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'''Jayamkondacholamandalam''' or '''Tondaimandalam''' was a [[province]] of the [[Chola Empire]] that existed between the 11th and 13th centuries AD. It covered the extreme northern part of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] including the area of the entire city of [[Chennai]]. |
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It was further divided into ''kottam''s which were further sub-divided into ''nadu''s. |
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The '''Nityananda sex scandal''' refers to a video of godman [[Nityananda]] in a compromising position with Tamil actress [[Ranjitha]] in the godman's ashram in [[Bidadi]]. Telecasted by the Tamil television [[Sun TV]] on 3 March 2010, the video created a furore in India. Nityananda was eventually arrested in [[Himachal Pradesh]] on April 21, 2010 and brought to [[Bangalore]] where he stood trial for rape and unnatural sex.<ref name="toi_20100421">{{cite news|title=Swami Nityananda arrested in Himachal|work=Times of India|date=22 April 2010|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-21/india/28125504_1_video-footage-swami-nityananda-dhyanapeetam-ashram}}</ref> |
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* {{cite news|title=Karnataka to take strict action against godman|work=The Hindu|date=4 March 2010|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article148743.ece}} |
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* {{cite news|title=Court stays telecast of video clip|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article727376.ece|date=12 March 2010}} |
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Ramanathapuram 174,079 14.65 |
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Vellore 350,771 10.08 |
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The Nilgiris 72,766 9.54 |
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Tirunelveli 252,235 9.25 |
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Chennai 379,206 9.02 |
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Nagapattinam 112,753 7.57 |
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Thanjavur 163,286 7.36 |
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Thiruvarur 83,243 7.11 |
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Pudukkottai 97,723 6.69 |
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Tiruchirappalli 156,345 6.46 |
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Coimbatore 227,734 5.33 |
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Madurai 137,443 5.33 |
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Sivaganga 59,642 5.16 |
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Perambalur 24,778 5.01 |
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Dindigul 89,680 4.66 |
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Thoothukudi 72,975 4.63 |
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Cuddalore 102,508 4.48 |
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Theni 48,066 4.39 |
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Dharmapuri 123,469 4.32 |
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Kanyakumari 70,360 4.19 |
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Karur 37,272 3.98 |
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Kanchipuram 113,666 3.95 |
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Viluppuram 110,120 3.71 |
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Tiruvannamalai 78,506 3.59 |
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Erode 77,211 2.99 |
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Salem 77,648 2.57 |
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Virudhunagar 43,309 2.47 |
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Namakkal 26,907 1.80 |
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Ariyalur 7,638 1.015 |
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Stone Age implements have been discovered in [[Pallavaram]], a suburb of Chennai. |
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The presence of [[Stone Age]] implements at [[Pallavaram]] on the outskirts of Chennai, first discovered by British archaeologist [[Robert Bruce Foote]] in 1863 confirms the existence of a Paleolithic settlement in the region.<ref name="muthiahp129">[[#Muthiah 2004|Muthiah 2004]], p 129</ref><ref name="flo2003020">{{cite journal|title=Congealed history|first=N.|last=Harinarayana|volume=20|issue=2|date=January 18-31, 2003|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2002/stories/20030131002608300.htm|work=Frontline|accessdate=2012-03-25}}</ref>The neighbourhood of [[Mylapore]] dates to the [[Sangam period]] and is associated with the Tamil poet and philosopher [[Thiruvalluvar]] who, according to a popular belief, was a native of Mylapore.<ref name="muthiahp201">[[#Muthiah 2004|Muthiah 2004]], p 201</ref> |
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The ''Wednesday Review'', founded in 1905, is the first notable journal to be published from Tiruchirappalli.<ref name="zamindarip50">{{cite book|title=The Feudatory and zemindari India, Volumes 13-14|page=50|year=1933}}</ref> |
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The '''Bengal Presidency''', officially the '''Presidency of Fort William''' and also known as '''Province of Bengal''', was an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative subdivision of British India]]. The administrative headquarters was [[Calcutta]]. |
