View source for User:Hamza A. Durrani/sandbox

== Al Faruq Mosque ==
Al Faruq Mosque is a Friday mosque in the Ghubaira district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جامع الفاروق بغبيراء الرياض يعد عدداً من الكلمات الوعظية خلال الشهر الفضيل |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2009/20090824/rr8.htm |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== Al Faruq ==
'''Al-Faruq''' ({{Langx|ar|الفاروق}}) is a neighborhood in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located north of [[Al Faisaliyyah (Riyadh)|al-Faisaliah]] and south of al-Safa in the sub-municipality of [[Al Malaz Sub-Municipality|al-Malaz]].   

== Overview ==
Al Farouq is located adjacent to Exit 16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2004/20040616/ln12.htm |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== Al Fazari Plaza ==
'''Al Fazari Plaza''' ({{Langx|ar|ساحة الفزاري}}) is a multipurpose square in [[Diplomatic Quarter (Riyadh)|Diplomatic Quarter]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located next to the [[Al Kindi Plaza]]. Completed in 1986, it is named after 8th century mathematician and philosopher [[Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī|Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari]]. It also hosts the embassies of [[Albania]], [[Mexico]] and [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albanian Embassy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://ambasadat.gov.al/saudi-arabia/en |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=ambasadat.gov.al}}</ref>

In September 2021, the [[Ministry of Culture (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Culture]] held the celebrations of Saudi National Day at the square.<ref>{{Cite web |title=اليوم الوطني / وزارة الثقافة تنظم فعالية "وطن ودار" في ثلاث مدن احتفاءً باليوم الوطني 91 |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/2289289 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=ar}}</ref>

Office of Al Sarh Travel and Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=DQ Living |date=2021-08-23 |title=Alsarh: The Best in Business Travel, and More - Dq Living Magazine |url=https://dqliving.com/alsarh-the-best-in-business-travel-and-more/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Don Ruben's restaurant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berina |first=Reina Tejano |date=2023-09-22 |title=The Love of Family and Food at Don Ruben’s - Dq Living Magazine |url=https://dqliving.com/the-love-of-family-and-food-at-don-rubens/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Terraza La Rustica.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berina |first=Reina Tejano |date=2021-04-15 |title=A Taste of Napoli at Terraza La Rustica - Dq Living Magazine |url=https://dqliving.com/a-taste-of-napoli-at-terraza-la-rustica/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Ad Dhubbat ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Al Dhubbat
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = الضباط
| native_name_lang   = ar
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline      = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|24|40|47|N|46|43|23|E|display=inline,title|region:SA_type:city}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type1  = 
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[Riyadh]]
| subdivision_type3  = Region
| subdivision_name3  = [[Old Riyadh]]
| founder            = 
| named_for          = Employees of [[Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Defense]]
| p1                 = 
| governing_body     = [[Al Malaz Sub-Municipality]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabic]]
}}
'''Al-Dhubbat''' ({{Langx|ar|الضباط|4=the officers}}) is a neighborhood in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7/opNAAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=2009 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref> located east of al-Wizarat and northwest of al-Malaz in the sub-municipality of al-Malaz. It is one of the most ancient neighborhoods of Riyadh, dating back to the time [[Jabal Abu Makhruq]]. The current form of the neighborhood emerged in the 1970s alongside the [[Al Wazarat|al-Wizarat]] district as a housing development project for government officials employed in the [[Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Defense]] and [[Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia|other agencies]], and after whom the district is named. The neighborhood later got inhabited by [[Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia|overseas workers]] from [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] around the 1980s. 

== Overview ==
[[Jabal Abu Makhruq]] is the oldest landmark in the district,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2003/20030408/ln15.htm |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> a limestone hill that once served as a stopover for pilgrims arriving from [[Eastern Arabia]] enroute to the [[walled town of Riyadh]] in medieval era.<ref>{{Cite web |title=اليوم الوطني / جبل أبو مخروق .. أقدم حديقة وسط الصحراء وشاهد على عصر الحضارة السعودية |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/1148455 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-09 |title=جبل أبو مخروق وذكريات الملوك والأدباء |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2018/03/09/article_1346451.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref> In the 1970s, the Saudi government developed the surrounding area of the limestone hill alongside the [[Al Wazarat|al-Wizarat]] district as a housing development project for government officials employed in the [[Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Defense]] and [[Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia|other agencies]] located along the Old Airport Road,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%AC/q45IAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=ادارة المدن الكبرى : تجربة مدينة الرياض |date=1994 |publisher=مكتبة الملك فهد الوطنية - الرياض |isbn=978-9960-00-022-0 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ural |first1=Oktay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OJsBQAAQBAJ&dq=al+wazarat+riyadh&pg=PA646 |title=Housing: The Impact of Economy and Technology |last2=Krapfenbauer |first2=Robert |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4831-5266-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2003/20031209/bc1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526173018/https://www.al-jazirah.com/2003/20031209/bc1.htm |archive-date=2023-05-26 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> and named it after them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=وسط الرياض.. أحياء سكنية مكتملة الخدمات هجرتها الأسر إلى شمال العاصمة |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1888194 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> 




== Roads in Riyadh ==
King Fahd Road

King Abdullah Road

Olaya Street

King Faisal Street

Old Airport Road

Khurais Road

Siteen Street

Takhasussi Street

Tahlia Street

Farazdaq Street

Batha Street

Rail Street

== Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art ==
{{Infobox museum
| name            = Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art
| native_name     = متحف الفيصل للفن العربي الإسلامي
| native_name_lang = ar
| established     = {{Start date|2017|06|01}}
| location        = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates     = {{coord|24.69146|N|46.68491|E}}
| owner           = [[King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies]]
| website         = {{URL|https://kfcris.com/en/view/69|Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art}}
}}
'''Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art''' ({{Langx|ar|متحف الفيصل للفن العربي الإسلامي}}) is an [[art museum]] in the [[Al Olaya (Riyadh)|al-Olaya]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=متحف الفيصل للفن العربي الإسلامي يفتح أبوابه أمام الزائرين من جديد |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2017/07/11/article_1217056.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref> located next to the [[Al Faisaliah Tower]] in the building of [[King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies]]. Opened in 2017, it features rare collection of [[Islamic art]] from early, medieval and contemporary periods and historic [[Quran|Qur'an]] manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=متحف الفيصل للفن العربي الإسلامي يؤصل للحضارة العربية بـ 36 مخطوطا |url=https://www.omandaily.om/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/na/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%B5%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8-36-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=جريدة عمان |language=ar}}</ref> It also contains artifacts belonging to [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] and his wife [[Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan|Iffat Al Thunayan]].

The museum is tasked with managing collections, providing research and studies, binding and restoration of manuscripts, and organizing exhibitions and events.

== History ==
The museum was opened in June 2017 and was inaugurated by [[Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud (born 1945)|Prince Faisal bin Bandar]], the governor of Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-03 |title=New Arab Islamic art Museum inaugurated in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/6426/New-Arab-Islamic-art-Museum-inaugurated-in-Saudi-Arabia |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> On the day of its opening, the museum held the the "Masahif Al-Amsar" Exhibition, showcasing collection of rare [[Quran|Qur'an]] manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies |url=https://kfcris.com/en/view/97 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=kfcris.com}}</ref>

In February 2019, [[Ministry of Culture (Saudi Arabia)|Minister of Culture]] [[Badr bin Abdullah Al Saud|Prince Badr bin Abdullah]] inaugurated the "''Wahj: Adornment of the Page''" exhibition, which lasted till January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies |url=https://kfcris.com/en/view/48 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=kfcris.com}}</ref> The exhibition showcased 60 items of the different types of decorated manuscripts preserved by the [[King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies]].

In February 2022, the First Exhbition Hall was reopened after renovation and the museum held an exhibition titled "''Asfār: Treasures of King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies''" where 36 out of 28500 historical manuscripts of Qur'an where selected to be displayed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies |url=https://kfcris.com/en/view/103 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=kfcris.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=متحف الفيصل .. عرض مقتنيات نادرة وفريدة في "أسفار" {{!}} صحيفة الاقتصادية |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728163055/https://www.aleqt.com/2022/02/26/article_2269696.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> In November 2022, it displayed two rare printed works from its collection, replacing two displayed printed works on Asfar Exhibition “The Bible” ([[King James Version]] of the [[Bible]]) and “[[Bible|The Holy Bible]]” (The first edition in Arabic with the four [[Gospel|Gospels]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies |url=https://kfcris.com/en/news/read/398 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=kfcris.com}}</ref>

== Permanent collection ==
The permanent exhibition at al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art features several collections, including: the Arab-Islamic Art Collection, the Manuscripts Collection, the King Faisal Memorial Collection, the Coins and Currencies Collection, the Fine Arts Collections, and the Center's History Collection.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Al-Faisal Museum for Arab-Islamic Art |url=https://saudipedia.com/en/article/2489/culture/museums/al-faisal-museum-for-arab-islamic-art |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Saudipedia |language=en}}</ref>

Arab-Islamic Art Collection comprises over five hundred artifacts from across the world, representing the Islamic civilization era from the seventh century until the modern era. The collection includes: writing utensils, weapons, ceramics, medical instruments, metalwork, wooden sculptures, coins, and textiles. The museum showcases pieces from this collection in the First Exhibition Hall (the permanent exhibition) under the title 'The Narrative of Arab-Islamic Civilization.'<ref name=":45" />

The King Faisal Center Library possesses an exclusive collection of about 28,500 original manuscripts and over 140,000 digital images of manuscripts and microfiche or microfilm copies. Among these are 15,000 microfiche copies acquired from the [[British Library]] in 1999 and approximately eight thousand manuscripts on microfilm from the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National French Library]], obtained through [[UNESCO]] in 1989.<ref name=":45" />

King Faisal Memorial Collection comprises about six hundred pieces from the personal possessions of [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]]. The pieces range from medals, clothing, and armors to documents, furniture, and weapons. Coins and Currencies Collection showcases coins and banknotes that belonged to [[Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan|Iffat Al Thunayan]], the wife of [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]].<ref name=":45" /> The Fine Arts Collection comprises approximately six hundred works of fine arts, such as paintings and photographs. 

== Mosques of Riyadh ==

*[[Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque]]
*[[Al Rajhi Grand Mosque]]
*[[King Khalid Grand Mosque]]
* [[King Khalid Airport Mosque]]
* [[Princess Latifa bint Sultan Mosque]]
* [[Salam Mosque]]
* Prince Fahd bin Muhammad Mosque
* King Fahd Grand Mosque (Muather)
* [[Hayy Assafarat Grand Mosque|Safarat Mosque]] ({{Langx|ar|جامع حي السفارات}})
* Jawharah Mosque
*[[Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim Mosque]]
*[[KAFD Grand Mosque]]
*[[King Abdulaziz Mosque (Riyadh)|King Abdulaziz Mosque]]
*[[Al Madi Mosque]]
*[[King Fahd Mosque (Riyadh)|King Fahd Mosque]]
*King Saud Mosque, Nasiriyah
*Al Hikmah Mosque, Hittin
*Duhairah Mosque ({{Langx|ar|مسجد الظهيرة}}) in the former [[Duhairah]] neighborhood<ref>{{Cite web |title=مساجد الرياض القديمة.. وفقه بنائها |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2019/20191014/wo2.htm |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>
*Sheikh Fahd al-Owaidah Mosque ({{Langx|ar|جامع الشيخ فهد العويضة}})
*Ghadah Ibrahim Mosque ({{Langx|ar|غادة البراهيم}})
*Princess al-Anood Mosque ({{Langx|ar|جامع الأميرة العنود}})
*Abu Abdullah al-Haidan ({{Langx|ar|أبي عبد الله اللحيدان}})
*[[Al-Qibli Mosque (Riyadh)|Al-Qibli Mosque]]
*[[Al Sohoom Mosque]]
*Al-Rumailah Mosque, also known as Al-Salamah Mosque
*Al Muhaisen Mosque ({{Langx|ar|مسجد المحيسن}})
*Umm Ibrahim Al Thyab Mosque ({{Langx|ar|مسجد أم إبراهيم الذياب}})
*[[Al Dakheel Mosque]]
*Imam Abdulrahman Al-Faisal Mosque 
*Al Nasser Mosque
*[[Hilla Mosque]]
*''other mosques''
*https://sabq.org/saudia/shegde-6

== Imp ==
Refer this article for the old emirate palace in manfuhah, similar to qasr al hukm

https://www.al-jazirah.com/2022/20220905/ln15.htm

== Hilla Mosque ==
{{Infobox mosque
| name                  = Hilla Mosque
| native_name           = مسجد الحلة
| native_name_lang      = ar
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| image                 = 
| caption               = 
| coordinates           = {{Coord|24|37|47|N|46|43|11|E|type:landmark_region:SA|display=inline}}
| location              = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| sect                  = 
| municipality          = [[Al Ma'dher Sub-Municipality|Al-Ma'dher]]
| type                  = 
| founded_by            = 
| funded_by             = 
| established           = 19th century (original)<br/>1960s (restored)
| groundbreaking        = 
| capacity              = 
| interior_area         = 
| dome_quantity         = 
| dome_height_outer     = 
| dome_dia_outer        = 
| minaret_quantity      = 1
| minaret_height        = 
| site_area             = 
}}
'''Hilla Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|مسجد الحلة}}) is a historic mosque in the [[Al Owd|al-Owd]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=مسجد الحلة |url=https://saudipedia.com/article/15646/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=سعوديبيديا |language=ar}}</ref> located in the [[Souq al-Hilla]]. The mosque was constructed in the 19th century during the reign of [[Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud (1755–1834)|Imam Turki bin Abdullah]] and was later restored in the 20th century by [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]] before being rebuilt in the 1960s using modern techniques. The mosque was one of the centers of learning for [[Hanbali school|Hanbali]] [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars.

== Overview ==
The mosque was built in the Second Saudi State in 19th century during the reign of [[Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud (1755–1834)|Imam Turki bin Abdullah]]. The mosque was restored in early 20th century by [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]] and appointed Abdul Rahman ibn Abdul Latif Al ash-Sheikh (1871-1947) as its imam,  who served in his position until 1931.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85/Q-HSqBnlVW4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=موسوعة تاريخ التعليم في المملكة العربية السعودية في مائة عام |date=1999 |publisher=المملكة العربية السعودية، وزارة المعارف، |isbn=978-9960-19-243-7 |language=ar}}</ref> The mosque is located in the [[Al Owd|al-Owd]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=عايض |first=زهراني، عبد الله بن محمد بن |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A9/qxPYAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=تاريخ القضاء والقضاة في العهد السعودي، ٤٤٣١ ھ-٦١٤١ ھ |date=1998 |publisher=ع.ا.ب.م.ب.ع. الزهراني، |isbn=978-9960-34-686-1 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=الوشمي |first=أحمد بن مساعد عبدالله |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7/GnJZDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PT116&printsec=frontcover |title=الرياض مدينة وسكانا: كيف كانت وكيف عاشوا؟ |date=2018-05-03 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |language=ar}}</ref> and is considered to be one of the earliest mosques of Riyadh and one of the centers of learning for [[Hanbali school|Hanbali]] [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=كتاب يقرأ الحياة العلمية في مدينة الرياض |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/2026553 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ثقافي/ قراءة في كتاب: الحياة العلمية في مدينة الرياض في عهد الدولة السعودية الثانية ( 1240 - 1309 / 1824 - 1891 م) |url=https://spa.gov.sa/fr/7c12582bb5r |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=العثمان |first=قاضي، محمد |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1/HtPXAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=روضة الناظرين عن ماثر علماء نجد و حوادث السنين |date=1983 |publisher=مطبعة الحلبي، |language=ar}}</ref> The mosque was rebuilt in the 1960s by the Saudi government using modern techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مساجد الرياض القديمة.. وفقه بنائها |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2019/20191014/wo2.htm#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== King Abdulaziz Mosque, Riyadh ==
{{Infobox mosque
| name                  = King Abdulaziz Mosque
| native_name           = جامع الملك عبدالعزيز
| native_name_lang      = ar
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| image                 = 
| caption               = 
| coordinates           = {{Coord|24|38|44|N|46|42|33|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| location              = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| founded_by            = [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]]
| year_completed        = 1940s (original)<br />1998 (restored)
| minaret_quantity      = 1
| materials             = 
}}
'''King Abdulaziz Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|جامع الملك عبدالعزيز}}), is a historic [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] in the [[Al Murabba|al-Murabba]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=العزيز |first=دارة الملك عبد |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88/ku3NDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PT152&printsec=frontcover |title=المملكة العربية السعودية في مئة عام: معلومات موجزة |date=1999-11-11 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/al_Majallah/JAEOAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=al-Majallah |date=1999 |publisher=al-Sharikah al-Saʻūdīyah lil-Abḥāth wa-al-Taswīq al-Barīṭānīyah |language=ar}}</ref> located in close proximity to the [[Riyadh Water Tower]] in the [[King Abdulaziz Historical Center]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=صالح |first=هادي محمد |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86/MaE8DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover |title=إنجازات خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500227740 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=مركز الملك عبدالعزيز التاريخي |url=https://saudipedia.com/article/10158/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=سعوديبيديا |language=ar}}</ref> Covering an area of 5540 square meters, it was first built around the 1940s, corresponding with the construction of [[Murabba Palace]]. The mosque held the funerary prayers for [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] following his assassination in 1975 and was later rebuilt by the [[Royal Commission for Riyadh City]] in 1998. 

== Overview ==
The mosque was built in the 1940s during the reign of [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]] as part of the construction of the [[Murabba Palace]] and served as his place of worship until his death in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=قصور المربع.. ماضٍ عريق وبناء عمراني فريد |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1730977 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> In 1975, the mosque held the funerary prayers of [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] following his assassination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=أخبار 24 |date=2020-08-28 |title=فيديو.. وثائقي يروي معلومات عن جامع الملك عبدالعزيز بالمربع وقصة بنائه |url=https://www.akhbaar24.com/article/detail/506984 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=أخبار 24 |language=ar}}</ref> The funeral was attended by several head of states such as [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan]], [[Yasser Arafat]], [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[Idi Amin]], [[Houari Boumédiène|Houari Boumediene]], [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr|Ahmed Hassan al‐Bakr]], [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], [[Juan Carlos I|Juan Carlos]], [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Mohammad Daoud Khan]] and [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Onis |first=Juan de |title=Saudis Bury Faisal and Hail King |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/27/archives/saudis-bury-faisal-and-hail-king-saudis-bury-king-faisal-at-riyadh.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180213154757/http://www.nytimes.com:80/1975/03/27/archives/saudis-bury-faisal-and-hail-king-saudis-bury-king-faisal-at-riyadh.html |archive-date=2018-02-13 |access-date=2024-12-23 |language=en}}</ref>

The mosque was rebuilt in 1998 by the [[Royal Commission for Riyadh City]] as part of the [[King Abdulaziz Historical Center]] project and covers an area of 5540 square meters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-22 |title=مزج بين الوظائف الدينية والدنيوية في مساجد الرياض |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2009/08/22/article_265418.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref> Prominent imams of the mosque have been Sheikh Abdullah bin Qoud, Sheikh Saad bin Faleh and Sheikh Fahd bin Abdul Rahman Al Fahd.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7/q00kAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&dq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&printsec=frontcover |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=2005 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84/wH4xAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&dq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&printsec=frontcover |title=الحديقة اليانعة من العلوم النافعة |date=1994 |publisher=دار الصميعي، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/NjusDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&pg=PT148&printsec=frontcover |title=عبد العزيز بن باز |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500050638 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=محمد |first=رحمة، عبدالرحمن بن يوسف بن عبدالرحمن بن |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85/HgvYAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&dq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&printsec=frontcover |title=الإنجاز في ترجمة الإمام عبدالعزيز بن باز: حياته وجهوده العلمية والعملية والدعوية واثاره الحميدة |date=1999 |publisher=ع. ب. ي. ب. ع. الرحمة، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=أحمد |first=زهراني، راشد بن عثمان بن |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84/SOHjAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2&printsec=frontcover |title=إتحاف النبلاء بسير العلماء |date=1996 |publisher=دار الصميعي، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Silm |first=Aḥmad Saʻīd Ibn |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7/eHjwAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&dq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&printsec=frontcover |title=موسوعة الأدباء والكتاب السعوديين: خلال ستين عاما، 1350 ه-1410 ه |last2=سعيد |first2=ابن سلم، أحمد |date=1992 |publisher=نادي المدينة المنورة الأدبي، |language=ar}}</ref>

== Al Dakheel Mosque ==
{{Infobox mosque
| name                  = Al-Dakheel Mosque
| native_name           = جامع الدخيل
| native_name_lang      = ar
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| image                 = 
| caption               = Al Rajhi Mosque, 2024
| coordinates           = {{Coord|24|47|41|N|46|44|16|E|type:landmark_region:SA|display=inline}}
| location              = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| sect                  = 
| municipality          = 
| type                  = 
| architecture_style    = Modern Najdi
| founded_by            = 
| funded_by             = 
| established           = 2004
| groundbreaking        = 
| capacity              = 3000
| interior_area         = 
| dome_quantity         = 1
| dome_height_outer     = 18 m
| dome_dia_outer        = 10 m
| minaret_quantity      = 1
| minaret_height        = 50 m
| site_area             = {{convert|7000|m2|acre}}
}}
'''Sheikh Fahd bin Abdul Rahman bin Fahd al-Dakheel Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|جامع الشيخ فهد بن عبد الرحمن بن فهد الدخيل}}), simply known as '''al-Dakheel Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|جامع الدخيل}}), is a Friday mosque in the ash-Shuhada neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-10 |title=أهم مساجد الرياض التي تشهد إقبالاً خلال صلاة القيام - صحيفة المناطق السعودية |url=https://almnatiq.net/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |language=ar}}</ref> Opened in 2004, it usually gets flocked by worshippers during the month of [[Ramadan]] to perform ''[[Tarawih|Taraweeh]]'' prayers and on religious holidays like [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] for [[Eid prayers|''Salat al-Eid'']]. [[Yasir al-Dawsari]] led the prayers in the mosque from its opening until he was appointed in 2019 as one of the imams of [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]].

== Overview ==
Construction of the mosque began in 2000 and completed in 2004 and was built in the ash-Shuhada neighborhood of Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الشيخان القرني والعريفي بجامع الشيخ فهد بن دخيل |url=https://al-jazirah.com/2007/20070221/ln38.htm |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=al-jazirah.com}}</ref> The mosque has a minaret and a dome with a height of 18 meters and 50 meters respectively. The mosque can accommodate around 1800 worshippers during off-season and 3000 worshippers at its maximum. The numbers reach 7000 in the month of [[Ramadan]] when the space surrounding the mosque gets in use.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-21 |title=جامع الدخيل {{!}} مدونة الجوامع |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221181106/https://jwame3.wordpress.com/2009/12/26/jame3-aldukhail/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title="الدوسري".. من اختبار "الإمامة" 1995 إلى إمامة المصلين بالمسجد ا |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303025751/https://sabq.org/MD9gde |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-09 |title=ياسر الدوسري .. رحلة علم توجت بإمامة المسجد الحرام - موقع الشيخ ياسر بن راشد الدوسري |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909120502/http://www.aldosry.net:80/play-591.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-27 |title=جامع الدخيل.. صوت الإمام «العذب» خلف ازدحام التراويح |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2013/07/27/article_773500.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref>   

[[Yasir al-Dawsari]] served as the imam of the mosque from its opening until he was appointed as one of the imams of [[Masjid al-Haram]] in Mecca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=ياسر الدوسري إمام جامع «الدخيل»: لا أستمع لتلاواتي إلا عند المونتاج {{!}} صحيفة الاقتصادية |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906140927/http://www.aleqt.com:80/2014/07/09/article_865562.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-07 |title=جريدة الرياض {{!}} جمال الصوت مفتاح الخشوع في الصلاة!! |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607175411/http://www.alriyadh.com:80/456789 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>  

== Al-Qibli Mosque ==
{{Not to be confused with|Al-Aqsa Mosque}}
{{Infobox mosque
| name                  = Al-Qibli Mosque
| native_name           = مسجد القبلي
| native_name_lang      = ar
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| coordinates           = {{Coord|24|35|45|N|46|43|33|E|type:landmark_region:SA|display=inline}}
| location              = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| architecture_type     = 
| architecture_style    = [[Najdi architecture]]
| established           = 1689
}}
'''Al-Qibli Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|مسجد القبلي}}) is a historic mosque in the [[Manfuhah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ḥuqayl |first=ʻAbd al-Karīm ibn Ḥamad ibn Ibrāhīm |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A/QHFmAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9&printsec=frontcover |title=معجم المؤرخين السعوديين |date=2001 |publisher=ع.الك.ب.ح.ب.ا. الحقيل، |isbn=978-9960-39-047-5 |language=ar}}</ref> It is one of the oldest mosques in Riyadh, with the origins of the mosque tracing as far back as 1689. The mosque was restored and rebuilt several times between 1945 and 1993, with the latest renovation having taking place during the second phase of [[Prince Mohammed bin Salman Project for the Development of Historical Mosques]]. Covering an area of almost 804 square meters, it can accommodate 440 worshippers and is built in traditional [[Najdi architecture|Najdi style]].

== Overview ==
The mosque was built around 1689,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title=مسجد القبلي |url=https://saudipedia.com/article/9977/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=سعوديبيديا |language=ar}}</ref> when Dawwas ibn Abdullah, the father of [[Dahham ibn Dawwas]], ruled the town of [[Manfuhah]] and was built in traditional [[Najdi architecture|Najdi architectural style]], and was located in close proximity to the town's former ruling palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=شاهد روعة مسجد القبلي بـ"منفوحة الرياض" الذي أعيد بناؤه بالمواد الطبيعية |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/saudi-today/2023/03/23/-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=العربية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=الهادي |first=سعود |title=إعادة بناء مسجد القبلي بالمواد الطبيعية على الطراز النجدي |url=https://www.al-jazirahonline.com/2023/03/23/265928/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=ar}}</ref> 

In 1945, the mosque was restored by King Abdulaziz ibn Saud,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=شاهد روعة مسجد القبلي بـ"منفوحة الرياض" الذي أعيد بناؤه بالمواد الطبيعية |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914223959/https://www.alarabiya.net/saudi-today/2023/03/23/-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> where the interior praying area was expanded from north to south by 120 square meters. The mosque has 33 [[colonnade]]. The mosque underwent minor restorations since then. In 1993, major renovation works were carried out by strengthening the foundations of the mosque. In 2022, the mosque was listed for restoration during the second phase of the [[Prince Mohammed bin Salman Project for the Development of Historical Mosques]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six mosques in Riyadh region earmarked for restoration as part of development project |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2153206/%7B%7B |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=«عكاظ» (جدة) |date=2022-08-30 |title=مشروع الأمير محمد بن سلمان يؤهل ويرمم 6 مساجد تاريخية في منطقة الرياض |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/news/local/2113491 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=واس |date=2023-03-23 |title=إعادة بناء مسجد القبلي بالمواد الطبيعية على الطراز النجدي |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/3k0xk60iy3 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=واس |date=2023-03-23 |title="مشروع الأمير محمد بن سلمان" يعيد بناء مسجد القبلي بـ"منفوحة الرياض" بالمواد الطبيعية على الطراز النجدي |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/2cliqcgzyd |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Renovation project maintains old architectural features of Riyadh mosques |url=https://www.saudigazette.com.sa/article/624440/SAUDI-ARABIA/Renovation-project-maintains-old-architectural-features-of-Riyadh-mosques |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref> The mosque covers an area of almost 804 square meters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الوطن |first=الرياض : |date=2023-03-23 |title=إعادة بناء مسجد القبلي بالمواد الطبيعية على الطراز النجدي |url=https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/1122908 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Watanksa |language=Arabic}}</ref>

Prominent imams of the mosque have included Sheikh Saad bin Anbar, Sheikh Muhammad bin Hameed, Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Shuaibi, Sheikh Omar bin Khalifa, and Sheikh Omar bin Mahmoud, who died in 1966, in addition to Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Abdullah bin Mahmoud.

== Al Madi Mosque ==
{{Infobox mosque
| name                  = Al Madi Mosque
| native_name           = مسجد المدي
| native_name_lang      = ar
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| location              = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| completed             = 1943 (original)<br/>2004 (restored)
| date_demolished       = 1998
| capacity              = 500
| dome_quantity         = 4
| minaret_quantity      = 1
| minaret_height        = 18 m
}}

'''Al Madi Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|مسجد المدي}}), or '''Al Medy Mosque''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Joseph F. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Art_of_Natural_Building_Second_Editi/4s73AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=al+medy+mosque+riyadh&pg=PT689&printsec=frontcover |title=The Art of Natural Building - Second Edition - Completely Revised, Expanded and Updated: Design, Construction, Resources |last2=Smith |first2=Michael G. |last3=Wanek |first3=Catherine |date=2014-07-01 |publisher=New Society Publishers |isbn=978-1-55092-560-9 |language=en}}</ref> is a historic mosque in the [[Al Murabba|al-Murabba]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the [[King Abdulaziz Historical Center]]. Originally built in 1943, it was demolished in 1998 and later rebuilt in 2004 by the [[Royal Commission for Riyadh City]] using [[Compressed earth block|compressed earth blocks]]. It covers an area of 457 square meters and was constructed on the site of al-Madi, a large seven column basin used by tribal [[Nomad|nomads]] to water their livestock during the reign of [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]].

== Overview ==
The mosque was built in 1943 during the reign of [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]] and was situated on the site of al-Madi, a large seven column basin used by tribal nomads to water their livestock.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2023 |title=تاريخ قصر ثليم مضيف البسطاء |url=https://www.almrsal.com/post/727219 |access-date=25 October 2018 |website=almrsal.com}}</ref> In 1998, the mosque was demolished during the [[King Abdulaziz Historical Center]] project and later rebuilt in 2004 using [[Compressed earth block|compressed earth blocks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2005/20050114/ln5.htm |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-01 |title=مسجد المدي من أوائل المنشآت المعمارية بــ "الطين المضغوط" |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2009/05/01/article_137852.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-01 |title=مسجد المدي من أوائل المنشآت المعمارية بــ "الطين المضغوط" |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2009/05/01/article_137852.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref> 

The mosque was inaugurated by [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2004/20041012/fe1.htm |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> Covering an area of 457 square meters, it can accommodate 500 worshippers and includes 4 domes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2004/20041021/fe6.htm |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> The mosque also includes a minaret, whose height is 18 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=أين يقع مسجد المدي؟ |url=https://saudipedia.com/article/9659/%D8%B4%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=سعوديبيديا |language=ar}}</ref> The mosque is a recipient of the [[Organization of Islamic Capitals and Cities]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تمثل الجائزة التاسعة عربياً وعالمياً |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2007/20070603/ln2.htm |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== The View Mall ==
'''The View Mall''' ({{Langx|ar|ذا فيو مول‎}}), or simply '''The View'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record demand for Saudi retail space: Cenomi |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2289771/amp |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> ({{Langx|ar|ذا فيو}}), is a shopping center located in the King Abdulaziz District of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Opened in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title="المراكز العربية" تفتتح مركزها التجاري الثالث والعشرين "ذا فيو" بالرياض |url=https://www.argaam.com/ar/article/articledetail/id/1514027 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=أرقام |language=ar}}</ref> it is owned by Cenomi Centers. 

== Laysen Valley ==
{{Infobox company
| name = Laysen Valley
| native_name = ليسن فالي
| native_name_lang = ar
| industry = [[Serviced office|Office Space Provider]]<br />[[Business park]]
| founded = 2021
| hq_location_city = [[Riyadh]]
| hq_location_country = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| website = {{URL|https://laysenvalley.sa/}}
}}
'''Laysen Valley''' ({{Langx|ar|ليسن فالي}}) is a mixed-use development in the Umm al-Hammam al-Gharbi neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It was developed by Tatweer Holdings and became mostly operational by 2022. Covering an area of 74000 square meters, it is named after Wadi Laysan and contains several dining destinations, retail outlets besides hosting offices of more than 50 multinational firms, including [[Roche]], [[Credit Suisse]] and [[Nokia]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=مجمعات المقار الإقليمية للشركات العالمية في الرياض تتحول إلى مقاصد سياحية وترفيهية |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2024/02/02/article_2696661.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref> 

== Overview ==
Laysen Valley became mostly operational by 2022 and was developed by Tatweer Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Tatweer partners with ROSHN to develop Makkah projects |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2581433/corporate-news |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> It was built on the six core principles of Salmani style,<ref>{{Cite web |title=تجارب طعام استثنائية خلال الصيف في 3 أماكن رائعة في الرياض {{!}} مجلة سيدتي |url=https://www.sayidaty.net/node/1660496/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%81%D9%8A-3-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.sayidaty.net |language=ar}}</ref> a distinct type of urban [[Najdi architecture|Najdi architectural]] method developed in [[Riyadh Province]] during the reign of [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz]] as the region's governor between 1963 and 2011. It hosts offices of more than 50 multinational firms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=سبق |date=2022-11-02 |title=ليسن فالي .. يحتضن مقر الشركات العالمية في قلب الرياض |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/xl96kmsb7t |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> It is named after Wadi Laysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=العمري |first=عبدالله بن محمد |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A/lw8LEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PA886&printsec=frontcover |title=موسوعة العمري في البيئة والمياه |date=2024-05-30 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |isbn=978-603-04-9952-6 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7/dwZIAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=1995-05 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref>

The construction of Laysen Valley began around 2020. In March 2021, Jadwa REIT Al Haramain and Jadwa REIT Saudi disclosed the details of investment following its acquisition of seven towers of Laysen Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=أرقام |title="جدوى ريت السعودية" و"جدوى ريت الحرمين" يُعلنان تفاصيل استثمار 500 مليون ريال في صندوق عقاري خاص |url=https://www.argaam.com/ar/article/articledetail/id/1452671 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=أرقام |language=ar-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=صندوقان لـ "جدوى" يستثمران نصف مليار ريال في "الاستثمارات العقارية" |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/aswaq/companies/2021/03/22/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%80-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=العربية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=news |first=sahm |date=2021-03-22 |title=جدوى للاستثمار تطلق صندوق الاستثمارات العقارية |url=https://sahmnews.com.sa/2021/03/22/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=صحيفة سهم الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> In December 2021, Hilton announced setting up a hotel,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=Hilton signs three huge deals in Saudi Arabia, including Diriyah Gate - Hotelier Middle East |url=https://www.hoteliermiddleeast.com/saudi-arabia/hilton-signs-three-huge-deals-in-saudi-arabia-including-diriyah-gate |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> in partnership with Mashareq.<ref>{{Cite web |title="المشرق للضيافة" تتوسع بالشراكة مع "هيلتون العالمية" |url=https://www.argaam.com/ar/article/articledetail/id/1518378 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=أرقام |language=ar}}</ref> In January 2022, Swiss pharmaceutical company Norvatis announced that it would have its regional head office in Laysen Valley. [[Riyadh Municipality]] signed a benefit exchange agreement with Laysen Valley in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=أمانة الرياض توقِّع اتفاقية تبادل منافع مع 4 شركات لتحسين جودة الخدمات بالعاصمة |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2022/20220327/ln16.htm |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> 

== Ministry of Interior ==
'''Ministry of Interior''' ({{Langx|ar|وزارة الداخلية}}) is a rapid transit station that serves the [[Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Riyadh Metro]] network in the [[Al Fouta|al-Futah]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in close proximity to the [[Ministry of Interior building]].

== Al Bat'ha ==
{{Infobox station
| name               = Al Bat'ha
| country            = [[Al Fouta|Al-Futah]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| lines              = [[Blue Line (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]]
| code               = 27 ([[Blue Line (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]])
| former             = 
}}
'''Al Bat'ha''' ({{Langx|ar|البطحاء}}) is a rapid transit station that serves the [[Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Riyadh Metro]] network in the [[Al Fouta|al-Futah]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the [[Al Batʼha (Riyadh)|al-Bat’ha]] commercial area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=قطار الرياض يبدأ استقبال ركابه اليوم.. انطلاق 3 مسارات من أصل 6 |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/ampArticle/2175040 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.okaz.com.sa}}</ref>

It was opened on 1 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=سبق |date=2024-12-01 |title="كل درب أقرب".. "النقل العام": 4 طرق لشراء تذاكر قطار الرياض |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/60nj7lifqj |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> 

== Qasr Al Hukm District markets ==
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Al Maigliah Market Center
| native_name = مركز المعيقلية التجاري
| native_name_lang = ar
| location = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|37|49|N|46|42|31|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| developer = Riyadh Development Company
| number_of_stores = 1000
| parking = 2000
}}
'''Al Maigliah Market Center''' ({{Langx|ar|مركز المعيقلية التجاري}}) is a traditional shopping complex in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Discover the best of Saudi capital Riyadh’s shopping scene |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2376616/lifestyle |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/al_Fay%E1%B9%A3al/1e4NAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=al-Fayṣal |date=1999 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Dār al-Fayṣal al-Thaqāfīyah |language=ar}}</ref> located in the western part of the [[Qasr Al Hukm District|Qasr al-Hukm District]]. Built in the period 1988–1992 during the second phase of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project, it contains 1,000 shops divided into four sections specializing in the trade of traditional perfumes, gold, watches and fashion retail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=سوق المعيقلية |url=https://saudipedia.com/article/14741/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=سعوديبيديا |language=ar}}</ref> It is named after the [[Mugailiyah]] quarter of the former [[Walled town of Riyadh|walled town]], where it stands. 

