schanck Observatory served as the university's first astronomical observatory and was used to provide instruction to its students through the nineteenth and early twentieth century.
The two-story observatory was designed by architect [[Elias Willard Smith|Willard Smith]] in the Roman Revival style and modeled after the [[Tower of the Winds]] in [[Athens]], which dates from 50 BC. The cornerstone of the Observatory was placed in 1865 and construction was completed in 1866. It was named after New York City businessman Daniel S. Schanck, who donated a large portion of the funds to construct and equip the observatory. Outfitted with [[telescope]]s, [[clock]]s, and other scientific equipment donated to Rutgers, the Schanck Observatory served as the university's first building of science and was used to provide instruction to its students from the mid-nineteenth through the late-twentieth centuries.


As part of the Queens Campus, the Schanck Observatory was included on the [[New Jersey Register of Historic Places]] and the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/73001113_text|title=Nation Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form|date=July 2, 1973|access-date=September 4, 2018|quote=Schank Observatory. The shape of the building is octagonal with an attached wing in rear. The design is modelled on that of the Tower of Winds in Athens. It has the same proportions, though on a reduced scale. The building contains astronomical apparatus of the period.}}</ref> It was last used by the faculty to teach astronomy in 1979. The building was renovated in 2016 through a joint project of [[The Cap & Skull Society]], an honors and service organization at Rutgers, and the [[Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences]], and is jointly managed by them. The scientific centerpiece of the observatory, a 150-mm (6-inch) equatorial refractor telescope manufactured by Georges Prin of Paris and donated to Rutgers College by John Wyckoff Mettler in 1929, was restored to operation during 2016-2018 through the efforts of Rutgers alumni, friends of the university, and Rutgers' Department of Physics and Astronomy. Since the completion of the renovation of the building, alumni and volunteers have hosted daytime guided tours of the historic observatory and vintage telescope on special occasions, such as [[Rutgers Day]].
The observatory has not been in use since the 1960s. As part of the Queens Campus, the Schanck Observatory was included on the [[New Jersey Register of Historic Places]] and the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1973. The building was renovated and is currently used by the [[Cap and Skull ]] Senior Honor Society in 2016.


