Shahba: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Tom.Reding (talk | contribs) m +{{Authority control}} (3 IDs from Wikidata), WP:GenFixes on |
→Ecclesiastical history: unsourced |
||
| (14 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{For|the city nicknamed al-Shahba|Aleppo}} |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} |
|||
{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
||
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |
||
<!-- Basic info ----------------> |
<!-- Basic info ----------------> |
||
|official_name = Shahba |
|official_name = Shahba |
||
|other_name = Philippopolis |
|other_name = Philippopolis |
||
|native_name = |
|native_name = شَهْبَا |
||
|native_name_lang = ar |
|native_name_lang = ar |
||
|nickname = |
|nickname = |
||
|settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |
|settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |
||
|motto = |
|motto = |
||
<!-- images and maps -----------> |
<!-- images and maps -----------> |
||
|image_skyline = Shahba Forum - panoramio.jpg |
|image_skyline = Shahba Forum - panoramio.jpg |
||
| |
|image_caption = The Philippeion, a memorial monument |
||
| |
|image_flag = |
||
| |
|flag_size = |
||
| |
|image_seal = |
||
| |
|seal_size = |
||
| |
|image_shield = |
||
| |
|shield_size = |
||
| |
|image_blank_emblem = |
||
|blank_emblem_type = |
|||
|image_blank_emblem = |
|||
| |
|blank_emblem_size = |
||
| |
|image_map = |
||
| |
|mapsize = |
||
| |
|map_caption = |
||
| |
|image_map1 = |
||
| |
|mapsize1 = |
||
| |
|map_caption1 = |
||
| |
|image_dot_map = |
||
| |
|dot_mapsize = |
||
| |
|dot_map_caption = |
||
| |
|dot_x = |
||
|dot_y = |
|||
|dot_x = |dot_y = |
|||
|pushpin_map = Syria <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |
|pushpin_map = Syria <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |
||
|pushpin_label_position =bottom |
|pushpin_label_position = bottom |
||
|pushpin_mapsize =250 |
|pushpin_mapsize = 250 |
||
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Syria |
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Syria |
||
<!-- Location ------------------> |
<!-- Location ------------------> |
||
|subdivision_type = Country |
|subdivision_type = Country |
||
|subdivision_name = |
|subdivision_name = Syria |
||
|subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Syria|Governorate]] |
|subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Syria|Governorate]] |
||
|subdivision_name1 = [[As-Suwayda Governorate|as-Suwayda]] |
|subdivision_name1 = [[As-Suwayda Governorate|as-Suwayda]] |
||
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Syria|District]] |
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Syria|District]] |
||
|subdivision_name2 = [[Shahba District|Shahba]] |
|subdivision_name2 = [[Shahba District|Shahba]] |
||
|subdivision_type3 = [[Nahiyah|Subdistrict]] |
|subdivision_type3 = [[Nahiyah|Subdistrict]] |
||
|subdivision_name3 = Shahba |
|subdivision_name3 = Shahba |
||
|subdivision_type4 = |
|subdivision_type4 = |
||
|subdivision_name4 = |
|subdivision_name4 = |
||
<!-- Politics -----------------> |
<!-- Politics -----------------> |
||
|government_footnotes = |
|government_footnotes = |
||
|government_type = |
|government_type = |
||
|leader_title = |
|leader_title = |
||
|leader_name = |
|leader_name = |
||
|leader_title1 |
|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |
||
|leader_name1 = |
|leader_name1 = |
||
|leader_title2 = |
|leader_title2 = |
||
|leader_name2 = |
|leader_name2 = |
||
|leader_title3 = |
|leader_title3 = |
||
|leader_name3 = |
|leader_name3 = |
||
|leader_title4 = |
|leader_title4 = |
||
|leader_name4 = |
|leader_name4 = |
||
|established_title |
|established_title = <!-- Settled --> |
||
|established_date = |
|established_date = |
||
|established_title2 |
|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |
||
|established_date2 = |
|established_date2 = |
||
|established_title3 |
|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |
||
|established_date3 = |
|established_date3 = |
||
<!-- Area ---------------------> |
