View source for Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines/Wish-list/Projected outline

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{{Portal:Contents/Types header|Wikipedia's contents: Outlines|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Intro|}}
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{{{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Intro}}
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<span id="General reference"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[File:P literature.svg|30px]] General reference &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Reference{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Reference|}}
* [[Outline of books|Books]] &ndash;
** [[Great books#Sample list|Great books listed in ''How to Read a Book'']]
** ''[[Great Books of the Western World#Volumes|Great Books of the Western World]]''
** ''[[Harvard Classics#Contents|Harvard Classics]]''
* General subject outlines (outlines of knowledge)
** [[List of academic disciplines|Academic disciplines]]
** [[Figurative system of human knowledge]]
** [[Propædia#Outline of Knowledge|Propædia Outline of Knowledge]]
** Subject classification systems
*** Academic classification systems
**** [[List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States|Fields of doctoral studies (United States)]]
**** [[Joint Academic Classification of Subjects#Codes|Joint Academic Classification of Subjects]]
*** Library classification systems
**** [[Colon classification]]
**** [[Cutter Expansive Classification#Summary of the Expansive Classification Schedules|Cutter Expansive Classification]]
**** [[ Bliss bibliographic classification#Classifications|Bliss bibliographic classification]]
**** [[Outline of Dewey Decimal classes|Dewey Decimal classes]]
**** [[Outline of Library of Congress Classification|Library of Congress Classification]]
**** [[Universal Decimal Classification#Organization of classes|Universal Decimal Classification]]
* [[Outline of knowledge|Knowledge]]
* [[Outline of Wikipedia|Wikipedia]]
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<span id="Culture and the arts"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[File:P culture.svg|30px]]Culture and the arts &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Culture and the arts{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Culture and the arts|}}

<big>[[Outline of culture|Culture]]</big> &ndash; set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that define a group of people, such as the people of a particular region. Culture includes the elements that characterize a particular peoples' way of life.
* <!--Keep this-->'''[[The Arts]]'''<!--includes basic list of the arts, and unifies the format of this section with the other sections--> &ndash; vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts.
** '''[[Outline of literature|Literature]]''' &ndash; the art of written works.
*** [[Outline of fiction|Fiction]] &ndash; any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s).
*** [[Outline of poetry|Poetry]] &ndash; literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning.
*** [[Outline of critical theory|Critical theory]]<!-- critical theory based on literary criticism --> &ndash; examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities.
** '''[[Outline of the visual arts|Visual arts]]''' &ndash; art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature.
*** [[Outline of architecture|Architecture]] &ndash; The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures.
**** [[Outline of classical architecture|Classical architecture]] &ndash; architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it.
*** [[Outline of crafts|Crafts]] &ndash; recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill.
*** [[Outline of drawing and drawings|Drawing]] &ndash; visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium.
*** [[Outline of film|Film]] &ndash; motion pictures.
**** [[Outline of animation|Animation]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of painting|Painting]] &ndash; practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object.
**** [[Outline of painting history|History of painting]]
*** [[Outline of photography|Photography]] &ndash; art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors.
*** [[Outline of sculpture|Sculpture]] &ndash; three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood.
** '''[[Outline of performing arts|Performing arts]]''' &ndash; those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium.
*** [[Outline of acting|Acting]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of dance|Dance]] &ndash; art form of movement of the body.
*** [[Outline of film|Film]] &ndash; moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually.
*** [[Outline of theatre|Theatre]] &ndash; collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place.
*** [[Outline of music|Music]] &ndash; art form the medium of which is sound and silence.
**** Music genres
***** [[Outline of jazz|Jazz]] &ndash; musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions.
***** [[List of opera topics|Opera]] &ndash; art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score.<ref> Some definitions of opera: "dramatic performance or composition of which music is an essential part, branch of art concerned with this" (''[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]''); "any dramatic work that can be sung (or at times declaimed or spoken) in a place for performance, set to original music for singers (usually in costume) and instrumentalists" (Amanda Holden, ''Viking Opera Guide''); "musical work for the stage with singing characters, originated in early years of 17th century" (''[[Pears Cyclopaedia]]'', 1983 ed.).</ref>
**** Musical instruments &ndash; devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds.
***** [[Outline of guitars|Guitars]] &ndash; the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings.
*** [[Outline of stagecraft|Stagecraft]] &ndash; technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound.
* '''Gastronomy''' &ndash; the art and science of good eating,<ref>Merriam-Webster [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gastronomy "Gastronomy - Definition"]</ref> including the study of food and culture.
** [[Outline of food preparation|Food preparation]] &ndash; act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food.
** '''Food and drink''' <!-- See [[:Category:Food and drink]] -->
*** [[Outline of cuisines|Cuisines]] &ndash; a cuisine is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture.
*** [[Outline of chocolate|Chocolate]] &ndash; raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical ''Theobroma cacao'' tree.
*** [[Outline of wine|Wine]] &ndash; alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from grapes).
* '''Recreation and [[Outline of entertainment|Entertainment]]''' &ndash; any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie.
** [[Outline of festivals|Festivals]] &ndash; entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community.
** [[Outline of fiction|Fiction]] &ndash; any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s).
*** [[Outline of spy fiction|Spy fiction]] &ndash; genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage
**** [[Outline of James Bond|James Bond]] &ndash; fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media.
*** [[Outline of fantasy|Fantasy]] &ndash; genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it
**** [[Outline of Middle-earth|Middle-earth]] &ndash; fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures.
*** [[Outline of science fiction|Science fiction]] &ndash; a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas".<ref>{{cite web |author1=Marg Gilks |author2=Paula Fleming |author3=Moira Allen |name-list-style=amp |title=Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas |publisher=WritingWorld.com |year=2003 |url=http://www.writing-world.com/sf/sf.shtml |access-date=}}</ref>
** '''[[Outline of games|Games]]''' &ndash; structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction.
*** [[Outline of board games|Board games]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of chess|Chess]] &ndash; two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns.
**** [[Outline of Go|Go]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of card games|Card games]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of bridge|Bridge]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of poker|Poker]] &ndash; family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings.
*** [[Outline of video games|Video games]] &ndash; electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device.
** '''[[Outline of sports|Sports]]''' &ndash; organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism.
*** '''[[Outline of ball games|Ball games]]''' &ndash; in American English, '''ball game''' refers specifically to either a game of basketball, baseball or American football.<ref>[http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/ball-game Definition #1 of 'ball game'], ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]] - Advanced Learner's Dictionary''.</ref> In British English '''ball game''' refers to any sport played with a ball.<ref>[http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/ball-game Definition #2 of 'ball game'], ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]] - Advanced Learner's Dictionary''.</ref>
**** Bat-and-ball games
***** [[Outline of baseball|Baseball]] &ndash;
***** [[Outline of cricket|Cricket]] &ndash; bat-and-ball team sport, the most popular form played on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as a cricket field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is the focus of the game.
**** [[Outline of bowling|Bowling]] &ndash;
**** Club-and-ball games
***** [[Outline of golf|Golf]] &ndash;
**** Goal-and-ball games
***** [[Outline of basketball|Basketball]] &ndash; team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules.
***** Football &ndash;
****** [[Outline of association football|Association football]] (soccer) &ndash;
****** Gridiron football &ndash;
******* [[Outline of American football|American football]] &ndash;
******* [[Outline of Canadian football|Canadian football]] &ndash;
****** [[Outline of rugby football|Rugby football]] &ndash;
***** [[Outline of lacrosse|Lacrosse]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of handball|Handball]] &ndash;
**** Net-and-ball games
***** [[Outline of tennis|Tennis]] &ndash; sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court.
***** [[Outline of volleyball|Volleyball]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of canoeing and kayaking|Canoeing and kayaking]] &ndash; two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water.
*** '''Combat sports'''
**** [[Outline of fencing|Fencing]] &ndash; family of combat sports using bladed weapons. It is also known as French sword fighting or French swordfencing.
**** [[Outline of martial arts|Martial arts]] &ndash; extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development.
**** [[Outline of professional wrestling|Professional wrestling]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of gymnastics|Gymnastics]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of ice hockey|Hockey]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling|Motorcycling]] &ndash; riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing.
*** [[Outline of racing|Racing]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of running|Running]] &ndash; moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals.
*** [[Outline of competitive swimming|Competitive swimming]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of track and field athletics|Track and field athletics]] &ndash;
*** Sporting events &ndash;
**** [[Outline of the Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of the Goodwill Games|Goodwill Games]] &ndash;
* [[Outline of the humanities|Humanities]] &ndash; academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.
** '''Area studies''' <!-- See [[:Category:Area studies]] --> &ndash; comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines.
*** [[Outline of sinology|Sinology]] &ndash; study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature.
** [[Outline of classical studies|Classical studies]] &ndash; branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

; References
{{reflist|2}}; References
{{reflist|2}}
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<span id="Geography and places"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:P countries.png|30px]] Geography and places &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Geography and places{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Geography and places|}}
'''[[Outline of geography|Geography]]'''
: [[Outline of human geography|Human geography]] &ndash;
: [[Outline of physical geography|Physical geography]] &ndash;
: [[Outline of regional geography|Regional geography]] &ndash;

:: '''Continents and major geopolitical regions''' (non-continents are ''italicized'')
::: [[Outline of Africa|Africa]] • Antarctica • [[Outline of Asia|Asia]] • [[Outline of Europe|Europe]] • [[Outline of North America|North America]] • ''[[Outline of Oceania|Oceania]]'' (includes [[Outline of Australia|Australia]]) • [[Outline of South America|South America]]

:: '''Political divisions of the World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region'''
::: '''[[Outline of Africa|Africa]]'''

:::: '''West Africa''' [[Image:LocationWesternAfrica.png|40px]]

