View source for Yinchuan

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Infobox settlement
 | name                     = Yinchuan
 | official_name            = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
 | native_name              = {{lang|zh-hans|银川市}}
 | other_name               = Yinchwan
 | nickname                 = 
 | settlement_type          = [[Prefecture-level city]]
 | motto                    = 
 | image_skyline            = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 280
| perrow                   = 1/2/2
| image1                   = Skyline of Jinfeng District, Yinchuan (53724463112).jpg
| caption1                 = [[Jinfeng, Yinchuan|Jinfeng District]] skyline
| image2                   = YinchuanWestPagoda.jpg
| caption2                 = [[Pagoda of Chengtian Temple|Chengtian Temple pagoda]]
| image3                   = Yinchuan - 53725807825.jpg
| caption3                 = [[Jinfeng, Yinchuan|Jinfeng District]]
| image4                   = Yinchuan Yuhuang Pavilion - 53725809745 (2024).jpg
| caption4                 = Yuhuang Pavilion
| image5                   = XiXia Tombs 1 and 2 B.jpg
| caption5                 = [[Western Xia mausoleums|Western Xia tombs]]
}}
 | image_seal               = 
 | seal_size                = 
 | image_shield             = 
 | shield_size              = 
 | image_map                = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7|frame-lat=38.16|frame-long=106.26}}
 | image_map1               = Location of Yinchuan Prefecture within Ningxia (China).png
 | mapsize1                 = 250px
 | map_caption1             = The territory of Yinchuan prefecture-level city (yellow) within [[Ningxia]]
 | pushpin_map              = Ningxia#China
 | pushpin_map_caption      = Location of the city center in Ningxia
 | pushpin_mapsize          = 
 | pushpin_relief           = yes
 | subdivision_type         = Country
 | subdivision_name         = [[China]]
 | subdivision_type1        = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
 | subdivision_name1        = [[Ningxia]]
 | subdivision_type2        = [[Administrative divisions of China#County level|County-level&nbsp;divisions]]
 | subdivision_name2        = 
 | subdivision_type3        = [[Administrative divisions of China#Township level|Township&nbsp;divisions]]
 | subdivision_name3        = 
 | seat_type                = Municipal seat
 | seat                     = [[Jinfeng District]]
 | government_footnotes     = 
 | government_type          = [[Prefecture-level city]]
 | governing_body           = [[Yinchuan Municipal People's Congress]]
 | leader_title             = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
 | leader_name              = Zhang Zhu
 | leader_title1            = [[Yinchuan Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
 | leader_name1             = Li Hongru
 | leader_title2            = [[Mayor]]
 | leader_name2             = Zhao Xuhui
 | leader_title3            = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
 | leader_name3             = Ma Kai
 | established_title        = 
 | established_date         = 
 | established_title2       = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
 | established_date2        = 
 | established_title3       = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
 | established_date3        = 
 | unit_pref                = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
 | area_footnotes           = <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by area|ranked 29th]]) -->
 | area_total_km2           = 6945.9<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
 | area_land_km2            = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
 | area_water_km2           = 
 | area_water_percent       = 
 | area_urban_km2           = 3919.9
 | area_metro_km2           = 3919.9
 | population_as_of         = 2020 census
 | population_footnotes     = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/ningxia/admin/ |title=China: Níngxià (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920063434/https://citypopulation.de/en/china/ningxia/admin/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | population_note          = 
 | population_total         = 2859074
 | population_density_km2   = auto
 | population_metro         = 2564918
 | population_density_metro_km2   = auto
 | population_urban         = 2564918
 | population_urban_footnotes     = 
 | population_density_urban_km2   = auto
 | population_blank1_title  = <!-- Mun. Density rank -->
 | population_blank1        = <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by population density|4th]]) -->
| demographics_type2   = GDP<ref>{{citation|title=宁夏统计年鉴2016|url=https://www.zgtjnj.org/navibooklist-n2017020220-1.html}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 149.4 billion<br />[[US$]] 24.0 billion 
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 69,595<br />US$ 11,174
 | timezone                 = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
 | utc_offset               = +8
 | coor_pinpoint            = Ningxia People's Government
 | coordinates              = {{coord|38.485|N|106.225|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-64|format=dms|display=it}}
 | elevation_footnotes      = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags-->
 | elevation_m              = 1,100
 | elevation_ft             = 3,608
 | postal_code_type         = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
 | postal_code              = 750000
 | area_code                = [[Telephone numbers in China|0951]]
 | iso_code                 = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-NX-01]]
 | blank_name               = [[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]]
 | blank_info               = {{lang|zh-cn|宁A}}
 | website                  = [http://www.yinchuan.gov.cn/ www.yinchuan.gov.cn] (Chinese)
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
 | pic      = Yinchuan_(Chinese_characters).svg
 | piccap   = "Yínchuān" in [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] (top) and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]] (bottom) Chinese characters
 | picupright = 0.45
 | t        = {{linktext|銀川}}
 | s        = {{linktext|银川}}
 | p        = Yínchuān
 | w        = Yin<sup>2</sup>-ch'uan<sup>1</sup>
 | mi       = {{IPAc-cmn|yin|2|.|ch|uan|1}}
 | bpmf     = ㄧㄣˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄔㄨㄢ
 | gr       = Ynchuan
 | showflag = p
 | j        = Ngan4 cyun1
 | y        = Ngàhnchyūn
 | ci       = {{IPAc-yue|ng|an|4|.|c|yun|1}}
 | wuu      = Nyin<sup>平</sup>-tshoe<sup>平</sup>
 | poj      = Gîn-chhoan
 | tl       = Gîn-tshoan
 | l        = "Silver River"
 | order    = st
 | c        = 
 | altname  = 
}}
{{stack end}}
'''Yinchuan'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|j|I|n|'|tS|w|ae|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|tS|w|ɑː|n}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Yinchuan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519045051/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Yinchuan |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2021 |title=Yinchuan |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{Lang-zh|s=银川|p=Yínchuān}}}} is the capital of the [[Ningxia|Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]], [[China]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43597.htm |publisher=PRC Central Government Official Website |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=19 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619213417/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43597.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and was the capital of the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]-led [[Western Xia|Western Xia dynasty]]. It has an area of {{cvt|8874.61|sqkm}} and a total population of 2,859,074 according to the [[2020 Chinese census]], and its built-up area was home to 2,564,918 inhabitants spread between three urban districts and Helan and Yongning counties largely being urbanized. The city's name literally means "silver river".