<!-- Area ---------------------> |
||
|area_magnitude = |
|area_magnitude = |
||
|unit_pref =Metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |
|unit_pref = Metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |
||
|area_footnotes = |
|area_footnotes = |
||
|area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |
|area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |
||
|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |
|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |
||
|area_water_km2 = |
|area_water_km2 = |
||
|area_total_sq_mi = |
|area_total_sq_mi = |
||
|area_land_sq_mi = |
|area_land_sq_mi = |
||
|area_water_sq_mi = |
|area_water_sq_mi = |
||
|area_water_percent = |
|area_water_percent = |
||
|area_urban_km2 = |
|area_urban_km2 = |
||
|area_urban_sq_mi = |
|area_urban_sq_mi = |
||
|area_metro_km2 = |
|area_metro_km2 = |
||
|area_metro_sq_mi = |
|area_metro_sq_mi = |
||
|area_blank1_title = |
|area_blank1_title = |
||
|area_blank1_km2 = |
|area_blank1_km2 = |
||
|area_blank1_sq_mi = |
|area_blank1_sq_mi = |
||
<!-- Population -----------------------> |
<!-- Population -----------------------> |
||
|population_as_of = 2004 |
|population_as_of = 2004 |
||
|population_footnotes = |
|population_footnotes = |
||
|population_note = |
|population_note = |
||
|population_total = 14,784 |
|population_total = 14,784 |
||
|population_density_km2 = |
|population_density_km2 = |
||
|population_density_sq_mi |
|population_density_sq_mi = |
||
|population_metro = |
|population_metro = |
||
|population_density_metro_km2 |
|population_density_metro_km2 = |
||
|population_density_metro_sq_mi = |
|population_density_metro_sq_mi = |
||
|population_urban = |
|population_urban = |
||
|population_density_urban_km2 |
|population_density_urban_km2 = |
||
|population_density_urban_sq_mi = |
|population_density_urban_sq_mi = |
||
|population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |
|population_blank1_title = Ethnicities |
||
|population_blank1 = |
|population_blank1 = |
||
|population_blank2_title =Religions |
|population_blank2_title = Religions |
||
|population_blank2 = |
|population_blank2 = |
||
|population_density_blank1_km2 = |
|population_density_blank1_km2 = |
||
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |
||
<!-- General information ---------------> |
<!-- General information ---------------> |
||
|timezone |
|timezone = EEST |
||
|utc_offset = |
|utc_offset = |
||
|timezone_DST = |
|timezone_DST = |
||
|utc_offset_DST = |
|utc_offset_DST = |
||
|coordinates = {{coord|32|51|15|N|36|37|45|E|region:SY|display=inline}} |
|coordinates = {{coord|32|51|15|N|36|37|45|E|region:SY|display=inline}} |
||
|grid_position |
|grid_position = 302/251 |
||
|elevation_footnotes |
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |
||
|elevation_m = |
|elevation_m = |
||
|elevation_ft = |
|elevation_ft = |
||
<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |
<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |
||
|postal_code_type |
|postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |
||
|postal_code = |
|postal_code = |
||
|area_code = |
|area_code = |
||
|blank_name = |
|blank_name = |
||
|blank_info = |
|blank_info = |
||
|blank1_name = |
|blank1_name = |
||
|blank1_info = |
|blank1_info = |
||
|website = |
|website = |
||
|footnotes = |
|footnotes = |
||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Shahba''' ({{lang-ar| |
'''Shahba''' ({{lang-ar|شَهْبَا}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''Shahbā'') is a city located {{cvt|87|km}} south of [[Damascus]] in the [[Jabal el Druze]] in [[As-Suwayda Governorate]] of [[Syria]], but formerly in the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] province of [[Arabia Petraea]]. Known in [[Late Antiquity]] as '''Philippopolis (in Arabia)''', the city was the seat of a Bishopric (see below), which remains a Latin [[titular see]]. |
||
== History == |
== History == |
||
| Line 130: | Line 132: | ||
=== Roman history === |
=== Roman history === |
||
[[File:Philpopolis SYRIE 016.jpg|thumb|left|The Roman Theatre at Shahba]] |