== History and background ==
Following the dismantling of the city walls in the 1950s, the [[Mugailiyah]] quarter, just like other quarters of the former walled town, were incorporated into the current metropolis of Riyadh. As residents of the area began relocating to new affluent districts, the quarter evolved into a traditional marketplace during the 1950s and 1970s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=البشر |first=بدرية |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9/qRdpDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PT7&printsec=frontcover |title=الأرجوحة |last2=الساقي |first2=دار |date=2017-03-21 |publisher=Dar al Saqi |isbn=978-614-425-150-8 |language=ar}}</ref>

In March 1973, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] issued directives to Sheikh Abdulaziz Thunayyan, then mayor of [[Riyadh]] to conduct an extensive study of the area surrounding the [[Al Hukm Palace|al-Hukm Palace]] and implementing the project of its renovation the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الخميس 26 محرم 1393 هـ الموافق 1 مارس 1973م - العدد (534) |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2007/20070225/za10.htm |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> In 1976, the [[Royal Commission for Riyadh City|High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh]] commissioned the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project and agreed on developmental programs that were prepared to transform the [[Qasr Al Hukm District|Qasr al-Hukm District]] into a cultural center. The designs were completed by 1979 and the construction lasted between 1983 and 1992 in broadly two phases, costing around US$500&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sitUAAAAMAAJ&q=Qasr+al+Hukm+development+1984 |title=Continuity and Change: Design Strategies for Large-scale Urban Development |publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture |year=1984 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKxWAAAAYAAJ&q=qasr+al+hukm+development+project+1992 |title=MEED. |publisher=Economic East Economic Digest, Limited |year=1993 |language=en}}</ref> The project was overseen by [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz]], the-then [[Riyadh Governorate|governor of Riyadh]].

In 1985, the Maigliah Markets Company Limited was established as a real state firm, which got later renamed as Riyadh Holding Company. The company was responsible with renovation of the market,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%AC/q45IAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=ادارة المدن الكبرى : تجربة مدينة الرياض |date=1994 |publisher=مكتبة الملك فهد الوطنية - الرياض |isbn=978-9960-00-022-0 |language=ar}}</ref> which was built during the second phase of the Qasr Al Hukm District between 1988 and 1992<ref>{{Cite book |last=صالح |first=هادي محمد |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86/MaE8DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PA52&printsec=frontcover |title=إنجازات خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500227740 |language=ar}}</ref> in modern Najdi architectural style.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=العجلاني |first=منير |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/1EtIAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=تاريخ البلاد العربية السعودية: الدولة السعودية الثانية |last2=منير |first2=عجلاني، |date=1994 |publisher=دار النفائس، |language=ar}}</ref> 
 

'''Al Deira Market''' ({{Langx|ar|أسواق الديرة}}){{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Al Diera Market
| native_name = أسواق الديرة
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Souq Ushaiger Riyadh 2024.jpg
| caption = Souq Ushaiger, 2024
| location = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.62808|N|46.70973|E|region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| previous_names = Qasiriya Ibn Qulaib<br/>Souq al-Mughaibrah
| developer = Riyadh Development Company
| number_of_stores = 400
| parking = 
}}'''Al Diera Market''' ({{Langx|ar|أسواق الديرة}}), also known as '''Souq Ushaiger''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق أشيقر}}) is a traditional shopping center in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the [[Qasr Al Hukm District|Qasr al-Hukm District]]. It contains 400 shops that specialize in the sale of handicrafts, imported fabrics and carpets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=الأسواق الشعبية في منطقة الرياض |url=https://saudipedia.com/article/14683/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=سعوديبيديا |language=ar}}</ref> It emerged from the ruins of '''Qasiriya Ibn Qulaib''' ({{Langx|ar|قيصرية ابن كليب}}) and '''Souq al-Mughaibrah''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق المقيبرة}}).

is alternately named after the town of [[Ushaiger]], where most of the shopkeepers once came from. The market's origins can be traced back 19th century during the era of [[Emirate of Nejd|Second Saudi State]] and was rebuilt by the Riyadh Holding Company in its current form during the second phase of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project between 1988 and 1992. 

== History and background ==
[[File:Souq Ushaiger Old Riyadh 1965.jpg|thumb|Souq Ushaiger, 1965]]
[[File:Souq Mughaibrah Riyadh, 1943.jpg|thumb|Souq al-Mughaibrah, 1943]]
The origins of the market can be traced back to the 19th century during the era of the [[Emirate of Nejd|Second Saudi State]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2011 |title=إمبراطوريات المال في نجد.. "عرق الجبين" أنصف "الشرفاء" |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/605843 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> It was later rehabilitated by a trader named Ibn Kulaib in late 1948 or early 1949 during the reign of [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]], after he purchased and demolished the residence of Prince Saud bin Sa'ad, the son of [[Sa'ad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Prince Sa'ad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud]] and was known as Qasiriya ibn Qulaib.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naʻim |first=ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz ʻAbd al-Raḥmān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJovAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8 |title=المملكة العربية السعودية بين الماضى و الحاضر |date=1972 |language=ar}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAEdAQAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8 |title=al-Usbūʻ al-ʻArabī |date=April 1965 |publisher=al-Muʼassasah al-Sharqīyah lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr fī Lubnān |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUDoAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87 |title=Sijill al-ʻArab: al-Tabʻah 1 |date=1962 |publisher=Muʾassasat Sijill al-ʻArab. |language=ar}}</ref>

Following the dismantling of the city walls in the 1950s, the [[Ghanaiy]] quarter as well as the Mughaibrah quarter, just like other quarters of the former walled town, were incorporated into the current metropolis of Riyadh. The market was later known as Souq Ushaiger as most of its vendors and shopkeepers came from the town of [[Ushaiger]].<ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7/4kYkAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B1&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B1&printsec=frontcover |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=2004 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9/cnIvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B1&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B1&printsec=frontcover |title=اليمامة |date=2007 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Muʼassasat al-Yamāmah al-Ṣuḥufīyah |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=العجلاني |first=منير |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/1EtIAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=تاريخ البلاد العربية السعودية: الدولة السعودية الثانية |last2=منير |first2=عجلاني، |date=1994 |publisher=دار النفائس، |language=ar}}</ref> 

In 1963, the Souq al-Mughaibrah was expanded and included Souq al-Hasawiyah ({{Langx|ar|سوق الحساوية}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-26 |title=سوق المقيبرة |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/aswaq/2013/12/26/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=العربية |language=ar}}</ref>

In March 1973, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] issued directives to Sheikh Abdulaziz Thunayyan, then mayor of [[Riyadh]] to conduct an extensive study of the area surrounding the [[Al Hukm Palace|al-Hukm Palace]] and implementing the project of its renovation the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الخميس 26 محرم 1393 هـ الموافق 1 مارس 1973م - العدد (534) |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2007/20070225/za10.htm |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> In 1976, the [[Royal Commission for Riyadh City|High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh]] commissioned the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project and agreed on developmental programs that were prepared to transform the [[Qasr Al Hukm District|Qasr al-Hukm District]] into a cultural center. The designs were completed by 1979 and the construction lasted between 1983 and 1992 in broadly two phases, costing around US$500&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sitUAAAAMAAJ&q=Qasr+al+Hukm+development+1984 |title=Continuity and Change: Design Strategies for Large-scale Urban Development |publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture |year=1984 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKxWAAAAYAAJ&q=qasr+al+hukm+development+project+1992 |title=MEED. |publisher=Economic East Economic Digest, Limited |year=1993 |language=en}}</ref> The project was overseen by [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz]], the-then [[Riyadh Governorate|governor of Riyadh]].

In 1985, the Maigliah Markets Company Limited was established as a real state firm, which got later renamed as Riyadh Holding Company. The company was responsible with renovation of the market alongside the [[Al Maigliah Market Center]] as well as the Al Tameer Wholesale Market. The market was rebuilt during the second phase of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project.

'''Al Tameer Wholesale Market''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق التعمير للجملة}}) or '''Construction Center for Wholesale''' ({{Langx|ar|
مركز التعمير للجملة}}), is a shopping complex and a wholesale market in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the [[Qasr Al Hukm District|Qasr al-Hukm District]]. Opened in 2000, it was built by the Riyadh Development Company in an area of approximately 26 acres. West of Mughaibrah street.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1/uv40uafLYbYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=الرياض مدينة الصحراء و الخزامى |date=2013 |publisher=Wizārat al-Thaqāfah wa-al-Iʻlām, Wakālat al-Wizārah lil-Shuʼūn al-Thaqāfīyah |isbn=978-603-8096-26-0 |language=ar}}</ref>  

Ibn Sulaiman Commercial Center ({{Langx|ar|مركز ابن سليمان التجاري}})

==== Palaces ====
Palaces in Najd were mostly made of adobe and mudbrick mixed with straw.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Greenblatt |first=Jason D. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/In_the_Path_of_Abraham/DUZpEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+style+palace&pg=PT162&printsec=frontcover |title=In the Path of Abraham: How Donald Trump Made Peace in the Middle East—and How to Stop Joe Biden from Unmaking It |date=2022-06-21 |publisher=Wicked Son |isbn=978-1-63758-310-4 |language=en}}</ref> It's ceilings were made with local wood with palm leaves and fronds. 

== Burj al-Malaz ==
{{Infobox historic building
| name             = Burj al-Malaz
| location         = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| completion_date  = 1960s
| demolition_date  = 2009
| main_contractor  = [[Arab Contractors]]
}}
'''Burj al-Malaz''' ({{langx|ar|برج الملز|4=Malaz Tower}}), also known as '''Burj al-Arab<ref>{{Cite web |title=صور قديمة لـ حي الملز بالرياض – المرسال |url=https://www.almrsal.com/post/447751 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.almrsal.com}}</ref>''' ({{Langx|ar|برج العرب|4=Arab Tower}}) and '''Imarat al-Barmil'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=من معالم عاصمتنا الرياض |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2007/20071105/rv2.htm |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> ({{Langx|ar|عمارة البرميل|4=barrel apartment building}}), was a cylindrical-shaped apartment building on al-Jamiʽah Street in the [[Al Malaz|al-Malaz]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=ضاوي |first=دعجاني، سهم بن |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A/6HfwAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=الصالونات الادبية في المملكة العربية السعودية: رصد وتوثيق |date=2006 |publisher=سهم بن ضاوي الدعجاني، |isbn=978-9960-49-311-4 |language=ar}}</ref> It was built in the mid-1960s by Egyptian construction conglomerate [[Arab Contractors|Othman Ahmed Othman]] and was one of the most prominent landmarks of the district in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elsheshtawy |first=Yasser |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Riyadh/aH08EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Riyadh: Transforming a Desert City |date=2021-09-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-46064-3 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> The building was demolished in 2009.

== Salmani architecture ==
'''Salmani architecture''' ({{Langx|ar|العمارة السلمانية}}) or '''Salmani style''' ({{Langx|ar|الطراز السلماني}}), at times referred to as '''modern Najdi architecture''', is a sustainable eclectic revivalist architectural movement which outwardly resembles [[Najdi architecture|Najdi-style construction]] but relies on modern techniques. It has flourished in the [[Riyadh Province]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] since the 1970s under the supervision of [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz]] during his second period in office as the governor of [[Riyadh Province]] between 1963 and 2011. The term was coined in 2018 by Riyadh's former mayor [[Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf Al Muqrin|Prince Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf]].<ref name=":30" />

It has recently started incorporating many elements of [[Sustainable architecture]].

Materials used for exterior: limestone 

The classical approach of architecture has direct references to Najdi architecture, whereas the modern one has indirect references to it (but with exception of some motifs).

Examples of classical of approach:

residential complex for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1981)

Tuwaiq Palace (1985)

[[Hayy Assafarat Grand Mosque]] (1986)

[[Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque]] (1992)

[[Al Hukm Palace|Al-Hukm Palace]] (1992)

[[King Abdulaziz Historical Center]] (1999)

[[Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim Mosque]] (2005)

The peak classical is the [[Al Abtal Gate]] (2013)

Nasiriyah Gate


Modern Salmani:

King Khalid International Airport (1983)

Criminal Courts building dirah (2014)

VIA Riyadh (2023)    

[[King Fahad National Library]]    

Peak modern: [[Hamad Tower]]

== Background ==
The construction of [[Murabba Palace]] in 1938 marked a major step in the urbanization of [[Riyadh]], as it was one of the earliest buildings erected outside the [[Riyadh city fortifications|walls]] of the [[Walled town of Riyadh|fortified town]]. Although Murabba Palace was built using clay and mubdirck, 

In 1943, [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]] commissioned the [[Al Hamra Palace (Riyadh)|Red Palace]] for his son and future monarch, [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz]]. The palace was built using reinforced concrete. Its design was inspired from the [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency building]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]. Before that, [[Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Prince Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman]] had built a [[Salam Mosque|mosque]] in his date palm orchard that didn't resemble the idiom of local heritage. 

It borrows geometric features such as triangular openings, which are purely decorative in nature.      

In 2020, the King Salman Urban Charter was established.      

In 1973, the General Organization for Social Insurance Headquarters was built by Omrania.            

[[Hamad Tower]] in Riyadh is an example of modern Salmani.               

== Background ==
As Riyadh saw its expansion during the reign of King Saud bin Abdulaziz. Saud built the Red Palace, which was modelled after the British Residency building in Hyderabad, India. He later on built the Royal Secondary Industrial Institute in al-Malazz.

Prince Salman saw it as an erosion of Riyadh's urban heritage and thus decided to preserve it. 

== Building of Riyadh Municipality Hall ==
The '''Building of Riyadh Municipality Hall''' ({{Langx|ar|مبنى بهو امانة الرياض}}) is a landmark building in the [[Al Malaz|al-Malaz]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It was built by [[Riyadh Municipality]] in 1958 and functioned as a ceremonial hall that held state celebrations until the 1980s, when it was converted into a library affiliated with the [[King Saud University]]. In 2022, [[Al Watan (Saudi Arabia)|''Al Watan'']] newspaper reported that the building was undergoing transformation into a museum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=متحف لمستقبل الرياض وماضيها |url=https://www.alwatan.com.sa/ampArticle/1103800 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=https://www.alwatan.com.sa/ |language=ar}}</ref>

== Wadi Namar Park ==
Wadi Namar is a wadi in the Najd region of Saudi Arabia. It was mentioned in one of the poems by the pre-Islamic Arab poet [[Al-A'sha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=العيسى |first=محمد الفهد |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9/2lSwDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PT26&printsec=frontcover |title=الدرعية قاعدة الدولة السعودية الأولى |date=2019-09-19 |publisher=OBEIKAN Education |isbn=978-9960-20-119-1 |language=ar}}</ref> It has lent its name to the Nemar neighborhood of Riyadh as well as Dhahiat Namar district.

== Narcissus Hotel and Spa Riyadh ==
{{Infobox hotel
| name             = Narcissus Hotel and Spa Riyadh
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = ar
| former_names     = 
| alternate_names  = Boudl Tower
| image            = 
| caption          = 
| location         = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| address          = 
| coordinates      = {{coord|24.69593|N|46.68352|E|region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| opened_date      = {{Start date and age|11 December 2013}}
| landlord         = Boudl Hotels and Resorts Group
| floor_count      = 26
| architectural_style = [[Beaux-Arts architecture| Beaux-Arts]]<br/>[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]
| height           = {{convert|155|m|abbr=on}}
| architecture_firm = Abdulelah Al Mohanna Engineering Consultants (AAMEC)
| hotel_chain      = Narcissus Hotels & Resorts
| rooms            = 280
| number_of_restaurants = 
| website          = {{URL|https://www.narcissusriyadh.com/}}
}}

'''Narcissus Hotel and Spa Riyadh''' is a five-star skyscraper hotel in the [[Al Olaya (Riyadh)|al-Olaya]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-06 |title=Nascissus Hotel promises 100% guest satisfaction |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/83412 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref> Partially opened in 2013, it became fully operational by 2015. In 2017, the '''Boudl Tower''' was completed as an annex to the hotel, which stands at a height of 155 meters and as of 2024, is the 23rd tallest building in Riyadh. It was constructed in [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] style of architecture. 

== Overview ==
The hotel was partially opened in December 2013 and became fully operational by early 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2016 |title=Narcissus makes its mark |url=https://www.ttnworldwide.com/Article/16399/Narcissus_makes_its_mark |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=ttnworldwide.com}}</ref> It was the first property of the Saudi-based Boudl Hotel and Resorts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تكلفته قاربت 1.5 مليار ريال .. الخليوي: |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2014/20140727/fe2.htm |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narcissus Hotel eyes more Saudi, regional ventures |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/566386/amp |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> The hotel was constructed in European architectural style,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-26 |title=Narcissus brings Europe elegance in Riyadh |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/546296 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> incorporating elements of [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] styles. The hotel contains 280 rooms in total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-27 |title=الخليوي: «نارسيس»: بداية لمضاهاة الفنادق العالمية |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2014/03/27/article_836724.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref>

In 2013, construction began for the 155 meters tall Boudl Tower, which was completed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boudl Tower - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/boudl-tower/30276 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref> As of 2024, it is the 37th tallest building in Saudi Arabia and 23rd tallest in Riyadh.

== Biotechnology Centre ==
The Biotechnology Centre is a research unit at the University of the West Indies

== M. H. Ahmad ==
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Mohammad Hussain Ahmad
| honorific_suffix  = [[Order of Distinction|CD]]
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1946|1|9}}
| birth_place       = [[Colgong]], [[Bihar Province]], British India (present-day [[Kahalgaon]], [[Bihar]], India)
| nationality       = Indian
| fields            = [[Molecular biology]]<br/>[[Medicinal plants]]<br/>[[Genetic engineering]]
| workplaces        = [[Delhi University]]<br/>[[University of Regensburg]]<br/>[[Cornell University]]<br/>[[University of the West Indies]]
| alma_mater        = [[Bihar Agricultural University]] (BSc)<br/>[[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (MSc, PhD)
| awards            = 
| spouse            = Nargis Khatoon (m. 1966)
| children          = 2
| module            = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office =Director of the Biotechnology Centre
| term_start = 16 June 1990
| term_end = 30 September 2011
| predecessor = ''Office established'' 
| successor = Marcia Roye}}
}}
'''Mohammad Hussain Ahmad''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of Distinction|CD]]}} (born 9 January 1946), usually cited as '''M. H. Ahmad''', is an Indian agricultural biotechnologist, academic, and businessman based in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], [[Jamaica]]. He founded the Biotechnology Centre, a research unit at the [[Mona, Jamaica|Mona]] campus of the [[University of the West Indies]], and served as its inaugural director from 1990 until his retirement in 2011.<ref>https://www.mona.uwi.edu/sites/default/files/uwi/reports/biotech_6.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=UWI's Biotech Centre is 20 |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100614/news/news2.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en}}</ref> His research focused on [[medicinal plants]],<ref name=":31">{{Cite book |last=Aftab |first=Tariq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRomEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=marquis+who's+who+M+H+Ahmad+biotechnologist&hl=en |title=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Healthcare and Industrial Applications |last2=Hakeem |first2=Khalid Rehman |date=2021-03-27 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-58975-2 |page=303 |language=en}}</ref> [[molecular biology]], and [[genetic engineering]], aiming to enhance agricultural production in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benn |first=Denis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAAzdxg55TcC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA596&dq=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad&hl=en |title=Contending with Destiny: The Caribbean in the 21st Century |last2=Hall |first2=Kenneth |date=2000 |publisher=Ian Randle Publishers |isbn=978-976-637-009-1 |language=en}}</ref> In recognition of his contributions, he was awarded the [[Order of Distinction]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=National Honours and Awards |url=https://www.pressreader.com/jamaica/jamaica-gleaner/20240806/282329685222778?srsltid=AfmBOoot1nwbMqD0dhFmzIm1QkeyOFTKa659Eiy1eEfQKiRiUm5pmYC8 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> He is also a former board member of the National Commission on Science and Technology.<ref>[https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/a8be70ec-7be0-4c97-81bb-5ce0094ce6d2/content THE BIOTECHNOLOGY CENTRE]</ref>
== Early life and career ==
Ahmad was born to a [[Shaikhs in North India|Shaikh]] family on January 9, 1946 in [[Kahalgaon|Colgong]] in the [[Bhagalpur district]] of [[Bihar Province]], [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Hussain Ahmad |url=https://prabook.com/web/mohammad_hussain.ahmad/14762 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=prabook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कहलगांव के डॉ. अहमद को जमैका में किया गया सम्मानित |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/kahalgaon/news/dr-ahmed-of-kahalgaon-was-honored-in-jamaica-133469571.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=www.bhaskar.com |language=hi}}</ref> He received his basic education in [[Bhagalpur]], where he also attended [[Bihar Agricultural University]] and graduated in 1966 with a bachelors degree in science.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamaica) |first=University of the West Indies (Mona |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Departmental_Reports/ZVS7AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=mh+ahmad+bsc+bhagal&dq=mh+ahmad+bsc+bhagal&printsec=frontcover |title=Departmental Reports: Mona |date=1992 |publisher=University of the West Indies, Jamaica. |language=en}}</ref> He later pursued his post-graduation and PhD from the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] in 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Commonwealth_Universities_Yearbook/gjMlAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=mh+ahmad+bhagal+iari&dq=mh+ahmad+bhagal+iari&printsec=frontcover |title=Commonwealth Universities Yearbook |date=1999 |publisher=Association of Commonwealth Universities. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamaica) |first=University of the West Indies (Mona |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Departmental_Reports_to_Council_Universi/Cz3qWJWHVYgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=mh+ahmad+bhagal&dq=mh+ahmad+bhagal&printsec=frontcover |title=Departmental Reports to Council - University of the West Indies |date=1995 |publisher=University of the West Indies, Jamaica. |language=en}}</ref>

Following a brief stint at [[Delhi University]], Ahmad was appointed as a research scientist at the [[University of Regensburg]] in 1977 and later as a postdoctoral research associate at [[Cornell University]] in 1980.<ref name=":34" /> In 1982, he joined the [[University of the West Indies]] as a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] before being promoted to senior lecturer in 1983.<ref name=":34" /> He established the Biotechnology Centre in 1990 through grants from European communities and served as its first director until his retirement in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=UWI's Biotech Centre is 20 |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100614/news/news2.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |date=2008 |title=Back Matter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40654691 |journal=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=54 |issue=3 |issn=0008-6495}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T5tAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT3&dq=Professor+Mohammed+Ahmed+biotechnology+university+of+west+indies&hl=en |title=Workshop Proceedings Caribbean Biotechnology Agenda for the Valorization of Genetic Resources October -,port-of Spain Trinidad and Tobago |date=1991 |publisher=IICA |language=en}}</ref> During his period in office, Ahmad implemented a regional plan for research, education, and training in plant, animal and fermentation biotechnology besides aiming to collaborate with Jamaica's private sector to support the application of biotechnology in industry, agriculture and healthcare.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=At8NAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA23&dq=mh+ahmed+mona&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mh%20ahmed%20mona&f=false |title=Google Books}}</ref>

In 2002, he led the pathology component of the Citrus Replanting Project of [[Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (Jamaica)|Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]], which was completed in 2007. In November 2005, he received the German ambassador to Jamaica Volker Schlegel at the Biotechnology Centre.<ref>[https://www.mona.uwi.edu/secretariat/sites/default/files/secretariat/dr-05-06.pdf THE LIBRARY MONA Year ending July 31, 2006]</ref> In 2008, he delivered a guest lecture at the [[Visva-Bharati University]].

He was appointed as professor emeritus by the university's Finance and General Purposes Committee in February 2012 in the aftermath of his retirement in September 2011.<ref name=":33">[https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/85ebd0a4-2b3f-443d-835a-b0c387f0496b/content THE BIOTECHNOLOGY CENTRE]</ref>

== Recognition ==

* 2024 – [[Order of Distinction]]

== Selected publications ==

=== Articles ===

* Millar, M. K. J., S. M. Mitchell, M. H. Ahmad and K. G. Golden. (2003) Azadirachtin levels of commercial Neem oils and neem seed grown in Jamaica. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Mona, Jamaica.
* Mitchell, S.A. and Ahmad, M.H. 2006a. A Review of Medicinal Plant Research at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1948–2001. West Indies Medical Journal.
* Mitchell S.A. and M. H. Ahmad (2006) Protecting our medicinal plant heritage: the making of a new national treasure. Jamaica Journal, Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.
* Mitchell, S. A., and M. H. Ahmad. "Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Research in Jamaica-Challenges and Opportunities." ''International Symposium on Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants 756''. 2007.
* Mitchell, Sylvia A., et al. "A journey through the Medicinal Plant Industry of the Caribbean highlighting Mona's Contribution." ''Caribbean Quarterly'' 54.3 (2008): 27-51.
* Abdel‐Tawwab, Mohsen, and Mohammad H. Ahmad. "Live Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a growth and immunity promoter for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), challenged with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila." ''Aquaculture Research'' 40.9 (2009): 1037-1046.

== SABB (Riyadh Metro) ==
'''SABB''' ({{Langx|ar|ساب}}) is a rapid transit station on the [[Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Riyadh Metro]] in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is the first station of Blue Line. No.11

SABB was granted naming rights over the station in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=«ساب» يفوز بحقوق تسمية إحدى محطات قطار الرياض |url=https://aawsat.com/home/article/1472986/%C2%AB%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%C2%BB-%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=aawsat.com |language=ar}}</ref>

== Dr Sulaiman Al Habib (Riyadh Metro) ==
'''Dr Sulaiman Al Habib''' ({{Langx|ar|د. سليمان الحبيب}}) is a rapid transit station on the [[Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Riyadh Metro]] in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. No. 12

It won naming rights in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |last2=TradeArabia |title=Naming rights for Riyadh Metro's 8 stations raise $278mln |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/business/naming-rights-for-riyadh-metros-8-stations-raise-278mln-sqejoofy |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.zawya.com |language=en}}</ref>

== STC (Riyadh Metro) ==
{{Infobox station
| name               = STC
| country            = [[Al Olaya (Riyadh)|Al-Olaya]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| lines              = [[Blue Line (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]]<br/>[[Red Line (Riyadh Metro)|Red Line]]
| code               = 17 ([[Blue Line (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]])<br/>15 ([[Red Line (Riyadh Metro)|Red Line]])
| former             = Olaya metro station
}}

'''STC''', formerly '''Olaya Metro Station''', is a rapid transit station that will be serving the [[Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)|Blue]] and [[Line 2 (Riyadh Metro)|Red Lines]] of [[Riyadh Metro]] in the [[Al Olaya (Riyadh)|al-Olaya]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located on the intersection of King Abdullah Road with King Fahad Road and Olaya Street.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Riyadh Metro set to open soon: Here’s what you should know about this mega project - CW Property Middle East |url=https://property.constructionweekonline.com/riyadh-metro-set-to-open-soon-heres-what-you-should-know-about-this-mega-project/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |last2=TradeArabia |title=Riyadh Metro to start operations this year, confirms minister |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/business/transport-and-logistics/riyadh-metro-to-start-operations-this-year-confirms-minister-lpogbvlp |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.zawya.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Riyadh Metro: The Kingdom's capital is approaching a new era of urban mobility |url=https://www.listmag.com/en/see-do/riyadh-metro-the-kingdoms-capital-is-approaching-a-new-era-of-urban-mobility-2524 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=listmag |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Paul |date=2024-08-27 |title=Riyadh Metro will open by year-end 2024 |url=https://meconstructionnews.com/60471/riyadh-metro-will-open-by-year-end-2024 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Middle East Construction News |language=en-US}}</ref> Covering an area of 97000 square meters,  

STC station precedes the King Fahad District 2 station and succeeds Al Wurud 2 station on the [[Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]]. On the [[Line 2 (Riyadh Metro)|Red Line]], it comes before the Al Wurud station and after the At Takhassussi station. 

Gerber Architekten won the competition for the metro station in 2012. Construction of the metro station began in 2014 and was slated to complete by 2019. In 2018, the [[Stc Group|Saudi Telecom Company]] was granted naming rights over the station and was thus renamed STC station.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |last2=TradeArabia |title=Naming rights for Riyadh Metro's 8 stations raise $278mln |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/business/naming-rights-for-riyadh-metros-8-stations-raise-278mln-sqejoofy |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.zawya.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Al Murooj (Riyadh Metro) ==
'''Al Murooj''' ({{Langx|ar|المروج}}) is a rapid transit station on the [[Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Riyadh Metro]] in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. No 14

== National Museum (Riyadh Metro) ==
{{Infobox station
| name               = National Museum
| native_name        = المتحف الوطني
| native_name_lang   = ar
| country            = Batha Street, [[Al Fouta]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| lines              = [[Blue Line (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]]<br/>[[Green Line (Riyadh Metro)|Green Line]]
| code               = 26 ([[Blue Line (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]])<br/>22 ([[Green Line (Riyadh Metro)|Green Line]])
}}

'''National Museum''' ({{Langx|ar|المتحف الوطني}}) is a rapid transit station that will be serving the [[Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)|Blue]] and [[Line 5 (Riyadh Metro)|Green Lines]] of [[Riyadh Metro]] in the [[Al Fouta|al-Futah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located next to the [[King Abdulaziz Historical Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=طرح مزايدة لبيع حقوق تسمية 10 محطات في "قطار الرياض" |url=https://www.argaam.com/ar/article/articledetail/id/509489 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=أرقام |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=هيئة تطوير الرياض تطلق مزايدة لبيع حقوق تسمية 10 محطات في «قطار الرياض» |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2017/20171016/ln42.htm |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=الصالح |first=الرياض: خالد |date=2017-10-15 |title=قطار الرياض ينطلق 2019 وطرح بيع حقوق تسمية 10 محطات |url=https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/356184 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Watanksa |language=Arabic}}</ref> It covers an area of 72000 square meters. 

It precedes the Al Bat'ha station and succeeds the Passport Department station on the [[Blue Line (Riyadh Metro)|Blue Line]] whereas comes after the Ministry of Finance station on the [[Line 5 (Riyadh Metro)|Green Line]].  

The station's external envelope is designed to replicate Saudi Arabia' mountainous region, with a unique double skin facade, internal blue panels replicating the sky and external concrete panels through which the blue can be seen, to represent the mountains, the station is unique in that it also has a new bus terminal adjacent, the design of which is to replicate a Bedouin tent. 

== Farazdaq Street ==

== Mutanabbi Street ==
'''Mutanabbi Street''' ({{Langx|ar|شارع المتنبي}}) is a 940 meter thoroughfare in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is named after the 10th century [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid-era]] Arab poet [[Al-Mutanabbi|Abu al-Tayyib Ahmad al-Mutanabbi]]. The street has a market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2003/20030819/ln12.htm |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== Jarir Street ==
{{Infobox street
| name        = Jarir Street
| image       = Jarir Street Riyadh, 2024.jpeg
| caption     = Jarir Streer, 2024
| namesake    = [[Jarir ibn Atiyah]]
| location    = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
}}

'''Jarir Street''' ({{Langx|ar|شارع جرير}}) is a 1.26 km thoroughfare in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is named after [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]]-era Arab poet [[Jarir ibn Atiyah]]. The street emerged in the period 1958–1959 during the reign of [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]] following the development of the [[Al Malazz|al-Malazz]] district. The street has lent its name to the neighborhood of Jarir, where it runs.  

== Overview ==
The street emerged during the reign of [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]] in the period 1958–1959, in the same timeline of the development of [[Al Malaz|al-Malaz]] and al-Nasiriyah districts. The street is named after early [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]]-era Arab poet [[Jarir ibn Atiyah]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kapl.org.sa/magazine/ahwal-al-marefah/article/425/english-content-coming-soon |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=www.kapl.org.sa}}</ref> 

The street hosts a number of private residential villas,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2004/20040622/ms4.htm |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> and has lent its name to the neighborhood of Jarir, where it runs besides the [[Al Malaz|al-Malaz]] district as well as the [[Jarir Bookstore]], which originated as a small bookshop on the street 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84/RLJdDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PA30&printsec=frontcover |title=مجلة الفيصل: العدد 249 |date=1997-08-01 |publisher=مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2023 |title=مؤسس جرير.. صاحب القرطاس والقلم نشر الإنسانية وغادر الدنيا |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/2023651 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=الملز .. قصة الحي الخالد في الذاكرة السعودية «1» |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2018/12/21/article_1510571.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref>

== Obeid Specialized Hospital ==
'''Obeid Specialized Hospital''' ({{Langx|ar|مستشفى عبيد التخصصي}}) is a hospital in the al-Dhubbat neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Established in 1979, it is one of the oldest private hospitals of Riyadh. 

== Royal Secondary Industrial Institute ==
{{Infobox university
 | name                   = Royal Secondary Industrial Institute
 | native_name            = المعهد الملكي الصناعي الثانوي
 | native_name_lang       = ar
 | image                  = Royal Secondary Industrial Institute Riyadh, 2024.jpeg
 | caption                = Royal Secondary Industrial Institute, 2024
 | established            = {{Start date and age|1966}}
 | parent                 = [[Technical and Vocational Training Corporation]]
 | city                   = [[Riyadh]]
 | country                = [[Saudi Arabia]]
 | coordinates            = {{Coord|24|38|49|N|46|43|46|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
}}
'''Royal Secondary Industrial Institute (RSII)''' ({{Langx|ar|المعهد الملكي الصناعي الثانوي}}) is a public institute of technology in the [[Al Malazz|al-Malaz]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=البشلي |first=أحمد عبد الفتاح |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3/pP17DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A&pg=PA9&printsec=frontcover |title=جمال الخط العربي - دراسة فنية تحليلية تعليمية |date=2018-01-01 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=978-2-7451-9381-0 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tij%C4%81rat_al_Riy%C4%81%E1%B8%8D/ABC1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A&printsec=frontcover |title=Tijārat al-Riyāḍ |date=2003 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah] al-Ghurfah al-Tijārīyah al-Ṣināʻīyah. |language=ar}}</ref> Established in 1966, it comes under the [[Technical and Vocational Training Corporation|Saudi Technical and Vocational Training Corporation]]. Known for its pink colored dome,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ساعة الصفاة – المرسال |url=https://www.almrsal.com/post/406090 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.almrsal.com}}</ref> the building was built in 1959 by [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]] and was initially intended to be the new headquarters of the [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Shura Council]] before being transformed into a [[polytechnic institute]]. Its exterior layout is modelled after the [[Heliopolis Palace]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].  

== Overview ==
[[File:No.24 General military hospital, Heliopolis.jpg|thumb|[[Heliopolis Palace]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], which the exterior of the Royal Secondary Industrial Institute is modelled after]]
The building was commissioned by [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]] as part of the development of al-Malaz district in the 1950s. It was completed in 1959 and was intended to be headquarters of the [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Shura Council]]. However, in 1966, it was converted into a polytechnic institute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nāṣir |first=Maḥmūd Aḥmad |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86/124YAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=رحلة ثلث قرن: مع مسيرة التقدم الحضاري السعودي، 1374-1407 m/1954-1987 م |date=1988 |publisher=توزيع، مؤسسة الجريسي للتوزيع والإعلان، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wFxRAAAAYAAJ&q=royal+industrial+secondary+institute+riyadh+1966&dq=royal+industrial+secondary+institute+riyadh+1966&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW6YDj04CIAxVyjK8BHdQzHZgQ6AF6BAgLEAM |title=Thrust |date=1982 |publisher=Redgrave Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xI11AAAAIAAJ&q=royal+industrial+secondary+institute+riyadh+1966&dq=royal+industrial+secondary+institute+riyadh+1966&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW6YDj04CIAxVyjK8BHdQzHZgQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=International Education |date=1984 |publisher=College of Education, University of Tennessee |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/pTEvUVoJtlgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A&printsec=frontcover |title=منطقة الرياض: دراسة تاريخية وجغرافية واجتماعية |date=1999 |publisher=المملكة العربية السعودية، وزارة الداخلية، إمارة منطقة الرياض، |isbn=978-9960-660-47-9 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84/xKkyAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A&printsec=frontcover |title=نظام التعليم في المملكة العربية السعودية |date=1987 |publisher=كلية التربية، جامعة الملك سعود، |language=ar}}</ref> during the reign of [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]]. The building was constructed while incorporating elements of the [[Heliopolis style|Heliopolis architecture]] and modelled mainly after the [[Heliopolis Palace]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]. The institute graduated its first batch of students in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2005/20050701/za3.htm |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> 

The institute offers courses in various technical subjects, including mechanics, electricity, computer science and metal fabrication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=عام / المعهد الملكي المهني الصناعي بالرياض / تسجيل |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/520955 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=ar}}</ref> 

== Riyadh Hotel ==
'''Riyadh Hotel''' ({{Langx|ar|فندق الرياض}}), also known as '''Awdah Hotel''' ({{Langx|ar|فندق عودة}}) was a hotel in the present-day [[Al Amal (Riyadh)|al-Amal]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located near the [[Riyadh railway station]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=الخضير |first=محمد بن إبراهيم |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86/PMfSDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PT71&printsec=frontcover |title=رحلة بين قرنين |date=2020 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |isbn=978-603-03-3412-4 |language=ar}}</ref> It was built in the late 1960s. 

