Instrumental chemistry: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 00:58, 11 October 2022

Instrumental analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that investigates analytes using scientific instruments.

Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the molecules with electromagnetic radiation. Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy.

Nuclear spectroscopy

Methods of nuclear spectroscopy use properties of a nucleus to probe a material's properties, especially the material's local structure. Common methods include nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Mössbauer spectroscopy (MBS), and perturbed angular correlation (PAC).

Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using electric and magnetic fields. There are several ionization methods: electron ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray, fast atom bombardment, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and others. Also, mass spectrometry is categorized by approaches of mass analyzers: magnetic-sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, quadrupole ion trap, time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and so on.

Crystallography

Crystallography is a technique that characterizes the chemical structure of materials at the atomic level by analyzing the diffraction patterns of electromagnetic radiation or particles that have been deflected by atoms in the material. X-rays are most commonly used. From the raw data, the relative placement of atoms in space may be determined.

Electrochemical analysis

Electroanalytical methods measure the electric potential in volts and/or the electric current in amps in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte.^[1]^[2] These methods can be categorized according to which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The three main categories are potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), coulometry (the cell's current is measured over time), and voltammetry (the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential).

Thermal analysis

Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of a material and heat.

Separation

Separation processes are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures. Chromatography and electrophoresis are representative of this field.

Hybrid techniques

Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development.

Hyphenated separation techniques refer to a combination of two or more techniques to separate chemicals from solutions and detect them. Most often, the other technique is some form of chromatography. Hyphenated techniques are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry. A slash is sometimes used instead of hyphen, especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself.

Examples of hyphenated techniques:

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
Liquid chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (LC-IR)
High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS)
Chromatography-diode-array detection (LC-DAD)
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS)
Capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (CE-UV)
Ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry
Prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer

Microscopy

The visualization of single molecules, single biological cells, biological tissues and nanomaterials is very important and attractive approach in analytical science. Also, hybridization with other traditional analytical tools is revolutionizing analytical science. Microscopy can be categorized into three different fields: optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. Recently, this field has been rapidly progressing because of the rapid development of the computer and camera industries.

Lab-on-a-chip

Devices that integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single chip of only a few square millimeters or centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than picoliters.

References

^ Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2000.
^ Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry New York: Saunders College Publishing, 5th Edition, 1988.
^ Wilkins CL (1983). "Hyphenated techniques for analysis of complex organic mixtures". Science. 222 (4621): 291–6. Bibcode:1983Sci...222..291W. doi:10.1126/science.6353577. PMID 6353577.
^ Holt RM, Newman MJ, Pullen FS, Richards DS, Swanson AG (1997). "High-performance liquid chromatography/NMR spectrometry/mass spectrometry: further advances in hyphenated technology". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 32 (1): 64–70. Bibcode:1997JMSp...32...64H. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<64::AID-JMS450>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 9008869.
^ Ellis LA, Roberts DJ (1997). "Chromatographic and hyphenated methods for elemental speciation analysis in environmental media". Journal of Chromatography A. 774 (1–2): 3–19. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7. PMID 9253184.
^ Guetens G, De Boeck G, Wood M, Maes RA, Eggermont AA, Highley MS, van Oosterom AT, de Bruijn EA, Tjaden UR (2002). "Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. I. Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 976 (1–2): 229–38. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1. PMID 12462614.
^ Guetens G, De Boeck G, Highley MS, Wood M, Maes RA, Eggermont AA, Hanauske A, de Bruijn EA, Tjaden UR (2002). "Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. II. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 976 (1–2): 239–47. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X. PMID 12462615.

[1] Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2000.

[2] Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry New York: Saunders College Publishing, 5th Edition, 1988.

[pmid6353577-3] Wilkins CL (1983). "Hyphenated techniques for analysis of complex organic mixtures". Science. 222 (4621): 291–6. Bibcode:1983Sci...222..291W. doi:10.1126/science.6353577. PMID 6353577.

[pmid9008869-4] Holt RM, Newman MJ, Pullen FS, Richards DS, Swanson AG (1997). "High-performance liquid chromatography/NMR spectrometry/mass spectrometry: further advances in hyphenated technology". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 32 (1): 64–70. Bibcode:1997JMSp...32...64H. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<64::AID-JMS450>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 9008869.

[pmid9253184-5] Ellis LA, Roberts DJ (1997). "Chromatographic and hyphenated methods for elemental speciation analysis in environmental media". Journal of Chromatography A. 774 (1–2): 3–19. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7. PMID 9253184.

[pmid12462614-6] Guetens G, De Boeck G, Wood M, Maes RA, Eggermont AA, Highley MS, van Oosterom AT, de Bruijn EA, Tjaden UR (2002). "Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. I. Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 976 (1–2): 229–38. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1. PMID 12462614.