::::: [[Outline of Benin|Benin]] • [[Outline of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] • [[Outline of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]] • [[Outline of Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] • [[Outline of the Gambia|Gambia]] • [[Outline of Ghana|Ghana]] • [[Outline of Guinea|Guinea]] • [[Outline of Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]] • [[Outline of Liberia|Liberia]] • [[Outline of Mali|Mali]] • [[Outline of Mauritania|Mauritania]] • [[Outline of Niger|Niger]] • [[Outline of Nigeria|Nigeria]] • [[Outline of Senegal|Senegal]] • [[Outline of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]] • [[Outline of Togo|Togo]]

:::: '''North Africa''' [[Image:LocationNorthernAfrica.png|40px]]

::::: [[Outline of Algeria|Algeria]] • [[Outline of Egypt|Egypt]] • [[Outline of Libya|Libya]] • [[Outline of Mauritania|Mauritania]] • [[Outline of Morocco|Morocco]] • [[Outline of Sudan|Sudan]] • [[Outline of South Sudan|South Sudan]] •[[Outline of Tunisia|Tunisia]] • [[Outline of Western Sahara|Western Sahara]]

:::: '''Central Africa''' [[Image:LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png|40px]]

::::: [[Outline of Angola|Angola]] • [[Outline of Burundi|Burundi]] • [[Outline of Cameroon|Cameroon]] • [[Outline of the Central African Republic|Central African Republic]] • [[Outline of Chad|Chad]] • [[Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|The Democratic Republic of the Congo]] • [[Outline of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]] • [[Outline of Gabon|Gabon]] • [[Outline of the Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]] • [[Outline of Rwanda|Rwanda]] • [[Outline of São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]]

:::: '''East Africa''' [[Image:LocationEasternAfrica.png|40px]]

::::: [[Outline of Burundi|Burundi]] • [[Outline of Comoros|Comoros]] • [[Outline of Djibouti|Djibouti]] • [[Outline of Eritrea|Eritrea]] • [[Outline of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] • [[Outline of Kenya|Kenya]] • [[Outline of Madagascar|Madagascar]] • [[Outline of Malawi|Malawi]] • [[Outline of Mauritius|Mauritius]] • [[Outline of Mozambique|Mozambique]] • [[Outline of Rwanda|Rwanda]] • [[Outline of Seychelles|Seychelles]] • [[Outline of Somalia|Somalia]] • [[Outline of Tanzania|Tanzania]] • [[Outline of Uganda|Uganda]] • [[Outline of Zambia|Zambia]] • [[Outline of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]

:::: '''Southern Africa''' [[Image:LocationSouthernAfrica.png|40px]]

::::: [[Outline of Botswana|Botswana]] • [[Outline of Lesotho|Lesotho]] • [[Outline of Namibia|Namibia]] • [[Outline of South Africa|South Africa]] • [[Outline of Swaziland|Swaziland]]

:::: '''Dependencies'''

::::: [[Outline of Mayotte|Mayotte]]&nbsp;<small>(France)</small> • [[Outline of Saint Helena|St.&nbsp;Helena]]&nbsp;<small>(UK)</small> • [[Outline of Puntland|Puntland]] • [[Outline of Somaliland|Somaliland]] • [[Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Sahrawi&nbsp;Arab&nbsp;Democratic&nbsp;Republic]]

::: '''Antarctica'''
:::: ''None''

::: '''[[Outline of Asia|Asia]]'''
:::: '''Central Asia'''
::::: [[Outline of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]<ref>[[Kazakhstan]] is sometimes considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only.</ref> • [[Outline of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]] • [[Outline of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]] • [[Outline of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] • [[Outline of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
:::: '''East Asia'''
::::: [[Outline of China|China]]<ref>The [[Sovereign state|state]] is commonly known as simply "China", which is subsumed by the [[China|eponymous entity and civilization (China)]].</ref>
:::::: [[Outline of Tibet|Tibet]]

:::::: [[Outline of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]<ref>[[Hong Kong]] is a [[Special Administrative Region]] (SAR) of the PRC.</ref> • [[Outline of Macau|Macau]]<ref>[[Macau]] is a [[Special Administrative Region]] (SAR) of the PRC.</ref>
::::: [[Outline of Japan|Japan]] • [[Outline of North Korea|North Korea]] • [[Outline of South Korea|South Korea]] • [[Outline of Mongolia|Mongolia]] • [[Outline of Taiwan|Taiwan]]<ref>Under the ''de facto'' control of the [[Republic of China]] (ROC) government, commonly referred to as [[Taiwan]]. Claimed in whole by the PRC; see [[political status of Taiwan]].</ref>
:::: '''North Asia'''
::::: [[Outline of Russia|Russia]]<ref>Russia is a [[transcontinental country]]; population and area figures are for Asian portion only.</ref>
:::: '''Southeast Asia'''<ref name="Ex-ccau">Excludes [[Christmas Island]] and [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] ([[States and territories of Australia|Australian external territories]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] southwest of [[Indonesia]]).</ref>
::::: [[Outline of Brunei|Brunei]] • [[Outline of Burma|Burma (Myanmar)]] • [[Outline of Cambodia|Cambodia]]<ref>[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, released 3rd September, 2008]</ref> • [[Outline of East Timor|East Timor (Timor-Leste)]]<ref>[[East Timor]] is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and [[Oceania]].</ref> • [[Outline of Indonesia|Indonesia]]<ref>[[Indonesia]] is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and [[Oceania]]</ref> • [[Outline of Laos|Laos]] • [[Outline of Malaysia|Malaysia]] • [[Outline of the Philippines|Philippines]] • [[Outline of Singapore|Singapore]] • [[Outline of Thailand|Thailand]] • [[Outline of Vietnam|Vietnam]]
:::: '''South Asia'''
::::: [[Outline of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] • [[Outline of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] • [[Outline of Bhutan|Bhutan]] • [[Outline of Iran|Iran]]<!--{{editnote | NOTE: Do not alter or move this entry without discussion -- in the UN scheme for countries/regions (used in the table), Iran is in Southern Asia, not Western Asia.]]--> • [[Outline of Maldives|Maldives]] • [[Outline of Nepal|Nepal]] • [[Outline of Pakistan|Pakistan]] • [[Outline of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]

::::: [[Outline of India|India]]<ref>Includes [[Jammu and Kashmir]], a contested territory among India, [[Pakistan]], and the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]].</ref>
:::::: States of India: [[Outline of Kerala|Kerala]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Haryana|Haryana]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] • [[Outline of West Bengal|West Bengal]]
:::: '''West Asia'''
::::: [[Outline of Armenia|Armenia]]<ref>[[Armenia]] is sometimes considered a transcontinental country: physiographically in [[Western Asia]], it has historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.</ref> • [[Outline of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]<ref>[[Azerbaijan]] is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only. Figures include [[Nakhchivan]], an autonomous [[exclave]] of Azerbaijan bordered by [[Armenia]], [[Iran]], and [[Turkey]].</ref> • [[Outline of Bahrain|Bahrain]] • [[Outline of Cyprus|Cyprus]]<ref>The island of [[Cyprus]] is sometimes considered a transcontinental territory: in the Eastern Basin of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] south of [[Turkey]], it has historical and socio-political connections with Europe. The [[U.N.]] considers Cyprus to be in Western Asia, while the [[C.I.A.]] considers it to be in the [[Middle East]].</ref> (including disputed [[Outline of Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]) • [[Outline of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref>[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for the Asian portion only.</ref> • [[Outline of Iraq|Iraq]] • [[Outline of Israel|Israel]] • [[Outline of Jordan|Jordan]] • [[Outline of Kuwait|Kuwait]] • [[Outline of Lebanon|Lebanon]] • [[Outline of Oman|Oman]] • [[Outline of the Palestinian territories|Palestinian territories]]<ref name = "Palestine">[[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and [[West Bank]], collectively referred to as the "Occupied Palestinian Territory" by the UN, are [[Palestinian territories|territories]] partially occupied by [[Israel]] but under ''de facto'' administration of the [[Palestinian National Authority]].</ref>[[Outline of Qatar|Qatar]] • [[Outline of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] • [[Outline of Syria|Syria]] • [[Outline of Turkey|Turkey]]<ref>[[Turkey]] is generally considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Southern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only, excluding all of [[Istanbul Province|Istanbul]].</ref> • [[Outline of the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] • [[Outline of Yemen|Yemen]]

::: '''Caucasus''' (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)

:::: '''North Caucasus'''
::::: Parts of [[Outline of Russia|Russia]] (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)

:::: '''South Caucasus'''
::::: [[Outline of Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (including disputed [[Outline of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]], [[Outline of South Ossetia|South Ossetia]]) • [[Outline of Armenia|Armenia]] • [[Outline of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] (including disputed [[Outline of Nagorno-Karabakh|Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]])

