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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Redirect|Koaia|other uses|Kwaza (disambiguation)}}
|name =Koai{{okina}}a
{{taxobox
|name = ''Koai{{okina}}a''
|image = Acacia_koaia2.jpg
|image = Acacia_koaia2.jpg
|status = VU
|status = VU
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|genus = Acacia
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|species = koaia
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority =[[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]], 1888<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref>
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
}}
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Fabales]]
|familia = [[Fabaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Acacia]]''
|species = '''''A. koaia'''''
|binomial = ''Acacia koaia''
|binomial_authority = [[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]], 1888<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400533 |title=''Acacia koaia'' Hillebr. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2009-06-19 |accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref>
|}}


'''''Acacia koaia''''', known as '''''koai{{okina}}a''''' or '''''koai{{okina}}e''''' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], is a [[tree]] in the [[pea]] [[Family (biology)|family]], [[Fabaceae]], that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Hawaii]]. It is closely related to ''koa'' (''[[Acacia koa|A. koa]]''), and is sometimes considered to be the same species. ''Koai{{okina}}a'' is usually distinguished by growing as a short (rarely more than {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}), broad, gnarled tree; having the [[seed]]s longitudinally arranged in the [[Legume|pod]]; shorter, straighter [[phyllode]]s; and much denser wood. A population on the northern coast of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] may be intermediate, but the relationships have not been worked out. ''Koai{{okina}}a'' wood is claimed to be very different from that of ''koa'', and this may be the best character to separate them.
'''''Acacia koaia''''', known as '''''koai{{okina}}a''''' or '''''koai{{okina}}e''''' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], is a species of [[acacia]] that is [[Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands|endemic to Hawaii]]. It is closely related to ''koa'' (''[[Acacia koa]]''), and is sometimes considered to be the same species.


==Description==
''Koai{{okina}}a'' is highly adapted to dry habitats, and is capable of forming dense forests in areas with very little rainfall. It was formerly found widely in [[Hawaiian tropical dry forests|dry forests]] on all of the main islands. Associated plants include ''uluhe'' (''[[Dicranopteris]] [[Dicranopteris linearis|linearis]]''), ''hala'' (''[[Pandanus tectorius]]''), ''ko{{okina}}oko{{okina}}olau'' (''[[Bidens]]'' spp.), ''koki{{okina}}o'' (''[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Hibiscus kokio]]''), ''nehe'' (''[[Lipochaeta]]'' spp.), ''hala pepe'' (''[[Pleomele (genus)|Pleomele]]'' spp.), and ''{{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a lehua'' (''[[Metrosideros polymorpha]]'').<ref name="CPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=17 |title=Acacia koaia |work=CPC National Collection Plant Profiles |publisher=Center for Plant Conservation |date=2008-07-22 |accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref> Like many legumes, ''koai{{okina}}a'' is able to [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]].<ref name="NTBG">{{cite web |url=http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=54 |title=''Acacia koaia'' |work=Meet the Plants |publisher=National Tropical Botanical Garden |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref> However, it has been devastated by [[cattle]] and other [[ungulate]]s and is now rare. It can be seen on ranch land in [[Kohala, Hawaii|North Kohala]], and at a small fenced exclosure outside of [[Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Waimea]] known as the ''koai{{okina}}a'' sanctuary. ''Koai{{okina}}a'' is one of the species being used to [[Kahoolawe#Kahoʻolawe Island Reserve|revegetate]] the island of [[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]], which lost most of its plant life to [[overgrazing]] and ordnance testing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/500475.html |date=2008-02-17 |title=Volunteers visit regreened Kahoolawe |first=Kekoa Catherine |last=Enomoto |work=The Maui News |accessdate=2009-03-28| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090325093903/http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/500475.html| archivedate= 25 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
''Acacia koaia'' is usually distinguished by growing as a short (rarely more than {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}), broad, gnarled tree; having the [[seed]]s longitudinally arranged in the [[Legume|pod]]; shorter, straighter [[phyllode]]s; and much denser wood. A population on the northern coast of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] may be intermediate, but the relationships have not been worked out. ''Koai{{okina}}a'' wood is claimed to be very different from that of ''koa'', and this may be the best character to separate them.