==History, architecture, and use==
==History, architecture, and use==
[[File:Atenes, torre dels vents.JPG|thumb|The octagonal building of the observatory was designed after the [[Tower of the Winds]] ''(pictured)'' in Athens, Greece]]
[[File:Atenes, torre dels vents.JPG|thumb|The octagonal building of the observatory was designed after the [[Tower of the Winds]] ''(pictured)'' in Athens, Greece]]
In 1864, Rutgers College{{efn|Founded as ''Queen's College'' in 1766 and renamed after benefactor [[Henry Rutgers]] in 1825, ''Rutgers College'' subsequently would be renamed ''Rutgers University'' in 1924 and ''Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey'' in 1945.<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory" />}} was named New Jersey's sole [[Land-grant university|land grant college]] which provided federal funding under the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts|Morrill Act of 1862]] for the development of engineering, scientific, agricultural, and military education.<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory">McCormick, Richard P. ''Rutgers: A Bicentennial History''. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966).</ref>{{rp|pp.87–88}}<ref>The Morrill Act of 1862 (P.L. 1862 ch. 130; 12 Stat. 504), codified as [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/7/304 United States Code, Title 7, Chapter 13, Subchapter I, §304 — "Investment of proceeds of sale of land or scrip"]. Retrieved September 25, 2013.</ref> Previously, the college's curriculum focused on the classics and liberal arts.<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory" />{{rp|passim.}} [[David Murray (educator)|David Murray]] (1830–1905), professor of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy, proposed building the school's first [[Observatory|astronomical observatory]] to the college's president, [[William Henry Campbell (college president)|William Henry Campbell]] (1808–1890), and its [[Board of directors|board of trustees]].<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory" />{{rp|p.91}}<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist">Robbins, Allen B. ''[http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/dept/history/robbins/chapt04.pdf History of Physics and Astronomy at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1771-2000]''. (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 2001). Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref>{{rp|pp.42–43,passim.}} It would be the college's fourth building.{{efn|According to Robbins, and McCormick, ''supra'', Rutgers built (1) [[Old Queens]] for classrooms, faculty housing, and a small chapel; (2) a house for the school's president; (3) [[Van Nest Hall]] to house the school's two literary societies, and (4) the Schanck Observatory, an astronomical observatory.<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory" /><ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />}}
In 1864, Rutgers College{{efn|Founded as ''Queen's College'' in 1766 and renamed after benefactor [[Henry Rutgers]] in 1825, ''Rutgers College'' subsequently would be renamed ''Rutgers University'' in 1924 and ''Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey'' in 1945.<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory" />}} was named New Jersey's sole [[Land-grant university|land grant college]] which provided federal funding under the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts|Morrill Act of 1862]] for the development of engineering, scientific, agricultural, and military education.<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory">McCormick, Richard P. ''Rutgers: A Bicentennial History''. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966).</ref>{{rp|pp.87–88}}<ref>The Morrill Act of 1862 (P.L. 1862 ch. 130; 12 Stat. 504), codified as [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/7/304 United States Code, Title 7, Chapter 13, Subchapter I, §304 – "Investment of proceeds of sale of land or scrip"]. Retrieved September 25, 2013.</ref> Previously, the college's curriculum focused on the classics and liberal arts.<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory" />{{rp|passim.}} [[David Murray (educator)|David Murray]] (1830–1905), professor of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy, proposed building the school's first [[Observatory|astronomical observatory]] to the college's president, [[William Henry Campbell (college president)|William Henry Campbell]] (1808–1890), and its [[Board of directors|board of trustees]].<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory" />{{rp|p.91}}<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist">Robbins, Allen B. ''[http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/dept/history/robbins/chapt04.pdf History of Physics and Astronomy at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1771–2000]''. (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 2001). Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref>{{rp|pp.42–43, passim.}} It would be the college's fourth building and the first building dedicated solely to science at Rutgers.{{efn|According to Robbins, and McCormick, ''supra'', Rutgers built (1) [[Old Queens]] for classrooms, faculty housing, and a small chapel; (2) a house for the school's president; (3) [[Van Nest Hall]] to house the school's two literary societies, and (4) the Schanck Observatory, an astronomical observatory.<ref name="McCormickBicenHistory" /><ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />}}


