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{{Short description|Erectile plumage or hair in the neck}}
{{About|the long feathers of a domestic chicken|other uses|Hackle (disambiguation)}}
{{About|erectile plumage or hair in the neck area|other uses|Hackle (disambiguation)}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2017}}
[[File:AlexandraStreamer MarburyTie.jpg|thumb|Alexandra Fly based on the Mary Orvis Marbury pattern in ''[[Favorite Flies and Their Histories]]'' (1892)]]
[[File:Rooster-475790.jpg|thumb|Yellow hackles on the neck area of a rooster]]
'''Hackles''' are the erectile [[plumage]] or hair in the neck area of some birds and mammals.
{{wikt|hackle}}
The '''hackles''' are the long, fine [[feather]]s which are found on the backs of certain types of [[gallus gallus domesticus|domestic chicken]]. They are often brightly coloured, especially on [[rooster]]s. These feathers are often used as [[fly lure]]s.


In birds, the hackle is the group of feathers found along the back and side of the neck.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Damerow|first1=Gail|title=The Chicken Encyclopedia: An Illustrated Reference|date=2012|publisher=Storey Publishing|isbn=9781603427760|page=137}}</ref> The hackles of some types of [[chicken]], particularly [[rooster]]s, are long, fine, and often brightly coloured.<ref name="Damerow 2010">{{cite book|last1=Damerow|first1=Gail|title=Guide to Raising|date=2010|publisher=Storey Publishing|isbn=9781603424691|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781603424691/page/20 20]|chapter=Chapter 1: Choosing a breed|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781603424691/page/20}}</ref> These hackles may be used in [[fly fishing]] as [[Artificial fly|lure]]s.<ref name="Damerow 2010"/>
The term can also apply to the erectile hairs along the back of the neck of an animal, especially of a [[dog]]. Hackles are usually used as visual warnings to other animals or threats. The animals will raise their hackles up to threaten another animal. [[Dog]]s may raise their hackles as a sign of aggressive behavior to show their dominance over [[biological specificity|conspecifics]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Svartberg|first1=Kenth|last2=Forkman|first2=Björn|title=Personality traits in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|date=October 20, 2002|volume=79|issue=2|pages=133–155|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref> Raised hackles is a behavior that can also be observed in dominant [[Gray wolf|wolves]] who show aggression towards subordinate wolves.<ref name="Serpell">{{cite book|editor=James Serpell|others=pencil drawings by Priscilla Barrett|title=The Domestic dog : its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=9780521425377|page=118|edition=Repr.}}</ref>

[[File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 5.png|thumb|Drawing of a dog with raised hackles]]
In mammals, the hackles are the hairs of the neck and back which become erect when the animal is fearful, as part of the [[fight-or-flight response]],<ref name=Hudson>{{cite book|last1=Hudson|first1=Lola|last2=Hamilton|first2=William|title=Atlas of Feline Anatomy For Veterinarians|date=2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781351465311|page=<!-- no page numbers in e-book -->|chapter=Arrector pili muscles}}</ref> or to show dominance over subordinate animals. Raising the hackles causes the animal to appear larger,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dallas|first1=Sue|last2=Ackerman|first2=Nicola|editor1-last=Ackerman|editor1-first=Nicola|editor2-last=Aspinall|editor2-first=Victoria|title=Aspinall's Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780702066092|page=111|chapter=Chapter 6. Canine and feline anatomy and physiology}}</ref> and acts as a visual warning to other animals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Svartberg|first1=Kenth|last2=Forkman|first2=Björn|title=Personality traits in the domestic dog (''Canis familiaris'')|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|date=October 20, 2002|volume=79|issue=2|pages=133–155|doi=10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00121-1|url=http://wayosi.no/images/Filer/Personality_in_dogs.pdf}}</ref> Raised hackles are used by [[Gray wolf|grey wolves]] as a dominance behavior,<ref name="Serpell">{{cite book|editor=James Serpell|others=pencil drawings by Priscilla Barrett|title=The domestic dog : its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=9780521425377|page=[https://archive.org/details/domesticdogitsev00serp/page/118 118]|edition=Repr.|url=https://archive.org/details/domesticdogitsev00serp/page/118}}</ref> by moose preparing to attack,<ref>{{Citation|last=Colorado Parks and Wildlife|title=Moose Attacks Are Increasing|date=2018-10-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6Qj9K_eJJE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/q6Qj9K_eJJE |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-10-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and by cats and [[striped hyena]] which are fearful or threatened.<ref name="Hudson" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Estes|first1=Richard D.|title=The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates|date=1999|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=9781603581851|page=286}}</ref> The process by which the hair is raised is called [[piloerection]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taibo|first1=Angela|title=Veterinary Medical Terminology: Guide and Workbook|date=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118774670|page=<!-- no page numbers in e-book -->|chapter=Chapter 11: The integumentary system}}</ref> The contraction of the [[arrector pili muscle]] associated with each [[hair follicle]] causes the hair to become erect.<ref name=Hudson/>