Yinchuan is now the permanent site for the China-Arab Expo, a platform for cultural and economic exchanges between [[China]] and [[Arab world|Arab countries]].

The city is also home to [[Ningxia University]], the largest regional comprehensive university under Ningxia's [[Project 211]].

==History==
[[File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566 g-9a.jpg|left|thumb|Map including Yinchuan]]
The area that is now Yinchuan was home to [[Shuidonggou]], China's earliest [[paleolithic]] site. It dates from over 30,000 years ago,<ref name="penn">{{cite web |last1=Tiballi |first1=Anne |title=SHUIDONGGOU – A Time And Space Tunnel Of China's Archaeology Study – Li Li |url=https://www.penn.museum/blog/research/student-fieldwork/shuidonggou-a-time-and-space-tunnel-of-chinas-archaeology-study-li-li/ |website=Penn Museum Blog |publisher=Penn Museum |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> Later in [[History of China#Prehistory|Chinese prehistory]], [[Rock Paintings of Helan Mountains|rock art was created in the Helan mountains]] adjacent to modern-day Yinchuan.<ref name="Sun Jinji, Feng Yongqian">{{cite book|author1=Sun Jinji|author2=Feng Yongqian|author3=Su Tianjun|author4=The Editorial Committee of Integrated Chinese Archaeology|title=Integrated Chinese Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4YLAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Beijing Publishing House|pages=5062–}}</ref><ref name="east">{{cite encyclopedia|last=O'Sullivan|first=Rebecca|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology |chapter=East Asia: Rock Art|edition=2|year=2018|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3131-1|pages=1–11|isbn=978-3-319-51726-1}}</ref>

Yinchuan was originally a county under the name of ''Fuping'' in the 1st century BCE; its name was changed to ''Huaiyuan'' in the 6th century CE.