The cost of construction and equipment amounted to US$6,166 (2013: US$86,845.07),{{efn|name=SahrOSU1871InflationCalculation|This inflation adjustment calculation projects that $1 in 1865 would have $14.08 in purchasing power in 2013 (conversion factor: 0.071), using data compiled by [[Oregon State University]] Political Science professor Robert Sahr in [http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/sahr/sahr "Inflation Conversion Factors for years 1774 to estimated 2023, in dollars of recent years"] reflecting final 2012 [[Consumer Price Index|CPI]] (2.29594 in dollars of 1982–84). Last update May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.}} of which US$2,400 (2013: US$33,802.82){{efn|name=SahrOSU1871InflationCalculation}} was donated by Daniel S. Schanck (1812–1872).<ref name="MurrayGroundsBldgs" /><ref name="CampbellMemorial1894">David Murray (compiler). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yaMaAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false A Memorial of Rev. William Henry Campbell, D.D., LL.D. Late President of Rutgers College]''. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Trustees of Rutgers College, 1894), 45–47. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> Schanck, a New York City businessman with roots in [[Monmouth County, New Jersey]], was not an alumnus of the college, but was convinced to donate after being approached by friends of the college.<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />{{rp|pp.42–43}} Several years later, his son, Daniel S. Schanck (1853–1901), would enroll in the college's scientific course, and earn a [[Bachelor of Science|bachelor's degree]] (Sc.B) in 1875.<ref>Rutgers College and Raven, John Howard (Rev.) (compiler). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LnU7AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Rutgers College (originally Queen's College) in New Brunswick, N.J., 1766–1916]. (Trenton, New Jersey: State Gazette Publishing Company, 1916). Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref>
The cost of construction and equipment amounted to US$6,166 (2013: US$86,845.07),{{efn|name=SahrOSU1871InflationCalculation|This inflation adjustment calculation projects that $1 in 1865 would have $14.08 in purchasing power in 2013 (conversion factor: 0.071), using data compiled by [[Oregon State University]] Political Science professor Robert Sahr in [http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/sahr/sahr "Inflation Conversion Factors for years 1774 to estimated 2023, in dollars of recent years"] reflecting final 2012 [[Consumer Price Index|CPI]] (2.29594 in dollars of 1982–84). Last update May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.}} of which US$2,400 (2013: US$33,802.82){{efn|name=SahrOSU1871InflationCalculation}} was donated by Daniel S. Schanck (1812–1872).<ref name="MurrayGroundsBldgs" /><ref name="CampbellMemorial1894">David Murray (compiler). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yaMaAAAAYAAJ A Memorial of Rev. William Henry Campbell, D.D., LL.D. Late President of Rutgers College]''. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Trustees of Rutgers College, 1894), 45–47. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> Schanck, a New York City businessman with roots in [[Monmouth County, New Jersey]], was not an alumnus of the college, but was convinced to donate after being approached by friends of the college.<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />{{rp|pp.42–43}} Several years later, his son, Daniel S. Schanck (1853–1901), would enroll in the college's scientific course, and earn a [[Bachelor of Science|bachelor's degree]] (Sc.B) in 1875.<ref>Rutgers College and Raven, John Howard (Rev.) (compiler). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LnU7AAAAYAAJ Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Rutgers College (originally Queen's College) in New Brunswick, N.J., 1766–1916]. (Trenton, New Jersey: State Gazette Publishing Company, 1916). Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref>