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The origins of the Presidency date to the founding of a factory at Pipili in northern Orissa in 1634. Calcutta was founded in 1690. Following the British East India Company's victory over the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1757, the British acquired administrative rights over Bengal. The British eventually annexed the whole of Bengal after the Nawab's defeat in 1765. The British acquired ''diwani'' rights over Bihar, Bengal and Orissa in 1760. The Governor of Bengal was made the Governor-General of India by the [[Pitt's India Act]] of 1785. From 1785 till 1836, when the North-Western Provinces were created, the Presidency of Bengal included much of North India. In 1854, the administration of Bengal was transferred to a Lieutenant-Governor from the direct control of the Governor-General of India. In 1905, the province was split into two- West Bengal and East Bengal and Assam but the two provinces were reunited in 1911 due to popular resentment. |
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{{User:Ravichandar84/Sandbox/Largest cities by Indian state |
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| name = Largest cities of Tamil Nadu |
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| stat_ref = 2001 |
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| list_by_pop = Demographics of Tamil Nadu |
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| state=Tamil Nadu |
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| class = nav |
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| city_1 = Chennai | pop_1 = 4,343,645 | img_1 = Chennai_Montage.png |
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| city_2 = Coimbatore | pop_2 = 930,882 | img_2 = Main thoroughfare Coimbatore.jpg |
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| city_3 = Madurai | pop_3 = 928,869 | img_3 = |
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| city_4 = Tiruchirappalli | pop_4 = 752,066 | img_4 = Trichymontage.jpg |
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| city_5 = Salem, Tamil Nadu | pop_5 = 696,760 |img_5 = Salem Seelanaickenpati.jpg |
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| city_6 = Tirunelveli | pop_6 = 411,331 |img_6 = CentralTheatreTvli.jpg |
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| city_7 = Tiruppur | pop_7 = 344,543 |img_7 = |
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| city_8 = Ambattur | pop_8 = 310,967 |img_8 = |
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| city_9 = Avadi | pop_9 = 229,403 |img_9 = |
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| city_10 = Thoothukudi | pop_10 = 216,054 |img_10 = |
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| city_11 = Thanjavur | pop_11 = 215,314 |img_11 = |
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| city_12 = Tiruvottiyur | pop_12 = 212,281 |img_12 = |
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| city_13 = Nagercoil | pop_13 = 208,179 |img_13 = |
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| city_14 = Dindigul | pop_14 = 196,155 |img_14 = |
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| city_15 = Vellore | pop_15 = 177,230 |img_15 = |
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| city_16 = Cuddalore | pop_16 = 158,634 |img_16 = |
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| city_17 = Kanchipuram | pop_17 = 153,140 |img_17 = |
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| city_18 = Pallavaram | pop_18 = 144,623 |img_18 = |
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| city_19 = Kumbakonam | pop_19 = 139,954 |img_19 = |
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| city_20 = Tambaram | pop_20 = 137,933 |img_20 = |
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}}<noinclude> |
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{{Largest cities |
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| name = Largest cities of Tamil Nadu |
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| stat_ref = 2001 |
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| list_by_pop = Demographics of Tamil Nadu |
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| class = nav |
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| city_1 = Chennai | pop_1 = 4,343,645 | img_1 = Chennai_Montage.png |
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| city_2 = Coimbatore | pop_2 = 930,882 | img_2 = Main thoroughfare Coimbatore.jpg |
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| city_3 = Madurai | pop_3 = 928,869 | img_3 = |
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| city_4 = Tiruchirappalli | pop_4 = 752,066 | img_4 = Trichymontage.jpg |
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| city_5 = Salem, Tamil Nadu | pop_5 = 696,760 |img_5 = Salem Seelanaickenpati.jpg |
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| city_6 = Tirunelveli | pop_6 = 411,331 |img_6 = CentralTheatreTvli.jpg |
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| }}<noinclude> |
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{{Template reference list}} |
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[[Category:Largest cities of Asia templates|Tamil Nadu]] |
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</noinclude> |
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; Photos needed |
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* A better close side view picture of Maraimalai Adigal Bridge across [[Adyar River]]. |
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* [[Victoria Technical Institute]] |
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* SPIC Building |
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* Statue of Sir Thomas Munro |
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* [[Kanaka Parakrama]] (1357-72) |
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* [[Jatavarman Parakrama]] (1367-87) |