[[File:Philpopolis SYRIE 016.jpg|thumb|left|The Roman Theatre at Shahba]] |
||
The [[oasis]] settlement now named Shahba had been the native hamlet of the [[Roman emperor]] [[Philip the Arab]]. After Philip became emperor in 244 CE, he dedicated himself to rebuilding the little community as a ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]''. The contemporary community that was replaced with the new construction was so insignificant that one author states that the city can be considered to have been built on virgin soil, making it the last of the Roman cities founded in the East.<ref>Arthur Segal, "Roman Cities in the Province of Arabia" ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' '''40'''.2 (May 1981: |
The [[oasis]] settlement now named Shahba had been the native hamlet of the [[Roman emperor]] [[Philip the Arab]]. After Philip became emperor in 244 CE, he dedicated himself to rebuilding the little community as a ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]''. The contemporary community that was replaced with the new construction was so insignificant that one author states that the city can be considered to have been built on virgin soil, making it the last of the Roman cities founded in the East.<ref>Arthur Segal, "Roman Cities in the Province of Arabia" ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' '''40'''.2 (May 1981:108–121) p. 111.</ref> |
||
[[File:Shahba Mosaics.jpg|thumb|Mosaic from Shahba depicting [[Aphrodite]] and [[Ares]]]]The city was renamed Philippopolis (a name with homonyms) in dedication to the emperor, who is said to have wanted to turn his native city into a replica of [[Rome]] herself.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} A hexagonal-style temple and an open-air place of worship of local style, called a ''[[kalybe (temple)|kalybe]]'', a [[triumphal arch]], [[Thermae|baths]], a starkly unornamented [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]] faced with [[basalt]] blocks,<ref>This, the last of the Syrian theatres, was examined in a detailed monograph by Pierre Coupel and Edmond Frézouls, ''Le Théâtre de Philippopolis en Arabie'' (Paris, 1956); an extended review by John Eames in ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' '''50'''.1/2 (1960: |
[[File:Shahba Mosaics.jpg|thumb|Mosaic from Shahba depicting [[Aphrodite]] and [[Ares]]]]The city was renamed Philippopolis (a name with homonyms) in dedication to the emperor, who is said to have wanted to turn his native city into a replica of [[Rome]] herself.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} A hexagonal-style temple and an open-air place of worship of local style, called a ''[[kalybe (temple)|kalybe]]'', a [[triumphal arch]], [[Thermae|baths]], a starkly unornamented [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]] faced with [[basalt]] blocks,<ref>This, the last of the Syrian theatres, was examined in a detailed monograph by Pierre Coupel and Edmond Frézouls, ''Le Théâtre de Philippopolis en Arabie'' (Paris, 1956); an extended review by John Eames in ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' '''50'''.1/2 (1960:273–274) serves as an abstract of it.</ref> a large structure that has been interpreted as a [[basilica]], and the ''Philippeion'' (''illustration, right'') surrounded by a great wall with ceremonial gates,<ref>[[Nabateans|Nabatean]] capitals at the southern gate documented the continuing cultural influence of Nabateans in the region, long after their political influence succumbed to Roman [[hegemony]] (Segal 1981:118).</ref> were laid out and built following the grid plan of a typical Roman city. |
||
The public structures formed what author Arthur Segal has called a kind of "imported façade". The rest of the urban architecture was modest and vernacular.<ref>Segal 1981:108; the architectural vocabulary of Philippopolis is discussed in pages.</ref> |
The public structures formed what author Arthur Segal has called a kind of "imported façade". The rest of the urban architecture was modest and vernacular.<ref>Segal 1981:108; the architectural vocabulary of Philippopolis is discussed in pages.</ref> The city was never completed as building seems to have stopped abruptly after the death of Philip in 249. |