In 1865, the trustees hired architect Willard Smith who provided a plan for a small two-story octagonal [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] building designed after the [[Tower of the Winds]], a first-century BC structure located in the [[agora]] of [[Athens]], [[Greece]] that housed an ancient [[water clock]] and [[sundial]].<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />{{rp|pp.42–43}}<ref name="WPANewJersey1939">Works Progress Administration, Federal Writer's Project. ''New Jersey, a Guide to Its Present and Past'' (Trenton, New Jersey: Stratford Press, 1939), 306.</ref><ref name="LukacsAloudAlmaMater">Widrig, Walter M. "Schanck Observatory" in Lukac, George J. (editor) ''Aloud to Alma Mater''. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966), 62–64.</ref> The observatory was constructed from "painted brick, with wood [[cornice]]s and entrance porch, [[brownstone]] floor and steps" and featured a "small gable roofed Corinthian entrance porch with columns at the front corners, flat [[pilaster]]s against the wall, [[entablature]], and [[pediment]]."<ref name="HABS1960">McCormick, Richard P., and Howell, George Brokaw. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/nj/nj0100/nj0117/data/nj0117data.pdf "Daniel S. Schanck Observatory, HABS No. NJ-723"] prepared for the Library of Congress's Historic American Building Survey. (1960). Retrieved October 4, 2013.</ref> Rutgers equipped the observatory with "a 6.5-inch [[Equatorial mount|equatorial]] [[refracting telescope]], a [[meridian circle]] with four-inch object glass for [[Transit (astronomy)|transit observations]], a [[Sidereal time|sidereal clock]], a [[Solar time#Mean solar time|mean solar clock]]...[[chronograph]], [[repeating circle]], and other instruments."<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />{{rp|pp.42–43}}<ref name="MurrayGroundsBldgs">Murray, David. ''Hand-Book of the Grounds and Buildings and the Memorials, Portraits and Busts of Rutgers College''. Rutgers College Publication No. 11. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers College, 1904), 9–10.</ref> Some of the equipment was donated by private individuals and by the college's two literary societies, the [[Peithessophian Society|Peithessophian]] and [[Philoclean Society|Philoclean Societies]].<ref name="MurrayGroundsBldgs" /><ref name="CampbellMemorial1894" />
In 1865, the trustees hired architect [[Elias Willard Smith|Willard Smith]] who provided a plan for a small two-story octagonal Roman Revival building designed after the [[Tower of the Winds]], a first-century BC structure located in the [[agora]] of [[Athens]], [[Greece]] that housed an ancient [[water clock]] and [[sundial]].<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />{{rp|pp.42–43}}<ref name="WPANewJersey1939">Works Progress Administration, Federal Writer's Project. ''New Jersey, a Guide to Its Present and Past'' (Trenton, New Jersey: Stratford Press, 1939), 306.</ref><ref name="LukacsAloudAlmaMater">Widrig, Walter M. "Schanck Observatory" in Lukac, George J. (editor) ''Aloud to Alma Mater''. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966), 62–64.</ref> The observatory was constructed from "painted brick, with wood [[cornice]]s and entrance porch, [[brownstone]] floor and steps" and featured a "small gable roofed Corinthian entrance porch with columns at the front corners, flat [[pilaster]]s against the wall, [[entablature]], and [[pediment]]."<ref name="HABS1960">McCormick, Richard P., and Howell, George Brokaw. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/nj/nj0100/nj0117/data/nj0117data.pdf "Daniel S. Schanck Observatory, HABS No. NJ-723"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005053356/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/nj/nj0100/nj0117/data/nj0117data.pdf |date=October 5, 2013 }} prepared for the Library of Congress's Historic American Buildings Survey. (1960). Retrieved October 4, 2013.</ref> Rutgers equipped the observatory with "a 6.5-inch [[Equatorial mount|equatorial]] [[refracting telescope]], a [[meridian circle]] with four-inch object glass for [[Transit (astronomy)|transit observations]], a [[Sidereal time|sidereal clock]], a [[Solar time#Mean solar time|mean solar clock]]...[[chronograph]], [[repeating circle]], and other instruments."<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />{{rp|pp.42–43}}<ref name="MurrayGroundsBldgs">Murray, David. ''Hand-Book of the Grounds and Buildings and the Memorials, Portraits and Busts of Rutgers College''. Rutgers College Publication No. 11. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers College, 1904), 9–10.</ref> Some of the equipment was donated by private individuals and by the college's two literary societies, the [[Peithessophian Society|Peithessophian]] and [[Philoclean Society|Philoclean Societies]].<ref name="MurrayGroundsBldgs" /><ref name="CampbellMemorial1894" />


[[File:Daniel S Schanck Observatory Rutgers Univ New Brunswick NJ c 1901.jpg|thumb|right|The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory as seen from George Street in {{circa}} 1901. In the background is the [[Queens Campus#President's House (1841–42)|President's House]], which was demolished in 1944.]]
[[File:Daniel S Schanck Observatory Rutgers Univ New Brunswick NJ c 1901.jpg|thumb|right|The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory as seen from George Street in {{circa}} 1901. In the background is the [[Queens Campus, Rutgers University#President's House (1841–42)|President's House]], which was demolished in 1944.]]