[pmid12462615-7] Guetens G, De Boeck G, Highley MS, Wood M, Maes RA, Eggermont AA, Hanauske A, de Bruijn EA, Tjaden UR (2002). "Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. II. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 976 (1–2): 239–47. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X. PMID 12462615.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Study of analytes using scientific instruments}}
 '''Instrumental analysis''' is a field of [[analytical chemistry]] that investigates [[analyte]]s using [[scientific instrument]]s.
-[[Image:Analytical instrument.gif|right|thumb|300 px|Block diagram of an analytical instrument showing the stimulus and measurement of response]]
+[[Image:Analytical_instrument.png|right|thumb|300px|Block diagram of an analytical instrument showing the stimulus and measurement of response]]
 ==Spectroscopy==
-{{further|[[Spectroscopy]]}}
+{{Further|Spectroscopy}}
-Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the [[molecule]]s with [[electromagnetic spectrum|electromagnetic radiation]]. Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as [[atomic absorption spectroscopy]], [[emission spectroscopy|atomic emission spectroscopy]], [[ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy]], [[x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy]], [[infrared spectroscopy]], [[Raman spectroscopy]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]], [[photoemission spectroscopy]], [[Mössbauer spectroscopy]] and so on.
+Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the [[molecule]]s with [[electromagnetic spectrum|electromagnetic radiation]]. Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as [[atomic absorption spectroscopy]], [[emission spectroscopy|atomic emission spectroscopy]], [[ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy]], [[X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy]], [[infrared spectroscopy]], [[Raman spectroscopy]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]], [[photoemission spectroscopy]], [[Mössbauer spectroscopy]], and [[Circular dichroism|circular dichroism spectroscopy]].
+==Nuclear spectroscopy==
+{{Further|Nuclear spectroscopy}}
+Methods of nuclear spectroscopy use properties of a [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] to probe a material's properties, especially the material's local structure. Common methods include [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]] (NMR), [[Mössbauer spectroscopy]] (MBS), and [[perturbed angular correlation]] (PAC).
 ==Mass spectrometry==
-{{further|[[Mass spectrometry]]}}
+{{Further|Mass spectrometry}}
 Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using [[electric field|electric]] and [[magnetic field]]s. There are several ionization methods: [[electron ionization]], [[chemical ionization]], [[electrospray]], [[fast atom bombardment]], [[matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization]], and others. Also, mass spectrometry is categorized by approaches of mass analyzers: [[magnetic-sector]], [[quadrupole mass analyzer]], [[quadrupole ion trap]], [[time-of-flight mass spectrometry|time-of-flight]], [[Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance]], and so on.
 ==Crystallography==
- {{further|[[Crystallography]]}}
+{{Further|Crystallography}}
-Crystallography is a technique that characterizes the chemical structure of materials at the [[atom]]ic level by analyzing the [[diffraction]] patterns of [[electromagnetic radiation]] or [[elementary particle|particles]] that have been deflected by atoms in the material. [[X-ray]]s are most commonly used. From the raw data the relative placement of atoms in space may be determined.
+Crystallography is a technique that characterizes the chemical structure of materials at the [[atom]]ic level by analyzing the [[diffraction]] patterns of [[electromagnetic radiation]] or [[elementary particle|particles]] that have been deflected by atoms in the material. [[X-ray]]s are most commonly used. From the raw data, the relative placement of atoms in space may be determined.
 ==Electrochemical analysis==
-{{further|[[Electroanalytical method]]}}
+{{Further|Electroanalytical method}}
 [[Electroanalytical method]]s measure the [[electric potential]] in [[volt]]s and/or the [[electric current]] in [[ampere|amps]] in an [[electrochemical cell]] containing the analyte.<ref>Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. '''Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications.''' New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, '''2000'''.</ref><ref>Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. '''Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry''' New York: Saunders College Publishing, 5th Edition, '''1988'''.</ref> These methods can be categorized according to which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The three main categories are [[potentiometry]] (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), [[coulometry]] (the cell's current is measured over time), and [[voltammetry]] (the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential).
 ==Thermal analysis==
-{{further|[[Calorimetry]], [[thermal analysis]]}}
+{{Further|Calorimetry|Thermal analysis}}
 Calorimetry and [[thermogravimetric analysis]] measure the interaction of a material and [[heat]].
 ==Separation==
-{{further|[[Separation process]], [[chromatography]], [[electrophoresis]]}}
+{{Further|Separation process|Chromatography|Electrophoresis}}
 [[Separation process]]es are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures. [[Chromatography]] and [[electrophoresis]] are representative of this field.
 ==Hybrid techniques==
-Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques.<ref name="pmid6353577">{{cite journal |author=Wilkins CL |title=Hyphenated techniques for analysis of complex organic mixtures |journal=Science |volume=222 |issue=4621 |pages=291–6 |year=1983 |pmid=6353577 |doi=10.1126/science.6353577}}</ref><ref name="pmid9008869">{{cite journal |author=Holt RM, Newman MJ, Pullen FS, Richards DS, Swanson AG |title=High-performance liquid chromatography/NMR spectrometry/mass spectrometry: further advances in hyphenated technology |journal=Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=64–70 |year=1997 |pmid=9008869 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<64::AID-JMS450>3.0.CO;2-7}}</ref><ref name="pmid9253184">{{cite journal |author=Ellis LA, Roberts DJ |title=Chromatographic and hyphenated methods for elemental speciation analysis in environmental media |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=774 |issue=1-2 |pages=3–19 |year=1997 |pmid=9253184 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7}}</ref><ref name="pmid12462614">{{cite journal |author=Guetens G, De Boeck G, Wood M, Maes RA, Eggermont AA, Highley MS, van Oosterom AT, de Bruijn EA, Tjaden UR |title=Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. I. Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=976 |issue=1-2 |pages=229–38 |year=2002 |pmid=12462614 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1}}</ref><ref name="pmid12462615">{{cite journal |author=Guetens G, De Boeck G, Highley MS, Wood M, Maes RA, Eggermont AA, Hanauske A, de Bruijn EA, Tjaden UR |title=Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. II. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=976 |issue=1-2 |pages=239–47 |year=2002 |pmid=12462615 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X}}</ref> Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development. For example, [[gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]], LC-MS, GC-IR, LC-NMR, LC-IR, CE-MS, and so on.
+Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques.<ref name="pmid6353577">{{cite journal |author=Wilkins CL |title=Hyphenated techniques for analysis of complex organic mixtures |journal=Science |volume=222 |issue=4621 |pages=291–6 |year=1983 |pmid=6353577 |doi=10.1126/science.6353577|bibcode = 1983Sci...222..291W }}</ref><ref name="pmid9008869">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holt RM, Newman MJ, Pullen FS, Richards DS, Swanson AG |title=High-performance liquid chromatography/NMR spectrometry/mass spectrometry: further advances in hyphenated technology |journal=Journal of Mass Spectrometry |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=64–70 |year=1997 |pmid=9008869 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<64::AID-JMS450>3.0.CO;2-7|bibcode=1997JMSp...32...64H }}</ref><ref name="pmid9253184">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis LA, Roberts DJ |title=Chromatographic and hyphenated methods for elemental speciation analysis in environmental media |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=774 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–19 |year=1997 |pmid=9253184 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7}}</ref><ref name="pmid12462614">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guetens G, De Boeck G, Wood M, Maes RA, Eggermont AA, Highley MS, van Oosterom AT, de Bruijn EA, Tjaden UR |title=Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. I. Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=976 |issue=1–2 |pages=229–38 |year=2002 |pmid=12462614 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1}}</ref><ref name="pmid12462615">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guetens G, De Boeck G, Highley MS, Wood M, Maes RA, Eggermont AA, Hanauske A, de Bruijn EA, Tjaden UR |title=Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. II. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=976 |issue=1–2 |pages=239–47 |year=2002 |pmid=12462615 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X}}</ref> Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development.
-Hyphenated separation techniques refers to a combination of two or more techniques to detect and separate chemicals from solutions. Most often the other technique is some form of [[chromatography]]. Hyphenated techniques are widely used in [[chemistry]] and [[biochemistry]]. A [[slash (punctuation)|slash]] is sometimes used instead of [[hyphen]], especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself.
+Hyphenated separation techniques refer to a combination of two or more techniques to separate chemicals from solutions and detect them. Most often, the other technique is some form of [[chromatography]]. Hyphenated techniques are widely used in [[chemistry]] and [[biochemistry]]. A [[slash (punctuation)|slash]] is sometimes used instead of [[hyphen]], especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself.
 Examples of hyphenated techniques:
-*[[Chromatography]]-[[mass spectrometry]] (LC-MS or [[High-performance liquid chromatography|HPLC]]-MS)
+*[[Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]] (GC-MS)
+*[[Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry]] (LC-MS)
+*[[Liquid chromatography]]-[[infrared spectroscopy]] (LC-IR)
 *[[High-performance liquid chromatography]]/[[electrospray ionization]]-[[mass spectrometry]] (HPLC/ESI-MS)
 *[[Chromatography]]-[[diode-array detection]] (LC-DAD)
 *[[Capillary electrophoresis]]-[[mass spectrometry]] (CE-MS)
 *[[Capillary electrophoresis]]-[[ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy]] (CE-UV)
-*[[Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]] (GC-MS)
+*[[Ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry]]
+*[[Prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer]]
-*[[Liquid chromatography]]-[[infrared spectroscopy]] (LC-IR)
 ==Microscopy==
-{{further|[[Microscopy]]}}
+{{Further|Microscopy}}
-The visualization of single [[molecule]]s, single [[cell (biology)|biological cells]], [[tissue (biology)|biological tissues]] and [[nanomaterial]]s is very important and attractive approach in analytical science. Also, hybridization with other traditional analytical tools is revolutionizing analytical science. [[Microscopy]] can be categorized into three different fields: [[optical microscopy]], [[electron microscopy]], and [[scanning probe microscopy]]. Recently, this field is rapidly progressing because of the rapid development of the [[computer]] and [[camera]] industries.
+The visualization of single [[molecule]]s, single [[cell (biology)|biological cells]], [[tissue (biology)|biological tissues]] and [[nanomaterial]]s is very important and attractive approach in analytical science. Also, hybridization with other traditional analytical tools is revolutionizing analytical science. [[Microscopy]] can be categorized into three different fields: [[optical microscopy]], [[electron microscopy]], and [[scanning probe microscopy]]. Recently, this field has been rapidly progressing because of the rapid development of the [[computer]] and [[camera]] industries.
 ==Lab-on-a-chip==
-{{further|[[Microfluidics]], [[lab-on-a-chip]]}}
+{{Further|Microfluidics|Lab-on-a-chip}}
 Devices that integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single chip of only a few square millimeters or centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than picoliters.
+==See also==
+*[[Characterization (materials science)]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
+{{Branches of chemistry}}
-[[Category:Instrumental analysis]]
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Instrumental analysis]]
-[[fa:تجزیه دستگاهی]]
+[[Category:Analytical chemistry]]