||
The new city followed the extremely regular Roman grid-plan, with the main colonnaded ''[[Cardo |
The new city followed the extremely regular Roman grid-plan, with the main colonnaded ''[[Cardo]] maximus'' intersecting a colonnaded ''[[Decumanus Maximus]]'' at right angles near the center. Lesser streets marked off ''[[insula (building)|insula]]e'', many of which never saw houses constructed upon them. |
||
=== Ottoman rule and later === |
=== Ottoman rule and later === |
||
In 1596 Shahba appeared in the [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] [[Defter|tax registers]] as ''Sahba'' and was part of the ''[[nahiya]]'' of Bani Miglad in the [[Hauran Sanjak]]. It had an entirely [[Muslim]] population consisting of 8 households and 3 bachelors, who paid a fixed tax rate of 40% on |
In 1596 Shahba appeared in the [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] [[Defter|tax registers]] as ''Sahba'' and was part of the ''[[nahiya]]'' of Bani Miglad in the [[Hauran Sanjak]]. It had an entirely [[Muslim]] population consisting of 8 households and 3 bachelors, who paid a fixed tax rate of 40% on wheat, [[barley]], summer crops, goats and/or beehives; a total of 5,050 [[akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 218.</ref> |
||
Because it was far from population centers that would have required cut stone for building and might have quarried it from those deserted in Philippopolis, Shahba today contains well-preserved ruins of the ancient Roman city. |
Because it was far from population centers that would have required cut stone for building and might have quarried it from those deserted in Philippopolis, Shahba today contains well-preserved ruins of the ancient Roman city. |
||
A museum located in the city exhibits some beautiful examples of [[Mosaic|Roman mosaics]].<ref>[http://www.atlastours.net/syria/philipapolis.html Philipapolis [sic], Syra]</ref> The especially rich iconography of the figurative mosaic on the theme, ''The Glory of the Earth'', discovered in 1952 in the so-called "Maison Aoua", is conserved today in the museum of Damascus and has proved a rich resource for [[Iconography|iconographers]].<ref>The literature is summarized in Marie-Henriette Quet, "Le Triptolème de la mosaïque dite d'Aiôn et l'affirmation identitaire héllène à Shahba-Philippopolis" ''Syria'' '''77''' (2000), pp. |
A museum located in the city exhibits some beautiful examples of [[Mosaic|Roman mosaics]].<ref>[http://www.atlastours.net/syria/philipapolis.html Philipapolis [sic], Syra]</ref> The especially rich iconography of the figurative mosaic on the theme, ''The Glory of the Earth'', discovered in 1952 in the so-called "Maison Aoua", is conserved today in the museum of Damascus and has proved a rich resource for [[Iconography|iconographers]].<ref>The literature is summarized in Marie-Henriette Quet, "Le Triptolème de la mosaïque dite d'Aiôn et l'affirmation identitaire héllène à Shahba-Philippopolis" ''Syria'' '''77''' (2000), pp. 181–200</ref> |
||
The relatively well-preserved [[Roman bridge|Roman]] [[bridge at Nimreh]] is located in the vicinity. |
The relatively well-preserved [[Roman bridge|Roman]] [[bridge at Nimreh]] is located in the vicinity. |
||
=== Modern |
=== Modern era === |
||
[[File:Ifpo 21307 Syrie, Gouvernorat de Soueïda, District de Chahba, Chahba, vue aérienne oblique.jpg|thumb|Aerial view in 1933.]] |
|||
In the |
In the 18th century [[Druze]] populations moved into the area.<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2p21.html Philippopolis in Arabia] at Catholic-Hierarchy.org</ref> A Christian presence exists in the city to the present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zenit.org/articles/in-shadow-of-war-syrian-christians-are-trying-to-rebuild-their-lives/|title=In Shadow of War, Syrian Christians are Trying to Rebuild Their Lives|date=20 July 2015}}</ref> |
||
== Ecclesiastical history == |
|||