فندق عودة العبدالله العودة  

== Sahari Palace Hotel ==
'''Sahari Palace Hotel''' ({{Langx|ar|فندق صحارى بلاس}}). Hotel in Riyadh. The hotel was opened in 1963 (1383). 

== Al Yamamah Hotel ==
{{Infobox hotel
| name             = Al Yamamah Hotel
| native_name      = فندق اليمامة
| native_name_lang = ar
| location         = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates      = {{Coord|24|39|54|N|46|43|9|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| inauguration_date = 17 November 1958
| demolition_date  = July 2017
| main_contractor  = [[Saudi Binladin Group]]
| namesake         = [[Al Yamama]]
}}

'''Al Yamamah Hotel''' ({{Langx|ar|فندق اليمامة}}) was a historic five-star hotel in the [[Al Malazz|al-Malazz]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7/DxdIAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85&dq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85&printsec=frontcover |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=1992 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref> Completed in 1958, it was the largest hotel at the time of its completion and one of the earliest hotels constructed in the city, often frequented by writers, ministers, poets, members of the [[House of Saud|Saudi royal family]] as well as foreign dignitaries during [[State visit|state visits]], such as [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[Faisal II|King Faisal II]]. The hotel was locally known for hosting weddings for several elites. It was demolished in 2017 and was named after the [[al-Yamama]] region of central Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=فندق اليمامة يرحل إلى ذاكرة أهالي الرياض وزوارها |url=https://aawsat.com/node/989941 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=aawsat.com |language=ar}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The construction of the hotel was built by Sheikh Eid bin Salem and inaugurated in 1956 by [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]]. It was completed in November 1958<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2011 |title=فندق اليمامة.. ملتقى «الكبارية» وضيوف الدولة |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/598982 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> and was one of the earliest hotels built in Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=الخضير |first=محمد بن إبراهيم |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86/PMfSDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PT71&printsec=frontcover |title=رحلة بين قرنين |date=2020 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |isbn=978-603-03-3412-4 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=خميس |first=أميمة |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/nT5jAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=البحريات |date=2006 |publisher=دار المدى للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع |isbn=978-2-84305-833-2 |language=ar}}</ref> The hotel was regarded one of the most luxurious in the city<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9/53kvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=اليمامة |date=2008 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Muåssasat al-Yamāmah al-Sạhạfīyah |language=ar}}</ref> and was the largest one at the time of its completion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ṭanṭāwī |first=ʻAlī |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dhikray%C4%81t/CKwXAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=Dhikrayāt |date=1985 |publisher=Dār al-Manārah |language=ar}}</ref>

The hotel was located in close proximity to the [[King Salman Air Base|Riyadh International Airport]] and has hosted several foreign dignitaries during state visits, such as [[Faisal II|King Faisal II]] of [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] in 1957 and then-US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite book |last=فيصل |first=حسون، |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1/sqttAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=شهادات في هوامش التاريخ: أحداث سياسية |last2=Ḥassūn |first2=Fayṣal |date=2001 |publisher=دار الوراق، |isbn=978-1-900700-10-8 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=okaz_online@ |first=«عكاظ» (الرياض) |date=2017-07-31 |title=زحف فنادق الـ 5 نجوم يحيل «اليمامة» نُزل المشاهير.. ركاماً |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/last-stop/na/1562030 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref>

By late 1990s, the hotel became affordable to middle-class families who could organize wedding parties within its premises.<ref name=":25" /> The hotel was demolished in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رحيل فندق اليمامة! - سمر المقرن |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2017/20170805/ar5.htm |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=الحربي |first=عيسى |date=2017-07-29 |title=شاهد.. رحيل فندق اليمامة بالرياض بعد 62 عامًا من افتتاح الملك سعود |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref>

== Al Faisal Museum for Arab and Islamic Art ==

== Al Ma'dhar Palace ==
'''Al-Ma'dhar Palace''' ({{Langx|ar|قصر المعذر}}) is a historic palace in the al-Ma'dhar neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located within the precincts of [[Alfaisal University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2006/20060530/ln15.htm |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84/XfZiDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PT14&printsec=frontcover |title=مجلة الفيصل: العدد 380 |date=2008-02-01 |publisher=مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية |language=ar}}</ref> Built in 1952,<ref>{{cite book |author=صحيفة البلاد |date=22- 07- 1952 |title=صوت الحجاز سابقًا}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> the palace served as one of the residences of [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shamrānī |first=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Nāṣir |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Mamlakat_al_fa%E1%B8%8D%C4%81%CA%BCi%E1%B8%A5/gMptAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=Mamlakat al-faḍāʼiḥ: asrār al-quṣūr al-malakīyah al-Saʻūdīyah |date=1988 |publisher=Dār al-Insān |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9/OAYNAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=السياحة في لبنان والعالم |date=1965 |publisher=Adīb Marwah |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ربيع، |first=شافعي، خالد |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%8A/_bjwAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=شعر محمد بن أحمد العقيلي |date=2004 |publisher=نادي جازان الأدبي، |isbn=978-9960-46-010-9 |language=ar}}</ref> Since 2024, the palace compound is being transformed into a museum and would be renamed as '''al-Faisal Museum''' ({{Langx|ar|متحف الفيصل}}). The palace has been a witness to several historic bilateral and regional matters involving [[Saudi Arabia]], such as the [[al-Wadiah War]] of 1969 and the [[Yom Kippur War|1973 Arab-Israeli War]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=وديع، |first=فلسطين، عادل |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1/qD1AAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=يوميات حرب اكتوبر |date=2009 |publisher=الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب. |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ṭāhir |first=ʻAlī Jawād |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Mu%CA%BBjam_al_ma%E1%B9%ADb%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%81t_al_%CA%BBArab%C4%AByah/DhkMAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&printsec=frontcover |title=Muʻjam al-maṭbūʻāt al-ʻArabīyah: al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah |date=1985 |publisher=Manshūrāt al-ʻĀlamīyah |language=ar}}</ref>

It costed around 10 million Saudi riyals at the time.

In 1969, 

In 1973, Egyptian president [[Anwar Sadat]] held a meeting with [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] to discuss matters pertaining to the Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arab states.<ref name=":23" />

In 1976, King Khalid bin Abdulaziz hosted Egyptian president [[Anwar Sadat]] in the palace compound.<ref name=":24" />

In 2007, Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz received the Deputy Prime Minister of [[Kuwait]], [[Mohammad Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=الأمير سلمان يستقبل الشيخ محمد الصباح |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2007/20070306/ln59.htm |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

In 2011, when Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz was elevated to the post of Defense Minister, he relocated his workplace to this palace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الأمير سلمان: من قصر «الديرة» إلى «قصر المعذر» |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2011/20111109/fe30.htm |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

 [[Nasiriyah Gate]]
{{Infobox building
| name             = Nasiriyah Gate
| native_name      = بوابة الناصرية
| native_name_lang = ar
| image            = File:Nasiriyah Gate Riyadh.jpg
| location         = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates      = {{coord|24.64748|N|46.69052 |E|region:SA|display=inline}}
| completion_date  = 1950s
| architectural_style = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Modern architecture|modern]]
| grounds_area     = 20.7 acres
}}

'''Nasiriyah Gate''' ({{Langx|ar|بوابة الناصرية}}) is an arch-monument in the al-Nassiriyah neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB/G5NMAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9&printsec=frontcover |title=الحوادث |date=2006 |publisher=Muʼassasat al-Ḥawādith lil-Ṣiḥāfah wa-al-Nashr. |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bouchard |first=Philip |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89/PV8yAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&printsec=frontcover |title=رحلة من السريالية الى الاستشراق: الجزيرة العربية وتأثيراتها على اعمال فنان |date=1985 |publisher=Immel Pub. |isbn=978-0-9510276-0-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=الهطلاني |first=الدكتورة مضاوي حمد الناصر |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/YRntDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&pg=PT171&printsec=frontcover |title=مدينة الرياض: دراسة تاريخية في التطور السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي والثقافي 1902 - 1975 م / 1320 - 1395 هـ |date=1996-11-25 |publisher=OBEIKAN Education |isbn=978-9960-20-235-8 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/VUZKPp7JGG0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&printsec=frontcover |title=منطقة الرياض: دراسة تاريخية وجغرافية واجتماعية |date=1999 |publisher=المملكة العربية السعودية، وزارة الداخلية، إمارة منطقة الرياض، |isbn=978-9960-660-45-5 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=سعيد |first=أمين |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%87/yVNpDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&pg=PT38&printsec=frontcover |title=النهضة السعودية في عهد الملك سعود |last2=الساقي |first2=دار |date=2017-03-21 |publisher=Dar al Saqi |isbn=978-614-425-529-2 |language=ar}}</ref> Built in the 1950s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pages from Saudi history: A rare collection of documents recalls the story of Riyadh’s Nasiriyah Gate |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2076846/%7B%7B |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> the gate marked the eastern entrance to the al-Nassiriyah Palace complex and was a prominent landmark in the city until the 1960s. It covers an area of 20.7 acres and incorporates some elements of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] and [[Modern architecture|modernist architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%AC/q45IAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&printsec=frontcover |title=ادارة المدن الكبرى : تجربة مدينة الرياض |date=1994 |publisher=مكتبة الملك فهد الوطنية - الرياض |isbn=978-9960-00-022-0 |language=ar}}</ref>

The monument was built in the 1950s as part of the construction of al-Nassiriyah Palace complex during the reign of [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]]. With much of the original palace structure being demolished by 1967, the gateway survived and was later restored in the 1970s by the [[Riyadh Municipality]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2006/20060228/za2.htm |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84/uOlVDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&pg=PT5&printsec=frontcover |title=مجلة الفيصل: العدد 16 |date=1978-09-01 |publisher=مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية |language=ar}}</ref>

The monument is today situated nearby the King Saud Square, opposite to the headquarters of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] at the intersection of Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz Street and al-Nasiriyah Street.

== Al Nassiriyah Palace ==
{{Infobox historic building
| name             = Al-Nassiriyah Palace
| native_name      = قصر الناصرية
| native_name_lang = ar
| alternate_names  = 
| image            = 
| caption          = 
| location         = Al-Nassiriyah, [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates      = 
| start_date       = 1951
| completion_date  = 1956
| architectural_style = 
| structural_system = 
| main_contractor  = 
| known_for        = Main residence of [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]] between 1956 and 1964
}}

'''Al-Nassiriyah Palace''' ({{Langx|ar|قصر الناصرية}}) is a historic palace compound in the al-Nassiriyah neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It contains the Royal Palace of King Saud,<ref>{{Cite book |last=الهطلاني |first=الدكتورة مضاوي حمد الناصر |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/YRntDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&pg=PT171&printsec=frontcover |title=مدينة الرياض: دراسة تاريخية في التطور السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي والثقافي 1902 - 1975 م / 1320 - 1395 هـ |date=1996-11-25 |publisher=OBEIKAN Education |isbn=978-9960-20-235-8 |language=ar}}</ref> the Qasr al-Diyafah [[State guest house|state-guest house]], the King Saud Mosque, [[Nasiriyah Gate]], the Conference Palace<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB/G5NMAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9&printsec=frontcover |title=الحوادث |date=2006 |publisher=Muʼassasat al-Ḥawādith lil-Ṣiḥāfah wa-al-Nashr. |language=ar}}</ref> besides 35 private villas.     

Commissioned in 1951, it was the last main residence of [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]] from 1956 until 1964.    

replacing the [[Al Hamra Palace (Riyadh)|Red Palace]]. The palace serves as a guesthouse for foreign dignitaries on state-visits to the country. 

Modi also visited this palace 

https://www.alriyadh.com/1537785

In 1976, King Khalid bin Abdulaziz hosted the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in the palace.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Minbar_al_Isl%C4%81m/OBGgAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&dq=%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&printsec=frontcover |title=Minbar al-Islām |date=1976 |publisher=al-Majlis al-Aʻlá lil-Shuū̊n al-Islāmīyah. |language=ar}}</ref>

The Old Nassiriyah Palace was demolished in 1967.

On 25 January 2009, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz issued a royal decree Royal Decree No. 2051/B that renamed the Qasr al-Diyafah guest house to King Saud Guest Palace ({{Langx|ar|قصر الملك سعود للضيافة}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=قصر الملك سعود هو «الحمراء» لا «الأحمر» |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2019/20190420/cm11.htm |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== Zaraʽah dynasty ==
House of Zaraʽah was an Arab dynasty in the Najd and was the last ruling family to reign over the city-state of Migrin. Its last and underaged ruler, Ibn Zaid, was deposed by his regent Dahham ibn Dawwas in 1745 following which the latter established the walled town of Riyadh, the most recent predecessor of modern-day Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. 

== Khamis ==
Khamis was an Arab political leader who ruled over the city-state of Migrin in Najd until 1740 as the regent for Ibn Zaid ibn Musa, the underaged son of Zaid ibn Musa, following the latter's assassination. He then fled to Manfuhah in 1740, where he was assassinated. He was succeeded by Dahham ibn Dawwas, who later deposed the House of Zaraah in a bloodless coup. 

==Riyadh–Diriyah conflict==
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Riyadh–Diriyah conflict
| place             = [[Najd]], Arabia
| date              = 1746–1773
| result            = Wahhabi victory 
* Fall of [[Walled town of Riyadh|Riyadh]] to the House of Saud
* Dahham ibn Dawwas flees from [[Walled town of Riyadh|Riyadh]] 
* End of Riyadh-Diriyah conflict
| territory         = [[Walled town of Riyadh|Riyadh]] incorporated into the [[Emirate of Diriyah]]
}}

Riyadh–Diriyah conflict refers to the 18th century struggle for military and political domination in the Najd region of central Arabia between the First Saudi State and the [[walled town of Riyadh]] led by [[Dahham ibn Dawwas]] and his allies from 1746 to 1773. The conflict began in 1746 following Dahham's consolidation of power by deposing the House of Zaraah in Riyadh and eclipsed with his overthrow at the hands of Muhammad ibn Saud and his forces in 1773. Following the end of the conflict, the Wahhabis proceeded with expanding their state into Eastern Arabia, beyond Najd. 

The conflict began in 1746 when Dahham tried to invade Manfuhah, his hometown from where he was once banished. Manfuhah, being an ally of the House of Saud, called for help. The Saudis sent reinforcements to defenders of Manfuhah, successfully thwarting Riyadh’s advancement.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uWmLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134&dq=dahham+dawwas+riyadh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil7Z3_xq2GAxUO3jgGHXSaBKkQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=dahham%20dawwas%20riyadh&f=false |title=A Brief History of Saudi Arabia, Third Edition |date=2021-05-01 |publisher=Infobase Holdings, Inc |isbn=978-1-4381-9954-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== M. H. Ahmad ==
'''Mohammad Hussain Ahmad''' (born 9 January 1946), usually cited as '''M. H. Ahmad''' or '''M. Ahmad''', is an Indian agricultural biotechnologist, academic and professor emeritus. He founded the the Biotechnology Centre, a research unit at the University of the West Indies with a focus on biotechnology-based enterprises in 1989 and served as its inaugural director until his retirement in 2011.<ref>https://www.mona.uwi.edu/sites/default/files/uwi/reports/biotech_6.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=UWI's Biotech Centre is 20 |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100614/news/news2.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en}}</ref> Ahmad carried out research into various aspects of biotechnology aimed at improving agricultural production in the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benn |first=Denis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAAzdxg55TcC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA596&dq=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad&hl=en |title=Contending with Destiny: The Caribbean in the 21st Century |last2=Hall |first2=Kenneth |date=2000 |publisher=Ian Randle Publishers |isbn=978-976-637-009-1 |language=en}}</ref>   

He was the director of the Biotechnology Centre.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2008 |title=Back Matter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40654691 |journal=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=54 |issue=3 |issn=0008-6495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T5tAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT3&dq=Professor+Mohammed+Ahmed+biotechnology+university+of+west+indies&hl=en |title=Workshop Proceedings Caribbean Biotechnology Agenda for the Valorization of Genetic Resources October -,port-of Spain Trinidad and Tobago |date=1991 |publisher=IICA |language=en}}</ref>

(official references).<ref>https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/aa3fb746-ae36-43f3-8ae2-76ffe53cf403/content

</ref><ref>https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7a6cb925-a096-4ce3-b7cb-b479cc73efc0/content</ref>

(external references).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMRcAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad&q=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad&hl=en |title=Jamaican Journal of Science and Technology |date=1998 |publisher=Information & Coordination Services Division, Scientific Research Council Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZVLAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad&q=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad&hl=en |title=Jagrist: The Bulletin of the Jamaican Society for Agricultural Sciences (JSAS). |date=1995 |publisher=JSAS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=A. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AU8fAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad&q=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad&hl=en |title=Proceedings of the International Symposium on Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants: Macon, Georgia, USA, March 19-23, 2007 |date=2007 |publisher=ISHS |isbn=978-90-6605-640-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Indies |first=University of the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89nH4iVwJOYC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad&q=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad&hl=en |title=Departmental Reports |date=1997 |publisher=Jamaica Times (Press) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3JQAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad&q=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad&hl=en |title=The Agriculturalist |date=2002 |publisher=Caribbean Agricultural Communications Services |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Europa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=st0ytve2aSoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad&q=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad&hl=en |title=The World of Learning 2001 |date=2000 |publisher=Europa Publications |isbn=978-1-85743-084-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamaica) |first=University of the West Indies (Mona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz3qWJWHVYgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Professor+M+H+Ahmed+biotechnology+university+bhagal&q=Professor+M+H+Ahmed+biotechnology+university+bhagal&hl=en |title=Departmental Reports to Council - University of the West Indies |date=1995 |publisher=University of the West Indies, Jamaica. |language=en}}</ref>

Area of interest: medicinal plants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aftab |first=Tariq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRomEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=marquis+who's+who+M+H+Ahmad+biotechnologist&hl=en |title=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Healthcare and Industrial Applications |last2=Hakeem |first2=Khalid Rehman |date=2021-03-27 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-58975-2 |page=303 |language=en}}</ref>

He was succeeded by Dr. Marcia Roye as acting director.

He retired on September 30, 2011.<ref>https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/85ebd0a4-2b3f-443d-835a-b0c387f0496b/content</ref>

He was a board member of the National Commission on Science and Technology and a member of National Biosafety Committee.

He has mostly worked with Sylvia Adjoa Mitchell

== Emirate of Zaraʽah ==
'''Emirate of Zaraʽah''' ({{Langx|ar|إمارة ال زرعة}}) was a hereditary tribal polity in Najd led by the the Zaraʽah clan of Banu Hanifa that ruled the [[City-state|town-state]] of [[Migrin]] in modern-day [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], between 1688 and 1745. The dynasty took the reins of the town from the tribe of Muhanna when 

Salama Abu Zarah became ruler in 1688. He was succeeded by his son, Musa bin Salama.<ref>{{Cite book |last=IslamKotob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXlHCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT237&dq=%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9&hl=en |title=حياة الشيخ محمد بن عبدالوهاب لحسين خلف خزعل |publisher=IslamKotob |language=ar}}</ref>

Musa bin Salama was succeeded by his son, Zaid bin Musa bin Salama. Zaid was killed by a relative in 1737. He was succeeded by Abdul Zaid (nicknamed later Khamisa [خميسا]), who ruled the town until he fled the town in around 1740. Daham ruled as a regent on behalf of the son of Zaid bin Musa. In 1745, he expelled the son and consolidated his rule. As discontent towards him grew, he barricaded himself behind the walls to protect himself.

Yahya bin Salama al-Zaraʽah became ruler of Migrin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sayyār |first=Jabr Ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYagAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A2%D9%84+%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&q=%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A2%D9%84+%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&hl=en |title=نبذة في أنساب أهل نجد |date=2003 |publisher=ر.ا.م. ابن عساكر، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=بشر |first=‏عثمان بن عبد الله بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohQuAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A2%D9%84+%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&q=%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A2%D9%84+%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&hl=en |title=‏عنوان المجد في تاريخ نجد /‏ |last2=Bishr |first2=ʻUthmān ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn |date=1982 |publisher=دارة الملك عبد العزيز، |language=ar}}</ref> (conflicting reports)

The dynasty was deposed when Daham bin Dawwas al-Shalaan.

Zarah tribe is from the Yazid line of Banu Hanifa.

Useful info: آل زرعة : من آل يزيد من بني حنيفة .

آل زيد : (أهل المصانع) من الدروع من بني حنيفة . آل سحيم : في (منفوحة و الرياض) من الدروع من بني حنيفة . آل شاشات : (في الرياض ) من بني حنيفة . آل شعلان : (أمراء منفوحة) من قبيلة الجلالاليل من آل يزيد من بني حنيفة .
== Mosque ==
{{Infobox mosque
| name                  = Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque
| native_name           = جامع عبدالعزيز عبدالله الشربتلي
| native_name_lang      = ar
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| coordinates           = {{coord|21.75302|N|39.17536|E|region:SA|display=inline}}
| location              = [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| architect             = Mohammed bin Adam al-Suqair
| architecture_style    = Hejazi
| founded_by            = Wajnat Abdulwahed
| established           = 6 March 2024
| dome_quantity         = 1
| minaret_quantity      = 2
| site_area             = 5,600 square meters
}}

'''Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|جامع عبدالعزيز عبدالله الشربتلي}}) is a [[Friday mosque]] in the al-Jawhara neighborhood of [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> It is the first mosque in the world that was constructed using [[3D printing|3D printing technology]], covering an area of 5600 meters.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> Opened in March 2024, the mosque was built by Wajnat Abdulwahed, the widow of Saudi Arabian businessman and equestrian Abdulaziz Abdullah Abbas Sharbatly and whom the mosque is named after.

== Overview ==
'''Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|جامع عبدالعزيز عبدالله الشربتلي}})  

* It is a Friday mosque in the al-Jawhara neighborhood of Jeddah.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |title=Saudi Arabia unveils world’s first-ever 3D printed mosque |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/saudi-arabia-unveils-worlds-first-ever-3d-printed-mosque/articleshow/108451484.cms |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Sakina |date=2024-03-08 |title=Video: World's first 3D-printed mosque opens in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.siasat.com/video-worlds-first-3d-printed-mosque-opens-in-saudi-arabia-2988679/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 5,600 square meters area.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Saudi Arabia Is Now Home To The World's First 3D-Printed Mosque |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/news/saudi-arabia-is-now-home-to-the-worlds-first-3d-printed-mosque-article-108462799 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=افتتاح أول جامع بتقنية الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد في جدة |url=https://slaati.com/2024/03/08/p2469054.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=صحيفة صدى الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref>
* first mosque in the world that was constructed using [[3D printing|3D printing technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Saudi Arabia opens world's first 3D-Printed mosque |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/131286/Saudi-Arabia-opens-world-s-first-3D-Printed-mosque |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=E. I. N. |last2=Company |first2=Fursan |date=2024-03-07 |title=Saudi Arabia Unveils World's First 3D-Printed Technology Mosque |url=https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/694086288/saudi-arabia-unveils-world-s-first-3d-printed-technology-mosque |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=EIN News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=حاجب |first=علي بن |date=2024-03-07 |title=أول جامع مطبوع '3D' في العالم بـ'جدة' |url=https://www.akhbaar24.com/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9-3d-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-58225 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=أخبار 24 |language=ar}}</ref>
* 4 printers were used which were manufactured by China-based Hangzhou GuanLi Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World’s first 3D-printed mosque built in Jeddah |url=https://fastcompanyme.com/news/worlds-first-3d-printed-mosque-built-in-jeddah/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Fast Company Middle East {{!}} The future of tech, business and innovation. |language=en}}</ref>

* It was constructed by Wajnat Abdulwahed, CEO of Fursan Real Estate,<ref>{{Cite web |title=صحيفة سبق {{!}} افتتاح أول جامع في العالم يُبنى بتقنية الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد بجدة في (ضاحية_الجوهرة) إحدى ضواحي ية_للإسكان باسم جامع السيد/ عبدالعزيز عبدالله شربتلي رحمه الله، على مساحة 5600 م2، كإهداء من زوجته رئيسة مجلس إدارة منظومة فرسان العقارية المنفّذة للمشروع |url=https://nabd.com/s/133870882-886948/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%8C-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-5600-%D9%852%D8%8C-%D9%83%D8%A5%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=موقع نبض}}</ref> the wife of late businessman and equestrian Abdulaziz Abdullah Abbas Sharbatly, who died in 2021 and whom the mosque is named after.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الصائغ (جدة)sayegh122@ |first=أحمد |date=2021-10-06 |title=آل شربتلي يستقبلون المعزين في فقيدهم |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/people-situations/na/2084390 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=أعيان ورجال أعمال يعزون بوفاة عبدالعزيز شربتلي - صحيفة اخبار الوطن |url=https://www.watannews-sa.com/archives/243470.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.watannews-sa.com |language=ar-SA}}</ref> 
* and was built as part of several projects overseen by the National Housing Company, the investment arm of the [[Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Housing (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Housing]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=الراجحي |first=عبدالله |date=2024-03-06 |title=افتتاح أول مسجد في العالم بُني بتقنية الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد بمحافظة جدة |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/l21zoyuxem |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref>  
* Architecture: Hejazi architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=World’s first 3D-printed mosque unveiled in Jeddah |url=https://arab.news/yz4vr |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>
* Designer: Mohammed bin Adam al-Suqair 
* Inauguration: 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=جودة |first=أحمد |title=افتتاح أول جامع أنشئ بتقنية الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد في العالم بجدة |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/misc/2024/3/7/%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b4%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> Construction began around mid-2023.
* design of the open outdoor area was inspired by [[Hijr Ismail]] beside the [[Kaaba]] in the [[Masjid al-Haram|Grand Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia: World's first 3D-printed Mosque opens in Jeddah |url=https://fa.abna24.com/story/1443356 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=AhlulBayt News Agency}}</ref>
* The world's first 3D printed mosque was expected to be built in Dubai by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=The Peninsula |date=2024-03-13 |title=Saudi Arabia inaugurates world’s first 3D printed mosque |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/13/03/2024/saudi-arabia-inaugurates-worlds-first-3d-printed-mosque |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=thepeninsulaqatar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=دبي تبني أول مسجد بتقنية الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد في العالم |url=https://arabic.cnn.com/style/article/2023/05/05/3d-printed-mosque-dubai-spc-intl |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=CNN Arabic |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Madeleine |date=2024-03-12 |title=World's First 3D Printed Mosque Completed in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.3dnatives.com/en/worlds-first-3d-printed-mosque-completed-in-saudi-arabia-130320244/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=3Dnatives |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Minarets: 2, dome: 1

== Ministry of Interior building ==
The '''Ministry of Interior building''' ({{Langx|ar|مبنى وزارة الداخلية}}) is a 55-meter high six-story government building in the [[Al Olaya (Riyadh)|al-Olaya]] district of [[Riyadh]] that houses the main headquarters of the [[Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Interior]] of [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engineering |first=Canadian Society for Civil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqvgAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=ministry+of+interior+riyadh+building+hyundai&q=ministry+of+interior+riyadh+building+hyundai&hl=en |title=Innovative Large Span Structures: IASS-CSCE International Conference 1992 : Concept, Design, Construction |last2=Structures |first2=International Association for Shell and Spatial |date=1992 |publisher=Canadian Society for Civil Engineering |isbn=978-0-921303-39-8 |language=en}}</ref> The building is a popular landmark in the city<ref>{{Cite web |last=واس |date=2023-09-23 |title=أحد أبرز مباني العاصمة.. "مبنى الداخلية" يكتسي الأخضر ابتهاجاً باليوم الوطني |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/48r5jx4ixy |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZKPp7JGG0C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=منطقة الرياض: دراسة تاريخية وجغرافية واجتماعية |date=1999 |publisher=المملكة العربية السعودية، وزارة الداخلية، إمارة منطقة الرياض، |isbn=978-9960-660-45-5 |language=ar}}</ref> and is known for its inverted truncated square pyramid design surmounted by a dome,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_XVAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6++%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84+%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85&q=%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6++%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84+%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85&hl=en |title=ʻĀlam al-bināʾ |date=1991 |publisher=Jamʻīyat Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-Takhṭīṭ wa-al-Miʻmārī |language=ar}}</ref> which earned it nicknames like the ''Flying Saucer'' and the ''Spaceship''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-05 |title=Revisiting Riyadh in Saudi Arabia - PENDOWN |url=https://www.manjulikapramod.com/travel/revisiting-riyadh-in-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Future Imperfect |url=https://www.ibraaz.org/publications/77 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Ibraaz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NEW DIVES IN AIN HIT |url=http://saudicaves.com/ainhit/index.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=saudicaves.com}}</ref> Designed by Archisystems and architects Musalli, Shakir and Mandill,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riyadh Architecture in One Hundred Years |url=https://www.csbe.org/riyadh-architecture-in-one-hundred-years-1 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Center for the Study of the Built Environment |language=en-US}}</ref> it was constructed between 1980 and 1989 by [[Hyundai Engineering (HEC)|Hyundai E&C]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai E&C marks its 74th anniversary: 1947 vs. 2021 > SPECIAL REPORT > News Room > Hyundai E&C |url=https://en.hdec.kr/en/newsroom/news_view.aspx?NewsSeq=268&NewsType=FUTURE&NewsListType=news_clist |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=en.hdec.kr |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=مبنى وزارة الداخلية أثناء مراحل تشييده..فيديو |url=https://slaati.com/2023/08/21/p2351870.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=صحيفة صدى الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The exterior design of the building was completed in 1980 by a Canada-based firm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=محمد |first=‫حسن، نوبي بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r22DDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT323&dq=%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6++%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84+%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85&hl=en |title=الإلهام المعماري |publisher=KSUP |language=ar}}</ref> It was commissioned when [[Nayef bin Abdulaziz|Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz]] was the country's interior minister.

In the May 1987 edition of the ''Gulf Construction'' magazine, it documented the progress of construction of the building. The magazine described the building under-construction in its "unclad skeletal state." Steelwork erection work started in December 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-16 |title=شاهد.. فيديو نادر لمرحلة بناء مقر وزارة الداخلية بالرياض.. والكشف عن اسم الشركة المنفذة |url=https://al-marsd.com/article/175363/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B0%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=صحيفة المرصد |language=ar}}</ref>  Major construction works were completed by 1989, and the ministry completely shifted its offices to the precincts in 1992.

The interior of the dome surmounted over the inverted truncated square-shaped pyramid was manufactured by Zahner in the period 1988-1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=cmorris |date=2017-01-04 |title=Ministry of Interior {{!}} Zahner — Innovation and Collaboration to Achieve the Incredible |url=https://www.azahner.com/works/ministry-of-interior |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 1991, the building was struck by the remains of an intercepted [[Al-Husayn (missile)|al-Husayn]] short-range ballistic missile that was fired at [[Riyadh]] by [[Saddam Hussein]] as part of [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq's]] broader [[Iraqi rocket attacks on Saudi Arabia|rocket attacks campaign]] directed against [[Saudi Arabia]] during the [[Gulf War]]. The warhead of the missile totally destroyed one wing of the civil records building, killing 1 Saudi national and injuring 30 people of different nationalities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/gulfwar/CHAP9.htm |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref>

The building annually gets illuminated in green color, the color of the country's [[Flag of Saudi Arabia|national flag]], during the celebrations of public holidays like [[Saudi National Day]] and [[Saudi Founding Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=واس |date=2024-02-22 |title=مباني "الداخلية" وقطاعاتها الأمنية تكتسي بالأخضر احتفاءً بيوم التأسيس |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/q6xdtdpwou |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=«الداخلية» بقطاعاتها كافة تحتفي باليوم الوطني |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1844442 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=أبها :الوطن |date=2023-09-23 |title=المناطق تحتفل باليوم الوطني |url=https://wtn.sa/a/1134171 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Watanksa |language=Arabic}}</ref>
== Souq al-Maigliah ==
'''Souq al-Muaykaliyah''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق المعيقلية}}) or '''al-Muʼeiqiliah''', also in [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]] vernacular pronunciation as '''al-Maaghliyah''' or '''al-Mugailiyah''' and officially as '''al-Maigliah Market Center''' ({{Langx|ar|مركز المعيقلية التجاري}}),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQIXAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=المجلة الجغرافية العربية |date=2008 |publisher=الجمعية الجغرافية المصرية، |language=ar}}</ref> is a traditional marketplace and a shopping complex in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the [[Qasr Al Hukm District|Qasr al-Hukm District]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAjlānī |first=Munīr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dJFAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=تاريخ البلاد العربية السعودية |date=1990 |publisher=دار الشبل للنشر والطباعة والتوزيع، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=العجلاني |first=منير |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EtIAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=تاريخ البلاد العربية السعودية: الدولة السعودية الثانية |last2=منير |first2=عجلاني، |date=1994 |publisher=دار النفائس، |language=ar}}</ref> It emerged from the ruins of the eponymous erstwhile [[Mugailiyah]] quarter of the former [[Walled town of Riyadh|walled town]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=البشر |first=بدرية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRdpDgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT7&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الأرجوحة |last2=الساقي |first2=دار |date=2017-03-21 |publisher=Dar al Saqi |isbn=978-614-425-150-8 |language=ar}}</ref> and was developed by Arriyadh Holding Company in the 1980s as part of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=شركة الرياض القابضة - مركز المعيقلية التجاري |url=https://arhc.com.sa/Almaigliah |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=arhc.com.sa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q45IAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=ادارة المدن الكبرى : تجربة مدينة الرياض |date=1994 |publisher=مكتبة الملك فهد الوطنية - الرياض |isbn=978-9960-00-022-0 |language=ar}}</ref>  

== Al Sohoom ==
{{Infobox mosque
| name                  = Al-Sohoom Mosque
| native_name           = مسجد السهوم
| native_name_lang      = ar
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| coordinates           = {{coord|24.58774|N|46.71918|E|region:SA|display=inline}}
| location              = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| architecture_type     = Najdi
}}

'''Al-Sohoom Mosque''' ({{Langx|ar|مسجد السهوم|lit=the sadness mosque}}) is an abandoned low-contour historic mosque currently under rehabilitation in the [[Al Yamamah (Riyadh)|al-Yamamah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=«عكاظ» (الرياض) |date=2022-09-18 |title=«توجيهات عليا»: «هيئة التراث» مرجعية لكل ما يتعلق بالآثار والتراث العمراني |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/culture/na/2114857 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=عام / هيئة التراث تتعاون مع أمانة الرياض لحماية مسجد "السهوم" التاريخي بالرياض |url=https://spa.gov.sa/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=okaz_online@ |first=«عكاظ» (الرياض) |date=2022-09-19 |title=«توجيهات عليا» بمرجعية «التراث» لكل ما يتعلق بالآثار والتراث العمراني |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/news/local/2114915 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref> Covering an area of 49 square meters, the mosque approximately dates back to 18th or 19th century when it was situated in the town of [[Manfuhah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=بالفيديو.. سر تسمية مسجد السهوم التاريخي بالرياض بهذ الاسم |url=https://slaati.com/2021/11/08/p1937121.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=صحيفة صدى الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> It is built on Najdi architecture using clay and stands on five natural stone pillars extracted from the [[Tuwaiq|Tuwaiq mountains]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=واس |first=الرياض: |date=2020-08-19 |title=حماية مسجد السهوم التاريخي بالرياض |url=https://wtn.sa/a/1053834 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Watanksa |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=نشرة الرابعة {{!}} مسجد السهوم التاريخي من أقدم آثار الرياض |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOxnf_h6SKA |access-date=2024-02-16 |language=en}}</ref> The Saudi authorities began taking steps to protect the mosque in 2020 by halting all excavation activities around the site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=«مسجد السهوم» .. المزج بين الطراز الإسلامي والبناء النجدي |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2020/08/20/article_1901646.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=صحيفة الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=الرياض |first=مكة- |date=2020-08-19 |title=بلاغ مواطن يوقف حفريات تهدد مسجد السهوم التاريخي بالرياض |url=https://makkahnewspaper.com/article/1518110/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=صحيفة مكة |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=إيمان |first=المحررة |date=2020-08-23 |title=بالفيديو: مواطن يتفاجأ بتعدي رجل أعمال على أرض مسجد عمره 200 عام بالرياض |url=https://al-marsd.com/article/38310/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A3-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87-200-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=صحيفة المرصد |language=ar}}</ref> 