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* [[Maravarman Vira Pandya V]] (1371-96) |
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* [[Ponnan Perumal Parakrama Pandya]] (1431-1437) |
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* Vira Pandya 1437-1475 |
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* Vira Pandya 1475-1516 |
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* Parakrama Pandya 1516-1543 |
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* Adivirarama Pandya 1565-1605 |
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http://www.tfmpage.com/my/mani/sgk.html |
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http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=2461567 |
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; Subrahmanya Temple, Saluvankuppam |
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* [[Thomas Sydney Smith]] (1861-1863) |
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* [[John Bruce Norton]] (1863-1868) |
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* [[John D. Mayne]] (1868-1872) |
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* [[H. S. Cunningham]] (1872-1877) |
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* [[Patrick O'Sullivan (British lawyer)|Patrick O'Sullivan]] (1877-1885) |
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* [[Hale Horatio Shephard]] (1885-1887) |
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* [[J. H. Spring-Branson]] (1887-1890) |
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* [[H. G. Wedderburn]] (1891-1891) |
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* J. H. Spring-Branson (1891-1897) |
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* [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]] (acting) (1897-1898) |
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* [[C. A. White]] (1898-1899) |
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* V. Bhashyam Aiyangar (acting) (1899-1900) |
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* [[J. E. P. Wallis]] (1900-1906) |
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* [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]] (1907-1912) |
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Gough [married names Miller, Aberle], (Eleanor) Kathleen (1925–1990), social anthropologist and feminist, was born on 16 August 1925 at Hunsingore, near Wetherby, Yorkshire, daughter and youngest child of Albert Gough (1888–1970) and his second wife, Eleanor, née Umpleby (1892–1965), a devout Methodist who sang and recited in local chapels. Her father became village blacksmith in 1914 and played a major role in introducing combines to west Yorkshire after the Second World War. Her brother, Clifford Arthur (b. 1920) subsequently joined the business; she also had an older half-sister, Laura Margery Howe (1915–1998). |
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Kathleen Gough attended the church school in Hunsingore (population 100, no piped water, no electricity). She gained scholarships to King James's Grammar School, Knaresborough, and in 1943 to Girton College, Cambridge, where she gained a 2.1 in English (1945) and a first in archaeology and anthropology (1946). She was awarded the Barrington prize, became Girton research scholar for 1946–7, and held two university-awarded social anthropology studentships. On 5 July 1947 she married her fellow student Eric John Miller in St John the Baptist Church, Hunsingore, and they did fieldwork together in Kerala, south India. She was supervised by Professor J. H. Hutton, an old-style anthropologist, and after he retired, by Meyer Fortes. With Evans-Pritchard and Gluckman he introduced her to twentieth-century British social anthropology. Both Eric and Kathleen obtained doctorates, but the strains of fieldwork ended their marriage and they divorced with minimal bitterness in 1950. |
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Gough, as she was now again called, had abandoned Christianity and declared herself socialist and anti-imperialist as a student of eighteen, but she later said that she found peace in church services and that her socialism arose from the deep sense of moral justice gained from her mother and school. Having returned alone to India in 1951 to continue her work there, she compared the extreme patriarchy of Tamil Brahmans with the ‘more free-wheeling [polyandrous and matrilineal] Nayars’. She sought to make the villagers historically intelligible and meticulously collected information on contemporary social change. Ahead of her time, she backed observation and insights from psychology with modern quantitative methods. She situated the local, political and present within national and international frameworks, in political economy and in the historical past and, unusually, in the desirable future. Her identification with oppressed landless villagers and her perceptions of Congress Party corruption led her to support Indian communists. Her doctoral thesis was long, but she published immediately only two short papers in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, one of which was the Curl bequest prize essay in 1953. She spent a year at Harvard (with a Wenner-Gren fellowship), and on Audrey Richards's recommendation David Schneider invited her to help them to produce their massive Matrilineal Kinship (1961), of which she wrote more than half. It remains an indispensable introduction to the subject, even though some reviewers disliked the editors' controversial comparative and historical materialist approach. Gough's Nayar chapter breaks new ground in the understanding of the past and possible future of matriliny and polyandry. She lectured in Gluckman's department at Manchester in 1954–5 and 1960. |