Circa 300, the city became the [[suffragan diocese]] of the Metropolitan [[Archdiocese of Bostra]] (now Bosra), capital of their [[Roman province]] of [[Arabia Petraea]] (civil Diocese of Oriens]), in the sway of the [[Patriarchate of Antioch]]. It is still mentioned as such in a 6th-century Byzantine [[Notitia Episcopatuum]]. |
|||
Two bishops are historically documented:<ref>''Échos d'Orient'', vol. XII, 1909, 103 & vol. X, 1907, pp. 95 e 145</ref> |
|||
* Hormisdas intervened at the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451 |
|||
* Basilius, in 553 on an inscription. [3]. |
|||
=== Titular see === |
|||
Circa 1000, being truly ''[[in partibus infidelium]]'' under Muslim rule, it was suppressed as residential see but nominally retained (or later restored?) as Latin [[Titular bishopric]] of Philippopolis (Latin) / Filippopoli (Curiate Italian; in 1926 renamed Filippopoli d’Arabia). In 1933 it was renamed Philippopolis in Arabia (Latin) / Filippopoli di Arabia (Italian) / Philippopolitan(us) in Arabia (Latin adjective), avoiding possible confusion with Philippopolis in Thracia (now Bulgarian Plovdiv). |
|||
It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, mostly of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank, ''with Archiepiscopal exceptions'': |
|||
* Titular Archbishop: Henri de Villars (1652 – 1663.05.27) as [[Coadjutor Archbishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienne|Vienne]] (France) (1652 – 1663.05.27); next succeeded as Metropolitan Archbishop of Vienne (1663.05.27 – death 1693.12.27) |
|||
* [[Troiano Acquaviva d’Aragona]] (1729.04.18 – 1730.08.14) as Prefect of [[Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces]] (1729.07.06 – ?); later promoted [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Larissa]] (1730.08.14 – 1732.10.01), created [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Ss. Quirico e Giulitta]] (1732.11.17 – 1733.01.19), transferred Cardinal-Priest of [[S. Cecilia]] (1733.01.19 – death 1747.03.20), Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monreale|Monreale]] (Sicily, Italy) (1739.05.04 – 1747.03.20), [[Camerlengo]] of Sacred College of Cardinals (1744.02.03 – resigned 1745.01.25) |
|||
* Giovanni Battista Giampè (1740.12.19 – 1764.05.10), without actual prelature |
|||
* José Tomás Mazarrasa y Rivas (1885.02.21 – death 1907.03.11) as [[Apostolic Administrator]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciudad Rodrigo|Diocese of Ciudad Rodrigo]] (Spain) (1885.03.27 – 1907.03.11) |
|||
* George Gauthier (1912.06.28 – 1923.04.05) as Auxiliary Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montréal|Archdiocese of Montréal]] (Quebec, Canada) (1912.06.28 – 1923.04.05) and [[Apostolic Administrator]] of Montréal (1921.10.18 – 1939.09.20); next promoted [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Tharona]] (1923.04.05 – 1939.09.20) as [[Coadjutor Archbishop]] of Montréal (1923.04.05 – 1939.09.20), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Montréal (1939.09.20 – death 1940.08.31) |
|||
* Titular Archbishop: Ignacy Maria Dubowski (Lithuanian) (1925.06.01 – death 1953.03.10) as emeritate (and promotion); previously Apostolic Administrator of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilsky|Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilsky]] ([[Ukraine]]) (1916.10.16 – 1918) and Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk and Zytomierz|Lutsk and Zytomierz]] (Ukraine) (1916.10.16 – 1925.06.01) |
|||
* Antonio Ravagli (1955.07.04 – 1960.08.30) as Coadjutor Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Larino|Larino]] (Italy) (1955.07.04 – 1959) and as Coadjutor Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Modigliana|Modigliana]] (Italy) (1959 – 1960.08.30); next succeeded as Bishop of Modigliana (1960.08.30 – 1970.04.30), also Auxiliary Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Faenza|Faenza]] (Italy) (1967 – 1970.04.30), then Titular Bishop of [[Montecorvino (titular see)|Montecorvino]] (1970.04.30 – 1981.12.14) as Auxiliary Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Firenze|Archdiocese of Firenze]] (Florence, Italy) (1970.04.30 – death 1981.12.14) |