== Hotat Khalid ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Hotat Khalid
| official_name      = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Language
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type1  = 
| governing_body     = 
| p1                 = 
| native_name        = حوطة خالد
| founder            = 
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[Riyadh]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Old Riyadh]]
| subdivision_type3  = Region
| subdivision_name   = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type   = Country
| caption            = 
| image_skyline      = 
| settlement_type    = [[Neighbourhood]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabic]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|24.63788|N|46.71227|E|region:SA|display=inline}}
| native_name_lang   = ar
| image_caption      = 
| named_for          = [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Khalid bin Abdulaziz]]
| extinct_title      = 
| extinct_date       = 
}}
'''Hotat Khalid''' ({{Langx|ar|حوطة خالد}}) was a settlement in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=ناصر |first=سيف، إبراهيم بن محمد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emUxAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF&hl=en |title=المبتدأ والخبر لعلماء في القرن الرابع عشر وبعض تلاميذهم |date=2005 |publisher=دار العاصمة، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ḥuqayl |first=ʻAbd al-Karīm ibn Ḥamad ibn Ibrāhīm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcxtAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF&hl=en |title=تراجم مختصرة لمشائخي و أصدقائي البررة |date=2000 |publisher=عبد الكريم بن حمد بن إبراهيم الحقيل، |isbn=978-9960-38-262-3 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=مؤرخو أحياء الرياض.. شكراً لكم - يوسف بن محمد العتيق |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2018/20181217/wo4.htm |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=الوشمي |first=أحمد بن مساعد عبدالله |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnJZDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT177&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF&hl=en |title=الرياض مدينة وسكانا: كيف كانت وكيف عاشوا؟ |date=2018-05-03 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |language=ar}}</ref> located north of [[Duhairah]] and south of [[Al Murabba|al-Murabba]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=الوشمي |first=أحمد بن مساعد عبدالله |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnJZDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT177&dq=%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الرياض مدينة وسكانا: كيف كانت وكيف عاشوا؟ |date=2018-05-03 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=وسط الرياض.. يزول أم يبقى؟! 2-2 - د. محمد عبدالله العوين |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2018/20180808/ln32.htm |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> It was named after [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Prince Khalid bin Abdulaziz]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2005/20051127/rv5.htm |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> who was allotted several acres of land in the area by his father, [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]]. It was a residential area inhabited by many prominent figures of that time, like [[Hafiz Wahba]], [[Hussein Al Oweini|Hussein Oweini]] and [[St John Philby|John Philby]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=sabeg |first=mohamed |date=2021-03-24 |title=تعرّف على حي "حوطة خالد" بالرياض الذي سكنه رجالات الملك عبد العزيز |url=https://www.mnbr.news/251981.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=صحيفة منبر الإلكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=دروازة {{!}} حوطة خالد |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R31_0lvE4Oc |access-date=2024-02-14 |language=en}}</ref> and today lies in the north of [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood in the city's [[Downtown Riyadh|downtown]]. The [[Khaldia Towers]] was built in 1983 on the grounds of King Khalid's  palace ruins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تراث الرياض العمراني المفقود.. وما يمكن إنقاذه ! (1-2) - عبدالله بن محمد بن سليمان |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2019/20190711/ar8.htm |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> 

== Dakhnah Gate ==
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Dakhna Gate
| native_name = بوابة دخنة
| native_language = ar
| built_for = 
| built = 18th or 19th century
| rebuilt = 
| image = Dukhnah Gate Old Riyadh.jpg
| caption = Dakhna Gate, 1937
| location = [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|Ad-Dirah]], [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia
| restored = 1992
| restored_by = [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdulaziz]] (1992)
| coordinates = {{coord|24.62708|N|46.71167|E|region:SA|display=inline}}
| image_size = 
}}'''Dakhnah Gate''' ({{Langx|ar|بوابة دخنة}}) or '''Dekhna Gate''', alternatively known as '''al-Darwaza al-Kabirah'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2005/20050108/fe1.htm |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> ({{Langx|ar| الدروازة الكبيرة}}), is an 18th or 19th-century historic earth-structured [[City gate|fortified gateway]] in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riyadh — at the center of Kingdom’s history |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/989341/middleeast |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Facey |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dITBAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dakhna+Gate+riyadh&q=Dakhna+Gate+riyadh&hl=en |title=Riyadh, the Old City: From Its Origins Until the 1950s |date=1992 |publisher=IMMEL |isbn=978-0-907151-32-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Abdulaziz Abdulatief Al |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57v36nHzzdsC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dakhna+Gate+riyadh&q=Dakhna+Gate+riyadh&hl=en |title=Residential Mobility in Riyadh: A Study in Intraurban Migration |date=1981 |publisher=University Libraries, University of Riyadh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Philby |first=Harry St John Bridger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNwTAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dakhna+Gate+riyadh&q=Dakhna+Gate+riyadh&hl=en |title=The Heart of Arabia: A Record of Travel & Exploration |date=1922 |publisher=Constable |language=en}}</ref> located in the southern part of [[Qasr Al Hukm District|Qasr al-Hukm District]]. Named after the erstwhile [[Dakhna (Riyadh)|Dakhna]] quarter of the former [[Walled town of Riyadh|walled town]], it was rebuilt from 1988 to 1992 as part of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project. The historic structure is one of the two last remaining gates of Riyadh's [[Riyadh city fortifications|old city walls]] and served as the main entrance to the [[Walled town of Riyadh|walled town]] of from the south, until the dismantling of the fortifications in the 1950s.

== Margab Fort ==
'''Margab Fort''' ({{Langx|ar|قلعة المرقب|lit=the watchtower citadel}}), also known as '''al-Zirin Fort''' ({{Langx|ar|قلعة الظيرين}}),<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=«الرياض» تسرد تاريخ عاصمة الوطن.. من الحِجْر إلى العالمية (1 - 4) |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/2042293 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> was a citadel in the eastern outskirts of the [[walled town of Riyadh]] in present-day [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is not known when the structure was built and by whom, but the fort functioned as a [[security checkpoint]] for travelers passing through the town at the time of [[Emirate of Nejd|Second Saudi State]]. It was first restored by [[Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud (1755–1834)|Turki bin Abdullah]] and the tradition of [[Iftar Cannon|Iftar cannon]] was introduced during the reign of [[Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (1785–1865)|Faisal bin Turki]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=سفر |first=يوسف |date=2021-04-30 |title=المدفع الرمضاني.. تعرّف على تفاصيل البدايات وأول مدينة أطلق فيها |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/8ct5h6 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=بالفيديو.. الكشف عن مواقع المدفع الرمضاني بالمملكة وكيف نشأ بالصدفة |url=https://slaati.com/2021/04/28/p1845144.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=صحيفة صدى الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> It was again restored in 1936 by [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]] and demolished in 1957 when the city underwent expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تراث الرياض العمراني المفقود.. وما يمكن إنقاذه ! (1-2) - عبدالله بن محمد بن سليمان |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2019/20190711/ar8.htm#google_vignette |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asaker |first=Dr. Rashed |title=الحياة العلمية في مدينة الرياض .. في عهد الدولة السعودية الثانية |year=2020 |pages=42 |language=ar}}</ref> The fort lent its name to the [[Margab (Riyadh)|Margab]] neighborhood in the city's [[Downtown Riyadh|downtown]], where it stood.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJReDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT94&dq=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=مجلة الفيصل: العدد 268 |date=1999-02-01 |publisher=مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية |language=ar}}</ref> 

== Musada ==
'''Musada''' ({{Langx|ar|مصدة}}) was a quarter outside the [[Riyadh city fortifications|walls]] of the [[Walled town of Riyadh|fortress-city of Riyadh]] in present-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The quarter ceased to exist following the demolition of the walls in the 1950s.

Etymology: https://www.alriyadh.com/634397

Bounded by Musada Gate, which was in the past known as Hamoud Gate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=إلى وزير السياحة: بوابات الرياض بين الماضي والحاضر تحتاج وقفة |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2021/20210823/wo2.htm |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== Shalaga cemetery ==
{{Infobox cemetery|name=Shalaga cemetery|image=|imagesize=|caption=|map_type=|map_size=|map_caption=|established=19th century|country=[[Saudi Arabia]]|location=[[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|Ad-Dirah]], [[Riyadh]]|coordinates={{Coord|24|38|1|N|46|42|48|E|type:landmark_region:SA|display=inline}}|type=[[Muslim]]|style=|owner=[[Riyadh Municipality]]|size=|graves=|website=|political=}}
'''Shalaga cemetery''' ({{Langx|ar|مقبرة شلقا}}),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkQuAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Shalaga+riyadh&q=Shalaga+riyadh&hl=en |title=Riyadh, the City of the Future |date=1984 |publisher=Arab Urban Development Institute |language=en}}</ref> is a public cemetery and a historic burial ground in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XumhUTZ_OTkC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=المجلة العربية |date=2002 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwtIAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=1994 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=الجبل |first=بدر |date=2019-09-22 |title=اقرأ.. قصة دخول الملك عبد العزيز الرياض بلهجة من رواها |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/8lgtpk |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> It was one of the two main graveyards used by the inhabitants of the [[Walled town of Riyadh|old walled town]], the other being [[Muraighib|al-Mughaibrah]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=سالم |first=دوسري، شعيب بن عبد الحميد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsNtAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=امتاع السامر بتكملة متعة الناظر |date=1998 |publisher=دارة الملك عبد العزيز |isbn=978-9960-693-28-6 |language=ar}}</ref> and is the resting place of [[Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud (1755–1834)|Turki bin Abdullah al-Saud]], leader of the [[Emirate of Nejd|Second Saudi State]] from 1824 to 1834.<ref>{{Cite web |title=العود.. |url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=418343&issueno=10388 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=archive.aawsat.com |language=ar}}</ref> 

== Al Sharqiyah ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Al Sharqiyah
| official_name      = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Language
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type1  = 
| governing_body     = 
| p1                 = 
| native_name        = الشرقية
| founder            = 
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[Riyadh]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Old Riyadh]]
| subdivision_type3  = Region
| subdivision_name   = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type   = Country
| caption            = 
| image_skyline      = 
| settlement_type    = [[Neighbourhood]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabic]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|24|37|34|N|46|42|36|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| native_name_lang   = ar
| image_caption      = 
| parts_type         = Sub-quarters
| parts              = 
}}

'''Hillat Al-Sharqiyah''' ({{Langx|ar|حلة الشرقية|lit=the eastern quarter}}) was a quarter and a douar within the [[Riyadh city fortifications|city walls]] in the erstwhile fortress-city of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located west of [[Dakhna (Riyadh)|Dakhna]] and east of [[Muraighib]] in the southwestern part of the walled town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=سليمان |first=رويشد، عبدالرحمن بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dVtAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=قصر الحكم في الرياض: أصالة الماضي و روعة الحاضر |date=1992 |publisher=s.n.]، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sghIAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=1996-05 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref> It included the Sharqiyah Mosque, Khalid bin Saud Mosque, Souq Sidrah and al-Jufrah Mosque.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn0tAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=العرب |date=2003 |publisher=المملكة العربية السعودية، دار اليمامة للبحث و ترجمة و النشر، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=IslamKotob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9F1KCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT70&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الشيخ عبد الله خياط |publisher=IslamKotob |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=الوشمي |first=أحمد بن مساعد عبدالله |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnJZDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT43&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الرياض مدينة وسكانا: كيف كانت وكيف عاشوا؟ |date=2018-05-03 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=سليمان |first=رويشد، عبدالرحمن بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dVtAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF&q=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF&hl=en |title=قصر الحكم في الرياض: أصالة الماضي و روعة الحاضر |date=1992 |publisher=s.n.]، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=مساجد الرياض القديمة.. وفقه بنائها |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2019/20191014/wo2.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=صورة نادرة لمسجد “السدرة” قبل 185 عاماً |url=https://slaati.com/2023/04/13/p2257358.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=صحيفة صدى الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> 

Al-Sharqiyah was named after an old well owned by a family named al-Dhafran and was bounded by Dakhna Street to the east, al-Muraighib Street to the west and [[Al Hukm Palace|al-Hukm Palace]] to the north.<ref name=":102">{{Cite journal |title=الـريـاض القديمة |url=https://www.rcrc.gov.sa/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/old-Riyadh.pdf |journal=}}</ref>

== Muraighib ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Al Muraighib
| official_name      = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Language
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type1  = 
| governing_body     = 
| p1                 = 
| native_name        = المريقب
| founder            = 
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[Riyadh]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Old Riyadh]]
| subdivision_type3  = Region
| subdivision_name   = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type   = Country
| caption            = 
| image_skyline      = 
| settlement_type    = [[Neighbourhood]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabic]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|24|37|34|N|46|42|36|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| native_name_lang   = ar
| image_caption      = 
| parts_type         = Sub-quarters
| parts              = Hillat al-Mughaibrah
}}

'''Hillat al-Muraiqib''' ({{Langx|ar|حلة المريقب}}), or in [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]] vernacular pronunciation as '''al-Muraighib''', was a quarter and a douar within the [[Riyadh city fortifications|city walls]] in the erstwhile fortress-city of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the southwestern corner of the walled town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=سليمان |first=رويشد، عبدالرحمن بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dVtAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81&hl=en |title=قصر الحكم في الرياض: أصالة الماضي و روعة الحاضر |date=1992 |publisher=s.n.]، |language=ar}}</ref> It contained the sub-quarter of Hillat al-Mughaibrah ({{Langx|ar|حلة المقيبرة|lit=the graveyard quarter}}), which mostly included a cemetery and an eponymous souq.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Sulaymān |first=Khālid ibn Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMoLINokEYgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=معجم مدينة الرياض |date=1983 |publisher=الجمعية العربية السعودية للثقافة والفنون، ادارة الثقافة، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=سليمان |first=رويشد، عبدالرحمن بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dVtAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=قصر الحكم في الرياض: أصالة الماضي و روعة الحاضر |date=1992 |publisher=s.n.]، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtwNAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=al-Fayṣal |date=1986 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Dār al-Fayṣal al-Thaqāfīyah |language=ar}}</ref>  

The al-Mughaibrah sub-quarter hosted one of the two cemeteries that catered the needs of the town's inhabitants, other being Shalaga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=سالم |first=دوسري، شعيب بن عبد الحميد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsNtAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=امتاع السامر بتكملة متعة الناظر |date=1998 |publisher=دارة الملك عبد العزيز |isbn=978-9960-693-28-6 |language=ar}}</ref> It hosted the Muraighib School and Muraighib Mosque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ناصر |first=سيف، إبراهيم بن محمد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWMxAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=المبتدأ والخبر لعلماء في القرن الرابع عشر وبعض تلاميذهم |date=2005 |publisher=دار العاصمة، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTEvUVoJtlgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=منطقة الرياض: دراسة تاريخية وجغرافية واجتماعية |date=1999 |publisher=المملكة العربية السعودية، وزارة الداخلية، إمارة منطقة الرياض، |isbn=978-9960-660-47-9 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn0tAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=العرب |date=2003 |publisher=المملكة العربية السعودية، دار اليمامة للبحث و ترجمة و النشر، |language=ar}}</ref>  

The quarter's Souq al-Mughaibrah ({{Langx|ar|سوق المريقب}}) was a traditional market in the Mughaibrah sub-quarter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2021 |title=سوق الديرة القديم |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1901300 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=صور من الماضي |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2021/20211208/ln4.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=محمد |first=مري، نوره |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMPwAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=ملامح البيئة السعودية في روايات ابراهيم الناصر الحميدان |date=2006 |publisher=ن.م. المري، |isbn=978-9960-52-817-5 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=أسواق «لقمة العيش» و«عرق الجبين».. |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/806568 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> It was one of the most important trading commercial centers of the walled town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=صالح الراجحي.. التاجر الصالح والمحسن الراجح - عبده الأسمري |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2024/20240129/ln2.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=هكذا كانت حياتنا |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2011/20110414/rj6.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> The souq survived following the dismantling of city walls and is today largely situated on the site of Souq al-Tamir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2007 |title=مركز التعمير التجاري تحفة معمارية وتصاميم رائعة تزين العاصمة |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/286127 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2002/20021002/pl5.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> The souq included Qaisiriya al-Hasawiya ({{Langx|ar|قيصرية الحساوية}}) and Souq al-Jufrah ({{Langx|ar|سوق الجفرة|lit=the pit market}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2005/20051106/za3.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2013 |title=سوق المقيبرة |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/895700 |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[5 JAN 1999 ] Article No : 111 |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/1999/19990105/p111.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

It was bounded by Hillat al-Sharqiyah from the east, al-Ghanaiy quarter from the north and al-Muraighib Gate from the west, which served as the main southwestern entrance to the town.

== Al Ghanaiy ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Al-Ghanaiy
| official_name      = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Language
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type1  = 
| governing_body     = 
| p1                 = 
| native_name        = القناعي
| founder            = 
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[Riyadh]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Old Riyadh]]
| subdivision_type3  = Region
| subdivision_name   = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type   = Country
| caption            = 
| image_skyline      = Souq Ushaiger Old Riyadh 1965.jpg
| settlement_type    = [[Neighbourhood]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabic]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|24|37|46|N|46|42|50|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| native_name_lang   = ar
| image_caption      = Qaisiriya Ibn Qulaib, 1965
| named_for          = al-Qanaiʼy family
}}

'''Al-Qanaiʼy''' ({{Langx|ar|حلة القناعي}}), or in [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]] vernacular pronunciation as '''al-Ghanaiy''', was a quarter and a douar within the [[Riyadh city fortifications|city walls]] in the erstwhile fortress-city of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=بيوت وقصور الرياض الطينية كنوز تراثية في طي النسيان |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2016/20160108/fe6.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=عبدالرحمن الرويشد.. موسوعة من القيم النبيلة وكنز المعرفة الأصيلة |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2017/20170114/wa1.htm |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> located between [[Mugailiyah]] and [[Muraighib]] in the northwestern part of the walled town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=الوشمي |first=أحمد بن مساعد عبدالله |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnJZDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT42&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A&hl=en |title=الرياض مدينة وسكانا: كيف كانت وكيف عاشوا؟ |date=2018-05-03 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=وسط الرياض.. حنين على ما تبقى من ذكريات! |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/958476 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> 

The quarter was attributed to the family of al-Qanaiʼy, who owned the land in the area<ref>{{Cite web |title=ماضي |url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=54&article=637634&issueno=11960 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=archive.aawsat.com |language=ar}}</ref> and hosted two small markets, Qaisiriya Ibn Qulaib (later Souq al-Ushaiger) and Qaisiriya Prince Saad bin Abdullah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naʻim |first=ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz ʻAbd al-Raḥmān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJovAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8&hl=en |title=المملكة العربية السعودية بين الماضى و الحاضر |date=1972 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAEdAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8&hl=en |title=al-Usbūʻ al-ʻArabī |date=1965-04 |publisher=al-Muʼassasah al-Sharqīyah lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr fī Lubnān |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUDoAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87&hl=en |title=Sijill al-ʻArab: al-Tabʻah 1 |date=1962 |publisher=Muʾassasat Sijill al-ʻArab. |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh9BAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87&hl=en |title=The Arab Record: The Most Comprehensive Encyclopaedia in Science, Letters and Economy from the Arabian Gulf to the Atlantic, 1379 H.--1960 A.D. |date=1960 |publisher=Arab Economic & Cultural Relations Company |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2011 |title=إمبراطوريات المال في نجد.. «عرق الجبين» أنصف «الشرفاء» |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/605843 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref>

== Mughaibrah ==
'''Hillat al-Muqaibrah''' ({{Langx|ar|حلة المقيبرة}}), or in [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]] vernacular pronunciation as '''al-Mughaibrah''', was a quarter and a douar within the [[Riyadh city fortifications|city walls]] in the erstwhile fortress-city of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located south of [[Mugailiyah]] and al-Ghanaiy in the northwestern part of the walled town. Its name was derived from ''maqbarah'' ({{Langx|ar|مَقْبَرَة}}), the [[Arabic]] word for [[Cemetery|graveyard]] since it hosted a large cemetery in the Hillat al-Muraighib.<ref name=":11" />   

It hosted the Souq al-Jufrah and the building of the criminal court, next to the [[Al Hukm Palace|al-Hukm Palace]]. 

== Mugailiyah ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Al Mugailiyah
| official_name      = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Language
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type1  = 
| governing_body     = 
| p1                 = 
| native_name        = المعيقلية
| founder            = 
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[Riyadh]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Old Riyadh]]
| subdivision_type3  = Region
| subdivision_name   = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type   = Country
| caption            = 
| image_skyline      = Faysala Well Old Riyadh.jpg
| settlement_type    = [[Neighbourhood]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabic]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|24|37|49|N|46|42|31|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| native_name_lang   = ar
| image_caption      = Al-Suwailem Street, 1952
| named_for          = Al-Muʼeiqiliah Mosque
| parts_type         = Sub-quarters
| parts              = Hillat al-Ata'if
}}

'''Hillat al-Muʼaykaliyah''' ({{Langx|ar|حلة المعيقلية}}) or '''al-Muʼeiqiliah''', and in [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]] vernacular pronunciation as '''al-Mugailiyah''' or '''al-Maigliah''', was a residential quarter and a douar within the [[Riyadh city fortifications|city walls]] in the erstwhile fortress-city of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2011 |title=«دخنة» و «الثميري» و «العطايف» و «المعيقلية» واجهة التمدن و «عيشة الشيوخ»! |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/617075 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=سعيد |first=د سلمان بن محمد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1q6ODwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT452&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=ثلاثية سلمان بن سعيد: سوانح طبيب |date=2019-03-15 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |isbn=978-603-02-9547-0 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9MNAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=المجلة العربية |date=1989 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah |language=ar}}</ref> located west of [[Duhairah]] in the northwestern corner of the walled town. It contained the sub-quarter of Hillat al-Ata'if ({{Langx|ar|حلة العطايف}}) and al-Muʼeiqiliah Mosque, al-Ata'if Mosque as well as Ibn Suleiman School.<ref>{{Cite book |last=سليمان |first=رويشد، عبدالرحمن بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dVtAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81&hl=en |title=قصر الحكم في الرياض: أصالة الماضي و روعة الحاضر |date=1992 |publisher=s.n.]، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=مساجد الرياض القديمة.. وفقه بنائها |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2019/20191014/wo2.htm |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2011 |title=عين على الرياض |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/663853 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> The douar ceased to exist in the aftermath of the demolition of [[Riyadh city fortifications|city walls]] in 1950 and subsequent expansion of Riyadh into a metropolis between the 1950s and 1970s. It is today largely situated on the site of Souq al-Maigliah in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-02 |title=أسواق المعيقلية تُعيد صياغة مفاهيم بيع الجملة وتسترجع سحر المكان |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2009/02/02/article_191468.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=صحيفة الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnIvAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=اليمامة |date=2007 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Muʼassasat al-Yamāmah al-Ṣuḥufīyah |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q45IAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=ادارة المدن الكبرى : تجربة مدينة الرياض |date=1994 |publisher=مكتبة الملك فهد الوطنية - الرياض |isbn=978-9960-00-022-0 |language=ar}}</ref>

The quarter was said inhabited mostly by professionals and craftsmen<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sulaymān |first=Khālid ibn Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMoLINokEYgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=معجم مدينة الرياض |date=1983 |publisher=الجمعية العربية السعودية للثقافة والفنون، ادارة الثقافة، |language=ar}}</ref> and was bounded by al-Suwailem Street from the east, al-Ghanaiy quarter from the south and al-Badiʼah Gate from the west, which served as the main entrance to the town of from the northwest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=الشاطري |first=منصور بن مروي |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XCtDQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA82&dq=%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=أمير الرياض دهام بن دواس 1151 - 1187 هـ - 1738 - 1773 م |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500163949 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=الهطلاني |first=الدكتورة مضاوي حمد الناصر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRntDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT136&dq=%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=مدينة الرياض: دراسة تاريخية في التطور السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي والثقافي 1902 - 1975 م / 1320 - 1395 هـ |date=1996-11-25 |publisher=OBEIKAN Education |isbn=978-9960-20-235-8 |language=ar}}</ref>

== al-Badiʼah Gate ==
'''Al-Badiʼah Gate''' ({{Langx|ar|بوابة البديعة|lit=the wonder gate}}), also known as '''al-Mazbah Gate''' ({{Langx|ar|بوابة المذبح|lit=the slaughterhouse gate}}), was the northwestern entrance to the walled town of Riyadh through the Mugailiyah quarter. It was given nickname because of butchers who slaughtered their animals there.

== Souq Hillat al-Gusman ==
'''Souq Hillat al-Gusman''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق حلة القصمان|lit=market of quarter of the [[Al Qassim Province|Qasimis]]}}) is a marketplace in the [[Margab (Riyadh)|Margab]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It emerged prior to the dismantling of the city walls and was built on a settlement that was mostly inhabited by the families of traders from the [[al-Qassim Province]] of Saudi Arabia and is today they have been largely replaced by overseas Yemeni nationals.  

== Souq al-Hillah ==
'''Souq al-Hillah''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق الحلة|lit=the quarter market}}), also known as '''Souq al-Mūsīqi''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق الموسيقى|lit=the music market}}) is a traditional marketplace ([[Bazaar|''souq'']]) and a popular tourist attraction in the [[Al Oud|al-Oud]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the [[Al Batʼha (Riyadh)|al-Bat'ha]] commercial area. It emerged in 1955 in the present-day [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood,<ref>{{Cite web |title=«الجزيرة » في أقدم وأشهر أسواق الموسيقى والعود |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2001/20011102/th3.htm |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> and was later relocated to Hillat al-Ahrar during the expansion of the metropolis. The souq includes more than 50 shops that specialize in the sale of musical instruments,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=عيون الفتيات.. تتخطى مقود السيارة |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1792087 |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XsvAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=اليمامة |date=2008 |publisher=al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Muʼassasat al-Yamāmah al-Ṣuḥufīyah |language=ar}}</ref> such as ''[[Oud]]'' and ''[[Rebab]]'' and gets flocked by locals during the month of [[Ramadan]] to purchase household items for decoration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=السليمي |first=عمر السبيعي,عبدالله السالم,محمد المواسي,قاسم خبراني,خالد |date=2019-05-08 |title="التقريشة" و"قريقعان" و"المسحراتي" و"الفوانيس".. عادات سنوية تركها الآباء وأحياها الأبناء |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/r9vmfk |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> The souq is also known to be a major [[wet market]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=سبق |date=2014-07-01 |title=أمانة الرياض تزيل المباسط العشوائية في "الحلة" |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/wsegde-5 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=الأمير فيصل بن عياف رئيس مجلس إدارة الرياض للتعمير يطلق استراتيجيتها الجديدة نستثمر للنمو |url=https://www.argaam.com/ar/article/articledetail/id/1621675 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=أرقام |language=ar}}</ref>

The souq thrived between the 1960s and 1980s, a time considered to be the golden era for music and singing in [[Saudi Arabia]], but was severely impacted from the 1980s onward when religious clerics were given more authority over public life in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=المجتمع السعودي والموسيقى.. رفضٌ وكراهية بعد سنوات من التسامح |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/962523 |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> The souq used to get visited by artists like [[Talal Maddah]], [[Naseer Shamma]], Taher al-Ahsa'i, Saad Abdullah al-Houti and Mazal bin Farhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Limited |first=Elaph Publishing |date=2017-01-24 |title=«سوق الحلة» في الرياض تضم أكثر من 50 محل موسيقى |url=https://elaph.com/Web/News/2017/1/1130747.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Elaph - إيلاف |language=ar}}</ref>

== Major quarters of Riyadh ==
حلل الرياض (بن نصار وبن دايل والعنوز والأحرار)

'''حلة''' الدواسر

'''الحلة''' الداخلية

'''حلة''' العماج

'''حلة''' آل حماد

== Hillat al-Ahrar ==
'''Hillat al-Ahrar''' ({{Langx|ar|حلة الاحرار|lit=quarter of the free}}), formerly known as '''Hillat al-Abeed'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uv40uafLYbYC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الرياض مدينة الصحراء و الخزامى |date=2013 |publisher=Wizārat al-Thaqāfah wa-al-Iʻlām, Wakālat al-Wizārah lil-Shuʼūn al-Thaqāfīyah |isbn=978-603-8096-26-0 |language=ar}}</ref> ({{Langx|ar|حلة العبيد|lit=quarter of the slaves}}), was a quarter and settlement situated in present-day [[Al Oud|al-Oud]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the [[Al Batʼha (Riyadh)|al-Bat'ha]] commercial area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title=أحذية لاعبي زمان تُفصّل بمسامير «الفلو» في الحلة |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1631197 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> It was mostly inhabited by slaves of African-origin who served the [[House of Saud|Saudi royal family]] prior to the [[Slavery in Saudi Arabia|abolition of slavery]] in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2008 |title=التركيب السردي تطوير لفنيات القص.. |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/385960 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> The site today is the location of [[Souq al-Hillah]].

It was known as '''al-Badīʿ''' ({{Langx|ar|البديع}})

== Dakhna Square ==
'''Dakhna Square''' ({{Langx|ar|ميدان دخنة}}). It covers an area of 3.7 acres and lies in almost approximate location of the former Dakhna quarters. 

== Details of redevelopment of downtown riyadh ==
https://aawsat.com/home/article/2506136/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9

==Kuwait Square==
roundabout in malazz riyadh built by prince salman
https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2156026&language=ar

== Rise Tower ==
{{Infobox building
| name             = Rise Tower
| native_name      = برج رايز
| native_name_lang = ar
| location         = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| status           = Proposed
| est_completion   = Unknown
| cost             = US$5 billion
| height           = At least 2,000 m (6562 ft)
| architecture_firm = Saudi Arabia Holding Company
| developer        = [[Public Investment Fund]]
}}

'''Rise Tower''' ({{Langx|ar|برج رايز}}) is a skyscraper construction project proposed in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caro |first=Aevan |date=2023-09-22 |title=Gutsy Saudi: Mega Projects Shaping The Kingdom’s Future - Dq Living Magazine |url=https://dqliving.com/gutsy-saudi-mega-projects-shaping-the-kingdoms-future/,%20https://dqliving.com/gutsy-saudi-mega-projects-shaping-the-kingdoms-future/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is planned to be the first 2 km (6,562 ft) tall building and would be the world's [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|tallest building or structure]] upon completion, standing 1180 m (3872 ft) taller than the [[Burj Khalifa]] and surpassing the [[Jeddah Tower]] by almost 1000 m. It was conceived in December 2022 by the [[Public Investment Fund]] and its designs were announced in August 2023 as the centerpiece of the North Pole project. 

== Overview ==
In December 2022, [[MEED]] reported that the [[Public Investment Fund]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] is considering a plan to build the world's tallest skyscraper on an 18 square kilometers area in northern [[Riyadh]], located in close proximity to the [[King Khalid International Airport]] with an estimated budget of US$5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Saudi plans world record 2km tall tower, $5bn project twice as high as Burj Khalifa |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/industries/construction/saudi-plans-world-record-2km-tall-tower-5bn-project-twice-as-high-as-burj-khalifa |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=arabianbusiness.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |last2=ZAWYA |title=Saudi PIF is planning to build a 2-km tall tower in Riyadh – report |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/construction/saudi-pif-is-planning-to-build-a-2-km-tall-tower-in-riyadh-report-kwo8br7j |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.zawya.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Sakina |date=2022-12-11 |title=Saudi: Riyadh to host 2 km tall skyscraper to beat Burj Khalifa |url=https://www.siasat.com/saudi-riyadh-to-host-2-km-tall-skyscraper-to-beat-burj-khalifa-2477193/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=سرور |first=عبدالملك |date=2022-12-07 |title=صندوق الاستثمارات العامة يدرس إنشاء أعلى برج في العالم بالرياض |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/qyk6lqcks2 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=PA Next |date=2023-01-23 |title=Saudi Arabia plans to build a 2km skyscraper in Riyadh |url=https://parametric-architecture.com/saudi-arabia-plans-to-build-a-2km-skyscraper-in-riyadh/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Parametric Architecture |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2023, almost six months after the announcement of [[New Murabba]] project, the designs of Rise Tower were unveiled by Mohammed al-Qahtani, the CEO of Saudi Arabia Holding Company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=New project plans from Saudi bring the North Pole to the Middle East |url=https://www.commercialinteriordesign.com/ksa/this-latest-saudi-project-brings-the-north-pole-to-the-middle-east |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=www.commercialinteriordesign.com}}</ref> The skyscraper is set to be build on the site of 306 square meters North Pole project,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Kohinoor Sahota-Deputy |date=2023-08-09 |title=Everything we know about The North Pole megaproject in Riyadh |url=https://www.factmagazines.com/saudi-arabia/news-saudi-arabia/everything-we-know-about-the-north-pole-megaproject-in-riyadh |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Fact Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> a planned [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use real estate development]] dubbed as 'city of the future'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ظهور التصاميم الحضرية لمشروع ذا نورث بول في الرياض |url=https://slaati.com/2023/08/04/p2338515.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=صحيفة صدى الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thepublicflow |date=2023-08-08 |title=Rise Tower in Saudi: plans for world’s largest tower revealed › thepublicflow › Discover Saudi, Riyadh, thepublicflow |url=https://thepublicflow.com/rise-tower-in-saudi-plans-for-worlds-largest-tower-revealed/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Simrin |date=2023-08-14 |title=Saudi Arabia Is Constructing The World's Tower That Will Rival Dubai's Burj Khalifa |url=https://lovin.co/dubai/en/news/saudi-tall-tower-dubai-burj/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Lovin Dubai |language=en-US}}</ref>

== SEVEN Al Hamra ==
SEVEN Al Hamra is an entertainment complex under construction in the [[Al Hamra (Riyadh)|al-Hamra]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. 

Elegance '''Tower''', Al Saedan '''Towers''', Tijan Plaza, '''Hamad Tower''', Tatweer '''Tower'''

https://seven.sa/entertainment-destinations/al-hamra/

== Rafal Living Tower ==
https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/22620

== Vertical Medina ==
https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vertical-medina/17018

== Abraj Atta’awuneya ==
{{Infobox building
| name             = Abraj Atta’awuneya
| native_name      = أبراج التعاونية
| native_name_lang = ar
| alternate_names  = NCCI Towers South
| location         = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates      = {{Coord|24|41|12|N|46|41|7|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| start_date       = 1997
| completion_date  = 1999
| owner            = Cooperative Real Estate Investment Company
| floor_count      = 21
| height           = {{convert|100.6|m|abbr=on}}
| architecture_firm = [[Omrania and Associates]]
| website          = {{URL|https://creic.com.sa/}}
}}
'''Abraj Atta’awuneya''' ({{Langx|ar|أبراج التعاونية}}), or '''NCCI Towers South''', is an [[Twin towers (architecture)|interlinked pair]] of 21-floor [[high-rise]] commercial buildings in the [[Al Olaya (Riyadh)|al-Olaya]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in close proximity to the [[Al Faisaliah Tower|Faisaliah Tower]] and [[King Fahd National Library]]. Constructed from 1997 to 1999, it was designed by [[Omrania and Associates|Omrania & Associates]] and serves as the corporate headquarters of Cooperative Real Estate Investment Company (CREIC) besides hosting offices of multinational firms like [[Microsoft]], [[Hitachi]] and Cequens. With a height of 100.6 meters (330 ft), it is the 38th tallest building in [[Riyadh]] and 64th tallest in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCCI Towers South - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/11266 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>  

== Al Waseel Tower ==
Al Waseel Tower () is a commercial skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. With a height of 163.2 meters, it is the 19th tallest building in Riyadh and 33rd tallest in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Waseel Tower - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/31005 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>

== Moon Tower ==
'''Moon Tower''' ({{Langx|ar|برج القمر}}) is 27-floor skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was built from 2010 to 2013. With a height of 133 meters (436 ft), it is the 50th tallest building in Saudi Arabia and the 31st tallest in Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moon Tower - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/14453 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref> The tower was auctioned in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=السعودية.. بيع برج شهير في الرياض بأكثر من 300 مليون ريال (فيديو) |url=https://arabic.rt.com/business/1520638-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-300-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=RT Arabic |language=ar}}</ref>

== Riyad Bank Tower ==
{{Infobox building
| name             = Riyad Bank Tower
| native_name      = برج بنك الرياض
| native_name_lang = ar
| location         = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| start_date       = 2010
| completion_date  = 2023
| owner            = [[Riyad Bank]]
| floor_count      = 53
| building_type    = Offices
| height           = {{convert|264|m|abbr=on}}
| architecture_firm = [[Gensler]]
| structural_engineer = [[BuroHappold Engineering|BuroHappold Engineering]]
| main_contractor  = [[Saudi Binladin Group]]
}}

'''Riyad Bank Tower''' ({{Langx|ar|برج بنك الرياض}}) is a 53-floor commercial skyscraper in the [[King Abdullah Financial District]] of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in close proximity to the [[Public Investment Fund Tower|PIF Tower]]. With a height of 264 meters (866 ft), it is the 10th largest building in Saudi Arabia and the 6th largest in Riyadh. It was built between 2010 and 2023 and is owned by [[Riyad Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riyad Bank Tower - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/riyad-bank-tower/10193 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>

== Tamkeen Tower ==
{{Infobox building
| name             = Tamkeen Tower
| native_name      = برج تمكين
| native_name_lang = ar
| location         = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates      = {{Coord|24|49|17|N|46|37|10|E|type:landmark_region:SA-ES|display=inline}}
| status           = Completed
| start_date       = 2009
| completion_date  = 2012
| owner            = [[Al-Rajhi Bank|Al-Rajhi Group]]
| building_type    = Offices
| architecture_firm = Khatib & Alami
| structural_engineer = Khatib & Alami
| main_contractor  = Al Rajhi Projects
}}
'''Tamkeen Tower''' ({{Langx|ar|برج تمكين|lit=the strengthening tower}}), also known as '''ARIJ Tower''' (), is a 58-floor commercial skyscraper in the al-Yasmeen neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. With a height of 258.2 meters (847 ft), it is the 11th tallest building in [[Saudi Arabia]] and 7th tallest in [[Riyadh]]. Tamkeen Tower was built between 2009 and 2012 and is owned by [[Al-Rajhi Bank|Al Rajhi Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamkeen Tower - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tamkeen-tower/13955 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>

== City Center Ishbiliyah ==
City Center Ishbiliyah is a project by Majid al Futtaim, proposed in 2016.