::: '''[[Outline of Europe|Europe]]''' [[File:Europe location.png|40px]]
:::: [[Outline of Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] • [[Outline of Åland|Åland]] • [[Outline of Albania|Albania]] • [[Outline of Andorra|Andorra]] • [[Outline of Armenia|Armenia]] • [[Outline of Austria|Austria]] • [[Outline of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] • [[Outline of Belarus|Belarus]] • [[Outline of Belgium|Belgium]] • [[Outline of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] • [[Outline of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] • [[Outline of Croatia|Croatia]] • [[Outline of Cyprus|Cyprus]] • [[Outline of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] • [[Outline of Denmark|Denmark]] • [[Outline of Estonia|Estonia]] • [[Outline of the Faroe Islands|Faroe Islands]] • [[Outline of Finland|Finland]] • [[Outline of France|France]] • [[Outline of Georgia (country)|Georgia]] • [[Outline of Germany|Germany]] • [[Outline of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] • [[Outline of Greece|Greece]] • [[Outline of Guernsey|Guernsey]] • [[Outline of Hungary|Hungary]] • [[Outline of Iceland|Iceland]] • [[Outline of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] • [[Outline of the Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] • [[Outline of Italy|Italy]] • [[Outline of Jersey|Jersey]] • [[Outline of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] • [[Outline of Kosovo|Kosovo]] • [[Outline of Latvia|Latvia]] • [[Outline of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] • [[Outline of Lithuania|Lithuania]] • [[Outline of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] • [[Outline of Macedonia|Macedonia]] • [[Outline of Malta|Malta]] • [[Outline of Moldova|Moldova]] (including disputed [[Outline of Transnistria|Transnistria]]) • [[Outline of Monaco|Monaco]] • [[Outline of Montenegro|Montenegro]] • [[Outline of the Netherlands|Netherlands]] • [[Outline of Poland|Poland]] • [[Outline of Portugal|Portugal]] • [[Outline of Romania|Romania]] • [[Outline of Russia|Russia]] • [[Outline of San Marino|San Marino]] • [[Outline of Serbia|Serbia]] • [[Outline of Slovakia|Slovakia ]] • [[Outline of Slovenia|Slovenia]] •
:::: [[Outline of Norway|Norway]]
::::: [[Outline of Svalbard|Svalbard]]
::::[[Outline of Spain|Spain]]
::::: Autonomous communities of Spain: [[Outline of Catalonia|Catalonia]]
:::: [[Outline of Sweden|Sweden]] • [[Outline of Switzerland|Switzerland]] • [[Outline of Turkey|Turkey]] • [[Outline of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
:::: [[Outline of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
::::: [[Outline of England|England]] • [[Outline of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] • [[Outline of Scotland|Scotland]] • [[Outline of Wales|Wales]]
:::: [[Outline of Vatican City|Vatican City]]

:::: [[Outline of the European Union|European Union]]

::: '''[[Outline of North America|North America]]'''
:::: '''[[Outline of Canada|Canada]]''' [[File:LocationCanadaAmerica.png|40px]]
::::: '''Provinces of Canada:''' • [[Outline of Alberta|Alberta]] • [[Outline of British Columbia|British Columbia]] • [[Outline of Manitoba|Manitoba]] • [[Outline of New Brunswick|New Brunswick]] • [[Outline of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland and Labrador]] • [[Outline of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] • [[Outline of Ontario|Ontario]] • [[Outline of Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]] • [[Outline of Quebec|Quebec]] • [[Outline of Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]]
::::: '''Territories of Canada:''' [[Outline of the Northwest Territories|Northwest Territories]] • [[Outline of Nunavut|Nunavut]] • [[Outline of Yukon|Yukon]]

::::[[Outline of Greenland|Greenland]] • [[Outline of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]

:::: '''[[Outline of the United States|United States]]''' [[File:Location USA in America.PNG|40px]]

::::: [[Outline of Alabama|Alabama]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Alaska|Alaska]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Arizona|Arizona]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Arkansas|Arkansas]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of California|California]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Colorado|Colorado]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Connecticut|Connecticut]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Delaware|Delaware]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Florida|Florida]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Hawaii|Hawaii]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Idaho|Idaho]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Illinois|Illinois]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Indiana|Indiana]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Iowa|Iowa]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Kansas|Kansas]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Kentucky|Kentucky]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Louisiana|Louisiana]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Maine|Maine]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Maryland|Maryland]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Michigan|Michigan]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Minnesota|Minnesota]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Mississippi|Mississippi]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Missouri|Missouri]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Montana|Montana]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Nebraska|Nebraska]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Nevada|Nevada]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of New Jersey|New Jersey]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of New Mexico|New Mexico]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of New York|New York]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of North Carolina|North Carolina]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of North Dakota|North Dakota]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Ohio|Ohio]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Oregon|Oregon]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of South Carolina|South Carolina]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of South Dakota|South Dakota]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Tennessee|Tennessee]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Texas|Texas]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Utah|Utah]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Vermont|Vermont]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Virginia|Virginia]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Washington|Washington]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of West Virginia|West Virginia]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of Wyoming|Wyoming]]

::::: [[Outline of the District of Columbia|District of Columbia]] (Washington, D.C.)

:::: [[Outline of Mexico|Mexico]] [[File:Location mexico in america.jpg|40px]]

:::: '''Central America'''
::::: [[Outline of Belize|Belize]] • [[Outline of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]] • [[Outline of El Salvador|El Salvador]] • [[Outline of Guatemala|Guatemala]] • [[Outline of Honduras|Honduras]] • [[Outline of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]] • [[Outline of Panama|Panama]]

:::: '''Caribbean'''
::::: [[Outline of Anguilla|Anguilla]] • [[Outline of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]] • [[Outline of Aruba|Aruba]] • [[Outline of the Bahamas|Bahamas]] • [[Outline of Barbados|Barbados]] • [[Outline of Bermuda|Bermuda]] • [[Outline of the British Virgin Islands|British Virgin Islands]] • [[Outline of the Cayman Islands|Cayman Islands]] • [[Outline of Cuba|Cuba]] • [[Outline of Dominica|Dominica]] • [[Outline of the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]] • [[Outline of Grenada|Grenada]] • <!--[[Outline of Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] • -->[[Outline of Haiti|Haiti]] • [[Outline of Jamaica|Jamaica]] • <!--[[Outline of Martinique|Martinique]] • -->[[Outline of Montserrat|Montserrat]] • <!--[[Outline of Navassa Island|Navassa Island]] • -->[[Outline of the Netherlands Antilles|Netherlands Antilles]] • <!--[[Outline of the Petrel Islands|Petrel Islands]] • -->[[Outline of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] • [[Outline of Saint Barthélemy|Saint Barthélemy]] • [[Outline of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]] • [[Outline of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]] • <!--[[Outline of Serranilla Bank|Serranilla Bank]] • -->[[Outline of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] • [[Outline of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] • [[Outline of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] • <!--[[Outline of Trinidad|Trinidad]] • -->[[Outline of the Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks and Caicos Islands]] • [[Outline of the United States Virgin Islands|United States Virgin Islands]]

:::'''''[[Outline of Oceania|Oceania]]''''' '''(includes the continent of [[Outline of Australia|Australia]])'''
:::: '''Australasia'''<ref name="Australasia">The use and scope of this term varies. The UN designation for this subregion is "Australia and New Zealand."</ref>
::::: [[Outline of Australia|Australia]] [[File:Location Australia.svg|40px]]
:::::: '''Dependencies/Territories of Australia'''
::::::: [[Outline of Christmas Island|Christmas Island]]<ref name="ccau">[[Christmas Island]] and [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] are [[States and territories of Australia|Australian external territories]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] southwest of [[Indonesia]].</ref> • [[Outline of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] •   [[Outline of Norfolk Island|Norfolk Island]]
::::: [[Outline of New Zealand|New Zealand]]<ref name="nzpol">[[New Zealand]] is often considered part of [[Polynesia]] rather than [[Australasia]].</ref>
:::: '''Melanesia'''<ref name="Melanesia">Excludes parts of [[Indonesia]], island territories in [[Southeast Asia]] (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region.</ref>
::::: [[Outline of Fiji|Fiji]] • [[Outline of Indonesia|Indonesia]] (Oceanian part only)<ref name="indo"><!-- {{editnote | NOTE: Do not alter this entry without discussion -- this entry exhibits figures for only the portions of Indonesia in Oceania, and DOES NOT include the bulk of the country in Southeastern Asia. -->[[Indonesia]] is generally considered a territory of [[Southeast Asia|Southeastern Asia]] (UN region); wholly or partially, it is also frequently included in [[Australasia]] or [[Melanesia]]. Figures include Indonesian portion of [[New Guinea]] ([[Papua (Indonesian province)|Irian Jaya]]) and [[Maluku Islands]].</ref> • [[Outline of New Caledonia|New Caledonia]] (France) • [[Outline of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]<ref name="pngaus">[[Papua New Guinea]] is often considered part of [[Australasia]] as well as [[Melanesia]].</ref> • [[Outline of the Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] • [[Outline of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]] •
:::: '''Micronesia'''
::::: [[Outline of the Federated States of Micronesia|Federated States of Micronesia]] • [[Outline of Guam|Guam]] ([[United States|USA]]) • [[Outline of Kiribati|Kiribati]] • [[Outline of the Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]] • [[Outline of Nauru|Nauru]] • [[Outline of the Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islands]] (USA) • [[Outline of Palau|Palau]] • [[Outline of Wake Island|Wake Island]] (USA) •
:::: '''Polynesia'''<ref name="Polynesia">Excludes the [[U.S. state|US state]] of [[Hawaii]], which is distant from the [[North America]]n landmass in the [[Pacific Ocean]], and [[Easter Island]], a territory of [[Chile]] in [[South America]].</ref>
::::: [[Outline of American Samoa|American Samoa]] (USA) • [[Outline of the Chatham Islands|Chatham Islands]] (NZ) • [[Outline of the Cook Islands|Cook Islands]] ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) • [[Outline of Easter Island|Easter Island]] (Chile) • [[Outline of French Polynesia|French Polynesia]] (France) • [[Outline of Hawaii|Hawaii]] (USA) • [[Outline of the Loyalty Islands|Loyalty Islands]] (France) • [[Outline of Niue|Niue]] (NZ) • [[Outline of the Pitcairn Islands|Pitcairn Islands]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) • [[Outline of Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands|Adamstown]] • [[Outline of Samoa|Samoa]] • [[Outline of Tokelau|Tokelau]] (NZ) • [[Outline of Tonga|Tonga]] • [[Outline of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]] • [[Outline of Wallis and Futuna|Wallis and Futuna]] (France)

::: '''[[Outline of South America|South America]]''' [[File:Location of South America.svg|40px]]
:::: [[Outline of Argentina|Argentina]] • [[Outline of Bolivia|Bolivia]] • [[Outline of Brazil|Brazil]] • [[Outline of Chile|Chile]] • [[Outline of Colombia|Colombia]] • [[Outline of Ecuador|Ecuador]] • [[Outline of the Falkland Islands|Falkland Islands]] • <!--[[Outline of French Guiana|French Guiana]] • -->[[Outline of Guyana|Guyana]] • [[Outline of Paraguay|Paraguay]] • [[Outline of Peru|Peru]] • [[Outline of Suriname|Suriname]] • [[Outline of Uruguay|Uruguay]] • [[Outline of Venezuela|Venezuela]]