|||
* [[Giovanni Colombo]] (1960.10.25 – 1963.08.10) as Auxiliary Bishop of Milano (Milan, Italy) (1960.10.25 – 1963.08.10); next succeeded as Metropolitan Archbishop of Milano (1963.08.10 – retired 1979.12.29), created [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti]] (1965.02.25 – death 1992.05.20). |
|||
==Climate== |
==Climate== |
||
| Line 174: | Line 157: | ||
{{Weather box|location = Shahba |
{{Weather box|location = Shahba |
||
|metric first = Y |
|metric first = Y |
||
|single line = Y |
|single line = Y |
||
|Jan high C = 10.3 |
|Jan high C = 10.3 |
||
|Feb high C = 11.6 |
|Feb high C = 11.6 |
||
|Mar high C = 15.2 |
|Mar high C = 15.2 |
||
| Line 189: | Line 172: | ||
|Dec high C = 12.5 |
|Dec high C = 12.5 |
||
|Jan low C = |
|Jan low C = 1.3 |
||
|Feb low C = |
|Feb low C = 2.2 |
||
|Mar low C = |
|Mar low C = 4.4 |
||
|Apr low C = |
|Apr low C = 7.6 |
||
|May low C = 11.2 |
|May low C = 11.2 |
||
|Jun low C = 14.1 |
|Jun low C = 14.1 |
||
| Line 202: | Line 185: | ||
|Dec low C = 3.4 |
|Dec low C = 3.4 |
||
|Jan precipitation mm = 61 |
|Jan precipitation mm = 61 |
||
|Feb precipitation mm = 60 |
|Feb precipitation mm = 60 |
||
|Mar precipitation mm = 46 |
|Mar precipitation mm = 46 |
||
|Apr precipitation mm = 18 |
|Apr precipitation mm = 18 |
||
|May precipitation mm = 9 |
|May precipitation mm = 9 |
||
|Jun precipitation mm = 0 |
|Jun precipitation mm = 0 |
||
|Jul precipitation mm = 0 |
|Jul precipitation mm = 0 |
||
|Aug precipitation mm = 0 |
|Aug precipitation mm = 0 |
||
|Sep precipitation mm = 1 |
|Sep precipitation mm = 1 |
||
|Oct precipitation mm = 11 |
|Oct precipitation mm = 11 |
||
|Nov precipitation mm = 26 |
|Nov precipitation mm = 26 |
||
|Dec precipitation mm = 53 |
|Dec precipitation mm = 53 |
||
|year precipitation mm= 285 |
|year precipitation mm = 285 |
||
|source = [https://en.climate-data.org/location/47497/, Climate data] |
|source = [https://en.climate-data.org/location/47497/, Climate data] |
||
|date= |
|date = 1 September 2018}} |
||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in Syria]] |
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in Syria]] |
||
* [[Druze in Syria]] |
|||
* [[Christianity in Syria]] |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
||
{{ |
{{reflist}} |
||
==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
||
| Line 229: | Line 214: | ||
* Eubel, Konrad ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', vol. 2, p. 215; vol. 3, p. 273; vol. 4, p. 280; vol. 5, p. 314; vol. 6, p. 337 |
* Eubel, Konrad ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', vol. 2, p. 215; vol. 3, p. 273; vol. 4, p. 280; vol. 5, p. 314; vol. 6, p. 337 |
||
* Gams, Pius Bonifacius, 1931, ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae'', Leipzig, p. 435 |
* Gams, Pius Bonifacius, 1931, ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae'', Leipzig, p. 435 |
||
* {{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |
* {{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}} |
||
* Lequien, Michel, 1740, ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus'', Paris, vol. II, coll. 861-862 |
* Lequien, Michel, 1740, ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus'', Paris, vol. II, coll. 861-862 |
||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
Revision as of 13:25, 22 November 2022
Shahba
شَهْبَا Philippopolis | |
|---|---|
 The Philippeion, a memorial monument | |
  Shahba Location in Syria | |
| Coordinates: 32°51′15″N 36°37′45″E / 32.85417°N 36.62917°E | |
| Grid position | 302/251 |
| Country | Syria |
| Governorate | as-Suwayda |
| District | Shahba |
| Subdistrict | Shahba |
| Population (2004) | |
| • Total | 14,784 |
| Time zone | EEST |
Shahba (Arabic: شَهْبَا / ALA-LC: Shahbā) is a city located 87 km (54 mi) south of Damascus in the Jabal el Druze in As-Suwayda Governorate of Syria, but formerly in the Roman province of Arabia Petraea. Known in Late Antiquity as Philippopolis (in Arabia), the city was the seat of a Bishopric (see below), which remains a Latin titular see.