== Mall of Saudi ==
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Mall of Saudi
| native_name = مول السعودية
| native_name_lang = ar
| location = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.81938|N|46.66982|E|region:SA|display=inline}}
| developer = [[Majid Al Futtaim Group]]
}}
'''Mall of Saudi''' ({{Langx|ar|مول السعودية}}) is a [[shopping mall]] under construction in the al-Narjis neighborhood of northern [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. The project was announced in 2016 by the [[Dubai]]-based [[Majid Al Futtaim Group]] and is slated to complete by 2026. As of 2023, the project is on hold.<ref>{{Cite web |last=بلومبرغ |first=اقتصاد الشرق مع |date=2023-05-02 |title=ميد: ماجد الفطيم تعلق العمل في مشروع مول السعودية بالرياض |url=https://www.asharqbusiness.com/article/49755/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=اقتصاد الشرق مع بلومبرغ |language=ar}}</ref>  

== Alnama Smart City ==
Alnama Smart City, also stylized as AlNama, is a planned mixed-use real estate development in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was introduced in 2022.

== The Avenues Riyadh ==
The Avenues Riyadh a shopping mall under construction in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was introduced in 2013 and is slated to complete by 2025. The project is handled by Shomoul Holding Company. 

== Nemar suburb ==
Nemar suburb (), named after Wadi Nemar ({{Langx|ar|ضاحية نمار}})

== King Saud University District ==
'''King Saud University District''' ({{Langx|ar|حي جامعة الملك سعود}}) is a district in northern [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It contains the main campus of [[King Saud University]].  

== Prince Turki al-Awwal Road ==
'''Prince Turki bin Abdulaziz al-Awwal Road''' ({{Langx|ar|طريق الأمير تركي بن عبد العزيز الأول}}), shortened to '''Prince Turki al-Awwal Road''' ({{Langx|ar|طريق الأمير تركي الأول}}), is a 23.26 km thoroughfare in northwestern [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It emerges from al-Malqa district and terminates at al-Ma'adhar neighborhood. The street recently became a major tourist attraction, especially since 2019, when it began hosting numerous leisure and commercial destinations, including [[Boulevard City]], [[Boulevard World]] and [[U Walk]]. It is named after [[Turki I bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Prince Turki bin Abdulaziz]], the eldest son of [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz ibn Saud]].

Forming intersections with:

Makkah al-Mukarramah Road,

Northern Ring Road

== U Walk ==
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = U Walk
| native_name = يو ووك
| native_name_lang = ar
| location = [[King Saud University]] district, [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.73908|N|46.62882|E|region:SA|display=inline}}
| opening_date = September 2019
| previous_names = University Avenue
| owner = Arabian Centres Company
}}
'''U Walk''' ({{Langx|ar|يو ووك}}), formerly '''University Avenue''' ({{Langx|ar|جادة الجامعة}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last=«عكاظ» (جدة) |date=2021-03-20 |title=«أدير العقارية» تطرح أرض قصور حطين للبيع |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/news/local/2062087 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref> is a shopping complex in the [[King Saud University]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=«هاوي» يُتيح الفرصة للهواة ضمن حملة «عندك هواية» |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2023/20230824/lp3.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=أبرز أماكن الترفيه العائلية في مدينة الرياض {{!}} مجلة سيدتي |url=https://www.sayidaty.net/node/1331256/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9/%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.sayidaty.net |language=ar}}</ref> owned by Arabian Centres Company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title="المراكز العربية" تحقق صافي ربح بنحو 487 مليون ريال خلال السنة المالية 2021 |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2021/06/22/article_2118066.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=صحيفة الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref> Opened in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabian Centres to build second shopping centre in Madinah |url=http://tradearabia.com/news/CONS_375482.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=tradearabia.com}}</ref> it covers an area of almost 30 acres and assumed its current name for its flagship feature, a 900-metre long walkway. 

== Overview ==
The project was launched by Arabian Centres Company in 2016 and was expected to be completed by 2018. U Walk was officially inaugurated in September 2019. It contains several high-end retail outlets and other luxury destinations. The complex hosted the promotional events for [[2022 Diriyah ePrix|Diriyah ePrix]] in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=انطلاق الفعاليات الترويجية لـ "فورمولا إي الدرعية" في أبرز مراكز التسوق في الرياض {{!}} صحيفة الاقتصادية |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402231158/https://www.aleqt.com/2022/01/17/article_2247256.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> In March 2022, the [[Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Defense]] held one of the 8 exhibitions within the complex.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-06 |title=وزارة الدفاع تطلق 8 معارض بالتزامن مع معرض الدفاع العالمي {{!}} صحيفة المواطن الالكترونية للأخبار السعودية والخليجية والدولية |url=https://www.almowaten.net/2022/03/%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-8-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b6-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b9-%d9%85%d8%b9/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.almowaten.net |language=ar}}</ref>

== Hittin (Riyadh) ==
'''Hittin''' ({{Langx|ar|حطين}}) is a neighborhood in northwestern [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in the sub-municipality of [[Al Shemal Sub-Municipality|al-Shemal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=حي حطين شمال الرياض وإنهاء مشروع طريق الأبراج |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2008/20080706/wm2.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> It emerged in the 1980s and is named after the erstwhile Palestinian village of [[Hittin]], the site of the famous 12th century [[Battle of Hattin|battle]] between the[[Crusades|Crusaders]] and [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] which was depopulated in 1948 during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|Arab–Israeli War]]. It popularly hosts the [[Boulevard City|Boulevard Riyadh City]] and the [[Boulevard World]] as well as other leisure destinations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الرياض.. التخيل واقع وأكثر |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2021/20211010/fe1.htm |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

In 1998, the second model plan for the Hittin neighborhood was unveiled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[26 DEC 1998 ] Article No : 264 |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/1998/19981226/p264.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== Al-Taawun ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Al-Taawun
| p1                 = 
| coordinates        = {{Coord|24|44|25|N|46|40|13|E|type:city_region:SA|display=inline}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabic]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Language
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type1  = 
| governing_body     = [[Al Ulaya Sub-Municipality|Baladiyah al-Ulaya]]
| founder            = 
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = التعاون
| subdivision_name2  = [[Riyadh]]
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name   = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type   = Country
| caption            = 
| image_skyline      = ATM AL RAJHI BANK.JPG
| settlement_type    = [[Neighbourhood]]
| pushpin_map        = Saudi Arabia
| native_name_lang   = ar
| named_for          = [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd bin Abdulaziz]]
| image_caption      = An [[Al-Rajhi Bank]] regional office in southeastern al-Taawun, 2009
}}

'''Al-Taawun''' ({{Langx|ar|التعاون|lit=the cooperation}}) is a neighborhood in northern [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].  

== King Fahd District ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = King Fahd District
| p1                 = 
| coordinates        = {{Coord|24|44|25|N|46|40|13|E|type:city_region:SA|display=inline}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabic]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Language
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type1  = 
| governing_body     = [[Al Ulaya Sub-Municipality|Baladiyah al-Ulaya]]
| founder            = 
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = حي الملك فهد
| subdivision_name2  = [[Riyadh]]
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name   = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type   = Country
| caption            = 
| image_skyline      = Riyadh Gallery.jpg
| settlement_type    = [[Neighbourhood]]
| pushpin_map        = Saudi Arabia
| native_name_lang   = ar
| named_for          = [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd bin Abdulaziz]]
| image_caption      = [[Riyadh Gallery Mall]], 2011
}}

'''King Fahd District''' ({{Langx|ar|حي الملك فهد}}), formerly '''Prince Fahd District''' ({{Langx|ar|حي الأمير فهد}}), is a commercial and residential neighborhood in northern [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located east of al-Muhammadiyah and north of al-Wurud in the sub-municipality of [[Al Ulaya Sub-Municipality|al-Ulaya]]. King Fahd District originated as an extension of the al-Mursalat neighborhood in the 1970s, acquiring its present name in 1982 with the ascent of Fahd bin Abdulaziz to the throne following the demise of King Khalid bin Abdulaziz. 

== Al Mursalat ==

'''Al-Mursalat''' ({{Langx|ar|المرسلات|lit=radio installation}}) is a neighborhood in northern [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=المطيري (الرياض) |first=حازم |date=2012-06-10 |title=«المرسلات» عشوائية مزمنة.. والأمانة: سنحوله إلى حديقة عامة |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/article/484624 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref> located west of al-Nuzha and north of the [[King Salman Neighborhood]] in the sub-municipality of [[Al Ulaya Sub-Municipality|al-Ulaya]]. It was named after the telecommunication poles in the locality that were built in the 1960s and 1970s by the German [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] conglomerate [[Siemens|Siemens AG]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=سعيدان |first=حمد بن محمد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtdyDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA76&dq=%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA++%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الدروازة ، الطريق إلى العقار |date=2018-01-01 |publisher=دار مدارك للنشر |isbn=978-614-429-901-2 |language=ar}}</ref> The neighborhood was officially established in 1974 when Saudi real estate magnate Ibrahim Saeedan purchased almost 25 acres of land in the area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=سعيدان |first=ابراهيم محمد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ4wDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA13-IA1&dq=%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=حياتي في العقار |date=2015-03-10 |publisher=دار مدارك للنشر |isbn=978-9948-466-44-4 |language=ar}}</ref> The district hosts the head office of the [[Saudi Telecom Company]].

== Al Mursalat slum ==
'''Al-Mursalat slum''' ({{Langx|ar|عشوائية المرسلات}}), was a densely populated ungoverned shanty settlement in the al-Mursalat neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It emerged alongside of al-Mursalat neighborhood in the 1980s and was inhabited mostly by. The Saudi authorities issued an evacuation notice, requesting residents to vacate the premises, and subsequently, in 2017, undertook the demolition of the settlement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الحربي |first=عيسى |date=2017-01-12 |title=شاهد.. "الحي المغتصب" بالرياض يودع بقايا "الراحلين".. حزن وذكريات وصفيح |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref> It was known by several other names, such as '''Haara al-Shaʼbiyah''' ({{Langx|ar|حارة الشعبية|lit=the popular quarter}}), '''Haara''' '''al-Masrouqah''' ({{Langx|ar|حارة المسروقة|lit=the stolen quarter}}), '''Haara''' '''al-Ghalabah<ref name=":0" />''' ({{Langx|ar|حارة الغلابة|lit=the poor quarter}}), '''Haara''' '''al-Mughtasabah''' ({{Langx|ar|حارة المغتصبة|lit=the usurped quarter}}) and '''Haara al-Mahroomah''' ({{Langx|ar|حارة المحرومة|lit=the deprived quarter}}).

In 1988, a royal decree issued by King Fahd bin Abdulaziz deemed the informal settlements constructed within the al-Mursalat neighborhood as unlawful, citing their establishment on government-owned land. The royal decree additionally stipulated that the government would provide compensation to the proprietors of the affected structures, offering them an alternative plot of land and a residential building in a different location, each measuring 625 square meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=المحرومة.. المظلومة.. الغلابة.. المغتصبة.. تعددت الأسماء والحيّ واحد |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2008/20080228/fe3.htm |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>


In 2009, [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz]] paid 50 million riyals to the residents of Shabiya in compensation to the evacuation orders by the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-13 |title=الملك يوجه بصرف 50 مليون ريال كتعويضات لسكان " عشوائية المرسلات " |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2009/06/13/article_239565.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=صحيفة الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref>

maybe located in southwest mursalat

maybe original name, al-ghalaba (حارة «الغلابة»)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=عضو |url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=9532&article=333220 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=archive.aawsat.com |language=ar}}</ref>

https://www.alriyadh.com/753139

== Al-Jibs ==
Al-Jibs, is a shanty settlement in al-Mansouriyah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

الجبس في جنوب الرياض

https://www.alriyadh.com/104774

== Talha ibn Abdullah al-'Abdari ==
{{Infobox person
| name               = Talha ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Uzza
| birth_place        = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], Arabia
| death_date         = 23 March 625
| death_place        = [[Mount Uhud]], [[Hejaz]], Arabia
}}

Talha ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Uzza ({{Langx|ar|طلحة بن عبد الله بن عبد العزى}}) was an Arab polytheistic leader from the [[Banu Abd al-Dar]] clan of the [[Quraysh]] [[tribe]] who opposed the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. He was the great-grandson of [[Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai|Abd al-Dar ibn Qusai]], whose descendants were entrusted with the keys to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. He was the father of [[Uthman ibn Talha]], who converted to [[Islam]] following the [[Conquest of Mecca]] in 630 when his family was reaffirmed as the rightful possessors of the keys to the [[Kaaba]] in Surah [[an-Nisa]] chapter of the [[Quran]]. Talha was killed by [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] while engaging against the [[Muslims]] in the [[Battle of Uhud]] in 625 CE.

== Crown Prince Park ==
{{Infobox park
| name = Crown Prince Park
| alt_name = Al-Nasiriyah Park
| native_name = حديقة سمو ولي العهد
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = 
| photo = 
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = Al-Ma'dher, [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|36|57|N|46|45|41|E|type:landmark_region:SA|display=inline}}
| area = {{convert|5|ha}}
| opened = 22 December 2009
}}'''Crown Prince Park''' ({{Langx|ar|حديقة سمو ولي العهد}}) is a public park located in the southernmost extreme of al-Maʼdhar neighborhood in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. Covering an area of 12.3 acres, it was opened in 2009, when [[Sultan bin Abdulaziz]] was the [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Crown Prince]] of [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=تعتبر تُحفة فنية في حي الناصرية |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2009/20091222/fe38.htm |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

== Almaarefa University ==
'''Almaarefa University''' '''(UM)''' ({{Langx|ar|جامعة المعرفة}}) is a private university in northwestern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was established in 2008. 

== King Saud Palace ==
A palace in zahra neighborhood of riyadh, near badiah.

== Al-Nassiriyah ==
'''Al-Nassiriyah''' ({{Langx|ar|الناصرية}}), also known as Hayy al-Maliki (),<ref>{{Cite web |last=المرصد |first=صحيفة |date=2024-07-01 |title=صحيفة المرصد |url=https://al-marsd.com/article/16850 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=al-marsd.com |language=ar}}</ref> is a neighborhood in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It was developed in the 1950s alongside the [[Al Malazz|al-Malazz]] district during the reign of [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud bin Abdulaziz]]. It was built on the grounds of orchards owned by a local farmer named Ibn Nassir. It emerged from the settlement of al-Fawwarah ({{Langx|ar|الفوارة}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=الناصرية.. |url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?article=457511&issueno=10664 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=archive.aawsat.com |language=ar}}</ref>

https://kingsaud.org/ar/archives/press/851/

== Al Fawwarah ==
'''Al-Fawwarah''' ({{Langx|ar|الفوارة|lit=the geyser}}) is a historic neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

== Al Shamsiyah Palace ==
'''Al-Shamsiyah Palace''' ({{Langx|ar|قصر الشمسية}}) is a ruined earth-structured palace in the al-Fouta neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It belonged to Princess Noura bint Abdul Rahman, the elder sister of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud.
== Bujairi Terrace ==
Bujairi Terrace is a high-end food court and an upscale dining destination in the Turaif district of Diriyah, Saudi Arabia,Wadi al-Aysin  

'''Wadi al-Aysin''' ({{Langx|ar|وادي الليسن}}), historically known as '''Wadi al-Aysan''' ({{Langx|ar|وادي الايسن}}) is an is an ancient [[Wadi|river valley]] in the [[Najd]] region of [[Riyadh Province]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. The valley once traversed from northeast to south, cutting through town of [[Riyadh]] before meeting [[Wadi Hanifa]] in the southeast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wadi al-Aysin riyadh - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=565555999&rlz=1C1CHZN_enIN985IN985&sxsrf=AM9HkKl7yI7w7Sww7kGjSPE7Gi0IpVhUiw:1694752507245&q=Wadi+al-Aysin+riyadh&tbm=bks&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-rLSJ5auBAxVBzzgGHQpIAvgQ0pQJegQIVRAB&biw=1366&bih=651&dpr=1 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5RSiH1tPosC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=wadi+al+aysan+riyadh&q=wadi+al+aysan+riyadh&hl=en |title=Bulletin de la Société de géographie d'Egypte |date=1965 |publisher=Société de géographie d'Egypte |language=en}}</ref>
== Safat Square ==
'''Safat Square''' ({{Langx|ar|ساحة الصفاة|lit=the stone square}}) is a public space in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], sandwiched between [[Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque|Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque]] and the [[Al Hukm Palace|al-Hukm Palace]] compound.

== al-Kharab ==
'''Hillat Al-Kharab''' ({{Langx|ar|حلة الخراب}}) is a village and settlement situated south of [[ad-Dilam]] in [[Riyadh Province]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=سليمان |first=‏سلمان، محمد بن عبد الله بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zEKAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=‏الأحوال السياسية في القصيم في عهد الدولة السعودية الثانية، 1238-1309 ه/1823-1891 م /‏ |date=1987 |publisher=م. بن ع.‌ا بن س. السلمان، |language=ar}}</ref> It emerged from the ruins of [[Hajr|Hajr al-Yamamah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philby |first=Harry St John Bridger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vAeAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=al+kharab+riyadh+philby&q=al+kharab+riyadh+philby&hl=en |title=Saʻudi Arabia |date=1955 |publisher=Benn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Firro |first=Dr Tarik K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2WaEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT8&dq=al+kharab+riyadh&hl=en |title=Wahhabism and the Rise of the House of Saud |date=2018-07-12 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78284-578-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Facey |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nS1UAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=al+kharab+riyadh&q=al+kharab+riyadh&hl=en |title=Back to Earth: Adobe Building in Saudi Arabia |date=1997 |publisher=Al-Turath |isbn=978-1-900404-13-6 |language=en}}</ref> It was the site where Egyptian troops led by Mehmet Ali under the command of Khurshid Pasha faced-off with forces of [[Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (1785–1865)|Faisal bin Turki al-Saud]] in 1838.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Almana |first=Mohammed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nrJEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT199&dq=al+kharab+riyadh&hl=en |title=Arabia Unified: A Portrait of Ibn Saud |date=2023-07-14 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-90873-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=الرحمن |first=مسعود، خليفة بن عبد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_9cz2H1j6sC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%88%D9%87%D9%89+%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%88%D9%87%D9%89+%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85&hl=en |title=موقف القوى المناوئة من الدولة السعودية الثانية، 1234-1282 هـ/ 1818-1866م: دراسة تاريخية وثائقية |date=2005 |publisher=دارة الملك عبد العزيز، |isbn=978-9960-880-68-6 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=الآثار التاريخية في مدينة الدلم |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2009/20090503/wo4.htm |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> and is also rumored to be the temporary residence of Khalid bin Waleed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[5 JAN 1999 ] Article No : 111 |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/1999/19990105/p111.htm |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

https://www.alriyadh.com/1974006

http://www.al-jazirah.com/1999/19990105/p111.htm

== Historical landmarks of Riyadh from 70s and 80s ==
وأشار إلى أن من أبرز معالم الشارع مسجد الأميرة الجوهرة بنت عبدالله بن جلوي، وعمارة الباخرة وعمارة النور وعمارة الزهرة وأيضاً أبراج الخالدية، وكذلك حديقة ابن فوطة ومستوصف الفوطة الذي كان أول مستوصف أهلي وافتتح عام 1388هـ
== Overview ==
Khaldia Towers was built between 1976 and 1983 and was named after [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|King Khalid bin Abdulaziz]], whose sons had donated the land of his ruined palace situated in Hotat Khalid for the construction of the mixed-use development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تراث الرياض العمراني المفقود.. وما يمكن إنقاذه ! (1-2) - عبدالله بن محمد بن سليمان |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2019/20190711/ar8.htm |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2011 |title=فندق «مينا جراند» الخالدية يطرز الماضي الجميل بالحاضر |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/694058 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=التحرير |first=فريق |date=2021-06-02 |title=أبراج الخالدية.. قصة 3 عقود لأول تحفة معمارية تشق طريقها لسماء الرياض |url=https://ajel.sa/local/mrxgxt |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=صحيفة عاجل |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=علي |first=‏خويطر، خالد بن سليمان بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlGhvOg4HDQC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الوقف ودوره في دعم التعليم والثقافة في المملكة العربية السعودية خلال مائة عام |date=2003 |publisher=‏دولة الكويت، الأمانة العامة للأوقاف،&#٬٢٠٠ن؛ |isbn=978-99906-36-34-5 |language=ar}}</ref> It was designed by Dr. Nasser bin Ibrahim al-Rasheed through his engineering consultant firm, who was a former professor at the [[King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals|King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2004/20041003/el8.htm |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2006/20060318/fe14.htm |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

It is owned by Khaldia Towers Company, a partnership between Al-Jedaie Group and Al-Hokair Group. It has 376 rooms in total and 138 suites.

In 2007, the King Khalid Charitable Foundation put the Khaldia Towers on sale and began inviting investors to acquire the property.<ref>{{Cite web |last=عكاظ (الرياض) |first=سعيد الزهراني (ابها)، |date=2007-10-07 |title=خيرية الملك خالد تبحث أفضل السبل لاستثمار عائد بيع أبراج الخالدية |url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/article/136851 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Okaz |language=Arabic}}</ref>

In 2013, it was bought by [[Starwood|Starwood Hotels and Resorts]] from Mena Hotels & Resorts and was rebranded as Four Points by Sheraton Riyadh Khaldia. It was inaugurated by [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (born 1951)|Prince Khalid bin Bandar]], the-then governor of [[Riyadh Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2013 |title=خالد بن بندر يدشن فندق «شيراتون فور بوينت» وسط الرياض |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/850428 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=سمو أمير منطقة الرياض يدشن فندق «شيراتون فور بوينتس» وسط الرياض |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2013/20130709/fe4.htm |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref>

=== 2014 fire accident ===
In September 2014, an unexpected fire broke out in the building of the hotel, resulting in three dead, including an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] national and seven injured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.facebook.com/masrawy |title=مصرع مواطن مصري واصابة اخرين فى حريق ببرج سكنى بالرياض |url=https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_cases/details/2014/9/26/354208/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=مصراوي.كوم |language=ar}}</ref> The [[Saudi Red Crescent Authority]] dispatched 10 paramedic teams and 4 advance response teams towards the site, after which the injured were sent to the [[King Saud Medical City]] and al-Iman Hospital following their rescue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-27 |title=3 dead, 7 injured in Al-Khaldia towers fire |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/98709 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=استنفار من الخدمات المساندة .. و17 فرقة إسعافية بالموقع |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2014/20140927/fe45.htm |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=سبق |date=2014-09-26 |title=بالصور.. وفاة 3 وإصابة مثلهم في حريق بشقة بأبراج الخالدية بالرياض |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/sdmgde-3 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref>

== References ==

== Qasr al hukm district landmarks ==
{{OSM Location map||float=left|width=400|coord={{coord|24.62976|N|46.71122|E|region:SA|display=inline}}|mark-coord1={{coord|24.62972|N|46.71126|E|region:SA|display=inline}}|label1=Al Hukm Palace|label-pos1=|mark-coord2=|label2=|label-pos2=|zoom=25|caption=Landmarks in Qasr Al Hukm District}}












== Qurayshiyyah ==
Qurayshiyyah neighborhood in Riyadh.

حي "القريشية" 

https://alriyadh.com/897991

== Fakhiriyah neighborhood ==
Al-Fawwarah neighborhood, which is part of the current Al-Fakhriya neighborhood

24°38'26"N 46°40'58"E

https://www.alriyadh.com/634397

==Abu Nawwas Restaurant==
Abu Nawwas Restaurant is a restaurant in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the first shawarma shop in Riyadh
== Saudi Entertainment Ventures ==
'''Saudi Entertainment Ventures''' ({{Langx|ar|مشاريع الترفيه السعودية}}), stylized as '''SEVEN''' ({{Langx|ar|سڤن}}), is a wholly owned subsidiary of Saudi Arabia's [[Public Investment Fund]] that offers services in the entertainment and recreation industry. 

== Al Madi ==
A large basin

keywords to type:   حوض كبير على سبعة أعمدة يسمى "المدي" 

== King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport ==
'''King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport''' ({{Langx|ar|مشروع الملك عبدالعزيز للنقل العام بمدينة الرياض}}), simply '''Riyadh Public Transport Project (RPTP)''', is a $22.5 billion transport infrastructure project by the [[Royal Commission for Riyadh City]] to build a 176-kilometer [[Riyadh Metro|mass rapid transit system]] and a 1184-mile comprehensive [[Riyadh Bus|public bus service network]] for [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. Launched in 2014, the project commenced operations in September 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAPTCO says Riyadh public transport system to start operations on Sept. 1 |url=https://www.argaam.com/en/article/articledetail/id/1478542 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=ArgaamPlus |language=en}}</ref> with the [[Saudi Public Transport Company]] (SAPTCO) rolling out a fleet of buses. It was however replaced by Riyadh Bus in March 2023.

REF: https://www.alriyadh.com/856165 (RIYADH PUBLIC TRANSPORT MAYBE EXISTED BEFORE, IT WAS RENAMED AFTER ABDULAZIZ)

== United Tower ==
'''United Tower''', popularly known as '''Twisting Tower''', is 50-storey, 200 m tall skyscraper in [[Bahrain Bay]] in north-eastern [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]]. Built in 2014, it is the country's sixth largest structure and was developed by Cooperation Investment House and Ahmed al-Qaed Construction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Maan |date=2022-09-03 |title=11 twisting towers around the world, from Chongqing's Dance of Light to Cayan in Dubai |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/2022/09/03/11-twisting-towers-around-the-world-from-chongqings-dance-of-light-to-cayan-in-dubai/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> It houses the [[Wyndham Grand]] Manama Hotel.

ref: https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-tenders/168345-twisted-wyndham-grand-manama-tower-in-bahrain-gets-thyssenkrupp-lifts

== Riyadh Calendar ==

==== old riyadh Hillah, apart from major settlements ====
(<ref>{{Cite book |last=الوشمي |first=أحمد بن مساعد عبدالله |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnJZDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT42&dq=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9&hl=en |title=الرياض مدينة وسكانا: كيف كانت وكيف عاشوا؟ |date=2018-05-03 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |language=ar}}</ref>)

Haara al-Hanbali, located south of mueqilliah, الحنبلي

Haara Heza, located south of Masmak Palace حيزا

==== Mosques ====
Imam Turki Mosque (Jami Kabeer)

Sheikh Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, Dekhna

Al-Hilla, Gadimah

Ahmad bin Abeed, south of Masmak

al-Diwaniyah Mosque, (entrance of imam abdul rahman bin faisal palace)

Duhairah mosque

Mueqiliah mosque

muraiqib mosque,

Jufrah mosque

sedrah mosque, (khalid bin saud mosque)

imam turki mosque and thumairi mosque

masjid ibn shilwan

masjid sharqiyah (ibn mahmud mosque)

== Interests surrounding the walled town ==
'''NEEDS TO BE VERIFIED ACCURATELY:'''

Following the establishment of Saudi Arabia in 1932, the walled town functioned as its administrative headquarters until 1938.

Souq Hillat al-Gusman (check when established)

early 1930s - some palaces being built in outskirts of town, badiah or atiqah

1938 - Murabba Palace

1943 - Red Palace

1940s - Batha commercial area develops

1948 - Memorial School established

== Haji's Cafe ==
'''Haji's Cafe''' ({{Langx|ar|مقهى حاجي}}) is a traditional restaurant in [[Manama Souq]], [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]], located in close proximity to the [[Bab Al Bahrain|Bab al-Bahrain]]. It was established in 1950 and is popular for offering breakfasts in [[Bahraini cuisine]].

. 

''OTHER GUESTHOUSES:''

https://www.alriyadh.com/335537

== Khuraimas Guesthouse ==
'''Khuraimas Guesthouse''' ({{Langx|ar|مضيف خريمس}}) was a quarantine facility

== New Murabba ==
New Murabba will be situated at northwest of Riyadh. Al-Shemal: al-Qirawan (القيروان) and Malqa (الملقا) neighborhood (south)

Al-Salmaniyah ( السلمانية) and malqah (الملقاﻩ)

== Riyadh metropolitan area ==
Riyadh metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia, containing the city of Riyadh and encompassing 

== Iskan ==
Iskan is a residential area in southern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in the sub-municipality of Aziziyah. 

== Al Bakheerah ==
Building in a shape of a ship عمارة الباخرة شارع الخزان

'''Al-Bakheerah''' ({{Langx|ar|الباخرة|lit=Steamship}}) is a three-storey mixed-use condominium in northwestern [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|al-Dirah]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. Built in 1966,<ref>{{Cite web |last=الخمشي |first=زيد |title=شاهد "الباخرة" "أعجوبة الرياض في الستينيات" .. حكايات اليوم والأمس وسبب شهرتها |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/fwzcc6 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=شاهد.. قصة ” عمارة باخرة الرياض ” أعجوبة الستينيات |url=https://slaati.com//2020/05/29/p1663075.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=صحيفة صدى الالكترونية}}</ref> the structure is made to look like a replica of [[steamship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=الخدمات البلدية |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2014/20140329/wm2.htm |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=من معالم عاصمتنا الرياض |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2007/20071105/rv2.htm |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> The building is said to have hosted the city's first private clinic as well as the first pharmacy and was once a popular architectural landmark among the city's residents during the 1970s and 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title=عمارة الباخرة.. ذكريات الزمن الجميل |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1934516 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=سعيد |first=د سلمان بن محمد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1q6ODwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT138&dq=%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86&hl=en |title=ثلاثية سلمان بن سعيد: سوانح طبيب |date=2019-03-15 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |isbn=978-603-02-9547-0 |language=ar}}</ref> It was owned by [[Seeta bint Abdulaziz Al Saud|Princess Seeta bint Abdulaziz al-Saud]], the daughter of [[Ibn Saud]] and once also served as the residence of Princess al-Anood bint Abdulaziz al-Saud, the wife of [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]].

== Mosques in Riyadh ==

== Al Rajhi Mosque ==

''OTHER MOSQUES:'' 
* [[King Khalid Grand Mosque]]
* [[King Khalid Airport Mosque]]
* [[Princess Latifa bint Sultan Mosque]]
* Prince Fahd bin Muhammad Mosque
* [[Hayy Assafarat Grand Mosque|Safarat Mosque]] ({{Langx|ar|جامع حي السفارات}})
* Jawharah Mosque
*[[Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim Mosque]]
*[[KAFD Grand Mosque]]
*King Abdulaziz Mosque (KAHC)
*Al Midi Mosque (KAHC)
*[[King Fahd Mosque (Riyadh)|King Fahd Mosque]]
*King Saud Mosque, Nasiriyah
*Al Hikmah Mosque, Hittin
*Sheikh Fahd al-Owaidah Mosque ({{Langx|ar|جامع الشيخ فهد العويضة}})
*Ghadah Ibrahim Mosque ({{Langx|ar|غادة البراهيم}})
*Princess al-Anood Mosque ({{Langx|ar|جامع الأميرة العنود}})
*Abu Abdullah al-Haidan ({{Langx|ar|أبي عبد الله اللحيدان}})
*Al-Qibli Mosque, located south of Manfuhah.<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Six mosques in Riyadh region earmarked for restoration as part of development project |url=https://arab.news/6y6n8 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>
*Al-Rumailah Mosque, also known as Al-Salamah Mosque
*''other mosques''
*https://sabq.org/saudia/shegde-6
*

== Riyadh Cultural Palace ==
{{Infobox building
| name             = Cultural Palace
| native_name      = قصر الثقافة
| native_name_lang = ar
| location         = [[Diplomatic Quarter (Riyadh)|Diplomatic Quarter]], [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia
| opened_date      = 1980s
| owner            = [[Royal Commission for Riyadh City]]
}}

'''Riyadh Cultural Palace''' ({{Langx|ar|قصر الثقافة}}) is a double-storey edifice in [[Diplomatic Quarter (Riyadh)|Diplomatic Quarter]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located next to the [[Al Kindi Plaza|al-Kindi Plaza]]. Established in the 1980s during the emergence of the [[Diplomatic Quarter (Riyadh)|Diplomatic Quarter]], it is one of the architectural landmarks of the city is known for hosting notable events that are attended by several foreign diplomats, government officials and businessmen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-06 |title=Cultural Palace: A witness to historic events |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/551361 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

It includes main foyer, the main ceremonial hall, conference hall, the art and craft workshops and public library. 83 seat indoor theater . underground car parking.

total area of building: 32,328 sq m

132,212,927 riyals

It hosted an exhibition of arts and technology organized by the [[Royal Commission for Riyadh City]] in late 1987, that showcased a collection of armors and weapons pertaining to Islamic military history.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmejtrrr640C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA12-PA7&dq=cultural+palace+riyadh+1985&hl=en |title=Saudi Arabia |date=1988 |publisher=Information Office of the Royal Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |language=en}}</ref>

== Najd Village ==
'''Najd Village''' () is a chain of two local themed restaurants in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]] that offer [[Saudi Arabian cuisine|culinary traditions]] from [[Najd]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-26 |title=Authentic Najdi food at Najd village |url=https://www.arabnews.com/food-health/news/621381 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> Established in 1996.

== Saudi Journalists Association ==
Saudi Journalists Association (SJA) is an association of journalists and media professionals based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

== Arriyadh Gate ==
Arriyadh Gate ({{Langx|ar|بوابة الرياض}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=الرياض القابضة - بوابة الرياض، أيقونة التسوق المميزة بشمال مدينة الرياض |url=https://arhc.com.sa/7/Details |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=arhc.com.sa}}</ref>

== 509 road (Saudi Arabia) ==
'''509 road''' ({{Langx|ar|طريق ٥٠٩}}) is a major road in [[Riyadh Governorate]], [[Riyadh Province]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It stretches from Banban and terminates in the town of Haʼir, straddling through the city of [[Riyadh]] where it assumes various alternate names —'''King Abdulaziz Road''' (previously the '''Old Airport Road''') in the north, '''al-Batʼha Street''' in downtown and '''al-Haʼir Road''' in the south.