The Schanck Observatory was dedicated on June 18, 1866 with an address given by [[Joseph P. Bradley]] (1813–1892), a Rutgers College alumnus ([[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] 1836) and prominent attorney who four years later was installed as an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].<ref name="HABS1960" /><ref>Article in the ''New Brunswick Fredonian'' (June 20, 1866).</ref><ref>Federal Judicial Center. [http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=238&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na History of the Federal Judiciary, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges: Bradley, Joseph P.]. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> The observatory would be used for the instruction of students into the early twentieth century. However, it fell out of use before 1960.<ref name="LukacsAloudAlmaMater" /><ref name="HABS1960" /> Physics and Astronomy professor Paul L. Leath indicated that the observatory very accurately measured time through precise measurements of the transit of the sun.<ref name="RUProfLeathOralHistory">[http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/alphabetical-index/31-interviewees/1374-leath-paul-l Leath, Paul L. Oral History Interview, April 28, 2011, by Sandra Stewart Holyoak and Paul Clemens], Rutgers Oral History Archives. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> However, in later years, as trees grew around the building, and as the [[light pollution]] was introduced from street lights and a neighboring [[Multi-storey car park|parking deck]], the building could no longer be used for observation.<ref name="RUProfLeathOralHistory" /> The university's astronomy department operates a modern observatory—the Robert A. Schommer Astronomical Observatory—that is located on the roof of the Serin Physics Laboratory (built 1963) on the [[Busch Campus]]. The Schommer Observatory houses a 0.5 meter telescope that was installed in 1996.<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />{{rp|pp.128,221}}<ref>Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Physics and Astronomy Department. [http://observatory.rutgers.edu/ Robert A. Schommer Astronomical Observatory]. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref>
The Schanck Observatory was dedicated on June 18, 1866, with an address given by [[Joseph P. Bradley]] (1813–1892), a Rutgers College alumnus (AB 1836) and prominent attorney who four years later was installed as an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].<ref name="HABS1960" /><ref>Article in the ''New Brunswick Fredonian'' (June 20, 1866).</ref><ref>Federal Judicial Center. [http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=238&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na History of the Federal Judiciary, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges: Bradley, Joseph P.]. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> The observatory has experienced several periods of use and neglect during the twentieth century. Physics and Astronomy professor Paul L. Leath indicated that the observatory very accurately measured time through precise measurements of the transit of the sun.<ref name="RUProfLeathOralHistory">[http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/alphabetical-index/31-interviewees/1374-leath-paul-l Leath, Paul L. Oral History Interview, April 28, 2011, by Sandra Stewart Holyoak and Paul Clemens], Rutgers Oral History Archives. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref>


The observatory fell out of use before 1960, but was revived by Prof. Maurice Bazin of the Physics Department and used by student members of the Rutgers Astronomical Society between 1968 and 1976.<ref name="LukacsAloudAlmaMater" /><ref name="HABS1960" /><ref>''Cluster'', Vol. 3, No. 6, February, 1975.</ref> It was last used for the instruction of students by Prof. Terry Matilsky during 1976–1979. The university's astronomy department operates a modern observatory—the Robert A. Schommer Astronomical Observatory—that is located on the roof of the Serin Physics Laboratory (built 1963) on the [[Busch Campus]]. The Schommer Observatory houses a 0.5 meter telescope that was installed in 1996.<ref name="RobbinsRutgersAstronomyHist" />{{rp|pp.128,221}}<ref>Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Physics and Astronomy Department. [http://observatory.rutgers.edu/ Robert A. Schommer Astronomical Observatory]. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref>
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As one of the six extant buildings on the university's Queens Campus, the oldest buildings at Rutgers, the Schanck Observatory was included on the [[New Jersey Register of Historic Places]] and the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1973.<ref name="QueensCampus1973NRHPApp">Barr, Michael C. and Wilkens, Edward. {{NRHP url|id=73001113|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form for Queen's Campus at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey}} (1973). Retrieved September 5, 2013.</ref><ref>The Queen's Campus (total of 6 buildings and grounds) is listed as SHPO ID# 1881, and NRHP Reference #73001113. See: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP) — Historic Preservation Office. [http://www.nj.gov/dep/hpo/1identify/nrsr_lists/middlesex.pdf New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places — Middlesex County] (Last Updated April 5, 2013), 7. Retrieved September 5, 2013.</ref>


