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<p style="font-size:200%">Networking Fundamentals</p>
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Overview CCNA 1 - Module 2 (3.1)
* Explain the importance of [[bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]]
* Identify bps, kbps, Mbps, and Gbps
* Explain the difference between bandwidth and [[throughput]]
* Calculate [[data transfer rate]]s
* Why layered models
* The development of the [[OSI model]]
* The advantages of a layered approach
* The seven layers of the OSI model
* The four layers of the [[TCP/IP model]]
* Similarities and differences between the two models
* Outline the history of [[Computer network|networking]] (briefly)
* Devices used in networking
* The role of [[protocol (computing)|protocol]]s in networking
* Define [[Local Area Network|LAN]], [[Wide Area Network|WAN]], [[Metropolitan Area Network|MAN]], and [[Storage Area Network|SAN]] (Lars Gunther adds: [[Virtual LAN|VLAN]], [[Wireless LAN|WLAN]] and [[Personal Area Network|PAN]])
* [[Virtual private network|VPN]]
* [[Intranet]]s and [[extranet]]s

==Networking Terminology==
===Data Networks===
* [[Stand alone computer]]
* [[Sneakernet]]
* [[LAN]] (but only small ones with no connection between them)
* Inter-net-working - connecting LANs
===Network History===
[http://learn-networking.com/network-design/a-brief-overview-of-ethernet-history Ethernet History]
===Networking devices===
* End user devices
** [[Computer]]s
** [[Printer (computing)|Printer]]s
** [[Scanners]]s
** Etc
* Network devices
** [[Repeater]]
** [[Network hub|Hub]]
** [[Bridge]]
** (Workroup) [[Network Switch|Switch]]
** [[Router]]
** ''Network cloud''
** Etc.
Terminology
* [[Node (networking)]]
* [[Host (network)]]
* [[Data Terminal Equipment]]
* [[Data Communications Equipment]] - The Cisco definition: "provides clocking"
===[[Network topology]]===
Physical vz. logical
* [[Bus topology]]
* [[Ring topology]]
* [[Star topology]]
* [[Extended star topology]]
* [[Hierarchical topology]]
* [[Mesh topology]]
===[[Network protocols]]s===
* Protocol suites = collections of protocols.
* Enables network communication between hosts.
* A formal description of a set of rules and conventions
* Protocols specify
** The format of the data
** The timing
** The sequencing
** Error control
===[[Local Area Network|LAN]]s===
Common technologies:
* [[Ethernet]]
* [[Token ring]] - once upon a time...
* [[FDDI]] - once upon a time...
===[[Wide Area Network|WAN]]s===
Common technologies:
* [[Modem]]
* [[ISDN]]
* [[DSL]]
* [[Frame Relay]]
* [[T-carrier]] and [[E-carrier]], e.g. [[Digital Signal 1|T1]], E1, T3 and E3
* [[SONET]]
* [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM]]
* [[Multiprotocol Label Switching|MPLS]]
===[[Metropolitan Area Network|MAN]]===
"two or more LANs in a common geographic area"
===[[Storage Area Network|SAN]]===
A '''storage area network (SAN)''' is an architecture to attach remote computer storage devices (such as disk arrays, tape libraries and optical jukeboxes) to servers in such a way that, to the operating system, ''the devices appear as locally attached''.
* Dedicated
* High-performance
* Scalability
* Availability
===[[Virtual private network]] (VPN)===
A virtual private network (VPN) is a communications network tunneled through another network, and dedicated for a specific network.
===Benefits of VPN===
* Same policies and security as a private network
* Cost effective
Technologies
* [[Dialup]]
* [[Tunneling protocol]]s
* [[Cryptography]]
===[[Intranet]]s and [[extranet]]s===
==Bandwidth==
* [http://learn-networking.com/network-design/a-guide-to-bandwidth-and-throughput A Guide to Bandwidth and Throughput]
* [[List of device bandwidths]]
===Importance of [[Bandwidth (computing)|Bandwith]]===
* Finite
* Not free
* In demand!
* Critical (together with [[lag|latency]])
===The desktop===
Two analogies:
* Traffic
* Water
===Measurement (of bandwith)===
* bps
* kbps
* Mbps
* Gbps
* Tbps
===Limitations===
"Actual bandwidth --- is determined by a combination of the physical media and the technologies chosen"
===Throughput===
"Actual measured bandwith"
* [[iperf]]
===Data transfer calculation===
T=S/BW (and then add some for the overhead caused by incapsulation)
===[[Digital]] vz {{dn|Analog|analog}}===
Analog bandwith = what frequencies are occupied
==Networking Models==
[http://learn-networking.com/tcp-ip/the-tcpip-stack-and-the-osi-model An Introduction To The Tcp/Ip And OSI Model]
===Using layers to analyze problems in a flow of materials´===
* Source
* Destination
* Packet
* Medium
===Using layers to describe data communication===
===[[OSI model]]===
Evolved from:
* [[Digital Equipment Corporation net|DECnet]]
* [[IBM Systems Network Architecture|SNA]]
* [[TCP/IP model]]
* Etc.
Released in 1984. "It is considered the best tool available for teaching people about sending and receiving data on a network."
===OSI layers===
* "Please Do Not Teach Such Petty Acronyms" (1-7)
* "Please Do Not Throw sausage Pizza Away" (1-7)
* "All People Seem To Need Data Processing" (7-1)
Test yourself: Briefly describe each layer!
* [[List of network protocols]]
* [[Upper layer protocol]]
* [[Lower layer protocol]]