'''Al-Batʼha Street''' ({{Langx|ar|شارع البطحاء}}) is a thoroughfare in downtown Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, that runs parallel to the now dried up stream of [[Wadi al-Batʼha]]   

140 kilometer road in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It begins from al sulaimaniyah  

It begins from the southern tip of the [[Al Murabba|al-Murabba]] neighborhood and terminates at the intersection between Southern Ring Road and al-Haʼir Road in [[Manfuhah]]. it ends at howtat bani tamim 

== ''You have to choose between Souq Batha and Al Batha appropriately''  ==

== Souq al-Batʼha ==
'''Souq al-Batʼha''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق البطحاء}}) is a term used collectively for markets and trading centers situated in the al-Bat'ha commercial area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

situated east of the batha street (marqab, thulaim and amal).<ref>{{Cite book |last=الهطلاني |first=الدكتورة مضاوي حمد الناصر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRntDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT276&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=مدينة الرياض: دراسة تاريخية في التطور السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي والثقافي 1902 - 1975 م / 1320 - 1395 هـ |date=1996-11-25 |publisher=OBEIKAN Education |isbn=978-9960-20-235-8 |language=ar}}</ref> 

Saudi government only recognizing trading centers located in the boundaries:

al-Bat'ha Street from west 

Ibn al-Anbari Street from north

Muhammad al-Shibl from east

Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah Road from south   

it also includes hamidiyah souq, aswaq al-riyadh hadeethah, aswaq marqab, hillat qasman, hillat al abeed      

situated primarily along the al-Batʼha Street in downtown [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located between [[Al Murabba|al-Murabba]] and the [[Qasr Al Hukm District|Qasr al-Hukm District]].   

https://alsauditoday.com/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/ (complete tour inside the market)

=== Al Batʼha Commercial Center ===
Al Batʼha Commercial Center ({{Langx|ar|مركز البطحاء}}) in Futah

Neighborhoods:

Al-Amal (west)

Al-Futah (east)

Al-Marqab (west)

Thulaym (west)

Al-Salihiyah (probably)

keywords for surfing: خريطة سوق البطحاء  الرياض

=== '''Important Streets:''' ===
Al-Bat'ha Street

Al Ghurabi Street ({{Langx|ar|شارع الغرابي}}), Al Amal

Abi Ayoub Al-Ansari Street ({{Langx|ar|شارع أبي أيوب الأنصاري}}) (named after [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]]) or Imam Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Street ({{Langx|ar|شارع الإمام فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله}}) (named after [[Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (1785–1865)|Faisal bin Turki]]) (separates Thulaim and Margab)

Al Rail Street ({{Langx|ar|شارع الريل}}) or Omar al-Mukhtar ({{Langx|ar|شارع عمر المختار}}), named after [[Omar al-Mukhtar]] (separates Thulaim and Al-Amal)<ref>{{Cite book |last=الفريح |first=محمد بن عبدالله بن محمد بن عبدالمحسن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4taEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT280&dq=%D8%AD%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84&hl=en |title=من أفواه الرواة السيرة التربوية والاجتماعية للوالد عبدالله بن محمد بن عبدالمحسن الفريح يرحمه الله |date=2022-01-23 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |isbn=978-603-509-384-2 |language=ar}}</ref>

Al Ras Street ({{Langx|ar|شارع الرس}}), Margab

Al Qabah Street ({{Langx|ar|شارع القبه}}), Margab

شارع الدركتر (recheck which neighborhood it belongs to)

Al Farazdaq street, Margab (to be checked whether part of batha or not)
== Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah ==
'''Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق الكويتية|lit=Kuwaiti souq}}) or '''Haraj al-Kuwaitiyyah''' ({{Langx|ar|حراج الكويتية}}) was an auction marketplace in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-jazirah |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2002/20020508/za9.htm |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> It was established in the 1940s by a couple of Kuwaiti merchants in the northeastern fringes of the erstwhile [[Riyadh city fortifications|city walls]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Jazirah |url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2005/20050620/za1.htm |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> resulting in the direct development of the [[Al Batʼha (Riyadh)|al-Batha]] commercial area in downtown Riyadh. It relocated to and was replaced by Souq al-Owais in 1986.

In the 1940s, Souq Haraj al-Kuwaitiyyah emerged

Important name: Fahd al owaidah (refer his interview in the al-jazirah newspaper

== Souq al-Owais ==
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Souq al-Owais
| native_name = سوق العويس
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = 
| caption = 
| location = [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|40|35|N|46|43|8|E|display=inline}}
| address = 
| opening_date = {{start date and age|23 April 1986}}
| closing_date = 
| developer = 
| owner = 
| architect = 
}}'''Souq al-Owais''' ({{Langx|ar|سوق العويس}}) is a souq in King Fahd District of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located next to Souq Taibah. Established in 1986, it emerged from the ruins of Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah. 

== Istiraha ==
'''Istiraha''' ({{Langx|ar|اِسْتِرَاحَة|lit=place of relaxation}}), is a variant of [[Caravanserai|caravansary]] found in [[Saudi Arabia]] and the wider Gulf region in the form of private and commercial [[Guest house|rest houses]] or [[Majlis|traditional meeting rooms]], usually in the [[Rural–urban fringe|urban fringes]] of [[Metropolis|metropolises]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Renard |first=Amelie Le |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvGyAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA91&dq=istiraha+saudi&hl=en |title=A Society of Young Women: Opportunities of Place, Power, and Reform in Saudi Arabia |date=2014-06-25 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9137-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Mark C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rnb3DwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA197&dq=istiraha+saudi&hl=en |title=Saudi Arabia and the Path to Political Change: National Dialogue and Civil Society |date=2014-06-16 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-407-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alahmed |first=Anas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6h5EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA79&dq=istiraha+saudi&hl=en |title=The Struggle of Entertainment and Neoliberal Postcolonial Capitalist Politics in "New" Saudi Arabia: The Cultural Production of Modernity in the Global South |date=2022-07-07 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-9375-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-05 |title=لماذا يعشق السعوديون "الاستراحات"؟ |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/saudi-today/2016/11/05/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%9F |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=العربية |language=ar}}</ref> Commercial istirahas are largely rented as retreat houses and [[Holiday camp|holiday camps]] by individuals, bachelors and families for various purposes, like organizing events, leisure or personal gatherings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-28 |title=Istiraha — A rare look inside the Saudi man-cave |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/124566 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Augstein |first=Rudolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg5vwP0OD-QC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=istiraha+saudi&q=istiraha+saudi&hl=en |title=Der Spiegel |date=2018 |publisher=Spiegel-Verlag |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=للدراسات |first=مركز الفكر الاستراتيجي |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUpSEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA15-IA18&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&hl=en |title=كيف يفكر السعوديون؟ .. أولويات واهتمامات |publisher=مركز الفكر الاستراتيجي للدراسات |language=ar}}</ref> 

In 2011, the [[Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Housing (Saudi Arabia)|Saudi municipal and rural affairs ministry]] introduced certain [[Building code|building regulations]] pertaining to constructing istirahas in the country, like site location, architecture and obtaining a prior license from authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-03 |title="البلديات" تصدر الضوابط والاشتراطات لإقامة الاستراحات |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/655998 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.alriyadh.com |language=ar}}</ref>

== Al Sameeh ==
'''Al-Sameeh''' ({{Langx|ar|السميح}}) is a village in the [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]], located in close proximity to the Zayed Military City. It is situated almost 85 kilometers north of [[Abu Dhabi]] and 75 kilometers south of [[Dubai]]. 

== ''Secrets and Deals: How Britain Left the Middle East'' ==
'''''Secrets and Deals: How Britain Left the Middle East''''' is a 2022 one-part documentary aired by BBC about the British withdrawal from the Middle East in 1971.

== Riyadh Sky ==
Riyadh Sky is one of the zones of Riyadh Season. Restaurants located on rooftop of Majdoul Tower, Riyadh Water Tower and Boulevard Riyadh City. 

''Riyadh Sky is a unique idea that lives up to its name. The events of the entertainment activity are held in the sky of Riyadh in restaurants located on the roofs of 3 of the capital’s famous landmarks. “Clap” restaurant with its distinctive Japanese dishes in Majdoul Tower, the Hellenika restaurant In Riyadh Water Tower with its modern designs and traditional Greek dishes, and the Anghami Lap restaurant it provides a unique experience by serving a range of Arabic and international dishes to the tune of music at “Merwas”, the art and entertainment factory in Boulevard Riyadh City.''

== Declaration of Independence of Bahrain  ==
The '''Declaration of Independence of Bahrain''' was officially proclaimed on 15 August 1971 by [[Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa|Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa]]. The proclamation was made in less than a month following the signing of the constitution of the United Arab Emirates on 18 July 1971, marking the  
== Abu Dhabi Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training ==
Abu Dhabi Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (ACTVET). 

Subsidiaries: Institute of Applied Technology (IAT)

Abu Dhabi Vocational Education and Training Institute (ADVETI) 

was established in 2007 and has seven (7) entities: Al Jazirah Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, Al Jaheli Institute of Science and Technology in Al Ain, Baynounah Institute of Science and Technology in Al Gharbia, Al Reef Institute of Logistics and Applied Technology in Al Shahama, Sharjah Institute of Science & Technology in Sharjah, Secondary Technical School (STS) and Vocational Education Development Center (VEDC).

== '''Abu Dhabi'''–'''Dubai War''' ==
The '''Abu Dhabi'''–'''Dubai War''' was a minor armed conflict between the [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]] and the [[Emirate of Dubai]] in 1948. A Dubai-based raiding group killed 52 members of the [[Manasir (tribe)|Manasir]] tribe that were allied with Abu Dhabi's royal family. (Peck 1986: 41) British intervention later helped reduce tensions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramos |first=Stephen J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqwWDAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA64&dq=dubai+and+abu+dhabi+war+1947+1948&hl=en |title=Dubai Amplified: The Engineering of a Port Geography |date=2016-04-29 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-14761-9 |language=en}}</ref> 

The conflict was a result of the ongoing border dispute between two emirates when the oil concession agreement was signed in 1930s. 

== Trucial States Council ==
{{Infobox legislature|established={{Start date and age|23 March 1952}}|name=Trucial States Council|disbanded={{Start date and age|02 December 1971}}|jurisdiction=|house_type=[[Unicameral]]|succeeded_by=[[Federal Supreme Council]]|authority=[[Foreign Office|British Foreign Office]]}}

'''Trucial States Council''' was the sole advisory body in the British protectorate of the [[Trucial States]] that was established in 1952 by the [[British Foreign office|British Foreign Office]] with aims of bringing the disparate sheikhdoms of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]], [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm al-Quwain]] and [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras al-Khaimah]] under a single umbrella in order to set up a common framework of cooperation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradshaw |first=Tancred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ay-4DwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA87&dq=trucial+states+council+established+1952+to&hl=en |title=The End of Empire in the Gulf: From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates |date=2019-10-31 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-087-7 |language=en}}</ref> The council laid the foundation for the [[United Arab Emirates]] almost 19 years later by serving as the first such entity of its kind that enabled the rulers a platform to address their issues of common concern.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peck |first=Malcolm C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguBHE07e6IC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA285&dq=trucial+states+council+established+1952+to&hl=en |title=The A to Z of the Gulf Arab States |date=2010-04-12 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4617-3190-0 |language=en}}</ref> It acted as an interim government during the formation of the United Arab Emirates and was dissolved and replaced by the [[Federal Supreme Council]] following the proclamation of the country on 02 December 1971.In April 1961, [[George Middleton (diplomat)|George Middletown]] argued that the federation remained doubtful and the council was unlikely to achieve its goal.


Ras al khaimah was the first non british leader of the trucial states council, followed by sheikh zayed

== Trucial Coast Development Council ==
Trucial Coast Development Council was a subsidiary entity of the Trucial States Council in the British protectorate of the Trucial States. Later, the [[Abu Dhabi Fund for Development]] would evolve from TCDC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abed |first=Ibrahim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA146&dq=trucial+states+council&hl=en |title=United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective |last2=Hellyer |first2=Peter |date=2001 |publisher=Trident Press Ltd |isbn=978-1-900724-47-0 |language=en}}</ref>    

== Flag of the trucial states council ==
Flag included a nine-pointed star, federation of arab emirates

== Al Manhal Palace ==
{{Infobox Historic building
| name             = Qasr Al-Manhal
| native_name      = قصر المنهل
| native_name_lang = ar
| inauguration_date = 1966
| floor_area       = 143 acres
}}

'''Al-Manhal Palace''' ({{Langx|ar|قصر المنهل|lit=Spring Palace|translit=Qasr al-Manhal}}) is a former [[presidential palace]] and a heritage landmark in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]] that served as the official residence of the country's founding father, [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed]] between 1966 and 1972. It was built to replace the [[Qasr al-Hosn]] and was once the center of power and influence in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=O’Hara |first=James |date=2015-08-25 |title=Time Frame: Tribal gathering at Abu Dhabi’s seat of power |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/comment/time-frame-tribal-gathering-at-abu-dhabi-s-seat-of-power-1.14680 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> The palace was the second site after the [[Etihad Museum|Al-Diyafah Palace]] where [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed]] hoisted the [[flag of the United Arab Emirates]] subsequently after the country's proclamation on December 02, 1971. Zayed later shifted to Qasr al-Bahar.  

== Qasr al-Batiniyah ==
Qasr al-Bateeniyah ({{Langx|ar|قصر البطينة}}) in Abu Dhabi

== '''Abu Dhabi''' and Dubai '''Union Agreement''' ==
Abu Dhabi and Dubai Union Agreement was a pact signed on February 18, 1968 between the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Zayed and the ruler of Dubai Sheikh Rashid in Argoub el-Sedirah in al-Sameeh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Langton |first=James |date=2021-11-15 |title=How the UAE was formed: meetings in the desert led to new union |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/11/15/how-the-uae-was-formed-meetings-in-the-desert-led-to-new-union/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> The agreement marked the official commencement of the formation of the United Arab Emirates

outlined the idea of a federal union between the two independent emirates and is regarded as a prelude to the unification of the United Arab Emirates.

== October 1970 draft ==
October 1970 constitutional draft United Arab Emirates

== 15 July agreement between Rashid and Zayed ==

== Signing of the United Arab Emirates Constitution ==
The '''Signing of the United Arab Emirates Constitution''' occurred on July 18, 1971, at [[Dubai]] by the six members of the Trucial States Council. The signing ceremony marked the culmination of major political and diplomatic efforts for the unification of the United Arab Emirates led primarily by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan and the formal dissolution of the Federation of Arab Emirates. 

== Federation of Arab Emirates ==
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Federation of Arab Emirates
| common_name            = Union of Arab Emirates
| native_name            = {{lang|ar|اتحاد الامارات العربية}}
| image_flag             = Flag of the Federation of Arab Emirates.jpg
| flag_caption           = Proposed flag of nine-pointed stars
| image_map              = File:LocationFederationofArabEmirates.png
| capital                = [[Al Karama, United Arab Emirates|Al Karama]] (proposed)
| largest_city           = [[Abu Dhabi]]
| official_languages     = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| established            = 
| currency               = [[Gulf rupee]]<br/>[[Bahraini dinar]]<br/>[[Qatari riyal]]
| status                 = Political union
| empire                 = United Kingdom
| year_end               = 1971
| year_start             = 1968
| common_languages       = [[Emirati Arabic]]<br/>[[Bahraini Arabic]]<br/>[[Qatari Arabic]]
| date_start             = 27 February
| date_end               = 18 July
| p1                     = Trucial States
| p2                     = Bahrain
| p3                     = Qatar
| s1                     = Trucial States
| s2                     = Bahrain
| s3                     = Qatar
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Trucial States (1968–1971).svg
| flag_p2                = Flag of Bahrain (1932–1972).svg
| flag_p3                = Flag of Qatar (1949–1971).svg
| flag_s1                = Flag of the Trucial States (1968–1971).svg
| flag_s2                = Flag of Bahrain (1932–1972).svg
| flag_s3                = Flag of Qatar (1949–1971).svg
| today                  = {{plainlist|{{flag|Bahrain}}<br/>{{flag|Qatar}}<br/>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br/>{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}}}
}}
{{Distinguish|Federation of Arab Republics}}

The '''Federation of Arab Emirates''' ('''FAE'''; {{Langx|ar|اتحاد الامارات العربية}}), also sometimes '''Union of Arab Emirates''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peterson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNE4DAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA369&dq=union+of+arab+emirates+bahrain+qatar&hl=en |title=The Emergence of the Gulf States: Studies in Modern History |date=2016-06-16 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4725-8761-9 |language=en}}</ref> was a proposed sovereign federal union of nine sheikhdoms of Britain's [[Persian Gulf Residency]], comprising [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]] and the rest of seven emirates of the [[Trucial States]], namely [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm Al Quwain]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] and [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lea |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f25h1qJLtnAC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA19&dq=federation+of+arab+emirates+march+30+1968&hl=en |title=A Political Chronology of the Middle East |date=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-85743-115-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=Middle East Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS0-CgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA25&dq=Union+of+Arab+Emirates+united+arab+emirates&hl=en |title=United Arab Emirates (Routledge Revival): MERI Report |date=2015-07-24 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45020-7 |language=en}}</ref> The union existed during much of the [[unification of the United Arab Emirates]] and came into being as a semblance of a transitional government in February 1968 following a meeting between the leaders of these emirates in less than two months after the British decision of withdrawal was announced. However, several disagreements between the leaders due to political and economic reasons led to the dissolution of the union when [[Bahrain]] and [[Qatar]] announced their respective independence by August and September of 1971 whereas the rest of the [[Trucial States]] (with the temporary exception of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]]) went on to form the [[United Arab Emirates]] in December 1971.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG0R2E4371gC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA2-PA33&dq=Federation+of+Arab+Emirates+fae&hl=en |title=Problems of Communism |date=1972 |publisher=Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration |language=en}}</ref>

== History and background ==
Following the expulsion of the Portuguese from Bahrain in 1602, the [[Al Qasimi]], the tribes extending from the [[Qatar|Qatari]] Peninsula to the [[Musandam Governorate|Ras Musandam]], adopted maritime raiding as a way of life due to the lack of any maritime authority in the area.<ref name="donaldson2">{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Neil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXXGAQAAQBAJ |title=The Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2008 |isbn=978-1409209423 |pages=15, 55, 73}}{{self-published source|date=October 2020}}</ref> The attacks surged in the beginning of 19th century.

In the aftermath of a series of attacks in 1808 off the coast [[Sindh]] involving 50 Qasimi raiders and following the 1809 monsoon season, the British East India Company, with the [[Royal Navy|naval support]] of the British government, launched [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1809|an operation against]] the Al Qasimi tribe ruling [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] in 1809.<ref name="WJ2042">James, p. 204</ref><ref name="JM882">Marshall, p. 88</ref> An agreement was reached between the Al Qasimi and the British with regards to maritime security, however, the agreement broke down in 1815. In 1815, the crew of a British Indian vessel were captured by Qawasim near Muscat and most of the crew were murdered. Then, on 6 January Al Qasimi captured an armed [[Patamar|pattamar]], the ''Deriah Dowlut'', off the coast of [[Dwarka]] and murdered 17 of its 38 Indian crew. In the Red Sea, in 1816, three British-flagged Indian merchant vessels from Surat were taken and most of the crews killed.

As piracy resumed, the British returned in 1819 with a [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|punitive expedition]] against the maritime force of Al Qasimi, which was now split into two emirates, one the Wahhabi-backed [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] and other in [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] and [[Bandar Lengeh|Lengeh]].<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Floor |first=Willem M. |url=http://archive.org/details/persiangulfrisef0000floo |title=The Persian Gulf : the rise and fall of Bandar-e Lengeh, the distribution center for the Arabian Coast, 1750-1930 |date=2010 |publisher=Washington, DC : Mage Publishers |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-933823-39-3 |pages=42}}</ref> The British devastated Ras Al Khaimah and ended up deposing [[Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi]] from power before signing the [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820]] with the rulers of [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm al-Quwain|Umm Al Quwain]], [[Ras Al Khaimah]]. In 1853, the treaty of [[Perpetual Maritime Truce]] was signed which prohibited any act of aggression at sea and was signed by [[Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla|Abdulla bin Rashid Al Mualla]]  of Umm Al Quwain; [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi]] of Ajman; [[Saeed bin Butti]] of Dubai; [[Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan]] and [[Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition |date=2005 |publisher=Motivate |isbn=1860631673 |location=London |pages=286 |oclc=64689681}}</ref>

In response to the ambitions of France and Russia, Britain and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty,<ref>{{cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates |publisher=Motivate |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-86063-167-2 |page=293}}</ref> sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to Britain and not to enter into relationships with any other foreign government without Britain's consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Agreement {{!}} British history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exclusive-Agreement |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Trucial States Council and the idea of federation ===
The Trucial States Council was a forum for the leaders of the emirates to meet, presided over by the British [[Persian Gulf Residency|Political Agent]]. The first meetings took place in 1952, one in spring and one in autumn, and this set a pattern for meetings in future years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Donald |first=Hawley |title=The Trucial States |date=1970 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=0-04-953005-4 |location=London |page=177 |oclc=152680}}</ref> The council was purely consultative and had no written constitution and no policy making powers, it provided more than anything a forum for the rulers to exchange views and agree on common approaches. The British managed to provoke considerable irritation amongst the rulers, especially Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, when the ruler of Fujairah, recognised as a Trucial State by Britain on 21 March 1952, attended his first Trucial States Council.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alhammadi, Muna M. |title=Britain and the administration of the Trucial States 1947-1965 |others=Markaz al-Imārāt lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth al-Istirātījīyah |isbn=978-9948-14-638-4 |location=Abu Dhabi |page=95 |oclc=884280680}}</ref>

The idea of a federation between the [[Trucial States]] was first floated in the late 1950s by [[Michael Wright (diplomat)|Michael Wright]], the British ambassador to Iraq. However, it was rejected as 'fanciful' by [[Bernard Burrows]], the political resident.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Simon C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_qCeBV9IW0C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA50&dq=trucial+states+council&hl=en |title=Britain's Revival and Fall in the Gulf: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States, 1950-71 |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-33192-0 |language=en}}</ref>

By 1958, committees were set up to advise on public health, agriculture and education, but the council had no funding until 1965, when the chairmanship moved from the Political Agent to one of the rulers, the first chairman being Shaikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah.<ref name=":322">{{cite book |last=Donald |first=Hawley |title=The Trucial States |date=1970 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=0-04-953005-4 |location=London |page=178 |oclc=152680}}</ref> One issue which came up regularly in the council's first 14 meetings was that of [[locusts]]—the swarms were highly destructive to the agriculture of the whole area—but the [[Bedouin]] of the interior were convinced the spraying of [[insecticide]] would be detrimental to their herds and resisted the teams brought in from [[Pakistan]] to spray the insects' breeding grounds.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alhammadi, Muna M. |title=Britain and the administration of the Trucial States 1947-1965 |others=Markaz al-Imārāt lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth al-Istirātījīyah |isbn=978-9948-14-638-4 |location=Abu Dhabi |page=96 |oclc=884280680}}</ref>

In 1965 the council was given a grant by the British to administer as it saw fit, instead of merely advising on British-prepared budgets. A full-time secretariat was also recruited.<ref name=":322" />

In 1967, oil was discovered in the [[Shaybah oil field|Zararah oil field]] in south of [[Liwa Oasis]] and [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] had again claimed the area as part of [[Saudi Arabia]] in 1970. [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]] offered to resolve the dispute by relinquishing claims on [[Al Ain]] and [[Tawam (region)|Buraimi]] in exchange for assuming total control over [[Shaybah oil field|Zararah]] and [[Khor Al Adaid]]. He also requested [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]] to halt the drilling by the [[Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company]] in [[Shaybah oil field|Zararah]] while discussions are underway.

[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]], however, tried to resist the Saudi pressure as the [[Tawam (region)|oasis]] had been the center of the [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|emirate's]] [[Al Ain Region, Abu Dhabi|eastern province]] and its capital, [[Al Ain]]. For [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]], it was an issue of pride and honor and a reminder of past [[Najd|Najdi]] Wahhabi glories under [[Emirate of Diriyah|First]] and [[Second Saudi State|Second Saudi]] states during 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niblock |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2zABgAAQBAJ&dq=King+Faisal+shaybah+zararah+oil+field+1970&pg=PA155 |title=State, Society and Economy in Saudi Arabia (RLE Saudi Arabia) |date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53997-1 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220221/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2zABgAAQBAJ&dq=King+Faisal+shaybah+zararah+oil+field+1970&pg=PA155 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Announcement of British withdrawal and Federation of Arab Emirates ===
British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]]'s announcement, in January 1968, that all British troops were to be withdrawn from "[[east of Suez]]", signalled the end of Britain taking care of foreign policy and defence, as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Persian Gulf.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Harold |date=1968 |title=Leader's speech, Blackpool 1968 |url=http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=166}}</ref>

The decision pitched the rulers of the [[Trucial States|Trucial Coast]], together with Qatar and Bahrain, into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates |publisher=Motivate |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-86063-167-2 |page=337}}</ref> A month later on 18 February 1968, [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan]] met with [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum|Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum]] and signed a union agreement between [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]] and [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], a turning point in the history of the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] considered as the prelude to the unification of the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Less than ten days later, leaders of the sheikhdoms met in Dubai and signed the Dubai Accord on 27 February 1968 for the creation of the Federation of Arab Emirates, that also included [[Bahrain]] and [[Qatar]] with a joint foreign policy, defense and citizenship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Various |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXg-EAAAQBAJ&dq=Abu+Dhabi+and+Dubai+Union+Agreement+1968&pg=RA3-PA138 |title=Routledge Library Editions: History of the Middle East |date=25 August 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-39117-5 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220202/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXg-EAAAQBAJ&dq=Abu+Dhabi+and+Dubai+Union+Agreement+1968&pg=RA3-PA138 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Various |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZXg-EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA3-PA78&dq=dubai+accord+1968&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dubai%20accord%201968&f=false |title=Routledge Library Editions: History of the Middle East |date=2021-08-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-39117-5 |language=en}}</ref> The accord outlined the system of governance where the leadership would be chosen in a pattern of annual rotations. 

The first meeting of the Supreme Council of the Federation of Arab Emirates was convened in Abu Dhabi in March 1968.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abed |first=Ibrahim |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Chronicle_of_Progress/wm8yVtMiyJ8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=zayed+appointed+as+chairman+of+supreme+council+1968&pg=PA9&printsec=frontcover |title=Chronicle of Progress |last2=Casey-Vine |first2=Paula |last3=Jabali |first3=Abdullah Al |date=1996 |publisher=Trident Press Ltd |isbn=978-1-900724-03-6 |language=en}}</ref> The meeting was intended to exchange consultations with regards to the implementation of the Dubai Accord. Further meeting was convened in Abu Dhabi in May and July 1968 in order to reach an agreement on the basis of the previous meeting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnwell |first=Kristi |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Formation_of_the_UAE/SA_7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dubai+accords&pg=PA145&printsec=frontcover |title=The Formation of the UAE: State-Building and Arab Nationalism in the Middle East |date=2024-04-04 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-529-2 |language=en}}</ref> [[Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani]] was elected as the chairman of the provisional federal council whereas Sheikh Zayed was nominated as the president.<ref name=":39" /> In October 1968, the second meeting was convened and [[Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani|Sheikh Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani]] was elected as the chairman of the Supreme Council.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taryam |first=Abdullah Omran |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Establishment_of_the_United_Arab_Emi/7eyoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=shaykh+ahmed+elected+chairman+of+supreme+council+1968&pg=RA4-PA8-IA2&printsec=frontcover |title=The Establishment of the United Arab Emirates 1950-85 |date=2019-08-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-63952-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The members of the Supreme Council met in May 1969 in [[Doha]] to discuss the shape of the constitution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Clive |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Britain_and_State_Formation_in_Arabia_19/QjOoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=may+1969+doha&pg=PT231&printsec=frontcover |title=Britain and State Formation in Arabia 1962–1971: From Aden to Abu Dhabi |date=2018-12-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-36784-4 |language=en}}</ref> They agreed to set up a cabinet, but failed to elect a ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bidwell |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/KKrCgxsRBkEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=may+1969+doha&pg=PA144&printsec=frontcover |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab Histor |date=2012-10-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-16298-5 |language=en}}</ref> The meeting was also politically affected by the tour of then British prime minister [[Edward Heath]] to the Gulf states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Brandon |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_End_of_Pax_Britannica_in_the_Persian/2KAJEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=may+1969+doha&pg=PA164&printsec=frontcover |title=The End of Pax Britannica in the Persian Gulf, 1968-1971 |date=2020-11-17 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-56182-6 |language=en}}</ref> In the meeting, [[Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani|Sheikh Ahmad bin Ali]] was reelected as the chairman of the Supreme Council.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Clive |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Britain_and_State_Formation_in_Arabia_19/QjOoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=may+1969+doha&pg=PT231&printsec=frontcover |title=Britain and State Formation in Arabia 1962–1971: From Aden to Abu Dhabi |date=2018-12-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-36784-4 |language=en}}</ref> 

In October 1969, the rulers of the nine emirates met for the last time in [[Abu Dhabi]] and elected [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan]] as the president, [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum|Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum]] as vice president and [[Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani|Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani]] as the prime minister of a thirteen-member committee of the proposed federation besides the future of the capital located somewhere between [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[Dubai]], in a place called [[Al Karama, United Arab Emirates|Al Karama]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Michael Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oxfDQAAQBAJ&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed&pg=PT209 |title=Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates |date=15 April 2016 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-615-5 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220213/https://books.google.com/books?id=-oxfDQAAQBAJ&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed&pg=PT209 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, as the leaders were preparing the final [[Press release|''communiqué'']], then British Political Agent [[Charles J. Treadwell|Charles Treadwell]] requested to address the gathering and expressed his government's aspirations that all of their disagreements shall be resolved and is in Britain's interest in the successful outcome of the session.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zahlan |first=Rosemarie Said |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFuFCwAAQBAJ&dq=flag+of+federation+of+arab+emirates+qatar+bahrain&pg=PA104 |title=The Creation of Qatar |date=2016-02-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-29242-5 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220216/https://books.google.com/books?id=KFuFCwAAQBAJ&dq=flag+of+federation+of+arab+emirates+qatar+bahrain&pg=PA104 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The representatives of [[Qatar]] and [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras al-Khaimah]] took Treadwell's remarks as unwarranted, prompting a walk-out by [[Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani|Sheikh Ahmad al-Thani]] and [[Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi|Sheikh Saqr al-Qasimi]], thus, withdrawing from the union over the perception of foreign interference in the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf's]] internal affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Michael Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKDyDwAAQBAJ&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed+advisor&pg=PT198 |title=Masters of the Pearl: A History of Qatar |date=3 September 2020 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-312-6 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220206/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKDyDwAAQBAJ&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed+advisor&pg=PT198 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Graeme |title=Father of Dubai |publisher=Media Prima |year=1999 |isbn=978-9948-8564-5-0 |location=UAE |page=126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition |date=2005 |publisher=Motivate |isbn=1860631673 |location=London |pages=352–3 |oclc=64689681}}</ref>

The nine-state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting as Bahrain and Qatar opted to drop out of further talks despite efforts by British prime minister [[Harold Wilson]], [[Saudi Arabia]]'s [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] and the [[emir of Kuwait]] [[Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah|Sabah al-Sabah]] to revive the negotiations.<ref>R.S. Zahlan (1979), p. 106</ref> 

The April 1970 constitution committed Qatar to joining Bahrain and the Trucial States in forming the proposed Federation of the Arab Emirates.<ref name=":40" /><ref name=":41" /> In 1970, the [[United Nations]] conducted a survey in [[Bahrain]] in order to know whether the people desired Iranian control or preferred independence. Subsequently, the [[United Nations Security Council]] unanimously passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 278|Resolution 278]] in May 1970 which stated that "the overwhelming majority of the people of [[Bahrain]] wish to gain recognition of their identity in a full independent and sovereign State free to decide for itself its relations with other States".<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/278(1970)][[United Nations]] [[Security Council Resolutions]] [[Resolution 278]]</ref> Iran renounced its claim to the island in the same month.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14541322 Bahrain profile] BBC News</ref>

In May 1970, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] offered to resolve the dispute with [[Abu Dhabi]] by dropping some claims on [[Al Ain]] and [[Al Buraimi Oasis|al-Buraimi]] in exchange for exercising Riyadh's sovereignty in south of [[Liwa Oasis]] and [[Khawr al Udayd|Khor al-Udaid]]. [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]] subsequently said that he would "not reject the proposal out of hand".<ref name=":210">{{Cite book |title=Arabian Boundaries, Vol. 11, ed. Schofield, |page=343 |orig-date=}}</ref>

In July 1971, the six emirates, namely [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]] and [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm Al Quwain]] agreed upon forming a union by signing a [[Constitution of the United Arab Emirates|provisional constitution]] of the United Arab Emirates in [[Dubai]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rugh |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GaJDAAAQBAJ&dq=uae+constitution+july+1971&pg=PA81 |title=The Political Culture of Leadership in the United Arab Emirates |date=5 March 2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-60349-3 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220214/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GaJDAAAQBAJ&dq=uae+constitution+july+1971&pg=PA81 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was somewhat of a revised document which was the basis for the Federation of Arab Emirates, thus signaling the dissolution of the latter despite the new constitution having a clause for a potential admission of an independent Arab state into the union.<ref name=":42" /> Bahrain declared independence in August 1971 despite Qatar still claiming to be in favor of the union.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukoyama |first=Naosuke |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MP_5EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA118&dq=may+1969+doha&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=may%201969%20doha&f=false |title=Fueling Sovereignty: Colonial Oil and the Creation of Unlikely States |date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-44430-9 |language=en}}</ref> However, Qatar declared independence in September 1971.

== Analysis ==
According to Dr. Emile Nakhleh, the-then associate professor of political science at [[Mount St. Mary's University|Mount Saint Mary's College and Seminary]], in his book ''Arab-American Relations in the Persian Gulf'', said several factors led to its disintegration.<ref name=":43">{{Cite book |last=Nakhleh |first=Emile A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVMUAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=federation+of+arab+emirates+nine+9+qatar+bahrain&q=federation+of+arab+emirates+nine+9+qatar+bahrain&hl=en |title=Arab-American Relations in the Persian Gulf |date=1975 |publisher=American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research |isbn=978-0-8447-3154-4 |language=en}}</ref> such as the federal structure being a hurried reaction to the announced British withdrawal, and the call for federation was prompted by leaders of the individual emirates determined to preserve their rule, unresolved disputes still outstanding, the most important of which was the one between Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi over the Buraimi oasis and the disparities in wealth, education and population among the emirates that added fuel to the fire.<ref name=":43" />

== Puzzles ==


Qatari khalifa bin hamad elected leader of the federation in July 1968<ref name=":39">{{Cite book |last=Zahlan |first=Rosemarie Said |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFuFCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA104&dq=flag+of+federation+of+arab+emirates+qatar+bahrain&hl=en |title=The Creation of Qatar |date=2016-02-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-29242-5 |language=en}}</ref>

All the nine rulers met four times.

feb 1968 in dubai (Dubai Accord)- choosing leaders in a system of annual rotations

jul 1968 in abu dhabi

may 1969 in doha

oct 1969 in abu dhabi

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan, 7 July 1968 - 25 October 1969, Chairman of the Supreme Council of FAE

25 October 1969 - 18 July 1971, President of the Federation of Arab Emirates

''NOTE:''

'''The April 1970 provisional constitution of Qatar'''

The April 1970 constitution committed Qatar to joining Bahrain and the Trucial States in forming the proposed Federation of the Arab Emirates.<ref name=":40">{{Cite book |last=Nyrop |first=Richard F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPX0h_wbFtEC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA238&dq=who+proclaimed+the+independence+of+bahrain&hl=en |title=Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States |date=2008-01-14 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |isbn=978-1-4344-6210-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":41">{{Cite book |last=Various |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXg-EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA3-PA143&dq=union+of+arab+emirates+bahrain+qatar&hl=en |title=Routledge Library Editions: History of the Middle East |date=2021-08-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-39117-5 |language=en}}</ref> However, Qatar amended the constitution following the [[1972 Qatari coup d'état|coup d'état]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Amended Provisional Constitution of 1972 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513143902/https://almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt&LawID=4360&language=en |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>

''Within the federation, there were two camps, one comprising Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain and other side consisting of Dubai, Qatar and Ras Al Khaimah.''

=== ''1968'' ===
''REFER:'' https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Establishment_of_the_United_Arab_Emi/7eyoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=federation+of+arab+emirates+nine+9+qatar+bahrain&pg=PT100&printsec=frontcover

[[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]] fiercely opposed the union upon its inception due to Bahrain's membership, given that [[Tehran]] had pressed claims over the Gulf island. Countries like [[Syria]], [[Algeria]] and [[South Yemen]] also opposed the federation.

Following the visit of the emir of Qatar [[Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani|Ahmad al-Thani]] to [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] stated in April 1968 that the kingdom is prepared to increase economic, technical and cultural cooperation with the member states of the federation.

In May 1968, the representatives and advisers of the emirates gathered to address fundamental issues and adopt resolutions to implement the Dubai Accord. 

The Qatari delegation put forward certain proposals, like the election of the first union president before the drawing up of a permanent charter, something which was being opposed by Abu Dhabi and Bahrain and supported by Dubai and Ajman while Ras Al Khaimah opted neutrality. The delegation also proposed the choice of a permanent seat for the union and the formation of a union council.

25-26 May 1968, first meeting of the Supreme Council of the Federation of Arab Emirates in Abu Dhabi. Meeting ends in failure and Qatari proposals rejected.