v t e Branches of chemistry
Glossary of chemical formulae List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table
Analytical	Instrumental chemistry Electroanalytical methods Spectroscopy IR Raman UV-Vis NMR Mass spectrometry EI ICP MALDI Separation process Chromatography GC HPLC Crystallography Characterization Titration Wet chemistry Calorimetry Elemental analysis
Theoretical	Quantum chemistry Computational chemistry Mathematical chemistry Molecular modelling Molecular mechanics Molecular dynamics Molecular geometry VSEPR theory
Physical	Electrochemistry Spectroelectrochemistry Photoelectrochemistry Thermochemistry Chemical thermodynamics Surface science Interface and colloid science Micromeritics Cryochemistry Sonochemistry Structural chemistry Chemical physics Molecular physics Femtochemistry Chemical kinetics Spectroscopy Photochemistry Spin chemistry Microwave chemistry Equilibrium chemistry Mechanochemistry
Inorganic	Coordination chemistry Magnetochemistry Organometallic chemistry Organolanthanide chemistry Cluster chemistry Solid-state chemistry Ceramic chemistry
Organic	Stereochemistry Alkane stereochemistry Physical organic chemistry Organic reactions Organic synthesis Retrosynthetic analysis Enantioselective synthesis Total synthesis / Semisynthesis Fullerene chemistry Polymer chemistry Petrochemistry Dynamic covalent chemistry
Biological	Biochemistry Molecular biology Cell biology Chemical biology Bioorthogonal chemistry Medicinal chemistry Pharmacology Clinical chemistry Neurochemistry Bioorganic chemistry Bioorganometallic chemistry Bioinorganic chemistry Biophysical chemistry
Interdisciplinarity	Nuclear chemistry Radiochemistry Radiation chemistry Actinide chemistry Cosmochemistry / Astrochemistry / Stellar chemistry Geochemistry Biogeochemistry Photogeochemistry Environmental chemistry Atmospheric chemistry Ocean chemistry Clay chemistry Carbochemistry Food chemistry Carbohydrate chemistry Food physical chemistry Agricultural chemistry Soil chemistry Chemistry education Amateur chemistry General chemistry Clandestine chemistry Forensic chemistry Forensic toxicology Post-mortem chemistry Nanochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Chemical synthesis Green chemistry Click chemistry Combinatorial chemistry Biosynthesis Chemical engineering Stoichiometry Materials science Metallurgy Ceramic engineering Polymer science
See also	History of chemistry Nobel Prize in Chemistry Timeline of chemistry of element discoveries "The central science" Chemical reaction Catalysis Chemical element Chemical compound Atom Molecule Ion Chemical substance Chemical bond Alchemy Quantum mechanics
Category Commons Portal WikiProject