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Gough married David Friend Aberle (b. 1918), whom she had met at Harvard, at Manchester All Saints registrar's office on 5 September 1955. An esteemed American anthropologist, he shared the rest of her life as comrade-in-arms, companion, and constructive critic. They had one son, Stephen (b. 1956). After Manchester there followed a series of short but sometimes prestigious university appointments held by Kathleen or David at Stanford, Berkeley, Wayne State, Michigan, and again at Manchester. While David was working at Wayne State University in Detroit, Kathleen began to work with the group running the newspaper Correspondence, including Grace Lee, James Boggs, and C. L. R. James, the Caribbean Marxist historian, revolutionary, and cricket authority. She became both politically sophisticated and a self-styled ‘agitator’, a term she proudly traced back to Cromwell's army. While back in Manchester in 1960, she quietly informed colleagues on her return from an anti-Polaris demonstration at Holy Loch that she had been arrested, held overnight, and released with a caution. |
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In 1961 David and Kathleen planned to settle at Brandeis University in Massachusetts, where they were both appointed to tenured posts. As a result of their involvement in anti-nuclear protest, their support for Cuba, and exaggerated accounts of her criticism of J. F. Kennedy to students, complicated by the fact that David was her head of department, they were both forced to resign in 1963. They moved to the University of Oregon, where they played a major part in organizing protests and sit-ins against the Vietnam war. David's actual (and Kathleen's intended) refusal to grade papers that would have caused students to be drafted into the army forced his resignation four years later. They went next to Vancouver, where David took Canadian citizenship. He remained at the University of British Columbia until his retirement in 1984. Kathleen, who retained her UK nationality, joined Simon Fraser University at Burnaby, British Columbia, where her participation in an attempt to democratize the department and the university led to her being manoeuvred out. This led to a worldwide boycott of the university in 1971. In the same year she published a celebrated article on Engels's The Origin of the Family in the Journal of Marriage and the Family. She obtained grants enabling her to continue her work on India and, additionally, south-east Asia. She published two books on imperialism in south-east Asia and Vietnam (1973, 1978) and, after work in British libraries (1974) and fieldwork in India (1976), two major books on south-east India (1981, 1989). She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1988. In her last days she saw the first copies of her Political Economy in Vietnam (1990), with a preface by Ved Prakash Vatuk in which he described her as ‘soft as a lotus, firm as a rock’—a true Indian whose life had combined the activities of all four Hindu castes: seeking and imparting knowledge, struggle, speaking for the voiceless, and service to others. She was still studying Vietnamese to facilitate the long-term studies in Vietnam she was planning. The Economic and Political Weekly in Delhi (a favourite vehicle) published, during her last weeks, her self-critical article on imperialism acknowledging Soviet and Chinese depredations. But she never abandoned socialism or her hopes for a better future for poor villagers. |
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After four months' illness with cancer, Kathleen Gough died in Vancouver on 8 September 1990, and was buried on 13 September in Capilano View cemetery, Vancouver, after a service which she has herself devised, including psalms and the Hebrew kaddish. She loved India and enjoyed and admired Canada but she was proud of her roots in Yorkshire and maintained ties with her family and former teachers there, and a devotion to the quiet beauty of its countryside. |
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Ronald Frankenberg |
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Sources K. Gough, autobiographical notes, 1990, Girton Cam. · curriculum vitae for University of British Columbia, 1990, Girton Cam. · R. Frankenberg, ‘Kathleen Gough Aberle’, Anthropology Today, 7/2 (1991), 23–5 · The Independent (3 Oct 1990) [see also comment by R. Frankenberg, 8 Oct 1990, and correction by D. Aberle, 21 Nov 1990] · G. Berreman, letter to colleagues and students, 11 Sept 1990, U. Cal., department of anthropology · D. Aberle and S. Aberle, ‘Kathleen Gough Aberle’, 1990 [obit.] · K. T. Butler and H. I. McMorran, eds., Girton College register, 1869–1946 (1948) · V. P. Vatuk, ‘Soft as a lotus, firm as a rock’, in K. Gough, Political economy in Vietnam (Berkeley, CA, 1990) · personal knowledge (2004) · private information (2004) [Clifford Gough, brother] |
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Archives Girton Cam. · University of British Columbia Library, textual material, maps, and charts |
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Likenesses group portrait, photograph, 1943, Girton Cam. |
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© Oxford University Press 2004–10 |
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All rights reserved: see legal notice |
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Ronald Frankenberg, ‘Gough , (Eleanor) Kathleen (1925–1990)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/60257, accessed 11 July 2010] |
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(Eleanor) Kathleen Gough (1925–1990): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/60257 |