==Distribution==
''Acacia koaia'', ''Koai{{okina}}a'', is highly adapted to dry habitats, and is capable of forming dense forests in areas with very little rainfall. It was formerly found widely in [[Hawaiian tropical dry forests|dry forests]] on all of the main islands. Associated plants include ''uluhe'' (''[[Dicranopteris]] [[Dicranopteris linearis|linearis]]''), ''hala'' (''[[Pandanus tectorius]]''), ''ko{{okina}}oko{{okina}}olau'' (''[[Bidens]]'' spp.), ''koki{{okina}}o'' (''[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Hibiscus kokio]]''), ''nehe'' (''[[Lipochaeta]]'' spp.), ''hala pepe'' (''[[Dracaena (plant)|Dracaena]]'' spp.), and ''{{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a lehua'' (''[[Metrosideros polymorpha]]'').<ref name="CPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=17 |title=Acacia koaia |work=CPC National Collection Plant Profiles |publisher=Center for Plant Conservation |date=2008-07-22 |accessdate=2009-11-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028122523/http://centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=17 |archivedate=2010-10-28 }}</ref>

Like many legumes, ''koai{{okina}}a'' is able to [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]].<ref name="NTBG">{{cite web |url=http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=54 |title=''Acacia koaia'' |work=Meet the Plants |publisher=National Tropical Botanical Garden |accessdate=2009-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724112021/http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=54 |archive-date=2011-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, it has been devastated by [[cattle]] and other [[ungulate]]s and is now rare. It can be seen on ranch land in [[Kohala, Hawaii|North Kohala]], and at a small fenced exclosure outside of [[Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Waimea]] known as the ''koai{{okina}}a'' sanctuary. ''Koai{{okina}}a'' is one of the species being used to [[Kahoolawe#Kahoʻolawe Island Reserve|revegetate]] the island of [[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]], which lost most of its plant life to [[overgrazing]] and ordnance testing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/500475.html |date=2008-02-17 |title=Volunteers visit regreened Kahoolawe |first=Kekoa Catherine |last=Enomoto |work=The Maui News |accessdate=2009-03-28| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325093903/http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/500475.html| archivedate= 25 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==

===Medicinal===
===Medicinal===
[[Native Hawaiians]] ground ''koai{{okina}}a'' leaves and bark with ''{{okina}}au{{okina}}auko{{okina}}i'' (''[[Senna (genus)|Senna]] [[Senna occidentalis|occidentalis]]'') and ''kikānia pipili'' (''[[Desmodium]] [[Desmodium sandwicense|sandwicense]]'') stalks. The mixture was then hydrated and used in a [[steam bath]] to treat diseased skin.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite web |url=http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/resultsdetailed.asp?search=koaia |title=koaia, (koaia, koaie, koaoha) |work=Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database |publisher=''Bernice P. Bishop Museum'' |accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>
[[Native Hawaiians]] ground ''koai{{okina}}a'' leaves and bark with ''{{okina}}au{{okina}}auko{{okina}}i'' (''[[Senna occidentalis]]'') and ''kikānia pipili'' (''[[Desmodium]] [[Desmodium sandwicense|sandwicense]]'') stalks. The mixture was then hydrated and used in a [[steam bath]] to treat diseased skin.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite web|url=http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/resultsdetailed.asp?search=koaia |title=koaia, (koaia, koaie, koaoha) |work=Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database |publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum |accessdate=2009-02-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702122533/http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/resultsdetailed.asp?search=koaia |archivedate=2007-07-02 }}</ref>