=== Western Xia and Mongol Conquest ===
After the fall of the [[Tang dynasty]] in 907, Yinchuan came under the control of the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s. In 1038, the Tangut leader [[Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia|Yuanhao]] declared himself emperor of the [[Western Xia|Great Xia]] and made Yinchuan his capital, at that time known as "Xingqing" ({{zh|t=興慶|s=兴庆|p=Xīngqìng}}).<ref name=cam>{{cite book|author1=Denis C. Twitchett|author2=Herbert Franke|author3=John King Fairbank|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA818|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24331-5|page=186}}</ref> This provoked much of the native [[Han Chinese|Han]] population to emigrate.<ref name="Weatherford">Jack Weatherford ''Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World'', p.85</ref> Several of Yinchuan's important cultural sites were built under the Western Xia, such as the [[Pagoda of Chengtian Temple|Pagoda of Chengtian]] and the [[Western Xia mausoleums]].<ref name="xu-1989">{{Cite book | last=Xu | first=Cheng 许成 | title=宁夏考古史地研究论集 |trans-title=Collected research papers on the archaeology, history and geography of Ningxia | place=Yinchuan | publisher=Ningxia renmin chubanshe | year=1989 | page=84 }}</ref><ref name=Steinhardt>{{cite journal |last= Steinhardt |first= Nancy Shatzman |year= 1993 |title= The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan |journal= [[Muqarnas (journal)|Muqarnas]] |publisher = [[Brill Publishers]] |volume= 10 |pages= 369–381 |doi= 10.2307/1523201 |jstor= 1523201 }}<!--|accessdate=2009-07-14 --></ref>

In the autumn of 1209, [[Mongol conquest of Western Xia|the Mongols invaded Western Xia]]. They laid siege to Yinchuan, which by this point was known as "Zhongxing". The garrison of 150,000 managed to hold out against the Mongols, although Western Xia submitted to Mongol suzerainty regardless.<ref name="Weatherford"/><ref name="tim may 1211">{{cite book|last=May|first=Timothy|title=The Mongol Conquests in World History|year=2012|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|location=London|isbn=9781861899712|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIt9sZaTREC|page=1211}}</ref> After Xia attempted to reassert its independence, in 1227 the Mongols returned and slaughtered the city's entire population. [[Genghis Khan]] died during the siege under debated circumstances.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mote |first=Frederick W. |author-link=Frederick W. Mote |title=[[Imperial China: 900-1800]] |year=1999 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0674012127 |page=256}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Territories of the People's Republic of China |year=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge|Europa Publications]] |location=London |isbn=9780203403112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6Yl62R5ayEC |editor=Boland-Crewe, Tara |editor2=Lea, David |page=215}}</ref> The Mongols knew the city as "Iryai".

=== Ming and Qing dynasties ===
Under the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] (1368–1644) and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] (1644–1911) dynasties, it was a [[Prefecture (China)|prefecture]] of [[Ningxia]]. During the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Dungan revolt]], Dungan forces massacred 100,000 people in Yinchuan.

In 1739, the city was heavily affected by the [[1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake|Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake]]. A maximum intensity of XII was determined on the [[China seismic intensity scale|Chinese seismic intensity scale]], and XI on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake collapsed most houses, temples, offices, and a city wall {{cvt|10|m}} tall and {{cvt|6|m}} wide. Ground fissures up to an meter wide, and {{cvt|100|m}} long, and great subsidence were accounted in historical records.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZHANG BUCHUN, LIAO YUHUA, GUO SHUNMIN, ROBERT E. WALLACE, ROBERT C. BUCKNAM, AND THOMAS C. HANKS|date=1986|title=Fault scarps related to the 1739 earthquake and seismicity of the Yinchuan graben, Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu, China|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=76|issue=5 |pages=1253–1287|doi=10.1785/BSSA0760051253 |bibcode=1986BuSSA..76.1253Z |citeseerx=10.1.1.958.6440 }}</ref> Over 15,300 people killed and the city was completely levelled. Blazing fires burned all the way through the night as many canals were destroyed, shutting off the flow of water. The ground opened for more than {{cvt|100|m}}, where sand and black water erupted.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: NINGXIA|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1274|access-date=17 Dec 2020|website=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|year=1972 |doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|author1=National Geophysical Data Center }}</ref> Aftershocks persisted for more than two years with the largest being a 5.5 on February 13 that same year.<ref name=":5" />

=== 20th century ===
In 1928, when the province of Ningxia was formed from part of [[Gansu]], Yinchuan became the capital city. In 1954, when [[Ningxia]] province was abolished, the city was put in Gansu province; but, with the establishment of the Ningxia Hui autonomous region in 1958, Yinchuan once again became the capital.

Traditionally, Yinchuan was an administrative and commercial center. In the 1950s, the city had many commercial enterprises, and there were some handicrafts, but no modern industry. The city has since grown considerably. Extensive coal deposits discovered on the eastern bank of the [[Yellow River]], near [[Shizuishan]], {{cvt|100|km}} to the north, have made Shizuishan a coal-mining center.