22-27 June 1968, the Kuwaiti foreign minister visits to Qatar, Bahrain, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, trying to bridge the gap between the parochial sheikhdoms and persuading them to bury their differences. He pushed for the establishment of a federal court, federation council

As a result of Kuwaiti diplomacy, supreme council convenes again in Abu dhabi between 6 and 7 july 1968.

Result of the meeting:

Federal resolution No. 1, 1968, on engaging the services of an Arab expert in common law to draw up a draft for the General Charter of the Federation of Arab Emirates.

(writing concisely)- Zayed appointed as the chairman of supreme council

formation of a provisional federal council and appointment of khalifa bin hamad al thani as its chairman

So as per the resolution, the delegation led by Ahmed Khalifa al-Suwaidi contacted  [[Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri|Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhuri]] in Cairo, an Egyptian law professor and judge for the same. Sanhuri chose two lawyers to assist him, one of the being [[Hassan Al-Turabi|Hassan al-Turabi]]. Turabi toured the Gulf between September and October 1968 in order to assess the situation and realities on the ground.

Turabi drew up a questionnaire that dealt with the political, financial, economic, social, development and external conditions of the emirates. One of the primary questions was whether the Dubai Accord the fundamental basis of the permanent complete charter or will it nullify the accord before becoming a full-fledged constitution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taryam |first=Abdullah Omran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7eyoDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT100&dq=federation+of+arab+emirates+nine+9+qatar+bahrain&hl=en |title=The Establishment of the United Arab Emirates 1950-85 |date=2019-08-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-63952-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The second session of supreme council in Doha appointed three-member committee comprising reps from bahrain, qat and abu dhabi. The answer given by most of the emirates was that the dubai accord was actually fundamental basis of the charter.

Sheikh Zayed's visit to Britain (9 September 1968). Quote by [[The Times|''The Times'']] that he favored a 'a close union to include all nine-states - in the end, a single foreign policy should be the first aim. If it should prove impossible to work out a close union of all nine states for the present, then he would support a union of seven Trucial Sheikhdoms alone, or failing that, a union of Abu Dhabi with three or four of them as the nucleus of something bigger.'

Ruler of dubai visits tehran. iranian pm says it wants to coexist peacefully, contradicting his country's earlier threats to the federation. Indicating the bahrain issue was about to be resolved.

Second meeting of the supreme council was convened in doha b/w 20-22 oct 1968. ahmad bin ali thani elected chairman for the session. Qatar's proposed agenda unanimously accepted.

=== 1971 ===
March 1971 - William Luce tours the Gulf and informs the rulers of the withdrawal by end of 1971

1 July 1971 - Zayed established the first cabinet of Abu Dhabi.

10 July 1971 - Trucial States Council met to address the issue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abed |first=Ibrahim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA151&dq=18+July+1971+nine+emirates&hl=en |title=United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective |last2=Hellyer |first2=Peter |date=2001 |publisher=Trident Press Ltd |isbn=978-1-900724-47-0 |language=en}}</ref>

18 July 1971- provisional constitution signed in dubai. the constitution was somewhat a revised document which was the basis for the FAE.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tA4EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT414&dq=18+July+1971+nine+emirates&hl=en |title=Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates and the Gulf Region: Fifty Years of Transformation |date=2016-12-31 |publisher=ISD LLC |isbn=978-3-940924-78-0 |language=en}}</ref> 

==== 1971 (ig) ====
When the Iranian claim on Bahrain was settled, Bahrain demanded a representational position based on population within the Provisional Federal Council. When rejected, Bahrain declared independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nyrop |first=Richard F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOXV0KTLvGAC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA38&dq=June+1971+Bahrain+federation+of+nine&hl=en |title=Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States |date=1977 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref>

== Important years ==
Important happenings before unification<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lori |first=Noora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SmhDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA247&dq=dubai+and+abu+dhabi+war+1948&hl=en |title=Offshore Citizens |date=2019-08-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49817-3 |language=en}}</ref>

* Abu Dhabi Dubai War (1947-1948)
* Abu Dhabi Dubai boundary dispute (1949-1952)
* Discussions on Abu Dhabi's and Dubai's internal affairs (1954, 1955)
* Discussions on inter-state boundaries (1956-1958)
* Oil discovered in Abu Dhabi, 1958
* Discussions of the Trucial States Council, an economic and political federation (1958-1959)
* Discussions on internal frontiers (1958-1959)

== Unification of the United Arab Emirates ==
{{Infobox historical event
| title = Unification of the United Arab Emirates
| image = Flag-hoisting at the Union Declaration.jpg
| partof = [[Decolonisation of Asia]] and [[Cold War]]
| caption = [[Sheikh Zayed]] hoisting the flag of the [[United Arab Emirates]] at the [[Etihad Museum|Union House]] in [[Jumeirah]], [[Dubai]] on December 2, 1971
| native_name = توحيد دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة
| native_name_lang = ar
| date = {{start and end dates|1968|02|18|1972|02|10}}
({{Age in years and months |month1=2|day1=18|year1=1968|month2=2|day2=10|year2=1972}})
----
: First phase: 18 February 1968 – 2 December 1971
: Second phase: 2 December 1971 – 10 February 1972
| Location = [[Persian Gulf Residency]]
*[[Trucial States]] 
*[[Bahrain]]
*[[Qatar]] 
| participants = *'''First phase:'''
**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Federation of Arab Emirates.jpg}} Federation of Arab Emirates
***{{flagicon image|Flag of the Trucial States (1968–1971).svg}} [[Trucial States]]
****{{flagicon image|Flag of Abu Dhabi.svg}} [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]]
****{{flagicon image|Flag of Dubai.svg}} [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]]
****{{flagicon image|Flag of Ajman.svg}} [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]]
****{{flagicon image|Flag of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.svg}} [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]]
****{{flagicon image|Flag of Fujairah (before 1952, 1961-1975).svg}} [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]]
****{{flagicon image|Flag of Umm al-Qaiwain.svg}} [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm Al Quwain]]
****{{flagicon image|Flag of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.svg}} [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]]
***{{flagicon image|Flag of Bahrain (1932–1972).svg}} [[Bahrain]]
***{{flagicon image|Flag of Qatar (1949–1971).svg}} [[Qatar]]
*'''Second phase:'''
**{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.svg}} [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]]
| outcome = *Union agreement between [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]] and [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]]
*Creation of the Federation of Arab Emirates
*Signing of the [[Constitution of the United Arab Emirates|provisional constitution]]
*[[Bahrain]] and [[Qatar]] declare independence
*Dissolution of the Federation of Arab Emirates
*[[Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs|Iranian annexation]] of [[Abu Musa]] and the [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]]
*Proclamation of the [[United Arab Emirates]] 
*Admission of [[United Arab Emirates]] to the [[United Nations]]
*Disbandment of the [[Persian Gulf Residency]]
*Assassination of [[Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi|Khalid bin Mohammed al-Qasimi]]
*Accession of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] to the [[United Arab Emirates]]
*[[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]]–[[Saudi Arabia]] boundary dispute remains unresolved until [[Treaty of Jeddah (1974)|1974]]
*[[Bahrain]]–[[Qatar]] territorial disputes remain unresolved until 2001
}}

The '''Unification of the United Arab Emirates''' ({{Langx|ar|توحيد دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة|translit=Taūḥīd daūlah al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah}}) was a [[political movement|political]] and diplomatic campaign essentially led by the [[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|ruler of Abu Dhabi]] [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan]] in the [[British protectorate|British protectorates]] of the [[Persian Gulf Residency]] primarily from February 1968 to July 1971 where he successfully convinced the rulers of the [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|emirates]] of [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]] and [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm al-Quwain]] to form an independent [[sovereign]] [[Federation|federal union]] with [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], initially known as the Federation of Arab Emirates and later as the [[United Arab Emirates]] on the eve of Britain's withdrawal and anticipated dissolution of the [[Persian Gulf Residency]] in December 1971. The period may also include the two months between the federation's proclamation in December 1971 and up until the accession of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras al-Khaimah]] in February 1972 which temporarily resisted the union upon its inception due to several geopolitical and economic reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Suwaidi |first=Prof Jamal Sanad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XVrEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA178&dq=uae+unification+complete+1972&hl=en |title=Events That Changed History |date=2019-01-01 |publisher=Prof. Jamal Sanad Al-Suwaidi |isbn=978-9948-24-922-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chapman |first=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usqHAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT285&dq=uae+unification+complete+1972&hl=en |title=The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East |date=2002-03-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-93376-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Ken E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XU3Bmrgm-cC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA123&dq=uae+unification+complete+1972&hl=en |title=Higher Education in the Gulf: Problems and Prospects |date=1997 |publisher=University of Exeter Press |isbn=978-0-85989-515-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Phythian |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4hwrv2zhtMC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA246&dq=uk+uae+military+sales+1972&hl=en |title=The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964: To Secure Our Rightful Share |date=2000 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-5907-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />  

The campaign is considered to have commenced with the union agreement between Abu Dhabi and Dubai on February 18, 1968 and came to a formal close on December 1, 1971, when Britain's official deadline of the withdrawal expired<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sears |first=Stephen W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xt6BAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT639&dq=british+withdrawal+December+1+1971+gulf&hl=en |title=The British Empire |date=2014-09-10 |publisher=New Word City |isbn=978-1-61230-809-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ulrichsen |first=Kristian Coates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf8pBgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA22&dq=british+withdrawal+December+1+1971+gulf&hl=en |title=Insecure Gulf: The End of Certainty and the Transition to the Post-Oil Era |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-024157-5 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed]] signed the termination of the special treaty relations that were previously concluded between the British government and the leaders of the Trucial States since 1820. 

A subsequent proclamation was made the very next day by the leaders of the six [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|emirates]] under the auspices of [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed]] that officialized the transfer of power to the [[Trucial States|Trucial States Council]] from the [[Persian Gulf Residency]] of the [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office|British Foreign Office]] on December 2, 1971, formally renaming the territories of the [[Trucial States]] as the [[United Arab Emirates]]. [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras al-Khaimah]], while initially opposing the union and refusing to join it, finally acceded in February 1972 whereas [[Qatar]] and [[Bahrain]] went on to choose independent statehood.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Cleveland |first=William L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUhaDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT459&dq=qatar+and+bahrain+united+arab+emirates+1971&hl=en |title=A History of the Modern Middle East |date=2018-05-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97513-4 |language=en}}</ref>   

Although [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras al-Khaimah]] initially resisting to join the union on grounds of purported inequality with its [[Al Qasimi|Qasimi]] counterpart, [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], it however joined the federation in February 1972 following the assassination of Sharjah's emir Sheikh Khalid al-Qasimi and upon the assurance of equal treatment among the northern emirates,<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Commins |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkxUzAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Gulf States: A Modern History |date=2014-12-04 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-78076-966-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DRRsjkk8UgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA5&dq=ras+al+khaimah+february+1972&hl=en |title=The Report: Ras Al Khaimah 2008 |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=978-1-902339-90-0 |language=en}}</ref> making it the seventh and final emirate to accede to the union.    

== Historical background ==
{{Further|History of the United Arab Emirates|Trucial States|Piracy in the Persian Gulf}}
Following the expulsion of the Portuguese from Bahrain in 1602, the [[Al Qasimi]], the tribes extending from the [[Qatar|Qatari]] Peninsula to the [[Musandam Governorate|Ras Musandam]], adopted maritime raiding as a way of life due to the lack of any maritime authority in the area.<ref name="donaldson">{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Neil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXXGAQAAQBAJ |title=The Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2008 |isbn=978-1409209423 |pages=15, 55, 73}}{{self-published source|date=October 2020}}</ref> The attacks surged in the beginning of 19th century.   

In the aftermath of a series of attacks in 1808 off the coast [[Sindh]] involving 50 Qasimi raiders and following the 1809 monsoon season, the British East India Company, with the [[Royal Navy|naval support]] of the British government, launched [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1809|an operation against]] the Al Qasimi tribe ruling [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] in 1809.<ref name="WJ204">James, p. 204</ref><ref name="JM88">Marshall, p. 88</ref> An agreement was reached between the Al Qasimi and the British with regards to maritime security, however, the agreement broke down in 1815. In 1815, the crew of a British Indian vessel were captured by Qawasim near Muscat and most of the crew were murdered. Then, on 6 January Al Qasimi captured an armed [[Patamar|pattamar]], the ''Deriah Dowlut'', off the coast of [[Dwarka]] and murdered 17 of its 38 Indian crew. In the Red Sea, in 1816, three British-flagged Indian merchant vessels from Surat were taken and most of the crews killed.  

As piracy resumed, the British returned in 1819 with a [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|punitive expedition]] against the maritime force of Al Qasimi, which was now split into two emirates, one the Wahhabi-backed [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] and other in [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] and [[Bandar Lengeh|Lengeh]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Floor |first=Willem M. |url=http://archive.org/details/persiangulfrisef0000floo |title=The Persian Gulf : the rise and fall of Bandar-e Lengeh, the distribution center for the Arabian Coast, 1750-1930 |date=2010 |publisher=Washington, DC : Mage Publishers |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-933823-39-3 |pages=42}}</ref> The British devastated Ras Al Khaimah and ended up deposing [[Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi]] from power before signing the [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820]] with the rulers of [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm al-Quwain|Umm Al Quwain]], [[Ras Al Khaimah]]. In 1853, the treaty of [[Perpetual Maritime Truce]] was signed which prohibited any act of aggression at sea and was signed by [[Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla|Abdulla bin Rashid Al Mualla]]  of Umm Al Quwain; [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi]] of Ajman; [[Saeed bin Butti]] of Dubai; [[Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan]] and [[Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition |date=2005 |publisher=Motivate |isbn=1860631673 |location=London |pages=286 |oclc=64689681}}</ref>  

In response to the ambitions of France and Russia, Britain and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty,<ref>{{cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates |publisher=Motivate |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-86063-167-2 |page=293}}</ref> sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to Britain and not to enter into relationships with any other foreign government without Britain's consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Agreement {{!}} British history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exclusive-Agreement |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>  

=== Trucial States Council and the idea of federation ===
The Trucial States Council was a forum for the leaders of the emirates to meet, presided over by the British [[Persian Gulf Residency|Political Agent]]. The first meetings took place in 1952, one in spring and one in autumn, and this set a pattern for meetings in future years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Donald |first=Hawley |title=The Trucial States |date=1970 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=0-04-953005-4 |location=London |page=177 |oclc=152680}}</ref> The council was purely consultative and had no written constitution and no policy making powers, it provided more than anything a forum for the rulers to exchange views and agree on common approaches. The British managed to provoke considerable irritation amongst the rulers, especially Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, when the ruler of Fujairah, recognised as a Trucial State by Britain on 21 March 1952, attended his first Trucial States Council.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alhammadi, Muna M. |title=Britain and the administration of the Trucial States 1947-1965 |others=Markaz al-Imārāt lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth al-Istirātījīyah |isbn=978-9948-14-638-4 |location=Abu Dhabi |page=95 |oclc=884280680}}</ref>

The idea of a federation between the [[Trucial States]] was first floated in the late 1950s by [[Michael Wright (diplomat)|Michael Wright]], the British ambassador to Iraq. However, it was rejected as 'fanciful' by [[Bernard Burrows]], the political resident.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Simon C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_qCeBV9IW0C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA50&dq=trucial+states+council&hl=en |title=Britain's Revival and Fall in the Gulf: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States, 1950-71 |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-33192-0 |language=en}}</ref>

By 1958, committees were set up to advise on public health, agriculture and education, but the council had no funding until 1965, when the chairmanship moved from the Political Agent to one of the rulers, the first chairman being Shaikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah.<ref name=":32">{{cite book |last=Donald |first=Hawley |title=The Trucial States |date=1970 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=0-04-953005-4 |location=London |page=178 |oclc=152680}}</ref> One issue which came up regularly in the council's first 14 meetings was that of [[locusts]]—the swarms were highly destructive to the agriculture of the whole area—but the [[Bedouin]] of the interior were convinced the spraying of [[insecticide]] would be detrimental to their herds and resisted the teams brought in from [[Pakistan]] to spray the insects' breeding grounds.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alhammadi, Muna M. |title=Britain and the administration of the Trucial States 1947-1965 |others=Markaz al-Imārāt lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth al-Istirātījīyah |isbn=978-9948-14-638-4 |location=Abu Dhabi |page=96 |oclc=884280680}}</ref>

In 1965 the council was given a grant by the British to administer as it saw fit, instead of merely advising on British-prepared budgets. A full-time secretariat was also recruited.<ref name=":32" />

In 1967, oil was discovered in the [[Shaybah oil field|Zararah oil field]] in south of [[Liwa Oasis]] and [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] had again claimed the area as part of [[Saudi Arabia]] in 1970. [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]] offered to resolve the dispute by relinquishing claims on [[Al Ain]] and [[Tawam (region)|Buraimi]] in exchange for assuming total control over [[Shaybah oil field|Zararah]] and [[Khor Al Adaid]]. He also requested [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]] to halt the drilling by the [[Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company]] in [[Shaybah oil field|Zararah]] while discussions are underway.

[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]], however, tried to resist the Saudi pressure as the [[Tawam (region)|oasis]] had been the center of the [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|emirate's]] [[Al Ain Region, Abu Dhabi|eastern province]] and its capital, [[Al Ain]]. For [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]], it was an issue of pride and honor and a reminder of past [[Najd|Najdi]] Wahhabi glories under [[Emirate of Diriyah|First]] and [[Second Saudi State|Second Saudi]] states during 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niblock |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2zABgAAQBAJ&dq=King+Faisal+shaybah+zararah+oil+field+1970&pg=PA155 |title=State, Society and Economy in Saudi Arabia (RLE Saudi Arabia) |date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53997-1 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220221/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2zABgAAQBAJ&dq=King+Faisal+shaybah+zararah+oil+field+1970&pg=PA155 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Announcement of British withdrawal and Federation of Arab Emirates ===
[[Harold Wilson]]'s announcement, in January 1968, that all British troops were to be withdrawn from "[[east of Suez]]", signalled the end of Britain taking care of foreign policy and defence, as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Persian Gulf.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Harold |date=1968 |title=Leader's speech, Blackpool 1968 |url=http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=166}}</ref>

The decision pitched the rulers of the Trucial Coast, together with Qatar and Bahrain, into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates |publisher=Motivate |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-86063-167-2 |page=337}}</ref> A month later in February 1968, [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan]] met with [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum|Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum]] and signed a union agreement between [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]] and [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], a turning point in the history of the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] considered as the prelude to the unification of the [[United Arab Emirates]] since the two agreed on bringing other neighboring emirates to join the proposed federation, including [[Bahrain]] and [[Qatar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Various |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXg-EAAAQBAJ&dq=Abu+Dhabi+and+Dubai+Union+Agreement+1968&pg=RA3-PA138 |title=Routledge Library Editions: History of the Middle East |date=25 August 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-39117-5 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220202/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXg-EAAAQBAJ&dq=Abu+Dhabi+and+Dubai+Union+Agreement+1968&pg=RA3-PA138 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 1969, the rulers of the nine emirates met for the last time in [[Abu Dhabi]] and elected [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan]] as the president, [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum|Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum]] as vice president and [[Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani|Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani]] as the prime minister of a thirteen-member committee of the proposed federation besides the future of the capital located somewhere between [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Michael Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oxfDQAAQBAJ&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed&pg=PT209 |title=Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates |date=15 April 2016 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-615-5 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220213/https://books.google.com/books?id=-oxfDQAAQBAJ&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed&pg=PT209 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, as the leaders were preparing the final [[Press release|''communiqué'']], then British Political Agent [[Charles J. Treadwell|Charles Treadwell]] requested to address the gathering and expressed his government's aspirations that all of their disagreements shall be resolved and is in Britain's interest in the successful outcome of the session.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zahlan |first=Rosemarie Said |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFuFCwAAQBAJ&dq=flag+of+federation+of+arab+emirates+qatar+bahrain&pg=PA104 |title=The Creation of Qatar |date=2016-02-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-29242-5 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220216/https://books.google.com/books?id=KFuFCwAAQBAJ&dq=flag+of+federation+of+arab+emirates+qatar+bahrain&pg=PA104 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The representatives of [[Qatar]] and [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras al-Khaimah]] took Treadwell's remarks as unwarranted, prompting a walk-out by [[Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani|Sheikh Ahmad al-Thani]] and [[Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi|Sheikh Saqr al-Qasimi]], thus, withdrawing from the union over the perception of foreign interference in the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf's]] internal affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Michael Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKDyDwAAQBAJ&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed+advisor&pg=PT198 |title=Masters of the Pearl: A History of Qatar |date=3 September 2020 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-312-6 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220206/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKDyDwAAQBAJ&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed+advisor&pg=PT198 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Graeme |title=Father of Dubai |publisher=Media Prima |year=1999 |isbn=978-9948-8564-5-0 |location=UAE |page=126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition |date=2005 |publisher=Motivate |isbn=1860631673 |location=London |pages=352–3 |oclc=64689681}}</ref> 

The nine-state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting as Bahrain and Qatar opted to drop out of further talks despite efforts by British prime minister [[Harold Wilson]], [[Saudi Arabia]]'s [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] and the [[emir of Kuwait]] [[Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah|Sabah al-Sabah]] to resuscitate the negotiations.<ref>R.S. Zahlan (1979), p. 106</ref> 

In 1970, the [[United Nations]] conducted a survey in [[Bahrain]] in order to know whether the people desired Iranian control or preferred independence. Subsequently, the [[United Nations Security Council]] unanimously passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 278|Resolution 278]] in May 1970 which stated that "the overwhelming majority of the people of [[Bahrain]] wish to gain recognition of their identity in a full independent and sovereign State free to decide for itself its relations with other States".<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/278(1970)][[United Nations]] [[Security Council Resolutions]] [[Resolution 278]]</ref> Iran renounced its claim to the island in the same month.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14541322 Bahrain profile] BBC News</ref>

In May 1970, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz]] offered to resolve the dispute with [[Abu Dhabi]] by dropping some claims on [[Al Ain]] and [[Al Buraimi Oasis|al-Buraimi]] in exchange for exercising Riyadh's sovereignty in south of [[Liwa Oasis]] and [[Khawr al Udayd|Khor al-Udaid]]. [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]] subsequently said that he would "not reject the proposal out of hand".<ref name=":2" />

In July 1971, the six emirates, namely [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]] and [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm al-Quwain]] agreed upon forming a union by signing a [[Constitution of the United Arab Emirates|provisional constitution]] in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rugh |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GaJDAAAQBAJ&dq=uae+constitution+july+1971&pg=PA81 |title=The Political Culture of Leadership in the United Arab Emirates |date=5 March 2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-60349-3 |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222220214/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GaJDAAAQBAJ&dq=uae+constitution+july+1971&pg=PA81 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bahrain declared independence in August 1971 and Qatar followed suit in September 1971. In late November 1971, shortly after the withdrawal of [[British Armed Forces|British forces]] from the islands of [[Abu Musa]] and the [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]], the [[Naval history of Iran#Pahlavi dynasty|Imperial Iranian Navy]] invaded and annexed the islands, claiming both to be the part of [[Hormozgan|Hormozgan Province]].<ref name="Shelley2013">{{cite book |author=Fred M. Shelley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA457 |title=Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-106-2 |pages=457– |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530094947/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA457 |archive-date=30 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pgpm">{{cite book |last=Mojtahedzadeh |first=Pirouz |title=Countries and boundaries in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf |publisher=The Institute for Political and International Studies |year=1993 |isbn=9643611035}}</ref><ref name="pgpm2">{{cite book |last=Mojtahedzadeh |first=Pirouz |title=Security and territoriality in the Persian Gulf |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |year=1999 |isbn=0700710981}}</ref><ref name="pgpm3">{{cite book |last=Mojtahedzadeh |first=Pirouz |title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran |publisher=Universal Publishers Boca Raton |year=2006 |isbn=1581129335 |location=Florida}}</ref> The annexation was met with condemnations from countries like [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libya]] and [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]].

=== Declaration of independence and aftermath ===
The union and independence of the [[United Arab Emirates]] was formally proclaimed by [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan]] and was read out by [[Ahmed Bin Khalifa Al Suwaidi|Ahmed bin Khalifa al-Suwaidi]] on December 2, 1971, at 10:00 am from the [[Etihad Museum|Union House]] (now Etihad Museum) in [[Jumeirah]], [[Dubai]],<ref name=":12" /> a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and the official expiration of the British deadline to withdraw from the [[Persian Gulf]]. The declaration formally culminated the transfer of power from the Political Residency of the British Foreign Office to the Trucial States Council, thereby renaming the territories of the [[Trucial States]] as the [[United Arab Emirates]] before the signing of a provisional constitution by the emirs of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]] and [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm al-Quwain]] that officially acceded these emirates into the new federal union.

A [[bilateral treaty]] was signed between the [[United Kingdom]] and the newly-formed [[United Arab Emirates]] on December 2, 1971 that guaranteed ten years of friendship and cooperation between the two states.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" /> The agreement was signed a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and a series of earlier protection [[Treaty|treaties]] that were concluded between the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] and various leaders of [[Trucial States]] since 1820.<ref name=":29" />

Ras Al Khaimah refused to join the union. One of the reasons of its delayed accession to the [[United Arab Emirates]] because [[Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi|Sheikh Saqr]] thought he could discover oil just like Abu Dhabi. Also he was dissatisfied with Ras Al Khaimah being given 6 seats in the parliamentary assembly, whereas Abu Dhabi and Dubai having 8 seats besides the power of joint veto.<ref name=":37" /> However, following the Iranian annexation of the islands of [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]] and [[Abu Musa]] and the assassination of [[Khalid bin Muhammad Al Qasimi|Sheikh Khalid]] in January 1971, he decided to accede on February 10, 1972.<ref name=":38" />

In August 1974, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates signed the [[Treaty of Jeddah (1974)|Treaty of Jeddah]] which intended to resolve the [[Saudi Arabia – United Arab Emirates border dispute]].<ref name="Buraimidispute">{{Cite book |last=Clive. |first=Leatherdale |title=Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939 : the Imperial Oasis |date=1983 |publisher=F. Cass |isbn=9780714632209 |location=London, England |oclc=10877465}}</ref>

=== Some of the other players ===
[[Michael Wright (diplomat)|'''Michael Wright''']], the british ambassador to iraq who first floated the idea of a federation

'''[[Ahmed bin Khalifa Al Suwaidi|Ahmed al Suwaidi]]''' Sheikh Zayed's chief adviser, he became the first Foreign Minister.

'''[[Adnan Pachachi]]''' Iraq's ambassador to the UN moved to Abu Dhabi in 1968, where he advised Sheikh Zayed. He became the UAE's first ambassador to the UN.

'''Mohammed Habroush al Suwaidi''' Another key adviser to Sheikh Zayed; currently an adviser to Sheikh Khalifa.

'''[[Mana Al Otaiba|Dr Mana Saeed al Otaiba]]''' Another key adviser to Sheikh Zayed, he became Minister of Petroleum and is now an adviser to Sheikh Khalifa.

'''[[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid]]''' Son of Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum and first Prime Minister of the UAE. Died January 2006.

'''[[Mahdi Al Tajir|Mahdi al Tajir]]''' A wealthy Dubai businessman who was Sheikh Rashid's key adviser in negotiations. A former UAE ambassador to the UK.

'''[[Adi Bitar]]''' A Palestinian lawyer and judge who wrote the constitution of the UAE. Died 1973.

'''[[Geoffrey Arthur|Sir Geoffrey Arthur]]''' The British political resident in the Gulf (1970 to 1971) handled negotiations between the UK and the future UAE and a Treaty of Friendship. Died 1984.

'''[[Charles J. Treadwell|James Treadwell]]''' A political agent who worked closely with Sheikh Zayed on talks for the federation and was the first British ambassador to the UAE. Died April 2010.

'''[[Julian F. Walker|Julian Walker]]''' A political agent in Dubai in 1971 who resolved many boundary issues of the future UAE. He now lives in London.

'''[[William Luce (colonial administrator)|Sir William Luce]]''' Britain's special envoy to the Gulf negotiated with Iran over Abu Musa, the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Bahrain. Died 1977.

''Saqr nigga refused to join the uae cuz he literally thought he could discover oil just like abu dhabi. well after the iranian seizure of the islands and the assassination of Sheikh Khalid by the former ruler in late jan 1972, the new ruler acceded to the union in feb 1972.''<ref name=":38">{{Cite book |last=Zahlan |first=Rosemarie Said |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVqFCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA103&dq=why+ras+al+khaimah+refused+to+join+uae&hl=en |title=The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman |date=2016-02-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-29191-6 |language=en}}</ref>

* one more reason RAK was given 6 seats in parliamentary assembly while abu dhabi and dubai were given 8 seats besides having joint veto.<ref name=":37">{{Cite book |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tA4EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT414&dq=18+July+1971+nine+emirates&hl=en |title=Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates and the Gulf Region: Fifty Years of Transformation |date=2016-12-31 |publisher=ISD LLC |isbn=978-3-940924-78-0 |language=en}}</ref>

=== October 1969 meeting ===
October 21-25 1969 meeting in Abu Dhabi

Treadwell's remarks, Qatar and RAK walkout. Politically, rak and qatar didn't want to upset riyadh over agreeing abu dhabi as the capital of the union as saudis still held grudges over buraimi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Michael Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oxfDQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT209&dq=james+treadwell+sheikh+zayed&hl=en |title=Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates |date=2016-04-15 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-615-5 |language=en}}</ref>

=== SAUDI ABU DHABI BORDER DISPUTES ===
Treadwell closely followed the negotiations between [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed]] and Saudi officials over the latter's [[Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border|territorial claims]] on some of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi's]] lands.

In May 1970, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] offered to resolve the dispute with [[Abu Dhabi]] by dropping some claims on [[Al Ain]] and [[Al Buraimi Oasis|al-Buraimi]] in exchange for exercising Riyadh's sovereignty in south of [[Liwa Oasis]] and [[Khawr al Udayd|Khor al-Udaid]]. [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]] subsequently said that he would "not reject the proposal out of hand".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Arabian Boundaries, Vol. 11, ed. Schofield, |page=343 |orig-date=}}</ref> He was expected to meet the [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|king]] in [[Riyadh]] where he was supposed to discuss the issue with him. Zayed eventually recruited Kuwaiti negotiators without informing the British as he perceived the latter insisted on a more persuasive approach from his side in the discussions. After the British government learnt of it through the its diplomatic mission in [[Kuwait]], [[London]] instructed [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]] not to discuss the territorial disputes with [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]] but instead use the meeting to talk about the proposed federation of nine emirates. Zayed adhered, however, Faisal said that he would not discuss any federation without settling the disputed areas.

faisal requested zayed to halt drilling by [[Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company|ADPC]] in Zararah in southern [[Liwa Oasis|Liwa]].

In June 1970, Treadwell informed the [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office|Foreign Office]] in [[London]] that his  
 

In early April 1971, C. J. Treadwell, the Political Resident, informed the Foreign Office that: “[<nowiki/>[[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed]]] thought that our advice to him on settling [south of Liwa] was colored by our wish to protect our own political as well as British commercial interests.”<ref name=":2" /> 

However, he agreed on Shaikh Zayid had offered to concede access rights to Khor al- Udaid to the Saudis 

In late April 1971, at a meeting with British officials in [[Al Ain]], Treadwell told them that "([[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Shaikh Zayed]]), said and repeated several times that the people of [[Abu Dhabi]] now and history itself would blame him if he gave away too much (of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi’s territories]])".<ref name=":2" /> 

“[Shaikh Zayid] was in an emotional state throughout and criticized HMG, though more in sorrow than anger, for giving notice of withdrawal of their protection when the difficult boundary question was still on his hands, also, as he put it, for failing to push the Saudis as well to make sacrifices.<ref name=":2" />

on 28 October 1971, Sir William Luce wrote to I. S. Winchester in Jeddah to say that Shaikh Zayid had told him that: “the most he was prepared to offer the Saudis was an oil profit sharing zone, with joint sovereignty, and a strip of his southern border twenty kilometres wide at its widest point.<ref name=":2" />

November 1971 Treadwell letter to the Bahrain Residency<ref name=":2" />

{{Blockquote|text=Shaikh Zayid has not made ‘no effort’, but his effort has not been serious. While our mediation has been part stalling and part serious, [Shaikh Zayid] has been playing for time all the way… I am content that Zayid should be left to go on stringing King Faisal along as he judges best on the clear understanding that he is now on his own but I am opposed to causing further damage to our interests by saying anything to King Faisal bluntly on the subject}}

== Proclamation of the United Arab Emirates ==
The '''union and independence of the United Arab Emirates''' was formally proclaimed by [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan]] and was read out by [[Ahmed Bin Khalifa Al Suwaidi|Ahmed bin Khalifa al-Suwaidi]] on December 2, 1971, at 10:00 am from the [[Etihad Museum|Union House]] (now Etihad Museum) in [[Jumeirah]], [[Dubai]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=National |first=The |date=2021-12-02 |title=December 2, 1971: what happened the day the UAE was born? |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/12/02/december-2-1971-what-happened-on-the-uaes-first-national-day/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and the official expiration of the British deadline to withdraw from the [[Persian Gulf]]. The declaration formally culminated the transfer of power from the Political Residency of the British Foreign Office to the Trucial States Council, thereby renaming the territories of the [[Trucial States]] as the [[United Arab Emirates]] before the signing of a provisional constitution by the emirs of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]] and [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm al-Quwain]] that officially acceded these emirates into the new federal union. The only singled-out emirate was [[Ras Al Khaimah|Ras al-Khaimah]], that initially resisted the union and refused to join, however later acceded in February 1972.  

=== WHAT ALL HAPPENED ON 02 DECEMBER 1971 ===
https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/12/02/december-2-1971-what-happened-on-the-uaes-first-national-day/

https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/12/02/national-day-2021-who-was-there-the-day-the-uae-was-born/

== Declaration ==
At exactly 10:00 am Dubai Time on December 02, 1971, [[Ahmed bin Khalifa Al Suwaidi|Ahmed bin Khalifa al-Suwaidi]] announced from the [[Etihad Museum|Union House]] on behalf of [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://al-suwaidi.ae/union-ar.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=al-suwaidi.ae}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text={{lang|ar|وبفضل الله عز وجل، واستجابة لرغبات شعبنا العربي، قررنا نحن حكام إمارة أبوظبي ودبي والشارقة وعجمان وأم القيوين والفجيرة إقامة دولة اتحادية تحت اسم (الإمارات العربية المتحدة). وإذ نتوجه بهذه الأخبار السارة إلى الشعب العربي ، نصلي إلى الله تعالى أن هذا الاتحاد يمكن أن يكون نواة اتحاد شامل يستوعب بقية أفراد الأسرة في الإمارة الشقيقة التي لم تسمح ظروفها الحالية التوقيع على هذا الدستور}} <hr>
With the help of the Almighty [[Allah]], and in response to the wishes of our [[Arab people]], we, the rulers of the [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|emirates]] of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]], [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm Al Quwain]] and [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujaira]], have decided to establish a federal state under the name of ([[The United Arab Emirates]]). As we extend this pleasant news to the honorable Arab people, we pray to the Almighty [[Allah]] that this Federation can be the nucleus of a comprehensive union that accommodate the rest of the family members of the brotherly emirate whose present circumstances didn’t enable it to sign this Constitution}}

== Treaty of Friendship between the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom ==
{{Infobox treaty|name=Treaty of Friendship between the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates|long_name=Treaty of Friendship between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United Arab Emirates|date_signed=02 December 1971|location_signed=[[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]|signatories=* {{Flagd|United Arab Emirates}} [[Sheikh Zayed]]
* {{Flagd|United Kingdom}} [[Geoffrey Arthur|Sir Geoffrey Arthur]]|parties={{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br/>
{{flag|United Kingdom}}|languages=[[English]] and [[Arabic]]}}

'''Treaty of Friendship between the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates''' ({{Langx|ar|معاهدة الصداقة بين دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة}}) was a [[bilateral treaty]] signed between the [[United Kingdom]] and the embryonic nation of the [[United Arab Emirates]] on December 2, 1971 that guaranteed 10 years of friendship and cooperation between the two states.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book |last=Zahlan |first=Rosemarie Said |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6fOCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT186&dq=why+ras+al+khaimah+refused+to+join+uae&hl=en |title=The Origins of the United Arab Emirates: A Political and Social History of the Trucial States |date=2016-03-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-24464-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite book |last=Constitution |first=Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Select Committee on the |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wc2C1MTuN4C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA188&dq=Treaty+of+Friendship+between+the+United+Arab+Emirates+and+the+United+Kingdom&hl=en |title=Waging War: Parliament's Role and Responsibility; 15th Report of Session 2005-06 |date=2006-07-27 |publisher=The Stationery Office |isbn=978-0-10-400928-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdFGLppsxcEC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA53&dq=Treaty+of+Friendship+between+the+United+Arab+Emirates+and+the+United+Kingdom&hl=en |title=International Enclopedia of Comparative Law |publisher=BRILL |language=en}}</ref> The agreement was signed a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and a series of earlier protection [[Treaty|treaties]] that were concluded between the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] and various leaders of [[Trucial States]] since 1820.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |title=Timeline of UAE and United Kingdom ties |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/timeline-of-uae-and-united-kingdom-ties-1.1175874 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

''THIS RARE PIECE OF INFO SAYS THE UAE ENTERED FORMAL FEDERATION ON APRIL 01, 1972''

https://llmc.com/titledescfull.aspx?type=2&coll=300&div=718&set=09649

== Declaration of Independence of Qatar ==
The declaration of the independence of Qatar was announced on September 1, 1971 by [[Qatar Radio]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1971-09-02 |title=Sheikdom of Qatar Declares Independence From Britain |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/02/archives/sheikdom-of-qatar-declares-independence-from-britain.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Two days later, on September 3, 1971, Qatar officially became an independent state. September 3 was commemorated as Qatar's national day until 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=The Peninsula |date=2018-12-16 |title=All you wanted to know about Qatar National Day |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/16/12/2018/All-you-wanted-to-know-about-Qatar-National-Day |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=thepeninsulaqatar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== GULF HISTORY ==

== British withdrawal from the Middle East and North Africa ==
'''Definition 1:''' The British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf took place in the 1960s and 1970s when the country began terminating its series of protectorate treaties it had signed with the Arab states in Eastern Arabia following the decline of London's political and economic influence in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis. It was part of the larger decolonization period. Kuwait was the first state among the Persian Gulf Residency to gain independence in 1961, followed by Oman in 1962, Bahrain Qatar and lastly the Trucial States by the end of 1971 (renamed as the United Arab Emirates the following day).