===Non-medicinal===
===Non-medicinal===
The wood of ''koai{{okina}}a'' is harder and more dense than that of ''[[Acacia koa|koa]]''.<ref name="TradTree">{{cite paper |url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Acacia-koa.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title=Acacia koa (koa) and Acacia koaia (koai{{okina}}a) |first=Craig R. |last=Elevitch |coauthors=Kim M. Wilkinson; J. B. Friday; C. Baron Porter |month=April |year=2006 |publisher=The Traditional Tree Initiative}}</ref> It was used to make ''la{{okina}}au melomelo'' ([[fishing lure]]s), ''hoe'' ([[paddle]]s), ''ihe'' (short [[spear]]s), ''pololu'' (long spears), ''{{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō'' ([[digging stick]]s), ''{{okina}}i{{okina}}e kūkū'' (square ''[[kapa]]'' beaters), and ''papa olonā'' (''[[Touchardia latifolia]]'' scrapers). ''Koai{{okina}}a'' leaves were used to cover ''hale lau koai{{okina}}e'' (shelters and permanent sheds).<ref name="Auwahi">{{cite paper |url=http://www.hear.org/naturalareas/auwahi/ethnobotany_of_auwahi.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title=Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest |first=A. C. |last=Medeiros |coauthors=C.F. Davenport; C.G. Chimera |publisher=Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawai{{okina}}i at Mānoa]] |year=1998 |pages=28–29}}</ref>
The wood of ''koai{{okina}}a'' is harder and more dense than that of ''[[Acacia koa|koa]]''.<ref name="TradTree">{{cite web |url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Acacia-koa.pdf |title=Acacia koa (koa) and Acacia koaia (koaiʻa) |first1=Craig R. |last1=Elevitch |first2=Kim M. |last2=Wilkinson |first3=J. B. |last3=Friday |first4=C. Baron |last4=Porter |date=April 2006 |publisher=The Traditional Tree Initiative}}</ref> It was used to make ''la{{okina}}au melomelo'' ([[fishing lure]]s), ''hoe'' ([[paddle]]s), ''ihe'' (short [[spear]]s), ''pololu'' (long spears), ''{{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō'' ([[digging stick]]s), ''{{okina}}i{{okina}}e kūkū'' (square ''[[kapa]]'' beaters), and ''papa olonā'' (''[[Touchardia latifolia]]'' scrapers). ''Koai{{okina}}a'' leaves were used to cover ''hale lau koai{{okina}}e'' (shelters and permanent sheds).<ref name="Auwahi">{{cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/naturalareas/auwahi/ethnobotany_of_auwahi.pdf |title=Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest |first1=A. C. |last1=Medeiros |first2=C.F. |last2=Davenport |first3=C.G. |last3=Chimera |publisher=Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] |year=1998 |pages=28–29}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Starr_020124-0067_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Starr_020124-0067_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Starr_020124-0065_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Starr_020124-0065_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Acacia_koaia3.jpg|<center>Seed pod, showing the end-to-end arrangement of seeds</center>
Image:Acacia_koaia3.jpg|{{center|Seed pod, showing the end-to-end arrangement of seeds}}
Image:Starr_030523-0040_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Starr_030523-0040_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Starr_020124-0063_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Starr_020124-0063_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Line 36: Line 38:
Image:Starr_010516-0034_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Starr_010516-0034_Acacia_koaia.jpg
Image:Acacia koaia wood.jpg
Image:Acacia koaia wood.jpg
Image:Acacia_koaia1.jpg|<center>''Koai{{okina}}a'' tree showing the short, broad form</center>
Image:Acacia_koaia1.jpg|{{center|''Koai{{okina}}a'' tree showing the short, broad form}}
Image:Kohala_pasture.jpg|<center>Remnants of the ''koai{{okina}}a'' forest of [[Kohala, Hawaii|North Kohala]], now pasture</center>
Image:Kohala_pasture.jpg|{{center|Remnants of the ''koai{{okina}}a'' forest of [[Kohala, Hawaii|North Kohala]], now pasture}}
</gallery>
</gallery>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{cite book |first=W. L. |last=Wagner |coauthors=D. R. Herbst; S. H. Sohmer |year=1990 |title=Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |location=[[Honolulu]]}}
{{cite book |first=W. L. |last=Wagner |author2=D. R. Herbst|author3= S. H. Sohmer |year=1990 |title=Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |location=[[Honolulu]]}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Acacia koaia}}
*[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/acacia_koaia.htm Photos of ''Acacia koaia''] at Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR)
*[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/acacia_koaia.htm Photos of ''Acacia koaia''] at Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR)
{{Commons category|Acacia koaia|position=left}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2074762}}