Yinchuan, however, remains largely non-industrial. The immediate plains area, intensively irrigated by a system developed as long ago as the [[Han dynasty|Han]] (206 BC–AD 220) and [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] (618–907) dynasties, is extremely productive. Yinchuan is the chief agricultural market and distribution center for this area and also deals in animal products from the herds tended by nomads in the surrounding grasslands. It is a market for grain and has flour mills, as well as rice-hulling and oil-extraction plants. The wool produced in the surrounding plains supplies a woolen-textile mill.

During the [[1989 Chinese protests by region|nationwide 1989 Protests]] that followed the death of [[Hu Yaobang]], Yinchuan was the site of student demonstrations responding to the [[April 26 Editorial]].<ref>Zhang Liang. ''The Tiananmen Papers''. New York: PublicAffairs, 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-58648-122-3}}. p. 181.</ref> On May 28 numbers dropped drastically when only 3,000 students took to the streets.<ref>Zhang Liang. ''The Tiananmen Papers''. New York: PublicAffairs, 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-58648-122-3}}. p. 316.</ref> A similar number of people would march again, this time with wreaths and banners, when they heard the news about the June 4 crackdown in [[Beijing]].<ref>Zhang Liang. ''The Tiananmen Papers''. New York: PublicAffairs, 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-58648-122-3}}. p. 393.</ref>

On July 23, 1993, [[China Northwest Airlines Flight 2119]], in route from [[Yinchuan Xihuayuan Airport]] to [[Beijing Capital International Airport]], crashed into a lake after it was unable to get airborne while attempting to take off at Yinchuan Airport, killing 54 passengers and 1 crew member on board.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 07231993|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=07231993&reg=B-2716&airline=China+Northwest+Airlines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321195110/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=07231993&reg=B-2716&airline=China+Northwest+Airlines|archive-date=2015-03-21|access-date=2021-01-09|url-status=usurped|website=airdisaster.com}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
On 21 June 2023, a [[2023 Yinchuan gas explosion|gas explosion]] inside of a barbecue restaurant in Yinchuan killed at least 31 people and injured 7 others.<!-- update later -->

==Geography==
[[File:Yinchuan 106.27246E 38.46797N.jpg|left|thumb|Satellite image of Yinchuan in 2005]]
Yinchuan lies in the middle of the [[Yinchuan Plain]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Soil Bulletin, Volume 15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdtNAAAAYAAJ|year=1983|publisher=[[Sciences Press]]|pages=171–}}</ref> It is sheltered from the deserts of Mongolia by the high ranges of the [[Helan Mountains]] to its west. The Yellow River runs through Yinchuan from southwest to northeast. The average elevation of Yinchuan is 1,100 meters (about 3,608 feet). The urban center of Yinchuan lies about halfway between the Yellow River and the edge of Helan Mountains.