::: '''South Atlantic'''

:::: [[Outline of Ascension Island|Ascension Island]] • [[Outline of Saint Helena|Saint Helena]] • [[Outline of Tristan da Cunha|Tristan da Cunha]]
;Notes

{{reflist|2}}
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<span id="Health and fitness"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:P medicine.svg|25px]] Health and fitness &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Health and fitness{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Health and fitness|}}
: ''See also: [[#Biology|Biology (below)]]''

'''[[Outline of health|Health]]''' &ndash; level of functional and (or) metabolic efficiency of a person in mind, body and spirit; being free from illness, injury or pain (as in “''good health''” or “''healthy''”). The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
* [[Outline of exercise|Exercise]] &ndash; any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, and mental health including the prevention of depression. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system, and helps prevent the "diseases of affluence" such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
** [[Outline of life extension|Life extension]] &ndash; The study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan.
* [[Outline of healthcare science|Healthcare science]] &ndash; all the sciences related to the overall improvement of physical well-being of humans.
** [[Outline of medicine|Medicine]] &ndash; science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.
*** General
**** [[Outline of anesthesia|Anesthesia]] &ndash;
*** [[List of clinical research topics|Clinical research]]
*** Pathology &ndash; precise study and diagnosis of disease.
**** [[Outline of cardiovascular diseases|Cardiovascular diseases]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of infectious diseases|Infectious diseases]] &ndash;
***** [[Outline of parasitic diseases|Parasitic diseases]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of cancer|Cancer]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of respiratory diseases|Respiratory diseases]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of diabetes|Diabetes]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of dentistry|Dentistry]] &ndash; branch of medicine that is involved in the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the mouth, maxillofacial area and the adjacent and associated structures (teeth) and their impact on the human body.
*** [[Outline of obstetrics|Obstetrics]] &ndash; medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth and the postnatal period.
*** [[Outline of psychiatry|Psychiatry]] &ndash; medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities.
**** [[Outline of autism|Autism]]
**** [[Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement|Psychiatric survivors movement]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of nutrition|Nutrition]] &ndash; provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated through good nutrition.
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<span id="History and events"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:Klepsydra-pt.svg|22px|]] History and events &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/History and events{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/History and events|}}
'''[[Outline of history|History]]''' &ndash; record of past events and the way things were. It is also a field responsible for the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about the past.
* '''[[Outline of history#History by chronology|History, by period]]''' (See also [[Timeline of world history]])
** [[Outline of prehistory|Prehistory]] &ndash; events occurring before recorded history (that is, before written records).
*** [[Outline of Colorado prehistory|Colorado prehistory]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of prehistoric technology|Prehistoric technology]] &ndash; technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing).
**[[Outline of ancient history|Ancient history]] &ndash; from ≈3350 BCE to ≈500 CE
*** [[Outline of classical studies|Classical antiquity]] &ndash; long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world.
**** [[Outline of ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]] &ndash; period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization.
**** [[Outline of ancient Rome|Ancient Rome]] &ndash; civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region.
**** [[Outline of classical architecture|Classical architecture]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of ancient India|Ancient India]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] (Medieval history) &ndash; historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern.
*** [[Timeline of the Middle Ages]]
** [[Outline of the Renaissance|Renaissance]] &ndash; cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. It encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and gradual but widespread educational reform.
**[[Timeline of early modern history|Early modern history]] &ndash; from 1500 to 1899
**[[Outline of modern history|Modern history]] &ndash; since 1900.


* '''[[Outline of history#History by region|History, by region]]'''
** [[Outline of South Asian history|History of South Asia]]
** [[Outline of the history of Western civilization|History of Western civilization]]
** '''History of existing states'''
*** [[Outline of United States history|United States history]]
**** History of U.S. states
** '''Historical states'''
*** [[Outline of ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] &ndash; an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/index.html|title=Chronology|access-date=25 March 2008|publisher=Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London}}</ref>
*** [[Outline of ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]] &ndash; period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization.
*** [[Outline of ancient Rome|Ancient Rome]] &ndash; civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region.
**** [[Outline of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'']] &ndash; six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737&ndash;1794).
*** [[Outline of the Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]] &ndash; the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State.<ref name="fordham">{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/index.html|title=Byzantium|last=Halsall|first=Paul|year=1995|publisher=Fordham University|access-date=21 June 2011}}</ref> Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture.<ref>{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|James|2010|p=5}}: "But from the start, there were two major differences between the Roman and Byzantine empires: Byzantium was for much of its life a Greek-speaking empire oriented towards Greek, not Latin culture; and it was a Christian empire."</ref>
*** [[Outline of the Mongol Empire|Mongol Empire]] &ndash; largest contiguous land empire in human history. It existed during the 13th and 14th centuries AD, beginning in the Central Asian steppes, and eventually stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, covering large parts of Siberia in the north and extending southward into Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Iranian plateau, and the Middle East.
*** [[Outline of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] &ndash; historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa.


* '''History, by subject'''
** '''[[Outline of history#History by field|History, by field]]'''
*** [[Outline of alchemy|Alchemy]]
*** [[Outline of the visual arts#History of visual arts|History of art]]
**** [[Outline of painting history|History of painting]]
*** [[Outline of business#History of business|History of business]]
*** [[Outline of geography#History of geography|History of geography]]
*** [[List of topics in mathematics#History|History of mathematics]]
*** [[Outline of political science#History of political science|History of political science]]
*** [[Outline of science#History of science|History of science]]
*** [[Outline of technology#History of technology|History of technology]]
**** [[Outline of prehistoric technology|Prehistoric technology]]
** Historical sciences &ndash; fields dealing with history
*** [[Outline of archaeology|Archaeology]]
*** [[Outline of geology|Geology]]
*** [[Outline of biology|Biology]]
*** [[Outline of astronomy|Astronomy]]<!--
*** [[Outline of cosmology|Cosmology]]
*** [[Outline of philology|Philology]]-->
** History of terrorism
*** [[Outline of terrorism in the United States|Terrorism in the United States]]
**** [[Outline of the September 11 attacks|September 11 attacks]]
** '''[[Outline of war|Wars]]'''
*** [[Outline of the wars of Alexander the Great|Wars of Alexander the Great]] - a series of campaigns waged by Alexander the Great to conquer the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 334-323 BC.
*** [[Outline of the Punic Wars|Punic Wars]] - a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264-146 BC.
*** [[Outline of the Hundred Years War|Hundred Years War]] - a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 pitting the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of France, over the succession to the French throne.
*** [[Outline of the Thirty Years War|Thirty Years War]] - a series of wars fought from 1618 to 1648 that devastated Central Europe. It drew in all the major European powers of the time.
*** [[Outline of the American Revolutionary War|American Revolutionary War]] - war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation.
*** [[Outline of the Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic Wars]] – a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon (1804–1815), and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.
*** [[Outline of the Crimean War|Crimean War]] - war fought from 1853-1856 between Russia and an alliance of France, the UK, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia.
*** [[Outline of the American Civil War|American Civil War]] – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede.
*** [[Outline of the Franco-Prussian War|Franco-Prussian War]] - war between France and Prussia from 1870-1871 that resulted in the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.
*** [[Outline of the Spanish-American War|Spanish-American War]] - conflict in 1898 between Spain and the US, which resulted in the US gaining control over the remaining Spanish colonies.
*** [[Outline of the Mexican Revolution|Mexican Revolution]] - civil war in Mexico fought from 1910-1920 that radically transformed Mexican culture and government.
*** [[Outline of World War I|World War I]] ([[Timeline of World War I|timeline]]) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy).
*** [[Outline of the Chinese Civil War|Chinese Civil War]] - civil war in China fought intermittently between 1927-1949 between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government and the Communist Party of China (CPC).
*** [[Outline of World War II|World War II]] ([[Timeline of World War II|timeline]]) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history.
*** [[Outline of the Arab-Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli conflict]] - ongoing conflict between Israel and Arab countries and people, which originated with the establishment of Israel in 1948.
*** [[Outline of the Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian War]] – a 1962 military escalation of the Sino-Indian border dispute. Fighting occurred along India's border with China, in India's North-East Frontier Agency east of Bhutan, and in Aksai Chin west of Nepal.
*** [[Outline of the Cold War|Cold War]] ([[Timeline of events in the Cold War|timeline]]) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.).
**** [[Outline of the Korean War|Korean War]] – war between North and South Korea starting in 1950 involving the US and China.
**** [[Outline of the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.
*** [[Outline of the Iran-Iraq War|Iran-Iraq War]] - war between Iran and Iraq from 1980-1988 sparked by a number of territorial and political disputes.
*** [[Outline of the Yugoslav Wars|Yugoslav Wars]] - series of ethnic conflicts and wars associated with the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.
*** [[Outline of the Gulf War|Gulf War]] - war waged by a U.S.-led coalition from 1990-1991 in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
*** [[Outline of the Iraq War|Iraq War]] - war from 2003-2011 involving the invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition led by the U.S. that overthrew Saddam Hussein's regime.
*** [[Outline of the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] –&nbsp;an armed conflict from 2001 to 2021 where an international military coalition led by the United States toppled the Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate and ending in 2021 with the Taliban re-establishing the Islamic Emirate. It was the longest war in the military history of the United States, surpassing the length of the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by approximately 6 months.
*** [[Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War|Russo-Ukrainian War]] &mdash; war of aggression by Russia upon Ukraine, including Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, the War in Donbas (2014-), and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-).