===Peer-to-peer communications===
* [[Protocol data unit]] (PDU)
The layer of communication on the source computer communicates with its peer layer on the destination computer, using the layer-specific PDU.
Every layer provides a service to the layer above.

===[[TCP/IP model]]===
In detail in [[User:Itpastorn/dko/ccna1-3.1-9|Module 9]]

===Detailed encapsulation process===
[http://learn-networking.com/tcp-ip/the-tcpip-stack-and-the-osi-model How Encapsulation Works Within the TCP/IP Model]
* [[Encapsulation (networking)| Encapsulation]]
# Build the data
# Package the data for end-to-end transport (TCP or UDP segment)
# Add the network IP header (IP packet)
# Add the data link layer header and trailer (Ethernet Frame)
# Convert to bits for transmission (physical signals)

==Extra topics (in addition to CCNA)==
Additional terminology
* Number of hosts involved
** [[Unicast]]
** [[Multicast]] (IP and MAC)
** [[Broadcasting (computing)|Broadcast]] (IP and MAC)
* [[Synchronization in telecommunications|Synchronization]]
** {{dn|Synchronous}} See also [http://www.cell-relay.com/cell-relay/FAQ/dictionary/synchronous.html Synchronous in the ATM Dictionary]
** [[Asynchronous communication]] See also [http://www.cell-relay.com/cell-relay/FAQ/dictionary/asynchronous.html Asynchronous in the ATM Dictionary]
** {{dn|Isochronous}}. See also [http://www.cell-relay.com/cell-relay/FAQ/dictionary/isochronous.html Isochronous in the ATM Dictionary]
* Parallelism
** [[Parallel communication]]
** [[Serial communication]]
* Switching methods
** [[Packet switching]]
** [[Circuit switching]]
** [[Cell relay]]
* Connection aspects
** [[Connectionless]] (E.g. Ethernet, IP, UDP)
** [[Connection oriented]] (E.g. X.25, Frame relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), and TCP)

Standardization organizations
* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE)
* [[American National Standards Institute]] ANSI
* [[Telecommunications Industry Association]] (TIA)
* [[Electronic Industries Alliance]] (EIA)
* [[International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU), formerly known as the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT).
* [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA)
* [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C)
* [[Ecma International]] (ECMA)
* [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO)
* [[Unicode Consortium]]
* [[Post- och telestyrelsen]] (PTS)
* Etc.

==Additional resources (besides Wikipedia)==
* [http://learn-networking.com/exam-preparations/ccna-1-module-2-exam-solutions CCNA 1 Module 2 Exam Solutions at Learn Networking]
* [http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/SG245470/wwhelp/wwhimpl/java/html/wwhelp.htm IBM Redbook on SAN]

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