History
Roman history
The oasis settlement now named Shahba had been the native hamlet of the Roman emperor Philip the Arab. After Philip became emperor in 244 CE, he dedicated himself to rebuilding the little community as a colonia. The contemporary community that was replaced with the new construction was so insignificant that one author states that the city can be considered to have been built on virgin soil, making it the last of the Roman cities founded in the East.[1]
The city was renamed Philippopolis (a name with homonyms) in dedication to the emperor, who is said to have wanted to turn his native city into a replica of Rome herself.[citation needed] A hexagonal-style temple and an open-air place of worship of local style, called a kalybe, a triumphal arch, baths, a starkly unornamented theatre faced with basalt blocks,[2] a large structure that has been interpreted as a basilica, and the Philippeion (illustration, right) surrounded by a great wall with ceremonial gates,[3] were laid out and built following the grid plan of a typical Roman city.
The public structures formed what author Arthur Segal has called a kind of "imported façade". The rest of the urban architecture was modest and vernacular.[4] The city was never completed as building seems to have stopped abruptly after the death of Philip in 249.
The new city followed the extremely regular Roman grid-plan, with the main colonnaded Cardo maximus intersecting a colonnaded Decumanus Maximus at right angles near the center. Lesser streets marked off insulae, many of which never saw houses constructed upon them.
Ottoman rule and later
In 1596 Shahba appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as Sahba and was part of the nahiya of Bani Miglad in the Hauran Sanjak. It had an entirely Muslim population consisting of 8 households and 3 bachelors, who paid a fixed tax rate of 40% on wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and/or beehives; a total of 5,050 akçe.[5]
Because it was far from population centers that would have required cut stone for building and might have quarried it from those deserted in Philippopolis, Shahba today contains well-preserved ruins of the ancient Roman city.
A museum located in the city exhibits some beautiful examples of Roman mosaics.[6] The especially rich iconography of the figurative mosaic on the theme, The Glory of the Earth, discovered in 1952 in the so-called "Maison Aoua", is conserved today in the museum of Damascus and has proved a rich resource for iconographers.[7]
The relatively well-preserved Roman bridge at Nimreh is located in the vicinity.
Modern era
In the 18th century Druze populations moved into the area.[8] A Christian presence exists in the city to the present.[9]
Climate
Shahba has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk).
| Climate data for Shahba | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
29.3 (84.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
21.7 (71.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
3.4 (38.1) |
9.0 (48.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61 (2.4) |
60 (2.4) |
46 (1.8) |
18 (0.7) |
9 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
11 (0.4) |
26 (1.0) |
53 (2.1) |
285 (11.2) |
| Source: Climate data | |||||||||||||
See also
References
- ^ Arthur Segal, "Roman Cities in the Province of Arabia" The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 40.2 (May 1981:108–121) p. 111.
- ^ This, the last of the Syrian theatres, was examined in a detailed monograph by Pierre Coupel and Edmond Frézouls, Le Théâtre de Philippopolis en Arabie (Paris, 1956); an extended review by John Eames in The Journal of Roman Studies 50.1/2 (1960:273–274) serves as an abstract of it.
- ^ Nabatean capitals at the southern gate documented the continuing cultural influence of Nabateans in the region, long after their political influence succumbed to Roman hegemony (Segal 1981:118).
- ^ Segal 1981:108; the architectural vocabulary of Philippopolis is discussed in pages.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 218.
- ^ Philipapolis [sic], Syra
- ^ The literature is summarized in Marie-Henriette Quet, "Le Triptolème de la mosaïque dite d'Aiôn et l'affirmation identitaire héllène à Shahba-Philippopolis" Syria 77 (2000), pp. 181–200
- ^ Philippopolis in Arabia at Catholic-Hierarchy.org
- ^ "In Shadow of War, Syrian Christians are Trying to Rebuild Their Lives". 20 July 2015.
Bibliography
- Eubel, Konrad Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 2, p. 215; vol. 3, p. 273; vol. 4, p. 280; vol. 5, p. 314; vol. 6, p. 337
- Gams, Pius Bonifacius, 1931, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig, p. 435
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Lequien, Michel, 1740, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris, vol. II, coll. 861-862
External links
- GCatholic - (former &) titular bishopric
- Map of the town, Google Maps
32°51′15″N 36°37′45″E / 32.85417°N 36.62917°E
|   | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
With correspondence to modern geography | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe |
|   | ||||||||||||||||||
| Levant |
| |||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