{{reflist}}
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<span id="Mathematics and logic"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:P mathematics.svg|30px]] Mathematics and logic &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Mathematics and logic{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Mathematics and logic|}}
'''Formal sciences''' &ndash; branches of knowledge that are concerned with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules.
*'''[[Outline of mathematics|Mathematics]]''' &ndash; study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns,<ref>[[Lynn Steen|Steen, L.A.]] (April 29, 1988). ''The Science of Patterns'' [[Science (journal)|Science]], 240: 611–616. and summarized at [http://www.ascd.org/publications/curriculum-handbook/409/chapters/The-Future-of-Mathematics-Education.aspx Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development], ascd.org</ref><ref>[[Keith Devlin|Devlin, Keith]], ''Mathematics: The Science of Patterns: The Search for Order in Life, Mind and the Universe'' (Scientific American Paperback Library) 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-7167-5047-5}}</ref> and formulate new conjectures.
** [[Outline of arithmetic|Arithmetic]] &ndash; oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, involving the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers. The simplest arithmetical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
** [[Outline of algebra|Algebra]] &ndash; branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures.
*** [[Outline of algebraic structures|Algebraic structures]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of calculus|Calculus]] &ndash; branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change,<ref>{{citation
|title=Calculus Concepts: An Applied Approach to the Mathematics of Change
|first1=Donald R.
|last1=Latorre
|first2=John W.
|last2=Kenelly
|first3=Iris B.
|last3=Reed
|first4=Sherry
|last4=Biggers
|publisher=Cengage Learning
|year=2007
|isbn=978-0-618-78981-8
|page=2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQhX-3k0LS8C}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=bQhX-3k0LS8C&pg=PA2 Chapter 1, p 2]
</ref> in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations.
** [[Outline of category theory|Category theory]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of discrete mathematics|Discrete mathematics]] &ndash; study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to [[real number]]s that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers,  graphs, and statements in logic<ref>Richard Johnsonbaugh, ''Discrete Mathematics'', Prentice Hall, 2008.</ref> – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values.<ref>{{MathWorld |title=Discrete mathematics |urlname=DiscreteMathematics}}</ref>
*** [[Outline of combinatorics|Combinatorics]] &ndash; branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures.
** [[Outline of geometry|Geometry]] &ndash; one of the oldest branches of mathematics, it is concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.
** [[Outline of trigonometry|Trigonometry]] &ndash; branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves.
** [[List of mathematical logic topics|Mathematical logic]]
* [[Outline of logic|Logic]] &ndash;  formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science.
* '''Other mathematical sciences''' &ndash; academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper.
** [[Outline of statistics|Statistics]] &ndash; study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of [[data]].<ref name=Dodge>Dodge, Y. (2003) ''The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms'', OUP. {{ISBN|0-19-920613-9}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=statistics The Free Online Dictionary]</ref> It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of [[Statistical survey|surveys]] and [[experimental design|experiments]].<ref name=Dodge/>
*** [[Outline of regression analysis|Regression analysis]] &ndash; techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed.
** [[Outline of probability|Probability]] &ndash; way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. The concept has an exact mathematical meaning in probability theory, which is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems.
** [[Theoretical computer science]]
; References
{{reflist|2}}
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<span id="Natural and physical sciences"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:P physics.svg|30px]] Natural and physical sciences &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Natural and physical sciences{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Natural and physical sciences|}}
'''[[Outline of science|Science]]''' &ndash; systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. An older and closely related meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained.
* Basis of science
** [[Outline of Big Science|Big Science]] &ndash;
** '''[[Outline of the metric system|Metric system]]''' is a decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used in most branches on international commerce,  science and engineering. Over the years a number of variants of the metric system have been developed.
** [[Outline of scientific method|Scientific method]] &ndash; body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
* Branches of science
**{{anchor|Biology}}'''[[Outline of biology|Biology]]''' &ndash; The study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
*** [[Outline of human anatomy|Anatomy]] &ndash; The study of the structure of living things.
*** [[Outline of biochemistry|Biochemistry]] &ndash; The study of substances found in biological organisms.
*** [[Outline of biophysics|Biophysics]] &ndash;  interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems.<ref>Careers in Biophysics brochure, Biophysical Society https://www.biophysics.org/Portals/1/PDFs/Career%20Center/Careers%20In%20Biophysics.pdf</ref> Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems.
*** [[Outline of botany|Botany]] &ndash; The study of plant life.
*** [[Outline of cell biology|Cell biology]] &ndash; The study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death.
*** '''[[Outline of ecology|Ecology]]''' &ndash; The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
*** [[Outline of genetics|Genetics]] &ndash; The study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.
*** [[Outline of immunology|Immunology]] &ndash; The study of immune systems in all organisms.
*** Paleontology &ndash; The study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).
**** [[Outline of dinosaurs|Dinosaurs]] &ndash; diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era.
*** [[Outline of physiology|Physiology]] 
***'''[[Outline of zoology|Zoology]]''' &ndash; The study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct.
**** Insects
***** [[Outline of ants|Ants]] &ndash; more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants.
**** [[Outline of birds|Birds]] &ndash; feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds.
**** [[Outline of fish|Fish]] &ndash;
***** [[Outline of sharks|Sharks]] &ndash; type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago.
**'''[[Outline of physical science|Physical sciences]]''' &ndash; encompasses the branches of science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena.
*** [[Outline of astronomy|Astronomy]] &ndash; The study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation).
*** '''[[Outline of chemistry|Chemistry]]''' &ndash; The study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes.
**** [[Outline of organic chemistry|Organic chemistry]] &ndash; The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.
**** [[Outline of water|Water]] &ndash; chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam).
*** '''[[Outline of Earth science|Earth science]]''' &ndash; all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet.
**** [[#Geography and places|Geography]] &ndash; study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth".
**** [[Outline of geology|Geology]] &ndash; The study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources.
**** [[Outline of geophysics|Geophysics]] &ndash; the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics,  the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Geophysical methods are also applied to the hydrological cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.
**** [[Outline of meteorology|Meteorology]] &ndash; The study of the atmosphere.
***** [[Outline of tropical cyclones|Tropical cyclones]] &ndash; storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.
*** '''[[Outline of physics|Physics]]''' &ndash; The study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.
**** [[Outline of energy|Energy]] &ndash; A scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force.  Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law.
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<span id="People and self"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:P vip.svg|25px]] People and self &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/People and self{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/People and self|}}
'''[[List of people|People]]'''
: '''Types of people'''
:: [[Outline of children|Children]]
:: [[Outline of self|Self]]
: '''Aspects of people'''
:: their bodies ([[Outline of biology|biology]])
:: their minds ([[Outline of psychology|psychology]])
::: [[Outline of thought|Thought]]
:: their behavior
::: [[Outline of human sexuality|Human sexuality]]
:::: [[Outline of BDSM|BDSM]]
::: [[Outline of relationships|Relationships]]
<!--[[Outline of race|Race]]&nbsp;• -->
<!--[[Outline of self-management|Self-management]]-->
<!--[[Outline of family|Family]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of goal setting|Goal setting]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of occupation|Occupations]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of person|Person]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of personality|Personality]]&nbsp;• [[Outline of personal life|Personal life]]&nbsp;• -->
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<span id="Philosophy and thinking"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:socrates_blue_version2.png|25px]] Philosophy and thinking &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Philosophy and thinking{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Philosophy and thinking|}}
'''[[Outline of philosophy|Philosophy]]'''  – The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
* '''Branches of philosophy''' 
** [[Outline of aesthetics|Aesthetics]] – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.
** [[Outline of epistemology|Epistemology]] – The study of [[Outline of knowledge|knowledge]] and belief.
** [[Outline of ethics|Ethics]] – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics.
*** [[Outline of sexual ethics|Sexual ethics]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of logic|Logic]] – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies.
** [[Outline of metaphysics|Metaphysics]] – The study of the state of being and the nature of reality.

* '''Philosophies''' 
** [[Outline of atheism|Atheism]] &ndash; the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.
** [[Outline of critical theory|Critical theory]] &ndash; examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities.  
** [[Outline of humanism|Humanism]] &ndash; approach in study, philosophy, Worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns.
** [[Outline of transhumanism|Transhumanism]] &ndash; international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to [[Outline of life extension|eliminate aging]] and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities.<ref name="Bostrom 2005">{{cite journal| last=Bostrom | first=Nick |author-link= Nick Bostrom |title = A history of transhumanist thought|journal = [[Journal of Evolution and Technology]] |year = 2005 |url = http://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf|access-date=2006-02-21}}</ref> It is often abbreviated as ''H+'' or ''h+''.
** '''Political philosophies'''
*** [[Outline of anarchism|Anarchism]] &ndash; political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy.<ref name="definition">
{{Cite journal|last=Malatesta|first=Errico|title=Towards Anarchism|journal=MAN!|publisher=International Group of San Francisco|location=Los Angeles|oclc=3930443|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm|author-link=Errico Malatesta}}
{{Cite journal|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home/
|title=Working for The Man |journal=[[The Globe and Mail]] |access-date=2008-04-14 |last=Agrell |first=Siri |date=2007-05-14}}
{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285|title=Anarchism|year=2006|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service|access-date=2006-08-29}}
{{Cite journal|year=2005|title=Anarchism|journal=The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|page=14|quote=Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.}}
The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy:
{{Cite book| last = Mclaughlin | first = Paul | title = Anarchism and Authority | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7546-6196-2 |page=59}}
{{Cite book| last = Johnston | first = R. | title = The Dictionary of Human Geography | publisher = Blackwell Publishers | location = Cambridge | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-631-20561-6 |page=24}}</ref><ref name=slevin>Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics''. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.</ref> It may also mean opposing authority in the conduct of human relations.<ref>"The [[International of Anarchist Federations|IAF - IFA]] fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual."[http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html "Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations"]</ref><ref>"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." [[Emma Goldman]]. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays]]''.</ref><ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, — follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of the socialism off Karl Marg." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref name="Ward 1966">{{Cite web|url=http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html|last=Ward|first=Colin|year=1966|title=Anarchism as a Theory of Organization|access-date=1 March 2010}}</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[George Woodcock]] report of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]´s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref>
*** [[Outline of libertarianism|Libertarianism]] &ndash; political philosophy that advocates minimization of the [[government]] and maximization of individual [[liberty]] and political freedom.
** Philosophical debates
*** [[Outline of the creation–evolution controversy|Creation–evolution controversy]]