⚫
As one of the six extant buildings on the university's Queens Campus, the oldest buildings at Rutgers, the Schanck Observatory was included on the [[New Jersey Register of Historic Places]] and the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1973.<ref name="QueensCampus1973NRHPApp">Barr, Michael C. and Wilkens, Edward. {{NRHP url|id=73001113|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form for Queen's Campus at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey}} (1973). Retrieved September 5, 2013.</ref><ref>The Queen's Campus (total of 6 buildings and grounds) is listed as SHPO ID# 1881, and NRHP Reference #73001113. See: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP) – Historic Preservation Office. [http://www.nj.gov/dep/hpo/1identify/nrsr_lists/middlesex.pdf New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Middlesex County] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107045405/http://www.nj.gov/dep/hpo/1identify/nrsr_lists/middlesex.pdf |date=November 7, 2014 }} (Last Updated April 5, 2013), 7. Retrieved September 5, 2013.</ref>
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The building fell into disrepair, and its equipment was damaged after several acts of [[Property damage|vandalism]] in which unknown persons [[Burglary|illegally entered]] the building and stole key components of the telescope.<ref name="RUProfLeathOralHistory" /><ref>Johnson-Roehr, S.N. [http://astronomy.snjr.net/blog/?p=844 "Daniel S. Schanck Observatory, 1865"] (January 21, 2013) on ''Observatories and Instruments'' (blog). Retrieved October 4, 2013.</ref> A restoration of the observatory building by Wu & Associates of [[Cherry Hill, New Jersey]], was completed in 2012.<ref>Wu & Associates, Inc. [http://wuassociates.com/projects/schanck-observatory/ Projects: Schanck Observatory]. Retrieved October 4, 2013.</ref>

⚫
The building fell into disrepair, and its equipment was damaged after several acts of [[Property damage|vandalism]] in which unknown persons [[Burglary|illegally entered]] the building and stole key components of the telescope.<ref name="RUProfLeathOralHistory" /><ref>Johnson-Roehr, S.N. [http://astronomy.snjr.net/blog/?p=844 "Daniel S. Schanck Observatory, 1865"] (January 21, 2013) on ''Observatories and Instruments'' (blog). Retrieved October 4, 2013.</ref> A restoration of the observatory building by Wu & Associates of [[Cherry Hill, New Jersey]], was completed in 2012.<ref>Wu & Associates, Inc. [https://archive.today/20131004222139/http://wuassociates.com/projects/schanck-observatory/ Projects: Schanck Observatory]. Retrieved October 4, 2013.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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===Citations===
===Citations===
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Rutgers|New Brunswick}}
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[[Category:Defunct astronomical observatories]]
[[Category:Defunct astronomical observatories]]
[[Category:Greek Revival architecture in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Greek Revival architecture in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Queens Campus, Rutgers University]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Rutgers University buildings]]
[[Category:Rutgers University buildings]]

Latest revision as of 15:26, 16 January 2023

The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory as seen from George Street in 2014.

The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory is an historical astronomical observatory on the Queens Campus of Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, and is tied for the seventh oldest observatory in the US alongside the Vassar College Observatory. It is located on George Street near the corner with Hamilton Street, opposite the parking lot adjacent to Kirkpatrick Chapel, and to the northeast of Old Queens and Geology Hall.

The two-story observatory was designed by architect Willard Smith in the Roman Revival style and modeled after the Tower of the Winds in Athens, which dates from 50 BC. The cornerstone of the Observatory was placed in 1865 and construction was completed in 1866. It was named after New York City businessman Daniel S. Schanck, who donated a large portion of the funds to construct and equip the observatory. Outfitted with telescopes, clocks, and other scientific equipment donated to Rutgers, the Schanck Observatory served as the university's first building of science and was used to provide instruction to its students from the mid-nineteenth through the late-twentieth centuries.

As part of the Queens Campus, the Schanck Observatory was included on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[1] It was last used by the faculty to teach astronomy in 1979. The building was renovated in 2016 through a joint project of The Cap & Skull Society, an honors and service organization at Rutgers, and the Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences, and is jointly managed by them. The scientific centerpiece of the observatory, a 150-mm (6-inch) equatorial refractor telescope manufactured by Georges Prin of Paris and donated to Rutgers College by John Wyckoff Mettler in 1929, was restored to operation during 2016-2018 through the efforts of Rutgers alumni, friends of the university, and Rutgers' Department of Physics and Astronomy. Since the completion of the renovation of the building, alumni and volunteers have hosted daytime guided tours of the historic observatory and vintage telescope on special occasions, such as Rutgers Day.