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Back to top of biography |
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Site credits |
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; Chennai pop |
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http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0duq2Vd_ahcC&pg=PA220&lpg=PA220&dq=chennai+1911+census&source=bl&ots=7db-Zx7wGR&sig=dExpOMaZl5Wdph7mxFf38GyXi2c&hl=en&ei=piknTKSJHcq3rAfl2ezoBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CDwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=chennai%201911%20census&f=false |
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http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/02/19/stories/13191285.htm |
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http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter03_Demography.pdf |
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* trichy : |
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*http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ywx4f4WczMEC&pg=PA411&dq=tiruchirappalli+city&hl=en&ei=4WvAS4PJHYq1rAfmscXpBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=tiruchirappalli%20city&f=false |
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*http://books.google.co.in/books?id=5_RawiRtlo8C&pg=PA80&dq=tiruchirappalli+city&hl=en&ei=aXHAS46XIMjBrAePh-CjBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=tiruchirappalli%20city&f=false |
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*http://books.google.co.in/books?id=5DPDE2zBgHoC&pg=PA2465&dq=tiruchirappalli+city&hl=en&ei=onHAS5_1AYKtrAeOkfS6CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CD8Q6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=tiruchirappalli%20city&f=false |
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== Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant-Duff == |
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* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/th125/stories/2003091300770200.htm] |
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* http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/21/stories/2002082100220300.htm |
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* http://books.google.co.in/books?id=2aNqbQuwZZcC&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=grant+duff+madras&source=bl&ots=aDumuKS_kw&sig=jetivBVCxVKpn3E0ZVG8ebfRmEE&hl=en&ei=S9ADTK--K4a0rAef2LzsDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=grant%20duff%20madras&f=false |
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* http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Times/1906/Obituary/Sir_Mountstuart_Grant_Duff |
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Works |
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* {{cite book|title=Notes from a diary, kept chiefly in Southern India, 1881-1886|publisher=J. Murray|year=1899}} |
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* {{cite book|title=A Political Survey}} |
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* {{cite book|title=Ernest Renan: In Memoriam|publisher=Macmillan|year=1893}} |
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* {{cite book|title= Elgin Speeches}} |
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== Tamil Renaissance == |
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Lawley |
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http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100009b.htm |
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http://books.google.co.in/books?id=LI8UAQAAIAAJ&q=baron+wenlock+arthur+lawley&dq=baron+wenlock+arthur+lawley&hl=en&ei=emLMS6uEHMy9rAet-tiVBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAg |
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[[M. E. Watts]] - Pg 165 |
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[[V. S. Subramanya Iyer]] - Pg 398 |
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* [[Madras]]: [[G. Subramania Iyer]], [[P. Rangaiah Naidu]], [[S. Ramaswami Mudaliar]], [[S. Subramania Iyer]] |
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* [[Thanjavur]]: [[S. A. Swaminatha Iyer]] |
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* [[Coimbatore]]: [[S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu]] |
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* [[Gooty]]: [[Gooty Kesava Pillai]] |
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* [[Tinnevely]]: [[Peter Paul Pillai]] |
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1871 - 1901: Imperial Gazetter of India |
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1911-1961: {{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 9|author=India. Office of the Registrar General|publisher=Managaer of Publications|year=1969}} |
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Top - File:Rock Fort Temple.jpg<br/ > |
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Middle - File:Srirangam main gopuram.JPG Tiruvannaikkaval4.jpg |
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Bottom- File:Trichi02.JPG |
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[[File:Rock Fort Temple.jpg|220px]]<br />[[File:Srirangam main gopuram.JPG|110px]][[File:Tiruvannaikkaval4.jpg|110px]]<br />[[File:Trichii02.JPG|220px]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:13, 7 March 2021
Jayamkondacholamandalam or Tondaimandalam was a province of the Chola Empire that existed between the 11th and 13th centuries AD. It covered the extreme northern part of present-day Tamil Nadu, India including the area of the entire city of Chennai.
It was further divided into kottams which were further sub-divided into nadus.