'''[[Outline of thought|Thought]]''' &ndash; mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas.
* [[Outline of neuroscience|Neuroscience]] &ndash; scientific study of the [[nervous system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Neuroscience|work=Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neuroscience}}</ref>
** [[Outline of psychology|Psychology]] &ndash; science<ref>Gray, P.O. (2010). Foundations for the study of psychology. ''Psychology'' (6th ed.). New York, New York: Worth Publishers.</ref> of behavior and mental processes.<ref>Psychology. (n.d.). In ''Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary''. Retrieved from [http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/psychology merriam-webster.com]</ref> 

; References
{{reflist|2}}
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<span id="Religion and belief systems"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:P religion.png|30px]] Religion and belief systems &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Religion and belief systems{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Religion and belief systems|}}
Belief systems
* '''[[Outline of religion|Religion]]''' &ndash; collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes,<!--not all religions concern themselves with morality--> to moral values.<ref>While religion is difficult to define, one standard model of religion, used in [[religious studies]] courses, was proposed by [[Clifford Geertz]], who simply called it a "cultural system" (Clifford Geertz, ''Religion as a Cultural System'', 1973). A critique of Geertz's model by [[Talal Asad]] categorized religion as "an [[anthropology|anthropological]] category." (Talal Asad, ''The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category'', 1982.)</ref>
** Religions
*** Abrahamic religions
**** [[Outline of Judaism|Judaism]] &ndash; "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jacobs |first=Louis |author-link=Louis Jacobs |editor=Fred Skolnik |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |title=Judaism |edition=2d |year=2007 |publisher=Thomson Gale |volume=11 |location=Farmington Hills, Mich. |isbn=9780-02-865928-2 |page=511 |quote=Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews.}}</ref> Originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanakh) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel.
***** [[Outline of Jewish law|Jewish law]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of Christianity|Christianity]] &ndash; monotheistic religion<ref name="Monotheism">Christianity's status as monotheistic is affirmed in, amongst other sources, the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (article "[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10499a.htm Monotheism]"); [[William F. Albright]], ''From the Stone Age to Christianity''; [[H. Richard Niebuhr]]; About.com, [http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/monotheisticreligions/ ''Monotheistic Religion resources'']; Kirsch, ''God Against the Gods''; Woodhead, ''An Introduction to Christianity''; [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0833762.html ''Monotheism'']; The New Dictionary of [[Cultural Literacy]], [http://web.archive.org/web/20071212011435/http://www.bartleby.com/59/5/monotheism.html ''monotheism'']; New Dictionary of Theology, [http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_NDCT_Paul.htm ''Paul''], pp. 496–99; Meconi. "Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity". p. 111f.</ref> based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings.<ref>[[BBC]], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ ''BBC—Religion & Ethics—566, Christianity'']</ref>
***** [[Outline of Catholicism|Catholicism]] &ndash; Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole.
****** [[Outline of the Catholic ecumenical councils|Catholic ecumenical councils]]
***** [[Outline of Protestantism|Protestantism]] &ndash; Protestantism is a broad term, usually used for Christians who are not of the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Churches. However, some consider Anglicanism to be Protestant, and some consider Radical Reformism not to be Protestant.
**** [[Outline of Islam|Islam]] &ndash; monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur'an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God (Arabic: الله‎ Allāh), and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God.
**** [[Outline of the Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í Faith]] &ndash; a monotheistic religion founded by Baha'u'llah in the 19th century, proclaims Spiritual unity of mankind
*** Eastern religions
**** East Asian religions
***** [[Outline of Confucianism|Confucianism]] &ndash;
***** [[Outline of Shinto|Shinto]] &ndash;
***** [[Outline of Taoism|Taoism]] &ndash;
**** Indian religions
***** [[Outline of Buddhism|Buddhism]] &ndash; religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one").
***** [[Outline of Hinduism|Hinduism]] &ndash; predominant and indigenous religious tradition<ref name = trad>Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition" etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Gavin Flood (2003), pp. 1-17. [[René Guénon]] in his'' Introduction to the Study of the Hindu Doctrines'' (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|0-900588-74-8}}, proposes a definition of the term "religion" and a discussion of its relevance (or lack of) to Hindu doctrines (part II, chapter 4, p. 58).</ref> of the Indian Subcontinent. Hinduism is known to its followers<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1gtxVmUr1ygC&pg=PA307&dq=Sanatana+Dharma A Historical-developmental study of classical Indian philosophy of morals], Rajendra Prasad, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Concept Publishing Company, 2009, {{ISBN|8180695956}}, {{ISBN|9788180695957}}</ref> as ''Sanātana Dharma'' (a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal law", "the eternal law that sustains/upholds/surely preserves"<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=giPbYfAxP7wC&pg=PA6&dq=Sanatana+Dharma Hinduism that is Sanatana Dharma], R. S. Nathan, Chinmaya Mission, 1989, {{ISBN|8175970650}}, {{ISBN|9788175970656}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC&pg=PA272&dq=what+makes+%22being+what+it+is%22+Hindu A conceptual-analytic study of classical Indian philosophy of morals], [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Rajendra+Prasad%22&hl=en&ei=FlcDTrjWOojrrQegxaDtDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=%22RAJENDRA%20PRASAD%2C%20formerly%20senior%20professor%20of%22&f=false Rajendra Prasad, from preface of the book], Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture. Sub Project: Consciousness, Science, Society, Value, and Yoga, Concept Publishing Company, 2008, {{ISBN|8180695441}}, {{ISBN|9788180695445}}</ref>), amongst many other expressions.<ref name = san>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Ed. John Bowker. Oxford University Press, 2000;</ref><ref>The term "Dharma" connotes much more than simply "law". It is not only the doctrine of religious and moral rights, but also the set of religious duties, social order, right conduct and virtuous things and deeds. As such Dharma is the Code of Ethics.[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Dharma] The modern use of the term can be traced to late 19th century [[Hindu reform movements]] (J. Zavos, ''Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India'', Religion (Academic Press), Volume 31, Number 2, April 2001, pp. 109-123; see also R. D. Baird, "[[Swami Bhaktivedant]]a and the Encounter with Religions", ''Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism'', edited by Harold Coward, State University of New York Press, 1987); less literally also rendered "eternal way" (so {{Citation |author=Harvey, Andrew |title=Teachings of the Hindu Mystics |publisher=Shambhala |location=Boulder |year=2001 |pages=xiii |isbn=1-57062-449-6 |no-pp=true}}). See also [[René Guénon]], ''Introduction to the Study of the Hindu Doctrines'' (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|0-900588-74-8}}, part III, chapter 5 "The Law of Manu", p. 146. On the meaning of the word "Dharma", see also [[René Guénon]], ''Studies in Hinduism'', Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|0900588691}}, chapter 5, p. 45</ref>
****** [[Outline of Ayyavazhi|Ayyavazhi]] &ndash;
***** [[Outline of Jainism|Jainism]] &ndash;
***** [[Outline of Sikhism|Sikhism]] &ndash; monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab region, on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and ten successive Sikh Gurus (the last teaching being the holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib Ji).
*** [[Contemporary_Paganism|Contemporary Paganism]] - a contemporary set of beliefs modelled on the ancient pagan religions (usually of Europe or the Near East).
** Religious debates
*** [[Outline of the creation–evolution controversy|Creation–evolution controversy]] &ndash; recurring theological and cultural-political dispute about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe, between the proponents of evolution, backed by scientific consensus, and those who espouse the validity and/or superiority of literal interpretations of a creation myth. The dispute particularly involves the field of evolutionary biology, but also the fields of geology, palaeontology, thermodynamics, nuclear physics and cosmology.
*** [[Outline of theology|Theology]] &ndash; systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or seminary.<ref>[http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&s=theology&h=000&j=0#c theology]</ref>
**** [[Outline of Christian theology|Christian theology]] &ndash; enterprise to construct a coherent system of Christian belief and practice based primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and the New Testament as well as the historic traditions of the faithful. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument to clarify, examine, understand, explicate, critique, defend or promote Christianity.