History, architecture, and use

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The octagonal building of the observatory was designed after the Tower of the Winds (pictured) in Athens, Greece

In 1864, Rutgers College[a] was named New Jersey's sole land grant college which provided federal funding under the Morrill Act of 1862 for the development of engineering, scientific, agricultural, and military education.[2]: pp.87–88 [3] Previously, the college's curriculum focused on the classics and liberal arts.[2]: passim.  David Murray (1830–1905), professor of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy, proposed building the school's first astronomical observatory to the college's president, William Henry Campbell (1808–1890), and its board of trustees.[2]: p.91 [4]: pp.42–43, passim.  It would be the college's fourth building and the first building dedicated solely to science at Rutgers.[b]

The cost of construction and equipment amounted to US$6,166 (2013: US$86,845.07),[c] of which US$2,400 (2013: US$33,802.82)[c] was donated by Daniel S. Schanck (1812–1872).[5][6] Schanck, a New York City businessman with roots in Monmouth County, New Jersey, was not an alumnus of the college, but was convinced to donate after being approached by friends of the college.[4]: pp.42–43  Several years later, his son, Daniel S. Schanck (1853–1901), would enroll in the college's scientific course, and earn a bachelor's degree (Sc.B) in 1875.[7]

In 1865, the trustees hired architect Willard Smith who provided a plan for a small two-story octagonal Roman Revival building designed after the Tower of the Winds, a first-century BC structure located in the agora of Athens, Greece that housed an ancient water clock and sundial.[4]: pp.42–43 [8][9] The observatory was constructed from "painted brick, with wood cornices and entrance porch, brownstone floor and steps" and featured a "small gable roofed Corinthian entrance porch with columns at the front corners, flat pilasters against the wall, entablature, and pediment."[10] Rutgers equipped the observatory with "a 6.5-inch equatorial refracting telescope, a meridian circle with four-inch object glass for transit observations, a sidereal clock, a mean solar clock...chronograph, repeating circle, and other instruments."[4]: pp.42–43 [5] Some of the equipment was donated by private individuals and by the college's two literary societies, the Peithessophian and Philoclean Societies.[5][6]

The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory as seen from George Street in c. 1901. In the background is the President's House, which was demolished in 1944.

The Schanck Observatory was dedicated on June 18, 1866, with an address given by Joseph P. Bradley (1813–1892), a Rutgers College alumnus (AB 1836) and prominent attorney who four years later was installed as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.[10][11][12] The observatory has experienced several periods of use and neglect during the twentieth century. Physics and Astronomy professor Paul L. Leath indicated that the observatory very accurately measured time through precise measurements of the transit of the sun.[13]

The observatory fell out of use before 1960, but was revived by Prof. Maurice Bazin of the Physics Department and used by student members of the Rutgers Astronomical Society between 1968 and 1976.[9][10][14] It was last used for the instruction of students by Prof. Terry Matilsky during 1976–1979. The university's astronomy department operates a modern observatory—the Robert A. Schommer Astronomical Observatory—that is located on the roof of the Serin Physics Laboratory (built 1963) on the Busch Campus. The Schommer Observatory houses a 0.5 meter telescope that was installed in 1996.[4]: pp.128, 221 [15]

As one of the six extant buildings on the university's Queens Campus, the oldest buildings at Rutgers, the Schanck Observatory was included on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[16][17]