[[Category:Acacia|koaia]]
[[Category:Acacia|koaia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1888]]
[[Category:Trees of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Vulnerable plants]]
[[Category:Trees of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Endangered flora of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1888]]

Latest revision as of 16:49, 10 November 2022

Koaiʻa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Acacia
Species:
A. koaia
Binomial name
Acacia koaia

Acacia koaia, known as koaiʻa or koaiʻe in Hawaiian, is a species of acacia that is endemic to Hawaii. It is closely related to koa (Acacia koa), and is sometimes considered to be the same species.

Description

[edit]

Acacia koaia is usually distinguished by growing as a short (rarely more than 5 m or 16 ft), broad, gnarled tree; having the seeds longitudinally arranged in the pod; shorter, straighter phyllodes; and much denser wood. A population on the northern coast of Kauaʻi may be intermediate, but the relationships have not been worked out. Koaiʻa wood is claimed to be very different from that of koa, and this may be the best character to separate them.

Distribution

[edit]

Acacia koaia, Koaiʻa, is highly adapted to dry habitats, and is capable of forming dense forests in areas with very little rainfall. It was formerly found widely in dry forests on all of the main islands. Associated plants include uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis), hala (Pandanus tectorius), koʻokoʻolau (Bidens spp.), kokiʻo (Hibiscus kokio), nehe (Lipochaeta spp.), hala pepe (Dracaena spp.), and ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha).[2]

Like many legumes, koaiʻa is able to fix nitrogen.[3] However, it has been devastated by cattle and other ungulates and is now rare. It can be seen on ranch land in North Kohala, and at a small fenced exclosure outside of Waimea known as the koaiʻa sanctuary. Koaiʻa is one of the species being used to revegetate the island of Kahoʻolawe, which lost most of its plant life to overgrazing and ordnance testing.[4]

Uses

[edit]

Medicinal

[edit]

Native Hawaiians ground koaiʻa leaves and bark with ʻauʻaukoʻi (Senna occidentalis) and kikānia pipili (Desmodium sandwicense) stalks. The mixture was then hydrated and used in a steam bath to treat diseased skin.[5]

Non-medicinal

[edit]

The wood of koaiʻa is harder and more dense than that of koa.[6] It was used to make laʻau melomelo (fishing lures), hoe (paddles), ihe (short spears), pololu (long spears), ʻōʻō (digging sticks), ʻiʻe kūkū (square kapa beaters), and papa olonā (Touchardia latifolia scrapers). Koaiʻa leaves were used to cover hale lau koaiʻe (shelters and permanent sheds).[7]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Acacia koaia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
  2. ^ "Acacia koaia". CPC National Collection Plant Profiles. Center for Plant Conservation. 2008-07-22. Archived from the original on 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
  3. ^ "Acacia koaia". Meet the Plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  4. ^ Enomoto, Kekoa Catherine (2008-02-17). "Volunteers visit regreened Kahoolawe". The Maui News. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  5. ^ "koaia, (koaia, koaie, koaoha)". Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  6. ^ Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.; Friday, J. B.; Porter, C. Baron (April 2006). "Acacia koa (koa) and Acacia koaia (koaiʻa)" (PDF). The Traditional Tree Initiative.
  7. ^ Medeiros, A. C.; Davenport, C.F.; Chimera, C.G. (1998). "Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest" (PDF). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. pp. 28–29.

Wagner, W. L.; D. R. Herbst; S. H. Sohmer (1990). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

[edit]