===Climate===
Yinchuan has a cold [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWk'') with an annual rainfall of {{cvt|194|mm|2}}. Yinchuan has distinct seasons, with dry, cold winters, late springs and short hot summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{cvt|−6.8|°C|1}} in January to {{cvt|24.4|°C|1}} in July, with the annual mean at {{cvt|10.1|°C|1}}. Diurnal temperature variation tends to be large due to the aridity, which also partly contributes to the sunny climate; with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 58&nbsp;percent in January to 67&nbsp;percent in November, the city receives 2,761 hours of bright sunshine annually. There are 158 frost-free days.
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Yinchuan, elevation {{convert|1112|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1935–present)
|Jan high C = -0.2
|Feb high C = 5.1
|Mar high C = 12.3
|Apr high C = 20.1
|May high C = 25.0
|Jun high C = 29.0
|Jul high C = 30.6
|Aug high C = 28.6
|Sep high C = 23.8
|Oct high C = 17.4
|Nov high C = 8.6
|Dec high C = 1.1
|Jan mean C = -6.8
|Feb mean C = -2.1
|Mar mean C = 5.2
|Apr mean C = 12.8
|May mean C = 18.2
|Jun mean C = 22.7
|Jul mean C = 24.4
|Aug mean C = 22.5
|Sep mean C = 17.1
|Oct mean C = 10.0
|Nov mean C = 2.2
|Dec mean C = -4.9
|year mean C = 	
|Jan low C = -12.1
|Feb low C = -8.0
|Mar low C = -0.9
|Apr low C = 5.9
|May low C = 11.3
|Jun low C = 16.2
|Jul low C = 18.6
|Aug low C = 17.0
|Sep low C = 11.6
|Oct low C = 4.2
|Nov low C = -2.5
|Dec low C = -9.5
|Jan record high C = 16.7 |Jan record low C = -30.6
|Feb record high C = 19.4 |Feb record low C = -25.4
|Mar record high C = 27.9 |Mar record low C = -19.3
|Apr record high C = 35.1 |Apr record low C = -11.7
|May record high C = 36.5 |May record low C = -3.8
|Jun record high C = 38.9 |Jun record low C = 3.9
|Jul record high C = 39.3 |Jul record low C = 11.1
|Aug record high C = 37.8 |Aug record low C = 6.8
|Sep record high C = 35.7 |Sep record low C = -3.3
|Oct record high C = 29.6 |Oct record low C = -9.0
|Nov record high C = 24.0 |Nov record low C = -15.8
|Dec record high C = 16.5 |Dec record low C = -29.3
|year high C = |year low C = 
|year high F = |year low F = 	
|Jan precipitation mm = 1.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 2.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 5.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 9.2
|May precipitation mm = 21.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 27.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 41.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 41.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 27.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 11.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 4.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 1.0
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 1.8
|Feb precipitation days = 1.2
|Mar precipitation days = 2.0
|Apr precipitation days = 2.9
|May precipitation days = 4.4
|Jun precipitation days = 5.5
|Jul precipitation days = 7.2
|Aug precipitation days = 7.7
|Sep precipitation days = 6.6
|Oct precipitation days = 3.4
|Nov precipitation days = 1.6
|Dec precipitation days = 1.0
|year precipitation days = 	
|Jan humidity = 54
|Feb humidity = 45
|Mar humidity = 40
|Apr humidity = 37
|May humidity = 42
|Jun humidity = 49
|Jul humidity = 58
|Aug humidity = 63
|Sep humidity = 64
|Oct humidity = 58
|Nov humidity = 59
|Dec humidity = 56
|Jan sun = 177.9
|Feb sun = 190.5
|Mar sun = 228.6
|Apr sun = 251.3
|May sun = 282.8
|Jun sun = 280.6
|Jul sun = 276.8
|Aug sun = 252.6
|Sep sun = 220.2
|Oct sun = 228.0
|Nov sun = 193.0
|Dec sun = 178.8
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 58
| Feb percentsun = 62
| Mar percentsun = 61
| Apr percentsun = 63
| May percentsun = 64
| Jun percentsun = 63
| Jul percentsun = 62
| Aug percentsun = 61
| Sep percentsun = 60
| Oct percentsun = 67
| Nov percentsun = 65
| Dec percentsun = 61
| year percentsun =	
|Jan snow days = 2.9
|Feb snow days = 2.0
|Mar snow days = 1.3
|Apr snow days = 0.4
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0.4
|Nov snow days = 1.6
|Dec snow days = 1.5
|year snow days = 	
|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-cn |access-date=29 November 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CMA old">
{{cite web |url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
|publisher =  [[China Meteorological Administration]]
 | language = zh | access-date = 2023-04-11}}</ref>
|source 2 = Pogodaiklimat.ru (extremes)<ref name="Pogoda i Klimat">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4/53614.htm|title= Climate Yinchuan|access-date=15 July 2023|work=Pogoda.ru.net}}</ref>}}