The building fell into disrepair, and its equipment was damaged after several acts of vandalism in which unknown persons illegally entered the building and stole key components of the telescope.[13][18] A restoration of the observatory building by Wu & Associates of Cherry Hill, New Jersey, was completed in 2012.[19]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Founded as Queen's College in 1766 and renamed after benefactor Henry Rutgers in 1825, Rutgers College subsequently would be renamed Rutgers University in 1924 and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in 1945.[2]
  2. ^ According to Robbins, and McCormick, supra, Rutgers built (1) Old Queens for classrooms, faculty housing, and a small chapel; (2) a house for the school's president; (3) Van Nest Hall to house the school's two literary societies, and (4) the Schanck Observatory, an astronomical observatory.[2][4]
  3. ^ a b This inflation adjustment calculation projects that $1 in 1865 would have $14.08 in purchasing power in 2013 (conversion factor: 0.071), using data compiled by Oregon State University Political Science professor Robert Sahr in "Inflation Conversion Factors for years 1774 to estimated 2023, in dollars of recent years" reflecting final 2012 CPI (2.29594 in dollars of 1982–84). Last update May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.

Citations

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  1. ^ "Nation Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form". July 2, 1973. Retrieved September 4, 2018. Schank Observatory. The shape of the building is octagonal with an attached wing in rear. The design is modelled on that of the Tower of Winds in Athens. It has the same proportions, though on a reduced scale. The building contains astronomical apparatus of the period.
  2. ^ a b c d e McCormick, Richard P. Rutgers: A Bicentennial History. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966).
  3. ^ The Morrill Act of 1862 (P.L. 1862 ch. 130; 12 Stat. 504), codified as United States Code, Title 7, Chapter 13, Subchapter I, §304 – "Investment of proceeds of sale of land or scrip". Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Robbins, Allen B. History of Physics and Astronomy at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1771–2000. (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 2001). Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c Murray, David. Hand-Book of the Grounds and Buildings and the Memorials, Portraits and Busts of Rutgers College. Rutgers College Publication No. 11. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers College, 1904), 9–10.
  6. ^ a b David Murray (compiler). A Memorial of Rev. William Henry Campbell, D.D., LL.D. Late President of Rutgers College. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Trustees of Rutgers College, 1894), 45–47. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  7. ^ Rutgers College and Raven, John Howard (Rev.) (compiler). Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Rutgers College (originally Queen's College) in New Brunswick, N.J., 1766–1916. (Trenton, New Jersey: State Gazette Publishing Company, 1916). Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  8. ^ Works Progress Administration, Federal Writer's Project. New Jersey, a Guide to Its Present and Past (Trenton, New Jersey: Stratford Press, 1939), 306.
  9. ^ a b Widrig, Walter M. "Schanck Observatory" in Lukac, George J. (editor) Aloud to Alma Mater. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966), 62–64.
  10. ^ a b c McCormick, Richard P., and Howell, George Brokaw. "Daniel S. Schanck Observatory, HABS No. NJ-723" Archived October 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine prepared for the Library of Congress's Historic American Buildings Survey. (1960). Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  11. ^ Article in the New Brunswick Fredonian (June 20, 1866).
  12. ^ Federal Judicial Center. History of the Federal Judiciary, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges: Bradley, Joseph P.. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  13. ^ a b Leath, Paul L. Oral History Interview, April 28, 2011, by Sandra Stewart Holyoak and Paul Clemens, Rutgers Oral History Archives. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  14. ^ Cluster, Vol. 3, No. 6, February, 1975.
  15. ^ Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Physics and Astronomy Department. Robert A. Schommer Astronomical Observatory. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  16. ^ Barr, Michael C. and Wilkens, Edward. National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form for Queen's Campus at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (1973). Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  17. ^ The Queen's Campus (total of 6 buildings and grounds) is listed as SHPO ID# 1881, and NRHP Reference #73001113. See: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP) – Historic Preservation Office. New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Middlesex County Archived November 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (Last Updated April 5, 2013), 7. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  18. ^ Johnson-Roehr, S.N. "Daniel S. Schanck Observatory, 1865" (January 21, 2013) on Observatories and Instruments (blog). Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  19. ^ Wu & Associates, Inc. Projects: Schanck Observatory. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
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40°29′57.7″N 74°26′43″W / 40.499361°N 74.44528°W / 40.499361; -74.44528

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