* Irreligion &ndash; absence of religious belief, or indifference or hostility to [[religion]],<ref>{{cite web |title=irreligion |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/irreligion |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> or active rejection of religious traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Colin |title=Toward a Sociology of Irreligion |publisher=[[Macmillan_Publishers|Macmillan]] London |year=1971 |isbn=0333106725}}</ref>
** Rejection of religious belief
*** [[Outline of atheism|Atheism]] &ndash; rejection of belief in the existence of deities.<ref name=Nielsen-EB>
*{{Cite encyclopedia |first=Kai |last=Nielsen |author-link=Kai Nielsen (philosopher) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Atheism |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism |year=2011 |quote=Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons...: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., “God” is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals.
|access-date=2011-12-06}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Atheism |first=Paul |last=Edwards |author-link=Paul Edwards (philosopher) |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA (Gale) |editor=Donald M. Borchert |orig-year=1967 |year=2005 |edition=2nd |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |volume=1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph0000unse/page/359 359] |isbn=978-0-02-865780-6 |quote=On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.}}(page 175 in 1967 edition)
</ref> In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no [[deity|deities]].<ref name=RoweRoutledge>
{{cite encyclopedia
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnuwFH_M5o0C&q=atheism+routledge&pg=PA530 |first=William L. |last=Rowe |author-link=William L. Rowe |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Atheism |year=1998 |editor=Edward Craig |access-date=2010-02-01 | isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 | publisher=Taylor & Francis
|quote=As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. …an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.}}
</ref><ref name=oxdicphil>
{{cite dictionary |editor=Simon Blackburn |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy |title=atheism |chapter=The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t98.e278 |access-date=2011-12-05 |edition=2008 |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-954143-0 |quote= Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.}}<!--Same in 2005 edition: https://books.google.com/books?id=WHILCw0hDA4C&pg=PA27&dq=%22atheism%22#v=onepage&q=%22atheism%22&f=false -->
</ref> Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist.<ref name=oxdicphil/><ref name=religioustolerance>
[[Religioustolerance.org]]'s short article on [http://www.religioustolerance.org/atheist4.htm Definitions of the term "Atheism"] suggests that there is no consensus on the definition of the term. Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for [http://www.onelook.com/?w=atheism&ls=a "atheism"]) first list one of the more narrow definitions.
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphil00ange |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |editor1=Dagobert D. Runes |author-link=Dagobert D. Runes |year=1942 |publisher=Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library |location=New Jersey |isbn=0-06-463461-2 |quote=(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought |access-date=2011-04-09}} – entry by [[Vergilius Ferm]]
</ref> Atheism is contrasted with [[theism]],<ref name=reldef>
{{cite web |url=http://www.as.ua.edu/rel/aboutreldefinitions.html |title=Definitions: Atheism|publisher=Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama |access-date=2011-04-09}}</ref><ref name=OED-theism /> which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.<ref name=OED-theism>{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |year=1989 |quote=Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |title=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |quote=belief in the existence of a god or gods |access-date=2011-04-09}}</ref>
*** [[Outline of humanism|Secular humanism]] &ndash; embraces human reason, ethics, and justice while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience or superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making.

* '''[[Outline of spirituality|Spirituality]]''' &ndash; can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality;<ref>Ewert Cousins, preface to Antoine Faivre and Jacob Needleman, ''Modern Esoteric Spirituality'', Crossroad Publishing 1992.</ref> an [[Involution (philosophy)|inner path]] enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the “deepest values and meanings by which people live.”<ref>Philip Sheldrake, ''A Brief History of Spirituality'', Wiley-Blackwell 2007 p. 1-2</ref>


; References
{{reflist|2}}
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<span id="Society and social sciences"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:P social sciences.png|30px]] Society and social sciences &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Society and social sciences{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Society and social sciences|}}
'''[[List of major social sciences|Social sciences]]''' &ndash; study of the world and its cultures and civilizations.
* [[Outline of anthropology|Anthropology]] &ndash; study of how humans developed biologically and culturally.
* [[Outline of archaeology|Archaeology]] &ndash; study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation, and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
* [[Outline of economics|Economics]] &ndash; study of how people satisfy their wants and needs. Economics is also the study of supply and demand.
* [[Outline of geography|Geography]] &ndash; study of physical environments and how people live in them.
* [[Outline of history|History]] &ndash; study of the past.
* [[Outline of law|Law]] &ndash; set of rules and principles by which a society is governed. (For branches, see ''Law'' under ''Society'' below).
* [[Outline of linguistics|Linguistics]] &ndash; study of natural languages.
** [[Outline of principles of interpretation|Principles of interpretation]] &ndash;
* [[Outline of politics#Political science|Political science]] &ndash; study of different forms of government and the ways citizens relate to them.
* [[Outline of psychology|Psychology]] &ndash; study of mental processes and behavior.
** [[Outline of human intelligence|Human intelligence]] &ndash; mental capacities of human beings to reason, plan, problem solve, think, comprehend ideas, use languages, and learn.
** [[Outline of human sexuality|Human sexuality]] &ndash;
* [[Outline of semiotics|Semiotics]] &ndash; study of symbols and how they relate to one another.
* [[Outline of sociology|Sociology]] &ndash; study of the formation of human societies and social organizations, their structure, and the interaction and behavior of people in organized groups.

'''[[Outline of society|Society]]''' &ndash; group of people sharing the same geographical or virtual territory and therefore subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Such people share a distinctive culture and institutions, which characterize the patterns of social relations between them.
* [[Outline of community|Community]] &ndash;  group of interacting people, possibly living in close proximity, and often refers to a group that shares some common values, and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household.
* '''[[Outline of business|Business]]''' &ndash; organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Sullivan
  | first = arthur
  |author-link= Arthur O' Sullivan
 |author2=Steven M. Sheffrin
  | title = Economics: Principles in action
  | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
  | year = 2003
  | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
  | page = 29
  | isbn = 0-13-063085-3}}</ref>
** [[Outline of economics|Economics]] &ndash; analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.
*** Microeconomics &ndash; studies the economic decisions of individual households and enterprises
**** [[Outline of industrial organization|Industrial organization]] &ndash; studies the structure of and boundaries between firms and markets and the strategic interactions of firms.
** [[Outline of finance|Finance]] &ndash; study of funds management.
** [[Outline of business management|Management]] &ndash; comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.
*** [[Outline of project management|Project management]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of marketing|Marketing]] &ndash; process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development.<ref name="kotler-a"/> It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments.<ref name="kotler-a">{{cite book
  | last       = Kotler
  | first      = Philip
  |author-link= Philip Kotler
 |author2=[[Gary Armstrong (Marketing researcher)|Gary Armstrong]] |author3=[[Veronica Wong]] |author4=[[John Saunders (Marketing researcher)|John Saunders]]
  | title      = Principles of marketing
  | chapter-url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=6T2R0_ESU5AC&pg=PA7
  |access-date= 2009-10-23
  | edition    = 5th
  | year       = 2009
  | publisher  =
  | location   =
  | language   =
  | isbn       =9780273711568
  | page       = 7
  | chapter    = Marketing defined
  | quote      =
}}</ref>
** [[Outline of production|Production]] &ndash;
* '''[[Outline of communication|Communication]]''' &ndash; activity of conveying meaningful information, which requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient.
** [[Journalism]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of environmental journalism|Environmental journalism]] &ndash; collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, issues and people that are associated with the non-human world with which humans necessarily interact.
* '''[[Outline of education|Education]]''' &ndash; any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another. Education can also be defined as the process of becoming an educated person.<ref name="Berg">Don, Berg. [http://www.teach-kids-attitude-1st.com/definition-of-education.html Definition of Education.] teach-kids-attitude-1st.com. 30 Sep 2011.</ref>
** [[Outline of Harvard University|Harvard University]] &ndash; private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Frederick |last1=Rudolph |title=The American College and University |year=1961 |page=3 |isbn=0820312851 |publisher=University of Georgia Press}}</ref> and the first corporation (officially ''The President and Fellows of Harvard College'') chartered in that country.
* '''[[Outline of politics|Politics]]''' &ndash; process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society.
** Political ideologies
*** [[Outline of environmentalism|Environmentalism]] &ndash; broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements.
*** [[Outline of green politics|Green politics]] &ndash; political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and grassroots democracy.<ref name="Wall">[[#Wal10|Wall 2010]]. p. 12-13.</ref>
** Government types
*** [[Outline of democracy|Democracy]] &ndash; form of government in which all the people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives.<ref name="JHUPress"/> Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law.<ref name="JHUPress">Larry Jay Diamond, Marc F. Plattner (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=4BL5WqHHVrwC&pg=PA168&dq=democracy+definition+-+one+person+one+vote&hl=en&ei=4VaZTu-3MIOo8APNyY23BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=democracy%20definition%20-%20one%20person%20one%20vote&f=false Electoral systems and democracy] p.168. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.</ref>
** International organizations
*** [[Outline of the United Nations|United Nations]]
** Political movements
*** [[Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement|Psychiatric survivors movement]]
** [[Outline of public affairs|Public affairs]] &ndash;  public policy and public administration. Public policy is a principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of a state with regard to issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs.  Public administration is "the management of public programs";<ref>Robert and Janet Denhardt. ''Public Administration: An Action Orientation''. 6th Ed. 2009: Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont CA.</ref> the "translation of [[politics]] into the reality that [[citizen]]s see every day";<ref name="KettlDonald">Kettl, Donald and James Fessler. 2009. ''The Politics of the Administrative Process''. Washington D.C.: CQ Press.</ref> and "the study of government decision making, the [[policy analysis|analysis of the policies]] themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies."<ref>Jerome B. McKinney and Lawrence C. Howard. Public Administration: Balancing Power and Accountability. 2nd Ed. 1998: Praeger Publishing, Westport, CT. p. 62</ref>
* '''[[Outline of law|Law]]''' &ndash; A set of rules and principles by which a society is governed.
** [[Outline of commercial law|Commercial law]] &ndash; body of law that governs business and commercial transactions.
** [[Outline of criminal justice|Criminal justice]] &ndash; system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers.
*** [[Outline of crime|Crime]] &ndash;
**** [[Outline of domestic violence|Domestic violence]] &ndash; violence between partners in a close relationship. This form of violence can manifest itself in a variety of ways.
**** [[Outline of forgery|Forgery]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of law enforcement|Law enforcement]] &ndash; any system by which some members of [[society]] act in an organized manner to promote adherence to the [[law]] by discovering and punishing persons who violate the rules and [[norm (social)|norm]]s governing that society. The term usually refers to organizations that engage in patrols or surveillance to dissuade and discover [[crime|criminal]] activity, and to those who investigate crimes and apprehend offenders.<ref name="ILE">Kären M. Hess, Christine Hess Orthmann, ''Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice'' (2008), p. 1.</ref> 
** [[Outline of intellectual property|Intellectual property]] &ndash; distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of [[exclusive right]]s are recognized—and the corresponding fields of [[law]].<ref>Intellectual Property Licensing:  Forms and Analysis, by [[Richard Raysman]], Edward A. Pisacreta and Kenneth A. Adler. Law Journal Press, 1998-2008. ISBN 973-58852-086-9 {{Verify source|date=March 2009}}</ref>
** [[Outline of tort law|Tort law]] &ndash; laws and legal procedures dealing with torts. In common law jurisdictions, a tort is a civil wrong<ref>[[Glanville Williams]]. Learning the Law. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. p. 9</ref> that involves a breach of a civil duty (other than a contractual duty) owed to someone else.  A tort is differentiated from a crime, which involves a breach of a duty owed to society in general. Though many acts are both torts and crimes, prosecutions for crime are mostly the responsibility of the state; whereas any party who has been injured may bring a lawsuit for tort.
** Law of the United States
*** [[Outline of evidence law in the United States|Evidence law in the United States]] &ndash;
*** [[Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy|United States federal Indian law and policy]] &ndash; 
* [[Outline of rights|Rights]] &ndash; legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.