==Administrative divisions==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" align="center"
! colspan="7" | Map
|-
| colspan="7" |<div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Yinchuan.png|width=380|link=}}
{{Image label|x=930|y=830|scale=380/1580|text=[[Xingqing District|'''Xingqing''']]}}
{{Image label|x=250|y=640|scale=380/1580|text=[[Xixia District|'''Xixia''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=850|scale=380/1580|text=[[Jinfeng District|'''Jinfeng''']]}}
{{Image label|x=340|y=1120|scale=380/1580|text=[[Yongning County|'''Yongning<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=660|y=300|scale=380/1580|text=[[Helan County|'''Helan<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1020|y=1720|scale=380/1580|text=[[Lingwu|'''Lingwu<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! Simplified Chinese
! Hanyu Pinyin
![[Xiao'erjing]]
! Population<br />(2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-27 |script-title=zh:2019年末银川市常住人口229.31万人 |url=http://www.yinchuan.gov.cn/xxgk/bmxxgkml/stjj/xxgkml_2517/tjxx_7670/tjfx_7672/202002/t20200227_1971833.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818013251/http://www.yinchuan.gov.cn/xxgk/bmxxgkml/stjj/xxgkml_2517/tjxx_7670/tjfx_7672/202002/t20200227_1971833.html |archive-date=2020-08-18 |access-date=2020-08-17 |publisher=Yinchuan City Statistics Bureau |language=zh}}</ref>
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density (/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" bgcolor="#D3D3D3" |'''City proper'''
|-
|[[Xingqing District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|兴庆区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Xīngqìng Qū}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ثٍْ‌ٿٍْ ٿِيُوِ}}
|755,441
|768
|984
|-
|[[Jinfeng District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|金凤区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Jīnfèng Qū}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ڭٍ‌فٍْ ٿِيُوِ}}
|369,296
|290
|1,273
|-
|[[Xixia District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|西夏区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Xīxià Qū}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ثِ‌ثِيَا ٿِيُوِ}}
|362,842
|987
|368
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" bgcolor="#D3D3D3" |'''Satellite cities'''
|-
|[[Lingwu City]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|灵武市}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Língwǔ Shì}}
|{{Script/Arabic|لِئٍ‌وُ شِ}}
|296,122
|4,639
|64
|-
| colspan="7" align="center" bgcolor="#D3D3D3" |'''Rural'''
|-
|[[Yongning County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|永宁县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Yǒngníng Xiàn}}
|{{Script/Arabic|يٌ‌نِئٍ ثِيًا}}
|245,570
|1,295
|190
|-
|[[Helan County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|贺兰县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Hèlán Xiàn}}
|{{Script/Arabic|حَ‌لًا ثِيًا}}
|263,832
|1,600
|165
|}

==Demographics==

=== Ethnic groups ===
As of 2019, 72.43% of the city's population is [[Han Chinese]], 25.79% is [[Hui people|Hui]], and 1.78% are other [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]].<ref name=":0" /> Of the city's six [[county-level division]]s, all have a super-majority of Han Chinese people sans the [[county-level city]] of [[Lingwu]], which is majority Hui.<ref name=":0" />

=== Urbanization ===
Of the city's population, 79.05% live in urban areas as of 2019.<ref name=":0" /> This proportion is highest in [[Xixia District]], where 91.28% of the population lives in urban areas, and is lowest in [[Lingwu]], where 58.22% of the population lives in urban areas.<ref name=":0" />

==Economy==
The city's gross domestic product per capita was ¥31,436 (US$4,526) in 2008, ranking 197th of 659 Chinese cities. In 2010, Yinchuan was designated as the site for the [[China–Arab States Cooperation Forum|China-Arab States Cooperation Forum]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} At the national level, Yinchuan hosts various events such as the China-Arab States Expo, to function as a commercial link between China and Arab States.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Yinchuan has an aircraft tire plant owned by Singapore-based [[Giti Tire]].<ref name=triangle>{{cite news|title=Triangle Group to add aircraft radials to range|url=http://www.rubbernews.com/article/20120517/NEWS/305179996|newspaper=Rubber News|date=May 17, 2012}}</ref>

Yinchuan classifies itself as a '[[smart city]]', where modern technology is employed such as facial recognition for public transport payments, connected trash bins and digital citizen service centres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenextsiliconvalley.com/2016/10/09/3744-yinchuan-chinas-leading-smart-city-shows-how-government-and-technology-can-help-improve-the-life-of-its-citizens/ |title=Yinchuan: China's leading smart city shows how government and technology can help improve the life of its citizens |first=Nitin |last=Dahad |date=9 October 2016 |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025045119/http://www.thenextsiliconvalley.com/2016/10/09/3744-yinchuan-chinas-leading-smart-city-shows-how-government-and-technology-can-help-improve-the-life-of-its-citizens/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/press-center/news/201509/444496 |title=ZTE Partners with TM Forum and City of Yinchuan on Smart City Innovation Center |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025045346/http://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/press-center/news/201509/444496 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2016/09/19/engaging-citizens-or-just-managing-them-smart-city-lessons-from-china/ |title=Cities Cannot Be Reduced To Just Big Data And IoT: Smart City Lessons From Yinchuan, China |first=Federico |last=Guerrini |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914212031/https://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2016/09/19/engaging-citizens-or-just-managing-them-smart-city-lessons-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/10/asia/yinchuan-smart-city-future/index.html |title=In Yinchuan, China, your face is your credit card |first=Daisy |last=Carrington |date=11 October 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025052047/http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/10/asia/yinchuan-smart-city-future/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Yinchuan railway station 53725805445.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yinchuan railway station]]]]Until the 1950s the Yellow river, which is navigable downstream as far as [[Baotou]] in the [[Inner Mongolia]]n autonomous region and upstream to [[Zhongwei]] and [[Zhongning]], was the chief communication link. Yinchuan still has a river port at [[Hengcheng]], about {{cvt|15|km}} to the east.