== See also ==
⚫
* {{Portal inline|Animals}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
⚫
{{Portal|Animals}}
* {{Wiktionary inline|hackle}}


⚫
[[Category:Feathers]]
[[Category:Animal hair]]
[[Category:Animal hair]]
⚫
[[Category:Feathers]]


{{bird-stub}}
{{animal-anatomy-stub}}
{{poultry-stub}}

Revision as of 23:49, 18 June 2022

This article is about erectile plumage or hair in the neck area. For other uses, see Hackle (disambiguation).
Yellow hackles on the neck area of a rooster

Hackles are the erectile plumage or hair in the neck area of some birds and mammals.

In birds, the hackle is the group of feathers found along the back and side of the neck.[1] The hackles of some types of chicken, particularly roosters, are long, fine, and often brightly coloured.[2] These hackles may be used in fly fishing as lures.[2]

Drawing of a dog with raised hackles

In mammals, the hackles are the hairs of the neck and back which become erect when the animal is fearful, as part of the fight-or-flight response,[3] or to show dominance over subordinate animals. Raising the hackles causes the animal to appear larger,[4] and acts as a visual warning to other animals.[5] Raised hackles are used by grey wolves as a dominance behavior,[6] by moose preparing to attack,[7] and by cats and striped hyena which are fearful or threatened.[3][8] The process by which the hair is raised is called piloerection.[9] The contraction of the arrector pili muscle associated with each hair follicle causes the hair to become erect.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ Damerow, Gail (2012). The Chicken Encyclopedia: An Illustrated Reference. Storey Publishing. p. 137. ISBN 9781603427760.
  2. ^ a b Damerow, Gail (2010). "Chapter 1: Choosing a breed". Guide to Raising. Storey Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 9781603424691.
  3. ^ a b c Hudson, Lola; Hamilton, William (2017). "Arrector pili muscles". Atlas of Feline Anatomy For Veterinarians. CRC Press. ISBN 9781351465311.
  4. ^ Dallas, Sue; Ackerman, Nicola (2016). "Chapter 6. Canine and feline anatomy and physiology". In Ackerman, Nicola; Aspinall, Victoria (eds.). Aspinall's Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 111. ISBN 9780702066092.
  5. ^ Svartberg, Kenth; Forkman, Björn (October 20, 2002). "Personality traits in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)" (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 79 (2): 133–155. doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00121-1.
  6. ^ James Serpell, ed. (1999). The domestic dog : its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people. pencil drawings by Priscilla Barrett (Repr. ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780521425377.
  7. ^ Colorado Parks and Wildlife (2018-10-15), Moose Attacks Are Increasing, archived from the original on 2021-12-20, retrieved 2018-10-24
  8. ^ Estes, Richard D. (1999). The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 286. ISBN 9781603581851.
  9. ^ Taibo, Angela (2014). "Chapter 11: The integumentary system". Veterinary Medical Terminology: Guide and Workbook. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118774670.
  • The dictionary definition of hackle at Wiktionary
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