; References
{{reflist|2|refs=



}}
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<span id="Technology and applied sciences"></span>
{{Portal:Contents/box-header| [[Image:P train.svg|30px]] Technology and applied sciences &nbsp;&nbsp;([[Portal:Contents/Technology and applied sciences{{!}}<small>see in all page types</small>]])|Portal:Contents/Outlines/Technology and applied sciences|}}
'''[[Outline of applied science|Applied science]]''' &ndash; application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include testing a theoretical model through the use of formal science or solving a practical problem through the use of natural science.

'''[[Outline of technology|Technology]]''' &ndash; making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures.

'''Technologies and applied sciences'''
* [[Outline of aerospace|Aerospace]] &ndash; flight or transport above the surface of the Earth.
** [[Outline of space exploration|Space exploration]] &ndash; the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft.
* [[Applied physics]] &ndash; physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Physics|url=http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Applied_physics|work=ArticleWorld|access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applied Physics at Caltech - Overview|url=http://www.aph.caltech.edu/overview.html|publisher=Caltech|access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> 
* '''[[Outline of agriculture|Agriculture]]''' &ndash; cultivation of plants, animals, and other living organisms.
** [[Outline of fishing|Fishing]] &ndash; activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping.
*** [[Outline of fisheries|Fisheries]] &ndash; a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features".  
*** [[Outline of the fishing industry|Fishing industry]] &ndash;  industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors.
** [[Outline of forestry|Forestry]] &ndash; art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services.
** [[List of organic gardening and farming topics|Organic gardening and farming]]
** [[List of sustainable agriculture topics|Sustainable agriculture]]
* '''[[Outline of business management|Business management]]''' &ndash; act of getting people together to accomplish profit-oriented goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. It comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling a business or effort for the purpose of earning a profit.
** [[Outline of actuarial science|Actuarial science]] &ndash; discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries.
** [[Outline of marketing|Marketing]] &ndash; process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and generate the strategy of sales techniques and business communication to build strong customer relationships.
** [[Outline of manufacturing|Manufacturing]] &ndash; use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
* [[Outline of communication|Communication]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of books|Books]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of telecommunication|Telecommunication]] &ndash; the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling, telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications.
*** [[Outline of radio|Radio]] &ndash; Aural or encoded telecommunications.
*** [[Outline of the Internet|Internet]] &ndash; the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
*** [[Outline of television broadcasting|Television broadcasting]] &ndash; Visual and aural telecommunications.
* [[Outline of computing|Computing]] &ndash; any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; and more.
** [[Outline of computer engineering|Computer engineering]] &ndash;  discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design.
*** [[Outline of Apple Inc.|Apple Inc.]] &ndash; manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services.
*** [[Outline of computers|Computers]] &ndash; general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem.
** [[Outline of computer science|Computer science]] &ndash; the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Denning |first1=P. J. |last2=Comer |first2=D. E. |last3=Gries |first3=D. |last4=Mulder |first4=M. C. |last5=Tucker |first5=A. |last6=Turner |first6=A. J. |last7=Young |first7=P. R. |title=Computing as a discipline |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=32 |pages=9–23 |date=Jan 1989 |doi=10.1145/63238.63239 |s2cid=723103}} "Computer science and engineering is the systematic study of algorithmic processes-their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application-that describe and transform information."</ref><ref>{{cite conference|author=Wegner, P.|title=Research paradigms in computer science|book-title=Proceedings of the 2nd international Conference on Software Engineering |location=San Francisco, California, United States |date=October 13–15, 1976|publisher=IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA|quote=Computer science is the study of information structures}}</ref>
*** [[Outline of artificial intelligence|Artificial intelligence]] &ndash; [[intelligence]] of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it.
**** [[Outline of natural language processing|Natural language processing]] &ndash; 
**** [[Outline of object recognition|Object recognition]] &ndash; in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence.
*** [[Outline of cryptography|Cryptography]] &ndash; the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties.
*** [[Outline of human–computer interaction|Human-computer interaction]]
** [[Outline of information technology|Information technology]] &ndash; the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a [[microelectronics]]-based combination of [[computing]] and [[telecommunications]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Longley |first1=Dennis |last2=Shain |first2=Michael |title=Dictionary of Information Technology |year=1985 |edition=2 |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=0-333-37260-3|page=164}}</ref>
** [[Outline of the Internet|Internet]] &ndash; the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard [[Internet Protocol Suite]] (TCP/IP).
*** [[Outline of Google|Google]] &ndash; [[Google|Google Inc.]] and its Internet services including [[Google Search]].
** [[Outline of computer programming|Programming]] &ndash; the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs.
*** [[Outline of software development|Software development]] &ndash; development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation.
*** [[Outline of software engineering|Software engineering]] &ndash; the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software.
*** [[Outline of C++|C++]] &ndash; one of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games.
*** [[Outline of Perl|Perl]] &ndash; high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.  Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more.
** [[Outline of software|Software]] &ndash; one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system.
*** [[Outline of free software|Free software]] &ndash; software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction.
*** [[Outline of search engines|Search engines]] &ndash; information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system.
* [[Outline of construction|Construction]] &ndash; building or assembly of any physical structure.
* '''[[Outline of design|Design]]''' &ndash; the art and science of creating the abstract form and function for an object or environment.
** [[Outline of architecture|Architecture]] &ndash; the art and science of designing buildings.
* [[Outline of electronics|Electronics]] &ndash;
* '''[[Outline of industry|Industry]]''' &ndash; production of an economic good or service.
** [[Outline of automation|Automation]] &ndash; use of machinery to replace human labor.
** [[Outline of industrial machinery|Industrial machinery]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of machines|Machines]] &ndash; devices that perform or assist in performing useful work.
** [[Outline of robotics|Robotics]] &ndash; deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots.<ref name=OED>{{cite web|title=robotics|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0714530#m_en_gb0714530|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
*** [[Outline of object recognition|Object recognition]]
* [[Outline of energy|Energy]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of energy development|Energy development]] &ndash; ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction.
** [[Outline of energy storage|Energy storage]] &ndash; the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later.
** [[Outline of nuclear technology|Nuclear technology]] &ndash; the technology and application of the spontaneous and induced reactions of atomic nuclei.
** [[Outline of wind energy|Wind energy]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of solar energy|Solar energy]] &ndash;
* '''[[Outline of engineering|Engineering]]''' &ndash; the application of science, mathematics, and technology to produce useful goods and systems.
** [[Outline of chemical engineering|Chemical engineering]] &ndash; the technology and application of chemical processes to produce useful materials.
** [[Outline of computer engineering|Computer engineering]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of control engineering|Control engineering]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of electrical engineering|Electrical engineering]] &ndash; the technology and application of electromagnetism, including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power, magnetics, and optics.
** [[Outline of geoengineering|Geoengineering]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of software engineering|Software engineering]] &ndash; the technology and application of a systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software.
* [[Outline of firefighting|Firefighting]] &ndash; act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent destruction of life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a professional technical skill.
* [[Outline of forensic science|Forensic science]] &ndash; application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or a civil action.
* '''[[#Health and fitness|Health]]'''
** [[Outline of biotechnology|Biotechnology]] &ndash; applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts.
** [[Outline of ergonomics|Ergonomics]] &ndash; the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities.
* [[Outline of hydrology|Hydrology]] &ndash; The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
* [[Outline of information science|Information science]] &ndash;
** [[Outline of cartography|Cartography]] &ndash; the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
** [[Outline of library science|Library science]] &ndash; technology related to libraries and the information fields.
* '''[[Outline of military science and technology|Military science]]''' &ndash; the study of the technique, psychology, practice and other phenomena which constitute war and armed conflict.
* [[Outline of mining|Mining]] &ndash; extraction of mineral resources from the earth.
* [[Outline of nanotechnology|Nanotechology]] &ndash; The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 and 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size.
* [[Outline of prehistoric technology|Prehistoric technology]] &ndash; technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing).
* [[Outline of sustainability|Sustainability]] &ndash; capacity to endure. In ecology, the word describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions.
* '''[[Outline of transport|Transport]]''' &ndash; the transfer of people or things from one place to another.
** [[Outline of rail transport|Rail transport]] &ndash;  means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast.
** [[Outline of vehicles|Vehicles]] &ndash; mechanical devices for transporting people or things.
*** [[Outline of automobiles|Automobiles]] &ndash; human-guided powered land-vehicles.
*** [[Outline of bicycles|Bicycles]] &ndash; human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels.
*** [[Outline of motorcycling|Motorcycles]] &ndash; single-track, engine-powered,<ref>{{cite book
| title = Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design
| pages = 4–1
| last = Foale
| first = Tony
| publisher = Tony Foale Designs
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-84-933286-3-4}}</ref> two-wheeled<ref>{{cite book
| title = Motorcycle Dynamics
| last = Cossalter
| first = Vittore
| publisher = Lulu
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-1-4303-0861-4}}</ref> motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles.
** [[Outline of tires|Tires]] &ndash; ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims 
; References
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{{Reflist|group=A}}
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