=== Rail transport ===
Since 1958 the city has been served by [[Yinchuan railway station]] on the [[Baotou–Lanzhou railway]] integrating it in the Chinese railway network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-15 |title=银川火车站的前世今生 |url=https://www.nxnews.net/zt/2019/nxzj70/lzpzkbh/201909/t20190915_6417141.html}}</ref> The [[Taiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan railway]] opened in 2011. Since the opening of the [[Yinchuan–Lanzhou high-speed railway|Yinchuan–Zhongwei high-speed railway]] in 2019, Yinchuan is also served by high-speed train services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=宁夏结束没有高速铁路历史_滚动新闻_中国政府网 |url=https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-12/29/content_5464963.htm |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.gov.cn}}</ref>

Yinchuan is the first Chinese city to implement a monorail beyond demonstrational use, transporting visitors around the Yinchuan International Flower Expo park. The [[BYD Company#SkyRail monorail|BYD Skytrain]] based system entered operation in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=BYD’s First Commercial SkyRail Line Launched in Northwest China |url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/rail/press-release/12364759/ride-mobility-byds-first-commercial-skyrail-line-launched-in-northwest-china |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Mass Transit |language=en}}</ref>

=== Road transport ===
Highways link the city to Baotou along the river, to [[Lanzhou]] in Gansu province to the southwest, to [[Wuwei, Gansu|Wuwei]] in Gansu to the west, and to [[Xi'an]] in Shaanxi province to the southeast.

*[[China National Highway 110]], [[China National Highway 109|109]], [[China National Highway 211|211]] and [[China National Highway 244|244]]
*[[G69 Yinchuan–Baise Expressway]]
*[[G85 Yinchuan–Kunming Expressway]]
*[[G1816 Wuhai–Maqên Expressway]]
*[[G2004 Yinchuan Ring Expressway]]

In Q1 2018, Yinchuan ranked first in traffic congestion severity in China. According to research by [[AutoNavi]], and the Planning and Research Institute of the [[Ministry of Transport (China)|Ministry of Transport]], this was caused by numerous construction works and the poor structure of the road network, rather than pure traffic volume.<ref>{{Cite web |title=银川成一季度首堵城市 曝“城市病”旧疾-新华网 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-05/08/c_1122797924.htm |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> After reorganization of the road network and bottleneck intersections, congestion has reduced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=银川持续打好交通疏堵攻坚战 提升群众出行幸福感-宁夏新闻网 |url=https://www.nxnews.net/ds/gydt/202308/t20230817_8357408.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.nxnews.net}}</ref>

=== Air transport ===
It is served by [[Yinchuan Hedong International Airport]]. It is {{cvt|25|km}} from Yinchuan and has flights to Beijing, Chengdu, Dunhuang, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xian, and Zhengzhou.

== Culture ==
Although most residents are Han Chinese, Yinchuan is a center for the Muslim [[Hui people]], who constitute slightly over a quarter of the population.<ref name=":0" /> Hui Muslims play a vital role as being middlemen in trade between the Middle East and China, and the China-Middle East trade has become increasingly important to the country. Consequently, the national government has started constructing a $3.7 billion Islamic theme park called "World Muslim City" in Yinchuan. Unlike Uyghurs, who faces far more restrictions in religious freedoms, Hui Muslims generally do not seek independence from China and have a cultural affinity to the Han, and are far more [[Sinicization|assimilated into mainstream Chinese life]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival?|url=https://time.com/3099950/china-muslim-hui-xinjiang-uighur-islam/|access-date=2021-12-06|magazine=Time|language=en}}</ref>

A number of cultural festivals are celebrated in Yinchuan. These include an [[Yinchuan Internet Film Festival|Internet Film Festival]], a Car and Motorcycle Tourism Festival, and an [[Yinchuan Poetry Prize|International Poetry Festival]].<ref name="Yinchuan">[http://elford.5d6d.net/thread-5120-1-1.html] "Yinchuan News"</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yang |first1=Feiyue |title=Yinchuan gears up to host self-drive festival |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2016-06/15/content_25722830.htm |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=China Daily |date=15 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://k.sina.com.cn/article_6492793206_18300297600100mu0m.html|title="容嬷嬷"李明启出席互联网电影节开幕典礼，到场的还有这些明星|date=November 1, 2019|website=Sina|language=zh|access-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104150924/https://k.sina.com.cn/article_6492793206_18300297600100mu0m.html|archive-date=November 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Until 2000, Yinchuan was also the traditional host of an August festival celebrating the harvesting of [[Goji|Goji berries]] (a major product of Ningxia).<ref name="xinhua05">[https://translate.google.com/translate?u=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.nx.xinhuanet.com%2F20050713%2Fgq.htm&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sl=zh-CN&tl=en] Xinhua News Agency, Opening ceremonies of Ningxia wolfberry festival, 3 August 2005.</ref>

==Tourism==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
[[File:YinchuanMosque.jpg|left|thumb|[[Taizi Great Mosque]]]]
[[File:YinchuanMosque2.jpg|right|thumb|A mosque in Yinchuan.]]
[[File:YichuanDrumTower.jpg|right|thumb|Yinchuan Drum Tower]]
The city's attractions include the Sand-lake, the [[Western Xia tombs]], and the China Western film Studios.

Sand Lake is a lake in a desert 35 miles north of Yinchuan with birds, reeds, lotus and fish.

The Western Xia Imperial Tombs are 15.5 miles west of Yinchuan on east side of Mt. Helan. Since June 1972, nine imperial tombs and 253 lesser tombs have been unearthed, which are as grand as Ming Tombs in Beijing. With a total area of more than 19.3 square miles, it is unique among royal burials.

China West Film Studio, which has been famed as 'One Superb in China, and Treasure of Ningxia Province', is at the eastern foot of the magnificent Helanshan Mountain, 25 kilometers from the railway station of Yinchuan City, and 48 kilometers from Hedong Airport. It produced [[The Herdsman]], [[Red Sorghum (film)|Red Sorghum]], [[Lover's Grief over the Yellow River]], [[New Dragon Gate Inn]], [[Ashes of Time]], [[A Chinese Odyssey]], [[Qiao's Grand Courtyard (TV series)]] and nearly one hundred other films. In 2018, [[John Cena]] lived for five months in Yinchuan while working on a film, ''Project X-Traction'', with [[Jackie Chan]] (the movie was never ultimately released).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/john-cena-jackie-chan-project-xtraction/|title=John Cena Talks Filming 'Project X-Traction' with Living Legend Jackie Chan|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=February 24, 2020|date=January 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Laman |first1=Lisa |title=John Cena and Jackie Chan Made a Movie Together That We May Never See |url=https://collider.com/john-cena-jackie-chan-movie-snafu-release-date-problems-explained/ |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=Collider |date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

There are two pagodas in Yinchuan that are part of the 'Eight Famous Scenery of Ningxia': one is the Haibao Pagoda in the northern suburb and the other is the [[Pagoda of Chengtian Temple|Chengtiansi Pagoda]] in the west.

Parts of the Great Wall are near the city.

==Colleges and universities==
*[[Ningxia University]]
*[[Ningxia Medical University]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|China}}
*[[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]
*[[Twin pagodas of Baisikou]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yinchuan}}
{{Wiktionary|Yinchuan|Yin-ch'uan|Yinchwan}}
{{wikivoyage|Yinchuan}}
*[http://www.yinchuan.gov.cn/ Yinchuan Government website]
*[http://www.yr.no/place/China/Ningxia/Yinchuan/ Weather forecast for Yinchuan in Ningxia (China), 1117 m]
*[http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/china/index.php The Yinchuan World Rock Art Museum]
*[http://www.chinawfs.com/ China West Film Studio]
*[http://yinchuan.de/ Website specifically about Yinchuan in English] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822195315/http://yinchuan.de/ |date=22 August 2019 }}

{{Ningxia topics}}
{{Ningxia}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Provincial capitals of China}}
{{Major cities along the Yellow River}}
{{Baotou–Lanzhou Railway}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yinchuan| ]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Ningxia]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in China]]