'''Definition 2:''' The British withdrawal from the Arab world was a [[decolonization]] period that roughly lasted between 1920s and 1970s whereby the [[United Kingdom]] withdrew most of its political and military presence from a number of colonial and suzerain protectorates across the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]], resulting in the independence of numerous [[Nation state|nation-states]]. Early stages of the decolonization began soon after the end of [[World War I]], when [[Egypt]] got independence in 1922, followed by [[Iraq]] in 1932. It was reinvigorated following [[World War II]] that resulted in [[Jordan|Jordan's]] independence in 1946, [[Israel]] in 1948 and [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] in 1956 and reached its last stages in the aftermath of the [[Suez Crisis]], leading to the freedom of [[State of Somaliland|Somaliland]] in 1960, [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]] in 1961, Oman in 1962, South Yemen in 1967 and Bahrain, Qatar and the [[United Arab Emirates]] in 1971.  


[[Jordan]] in 1946 in the aftermath of [[World War II]], Israel in 1948, [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] in 1956, [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]] in 1961, [[Oman]] in 1962 and lastly [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] in 1971.

# Jordan gains independence, 1946
# India gains independence following the partition 1947
# UK gives Oman the control of its own foreign policy, 1951
# Suez Crisis marked the beginning of the end of the British Empire in 1956
# Kuwait gains independence, 1961
# Oman declared an independent nation by the British, 1962
# Bahrain becomes independent, 1971 august
# Qatar becomes independent, 1971 September
# Trucial States becomes independent and renamed as UAE, December 1971

== Oman ==
''1951 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Britain and Oman''

List of Anglo-Oman treaties 

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anglo-omani-treaties

== Wahhabi expedition of Haʼil (Jabal Shammar) ==
Wahhabi expedition of Haʼil took place in 1786. 

== Wahhabi conquest of Eastern Arabia ==
The '''Wahhabi conquest of Eastern Arabia''' was a military expedition led by the [[First Saudi State]] under Imam Abdulaziz ibn Saud from 1792 to 1798 against the [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Hasa]]-based [[Bani Khalid (tribe)|Bani Khalid]] tribe following the [[House of Saud|House of Saud's]] takeover of Haʼil in 1786.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sicker |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzMJys65u9wC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA109&dq=al+hasa+expedition+1787&hl=en |title=The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96891-5 |language=en}}</ref> The campaign began by the annexation of the Hasa region and culminated with the invasion of the tribe's last stronghold in the Qatari peninsula. The campaign was further extended to the seaport city of [[Zubarah]] when members of the Bani Khalid tribe fleeing from Wahhabi onslaught were granted asylum by the al Khalifa family that administered the city. The al-Khalifa family was expelled from Qatar and remained in exile for almost 13 years when the Omani Empire   

== Background ==
After capturing [[Riyadh]] in around 1774 and forcing its chieftain Deham bin Dawas to flee, Abdulaziz embarked on a military campaign on the east of Arabian Peninsula to incorporate more towns and estates into his expanding emirate. He conquered [[Sudair|Sudayr]] in 1781, al-Kharj and Haʼil by 1784 and 1786 respectively and would now set his eyes on the [[Bani Khalid Emirate]] that ruled the al-Hasa region. It was the leader of the Bani Khalid tribe that ordered the expulsion of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab during the early days of his preaching in Najd and with enormous political and military power, Abdulaziz sought to avenge the humiliation of his muse. He kicked-off his campaign in around 1792 and captured the town of Hasa. His Wahhabi troops chased 

== Wahhabi raid on Uqair, 1787    ==

== Second Khalidi Emirate ==
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Second Bani Khalid Emirate
| image_map              = File:خريطة الإمارة الخالدية الثانية (2).jpg
| map_caption            = Territories and zones of influence of the Second Bani Khalid Emirate at its zenith, 1823
| year_end               = 1830
| life_span              = 1819–1830
| year_start             = 1819
| today                  = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
}}

The '''Second Bani Khalid Emirate''' ({{Langx|ar|الإمارَة الخالِدية الثَانِية}}) was a [[vassal state]] of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire's]] [[Egypt Eyalet]] and later an independent sheikhdom that came into being as a successor of the [[Bani Khalid Emirate|First Khalidi Emirate]] (1669–1796) in the aftermath of the destruction of [[Emirate of Diriyah|First Saudi State]] during the [[Ottoman–Wahhabi War]] (1811–1818). It existed between 1819 and 1830 in the [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|al-Hasa region]] of [[Eastern Arabia]], until the [[Emirate of Nejd|Second Saudi State]] under Imam Turki bin al-Saud retook [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|al-Hasa]] in the Battle of Subia, bringing the rule of the [[Bani Khalid (tribe)|Bani Khalid tribe]] to a close.

Defeat of the First Saudi State, 1818

Establishment of the Second Bani Khalid Emirate, 1819

Khalidi takeover of Riyadh, 1820

Diriyah invasion of Ahsa, 1830

BANI KHALID EMIRATE MAPS:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Second_Bani_Khalid_Emirate


'''NOTE: For the period between the Muammarid Imamate between 1818 and 1820 and its (probable) tussle with the second khalidi emirate, refer the arabic article of the first saudi state'''

Emergence of the gulf states ( i think a chronological list of emirs of different sheikhdoms in arabia, verify): https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Emergence_of_the_Gulf_States/TtE4DAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=al+ahsa+1787&pg=PA72&printsec=frontcover

== Wahhabi invasion of Qatar ==
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Wahhabi invasion of Qatar
| place             = [[Qatar]]
| result            = Wahhabi victory
| territory         = Qatar Peninsula incorporated into Emirate of Diriyah
| partof            = Al Hasa expedition
| combatant1        = Emirate of Diriyah
| combatant2        = Bani Khalid Emirate
| date              = 1793-1798
| image             = Banu Khalid.png
| caption           = Territories and zones of influence of the Bani Khalid Emirate, mid-late 17th-18th century
}}

The '''Wahhabi invasion of Qatar''' was a military campaign by the [[Emirate of Diriyah|First Saudi State]] from 1793 to 1798,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nāb |first=Ibrāhīm Abū |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pBCAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=saudi+invasion+of+qatar+1793+1798&q=saudi+invasion+of+qatar+1793+1798&hl=en |title=Qatar: A Story of State Building |date=1977 |publisher=éditeur non identifié |language=en}}</ref> whereby it invaded and subsequently annexed the last stronghold of the [[Bani Khalid Emirate]] in present-day [[Qatar]] before expelling the Bahrain-based al-Khalifa family by besieging the town of [[Zubarah]] in 1795 as part of [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud|Imam Abdulaziz ibn Saud's]] al-Hasa campaign. The Saudi rule effectively lasted for almost 13 years until the [[Said bin Sultan]] of the [[Muscat and Oman|Omani Empire]] attacked the Wahhabi garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah in around 1811, paving the way for the [[House of Khalifa|al-Khalifa family]] to retain power.

Saudi general Ibrahim Ibn Ufaisan and Sulayman ibn Ufaisan
{| class="wikitable"
!{{color|white|Conflict}}
!{{color|white|Qatar<br />and allies}}
!{{color|white|Opponents}}
!{{color|white|Result}}
|-
|Saudi invasion of Qatar 

(1793–1798)
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Bahrain (before 1820).svg|size=22px}} [[Qatar]]

{{flagicon image|Flag of Bahrain (before 1820).svg|size=22px}} [[Bahrain]]

{{flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg|size=22px}} [[Oman]]<ref />

{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg|size=22px}} [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref />
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the First Saudi State.svg|size=22px}} [[Emirate of Diriyah|First Saudi State]]
|'''Defeat'''

* Incorporation of Qatar into First Saudi State
|}
<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqKxjysjzcoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA22&dq=qatar+1793&hl=en |title=The Emergence Of Qatar |date=2006-01-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-75369-5 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Malcolm B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mai_zyIDtBoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=qatar+1793&q=qatar+1793&hl=en |title=The Middle East and South Asia 2004 |date=2004-08 |publisher=Stryker Post Publications |isbn=978-1-887985-59-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Malcolm B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0CBbHpENf0C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=qatar+1793&q=qatar+1793&hl=en |title=The Middle East and South Asia 2002 |date=2002-08 |publisher=Stryker-Post Publications |isbn=978-1-887985-43-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Bani Khalid tribe ==
Al-Ainain, a branch of the Bani Khalid tribe, controlled Doha until 1820s before their expulsion in 1820s, later settled in Wakrah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbqKDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT233&dq=1820+bani+khalid&hl=en |title=Qatar: Rise to Power and Influence |date=2012-01-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78672-977-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Some relevant personalities ==
'''Faisal al-Dwaish'''

Arabic wiki article: https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4


'''Majed al Urayr'''https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF 

== Othman ibn bashir historian                    ==

==== Arab historian Othman ibn Bashir. Arabic wiki article: https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1                           ====

== Najdi architecture ==
[[File:사우디 리야드 유적(Old diriyah) - panoramio - 우한길(HK Woo).jpg|thumb|Ruins of Qasr al-Salwa in [[Diriyah]]]]
'''Najdi architecture''' ({{Langx|ar|العمارة النجدية}}) is a [[vernacular architecture]] indigenous to the [[Najd]] region of modern-day [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hernandez |first=S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Islamic_Heritage_Architecture_IV/qQCMEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PA29&printsec=frontcover |title=Islamic Heritage Architecture IV |date=2022-09-13 |publisher=WIT Press |isbn=978-1-78466-475-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Arabian_Studies/VOBtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&printsec=frontcover |title=Arabian Studies |date=1982 |publisher=C. Hurst |isbn=978-0-905906-31-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=The Getty Conservation |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/6th_International_Conference_on_the_Cons/rq9OAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PA154&printsec=frontcover |title=6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture: Adobe 90 Preprints |date=1991-02-28 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-181-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaidah |first=Ibrahim Mohamed |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Qatari_Style/OORmEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PT8&printsec=frontcover |title=Qatari Style: Unexpected Interiors |date=2022-03-25 |publisher=Hirmer Verlag |isbn=978-3-7774-4006-4 |language=en}}</ref> The style flourished mostly between 13th and 18th centuries and is known for its desert adaptive urban patterns with low-contour earth-structured mudbrick buildings<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pacetti |first=M. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Sustainable_City_VII/wmk3mCrMDTQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=low+contour+riyadh&pg=PA296&printsec=frontcover |title=The Sustainable City VII: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability |last2=Passerini |first2=G. |last3=Brebbia |first3=C. A. |last4=Latini |first4=G. |date=2012-05-07 |publisher=WIT Press |isbn=978-1-84564-578-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anishchenkova |first=Valerie |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Modern_Saudi_Arabia/DkrEEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+architectural+style&pg=PA257&printsec=frontcover |title=Modern Saudi Arabia |date=2020-06-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-5705-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Architecture_+_Design/AsFUAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=najdi+architectural+style&dq=najdi+architectural+style&printsec=frontcover |title=Architecture + Design |date=1996 |publisher=Media Transasia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Long |first=David E. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Culture_and_Customs_of_Saudi_Arabia/CuLEEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PA105&printsec=frontcover |title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia |date=2005-07-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-06279-7 |language=en}}</ref>.that are characterized by elements such as triangular or rectangular openings (''furjat'' or ''luhuj'') and battlements (''shurfat'') as well as peepholes projecting outward from the main facade (''tarma'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2023 |title=«فلسفة المثلث» في العمارة الطينية |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1998681 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=www.alriyadh.com}}</ref> The presence of a central courtyard and open spaces also forms a distinct part of the architectural style.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mostyn |first=Trevor |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Saudi_Arabia/O8JtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=najdi+architecture+courtyards&dq=najdi+architecture+courtyards&printsec=frontcover |title=Saudi Arabia |date=1983 |publisher=Middle East Economic Digest |isbn=978-0-946510-00-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Catalani |first=Anna |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cities_Identity_Through_Architecture_and/3z9ZDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PA2261&printsec=frontcover |title=Cities' Identity Through Architecture and Arts: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cities' Identity through Architecture and Arts (CITAA 2017), May 11-13, 2017, Cairo, Egypt |last2=Nour |first2=Zeinab |last3=Versaci |first3=Antonella |last4=Hawkes |first4=Dean |last5=Bougdah |first5=Hocine |last6=Sotoca |first6=Adolf |last7=Ghoneem |first7=Mahmoud |last8=Trapani |first8=Ferdinando |date=2018-05-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-68032-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Construction method ==
One of the most common types of construction in the [[Najd]] was the use of [[clay]] and [[mudbrick]] as well as other materials including stones, tamarisk and palm trees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تراث العمارة في نجد |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2024/20240301/ld1.htm |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> Given the scarce availability of stones and different varieties of trees suitable for construction, the buildings were built with mud or sun-dried bricks and finished with the application of mud plaster. The walls were very thick to isolate the interior spaces from extreme heat and to achieve greater structural integrity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ishteeaque |first=Ellahi M. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Native_Architecture_of_Saudi_Arabia.html?id=lPJnQwAACAAJ |title=The Native Architecture of Saudi Arabia: Architecture and Identity |date=2008 |publisher=Riyadh Municipality |isbn=978-603-8014-02-8 |pages=51-85 |language=en}}</ref> The mud bricks, composed of a mixture of water, straw, and other fibers, highlight the relationship between architectural artifice and naturalness. Straw and natural elements do not have an ornamental function, but they creep into the walls, creating efflorescence and contributing to the breakdown of the facade.

== Architectural features ==
[[File:قصر سعد الدرعية.jpg|thumb|Rectangular and triangular openings in the Palace of Saad ibn Saud in [[Diriyah]]]]

=== Furjat or luhuj : ===
The ''furjat'' ({{Langx|ar|فُرجات}}) or ''luhuj'' ({{Langx|ar|لُّهُوج}}) are small rectangular or triangular openings pierced in a wall to promote adequate air movement, lighting to the interior spaces, and the view from inside to outside. These small openings do not have a purely decorative function but are arranged vertically, horizontally, or in stacks, creating a pattern on the facade with different dispositions and densities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghazala |first=AASA |date=2021 |title=The concept of visual scope for heritage values and vocabulary as an introduction to restoring urban identity in the twenty-first century. A case study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=C7vJXVYAAAAJ&citation_for_view=C7vJXVYAAAAJ:MXK_kJrjxJIC |journal=Architecture Research |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–10}}</ref> The different arrangements of the openings meet the different socio-cultural needs of the population while preserving the technical and environmental characteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alnaim |first=Mohammed Mashary |date=2021 |title=Traditional Najdi settlement architectural elements: Harmonizing function, aesthetics, and shared socio-cultural meaning |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=Rm473jIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=Rm473jIAAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC |journal=Journal of Architecture and Planning |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=261–276}}</ref> ''Furjat'' also functions as a ventilation structure to isolate hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke.[[File:Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Qaṣr al-Badi'ah, interior.jpg|thumb|Battlements (''shurfat)'' on the railings of [[Qaṣr al-Badi'a]] in [[Riyadh]]]]

=== Shurfat ===
The ''shurfat'' ({{Langx|ar|الشرفة}}) are battlements at the top of a wall or a railing. The hand-molded and layered walls are tapered upwards and finished in a crenelated shape. These decorative elements in the form of triangles or arrows, sometimes alternating between full and empty, create a proportional rhythm by acting as a parapet for the rooftop and, in turn, protecting the facades from rainwater. It is customary to find a horizontal strip engraved in the wall under these elements, with triangles underneath, always upside-down, as protection from rainwater.
[[File:Al Masmak Fortress Fortification, Riyadh (2998425033).jpg|thumb|200x200px|''Tarma'' from one of the watchtowers of [[Masmak Fort|Masmak Fortress]] in [[Riyadh]]]]

=== Tarma ===
The ''tarma'' ({{Langx|ar|الطرمة}}) has an observation function and is usually arranged on the second floor and above the door of the facade of the buildings, working as a peephole to observe people outside the building without being seen inside. It comes in different shapes and sizes and also has a symbolic value since it helps users of the urban spaces to identify the building and its entrance through the various forms of the element. The size of the interior spaces and the width of the street the building faces also affect the size and shape of the ''tarma''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alnaim |first=MM |date=2020 |title=Understanding the Traditional Saudi Built Environment: The Phenomenon of Dynamic Core Concept and Forms |journal=World Journal of Engineering and Technology |pages=292–321}}</ref>

=== Al-Bab ===
The ''al-bab'' ({{Langx|ar|الباب}}) in Arabic generally translates to a door. They function as an access element to the building and are very particular in design and are usually square in size, single-sided made of wood or palm trees. Some entrance doors are colored, engraved, and painted with geometric motifs, embellished with repetitive designs of a symbolic nature, and very pleasant in style and composition. The door and its visual features, use of color, and ornamentation support non-verbal communication by guiding the visitor to the building.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamel |first=Mohammed K. |last2=Mahgoub |first2=Yassir M. |date=2021 |title=The Role of Decorative Design In Reviving The Aesthetics Of The Gulf Architectural Heritage |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=QWiJX0sAAAAJ&citation_for_view=QWiJX0sAAAAJ:dQ2og3OwTAUC |journal=Psychol. Educ |volume=58 |pages=1055–1066}}</ref>

== Types of structures ==

=== Mosques ===
[[File:Dakhna Grand Mosque, 1952.jpg|thumb|Courtyard and minaret of [[Dakhna Grand Mosque]] in [[Riyadh]], 1952]]
[[Mosque|Mosques]] are the main place of worship in [[Islam]]. [[Muslims]] are [[Adhan|called]] to [[Salah|prayer]] five times a day and participate in prayers together as a community, facing towards the ''[[qibla]]'' (direction of prayer). Every neighbourhood normally had one or many mosques in order to accommodate the spiritual needs of its residents. Historically, there was a distinction between regular mosques and "Friday mosques" or "grand mosques", which were larger and had a more important status by virtue of being the venue where the ''[[Khutbah|khutba]]'' (sermon) was delivered on Fridays. [[Friday prayer|Friday noon prayers]] were considered more important and were accompanied by preaching, and also had political and social importance as occasions where news and royal decrees were announced, as well as when the current ruler's name was mentioned.

Traditional mosques built in the Najd are constructed mostly using raw materials<ref>{{Cite book |last=Facey |first=William |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Back_to_Earth/nS1UAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=najdi+mosques&dq=najdi+mosques&printsec=frontcover |title=Back to Earth: Adobe Building in Saudi Arabia |date=1997 |publisher=Al-Turath |isbn=978-1-900404-13-6 |language=en}}</ref> and are influenced by four main factors; climate, locally sourced building materials, already-existing skill sets, and the sub-cultural background of the builder. Materials used in the construction typically include mud, timber, tamarisk tree log beams, stone, clay, and thatch.

Mosques in the Najd have historically been devoid of decorations in order to resemble the puritanical nature of the [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] sect of Islam adhered by the locals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gharipour |first=Mohammad |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Calligraphy_and_Architecture_in_the_Musl/r6UxEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+mosques&pg=PA493&printsec=frontcover |title=Calligraphy and Architecture in the Muslim World |date=2019-07-30 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-6842-8 |language=en}}</ref> Triangular or rectangular openings known as ''furjat'' are considered to be one of the features of the mosques built in Najdi architectural style. Other distinctive features also include carved wall panels, an arcade element, [[colonnade]] and a well-designed [[Mihrab|''mihrab'']] with intricate floral gypsum motifs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=James Norman Dalrymple |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia/mtwMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=najdi+mosques&dq=najdi+mosques&printsec=frontcover |title=The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |date=2006 |publisher=Stacey |isbn=978-0-9552193-0-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Arabian_Studies/VOBtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=najdi+mosques&dq=najdi+mosques&printsec=frontcover |title=Arabian Studies |date=1982 |publisher=C. Hurst |isbn=978-0-905906-31-7 |language=en}}</ref> Unlike the other parts of the Islamic world, domes are usually found to be absent in Najdi mosques.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freeth |first=Zahra |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_New_Look_at_Kuwait/_U0xDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najd+mosques+minarets&pg=PT27&printsec=frontcover |title=A New Look at Kuwait |date=2017-08-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-66992-4 |language=en}}</ref> The mosque's external characters are also defined by cylindrical or rectangular minarets connected with a staircase.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohareb |first=Nabil |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cities_Identity_Through_Architecture_and/Y3F-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najd+mosques+minarets&pg=PA146&printsec=frontcover |title=Cities’ Identity Through Architecture and Arts |last2=Cardaci |first2=Alessio |last3=Maruthaveeran |first3=Sreetheran |last4=Cavalagli |first4=Nicola |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-99480-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7/fhTOGm7VKfkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=najdi+mosques&dq=najdi+mosques&printsec=frontcover |title=ليوا: مجلة شهرية تصدر عن مركز الوثائق والبحوث، ديوان رئيس الدولة |date=2010 |publisher=مركز الوثائق والبحوث، ديوان رئيس الدولة، |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=King |first=Geoffrey R. D. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Historical_Mosques_of_Saudi_Arabia/aorpAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=najd+mosques+minarets&dq=najd+mosques+minarets&printsec=frontcover |title=The Historical Mosques of Saudi Arabia |date=1986 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-78392-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Planet |first=Lonely |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Lonely_Planet_Oman_UAE_Arabian_Peninsula/RzWsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najd+mosques+minarets&pg=PT555&printsec=frontcover |title=Lonely Planet Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula |last2=Keith |first2=Lauren |last3=Lee |first3=Jessica |last4=Quintero |first4=Josephine |last5=Walker |first5=Jenny |last6=Bremner |first6=Jade |last7=Hussain |first7=Tharik |date=2019-09-01 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-78868-707-2 |language=en}}</ref> 

Four components comprise the architectural style of Najdi mosques, that are ''al-sarha'' (courtyard), ''al-misbah'' (prayer hall), ''al-sath'' (roof) and ''al-khalwa'' (basement). The ''khalwa'' is mainly used to accommodate worshippers during winters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ibn_Sa_ud_s_warriors_of_Islam/arxtEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+mosques&pg=PA53&printsec=frontcover |title=Ibn Sa'ud's warriors of Islam: The Ikhwan of Najd and their role |date=2022-04-25 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49184-7 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Palaces ===
[[File:Qasr Al Hukm in Riyadh, 1940s.jpg|thumb|[[Al Hukm Palace]], 1943]]
Palaces, known as ''qusur'' in Arabic (singular ''qasr''), were traditional residences inhabited by members of the royal families or tribal leaders in the Najd. They were constructed using local materials such as mudbrick and clay.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84/HkA5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&pg=PT152&printsec=frontcover |title=مجلة الفيصل: العددان 475-476 |date=2016-05-01 |publisher=مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=سعود |first=صاحب السمو الملكي الأمير سلطان بن سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%83%D9%86/GI26EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&pg=RA1-PT129&printsec=frontcover |title=الخيال الممكن |date=2023-04-19 |publisher=tevoi |language=en}}</ref>  The style usually lacks the monumental axial movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gharipour |first=Mohammad |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Calligraphy_and_Architecture_in_the_Musl/r6UxEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+palaces&pg=PA489&printsec=frontcover |title=Calligraphy and Architecture in the Muslim World |date=2019-07-30 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-6842-8 |language=en}}</ref>   

Between the 1950s and 1960s, with the introduction of modern techniques during the expansion of Riyadh, the architectural style subsequently became redundant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elsheshtawy |first=Yasser |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Riyadh/aH08EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=najdi+palaces&pg=PT111&printsec=frontcover |title=Riyadh: Transforming a Desert City |date=2021-09-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-46064-3 |language=en}}</ref>

The exterior features tarma.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A/OTHXAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1&dq=%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1&printsec=frontcover |title=الثقافة التقليدية في المملكة العربية السعودية: al-ʻImārah |date=2000 |publisher=دار الدائرة للنشر والتوثيق، |isbn=978-9960-842-31-8 |language=ar}}</ref>    

== Salmani architecture ==
'''Salmani architecture''' ({{Langx|ar|العمارة السلمانية}}) or '''Salmani style''' ({{Langx|ar|الطراز السلماني}}), is an (architectural movement) neo-Najdi style of architecture developed in [[Riyadh Province]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] during the reign of [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud]] as the province's governor between 1963 and 2011. There are two types of Salmani architecture, classical salmani and modern salmani. 
The term was coined by Riyadh's mayor [[Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf Al Muqrin|Prince Abdulaziz Ayyaf al-Muqrin]] in 2018.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=العمارة السلمانية .. طراز إبداعي فريد تبناه الملك الإنسان |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2021/12/22/article_2233136.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=صحيفة الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref> 
[[File:Al Masmak, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (4845552452).jpg|thumb|Triangular ''furjat'' in [[Masmak Fort|Masmak Fortress]]]]

== {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}==
== Makkah Municipality ==
{{Infobox government agency
| name            = Holy Makkah Municipality
| native_name     = {{lang|ar|أمانة العاصمة المقدسة}}
| formed          = {{Start date and age|1926}}
| jurisdiction    = [[Government of Saudi Arabia]]
| headquarters    = [[Mecca]], Saudi Arabia
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Housing (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Housing]]
| website         = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}}
}}
'''Makkah Municipality,''' officially the '''Holy Makkah Municipality (HMM)''' ({{Langx|ar|أمانة العاصمة المقدسة}}), is a [[Municipality|municipal body]] which has [[jurisdiction]] upon overall city services and the upkeep of facilities in [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It was established in 1926 following [[Ibn Saud|Abdulaziz's]] takeover of the [[Mecca|city]] during his [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unification campaign]]. It oversees the city's 14 sub-municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=البلديات الفرعية |url=https://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/Static/Pages/Municipalities.aspx |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref>  

Source: https://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/Static/Pages/Municipalities.aspx

Sub-municipalities: 14

Ajyad

* [[Ajyad]]
* Al-Tandabawi
* Al-Shubaikah (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9)<nowiki/>)
* Al-Hajlah

Al-Sharaea'

Al-Gaza

Al-Masfala

Al-Shawqiah

Al-Utibiah

Al-Mabeda

Al-Azizia

Al-Omrah

Al-Bahrah

Al-Janoob (Southern Makkah)

Al-Jamom

Al-Asfan

Al-Madrak

== Saudi Police Force brief history ==
https://www.alayam.com/Article/courts-article/417041/Index.html

== National Center for Archives and Records (NCAR) ==

== Council of Higher Education (Saudi Arabia) ==
The Council of Higher Education replaced the Higher Council for Universities. It was established in 1993.

== Al-Muʼeiqiliah ==
Al-Muʼeiqiliah ({{Langx|ar|حلة المعيقلية}}), locally pronounced as '''al-Mugailiya''', was a settlement within the former city walls of the walled town of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was located west of Qasr al-Hukm and later got evolved into al-Muʼeiqiliah market in today's ad-Dirah neighborhood.

== Al Gadimah ==
Al Gadimah (حي عامر)

FURTHER INFO OF MORE NEIGHBORHOODS: https://fieda.net/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9/

== Deirah market ==
Jufrah market ({{Langx|ar|الجفرة}}) was a market in Riyadh. Located north of al-Muqaybirah. For rice and dates

Refer: https://www.alriyadh.com/656228

More details of its location:

حي «الجفرة» الواقع بين الشوارع: الشميسي الجديد والقديم والعطايف وساحة الصفاة وتبلغ مساحته 3 هكتارات

''Somewhat detailed info of old markets:'' https://www.al-jazirah.com/culture/2013/21092013/read36.htm

describing the area of each market, refer: http://www.al-jazirah.com/2002/20021028/hv1.htm

=== Deirah markets ({{Langx|ar|أسواق الديرة}}) ===
'''Deirah markets''' ({{Langx|ar|أسواق الديرة}}), is an umbrella term used for the agglomeration of several traditional marketplaces and shops in the [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]] neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]] that are in close proximity to the [[Qasr Al Hukm|Qasr al-Hukm]], [[Masmak Fort|Masmak Fortress]] and the [[Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque|Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque]] in the Qasr al-Hukm District.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2021 |title=سوق الديرة القديم |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1901300 |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=www.alriyadh.com |language=ar}}</ref> The term is interchangeably used for the Ushaiger market. (maybe the articles dont have strong basis)    

Al-Muʼeiqilia market ({{Langx|ar|أسواق المعيقلية}}), also known as Al-Maaghliyah Commercial Center, more appropriate spelling al-Mugailiyah 


Awqaf al-Khairia Souq - Gold shops ({{Langx|ar|أسواق الأوقاف الخيرية|lit=charitable endowment markets}})  

Souq al-Takhfizaat ({{Langx|ar|سوق التخفيضات|translit=sūq al-taẖfīḍāt|lit=discount market}}). An annual temporary open market held in the Justice Square.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIxAAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=2007 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref> 

{{Cquote
| quote = المشاركة سنويا في سوق التخفيضات الذي يقام في ساحة العدل بمنطقة قصر الحكم
}}

== Deirah markets ==
Souq Ushaiger ({{Langx|ar|سوق أشيقر}}), formerly known as Qasiriya Ibn Qulaib. It is named after the town of [[Ushaiger]].<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Sulaymān |first=Khālid ibn Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMoLINokEYgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84+%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84+%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=معجم مدينة الرياض |date=1983 |publisher=الجمعية العربية السعودية للثقافة والفنون، ادارة الثقافة، |language=ar}}</ref> Also called ''Deirah markets'' 

Souq al-Suwailem ({{Langx|ar|سوق السويلم|translit=sūq al-suwaīlim}})   

Souq al-Khazzaan   

Souq Owais ({{Langx|ar|سوق العويس}}). existence to be verified <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=شاهد.. مقطع فيديو نادر لأحد "أسواق الرياض" القديمة - صحيفة المناطق السعودية |url=https://almnatiq.net/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b9-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%88-%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ad%d8%af-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |language=ar}}</ref>   

Souq Taybah ({{Langx|ar|سوق طيبة}})'''''Souq''' '''Al''' '''Thumairi'''''  

Souq al-Thumairi ({{Langx|ar|السوق الثميري}}) is a traditional marketplace in [[Al Dirah (Riyadh)|ad-Dirah]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located in close proximity to the [[Qasr Al Hukm|Qasr al-Hukm]] in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It is also known as clocktower souq.    

Souq al atayef: https://www.alriyadh.com/958486    

https://aawsat.com/home/article/2960    

Nabd al-Riyadh ({{Langx|ar|نبض الرياض|lit=Pulse of Riyadh}}) RIYADH SEASON  

=== Markets that no longer exist ===
Markets in Justice Square

Souq Al Hareem ({{Langx|ar|سوق الحريم}})

Souq al-Hasawiyah ({{Langx|ar|سوق الحساوية}})

Souq al-Siyarifah ({{Langx|ar|سوق الصيارفة}})

Souq al-Hadm ({{Langx|ar|سوق الهدم}})

Souq Kharazeen ({{Langx|ar|سوق الخرازين}}), in front of Turki mosque

Souq al-Hafrah ({{Langx|ar|سوق الحفرة}}), located in Qanaai

Souq al-Sanaaniya ({{Langx|ar|سوق الصنانيع}}), located south backyard of the court, the court is located west of qasr al hukm and sout-west of grand mosque

=== Vanished places ===
قيصرية أبا عود - Qasr aba Ood, the place in front of Grand Mosque

Hillat Qanaai ({{Langx|ar|حلة القناعي}}), an area located in the trijunction between Mueqilliah, muqbiriah and qasr al hukm
== Muhammadiyah Elementary School ==
Muhammadiyah Elementary School , fourth school established in riyadh المحمدية الابتدائية الأولى المدرسة الرياض

https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?article=351985&issueno=9963#.Y850N3ZBzIU

First library in Riyadh

refer: https://www.alriyadh.com/26711

== Beneyah ==
'''Al-Beneyah''' ({{Langx|ar|البنية}}) was a settlement in [[Najd]], situated north of [[Migrin]] in present-day [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. It was one of the settlements that came into being in the aftermath of [[Hajr|Hajr al-Yamamah's]] disintegration in late 16th century. 

== Al Kharab ==
Al-Kharab was a settlement in Riyadh, located east of [[Migrin]] and Beneyah.

== الحبونيه ==
الحبونيه research required, related to a site of hajr al yamama

== Shuaib abu Rufi'ah ==
Another (ig almost dried up valley in Riyadh)

refer: https://www.al-jazirah.com/2014/20140109/fe30.htm

== Futah neighborhood ==
Futah neighborhood emerged in the 1940s when King Abdulaziz's sons began building palaces in the area following the construction of Murabba Palace.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elsheshtawy |first=Yasser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr19AgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT263&dq=futah+riyadh&hl=en |title=The Evolving Arab City: Tradition, Modernity and Urban Development |date=2008-05-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-12820-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bsheer |first=Rosie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyT3DwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT202&dq=futah+riyadh&hl=en |title=Archive Wars: The Politics of History in Saudi Arabia |date=2020-09-22 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-1258-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Atiqah Palace ==
Palace of [[Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud]] built after 1932 in [[Utayqah]] neighborhood of Riyadh. The first palace (reportedly) to be built beyond city walls.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elsheshtawy |first=Yasser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8Zz-2AtuIwC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA122&dq=murabba+palace+riyadh+wall&hl=en |title=The Evolving Arab City: Tradition, Modernity and Urban Development |date=2008-05-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-12821-1 |language=en}}</ref> Followed by Prince Saud Al-Kabeer with the construction of Al-Shamsiah Palace. Another palace built in the same period was Al-Badiah Palace as a guesthouse for visiting dignitaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-24 |title=Murabba Palace: The historical divan of King Abdul Aziz |url=https://www.arabnews.com/life-style/murabba-palace-historical-divan-king-abdul-aziz |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

== Riyadh Safari ==
'''Riyadh Safari''' ({{Langx|ar|رياض سفاري}}) is a perennial [[desert safari]] held in the Nofa Wildlife Park, located approximately 80 km from [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].

== SAMA Money Museum ==
{{Infobox museum
| name            = SAMA Money Museum
| native_name     = متحف العملات بالبنك المركزي السعودي
| native_name_lang = ar
| location        = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates     = {{Coord|24|39|53.496|N|46|41|14.64|E|type:city_region:SA|display=inline}}
| architect       = 
| owner           = [[Saudi Central Bank]]
| website         = {{URL|https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Currency/Museum/Pages/MuseumBrief.aspx}}
}}

'''SAMA Money Museum''' ({{Langx|ar|متحف العملات بالبنك المركزي السعودي|lit=Currency Museum of the [[Saudi Central Bank]]}}), simply shortened to the '''Currency Museum''' ({{Langx|ar|متحف العملات}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=53 متحفاً حكومياً و210 متاحف خاصة تعرض آثار المملكة وإرثها الحضاري والعلمي |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2020/20200605/rl1.htm |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> is a currency museum in the al-Mutamarat neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danforth |first=Loring M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpWCCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA142&dq=currency+museum+riyadh&hl=en |title=Crossing the Kingdom: Portraits of Saudi Arabia |date=2016-03-29 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-96451-8 |language=en}}</ref> located in the compound of the head office of [[Saudi Central Bank]]. Established around 1990s,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v81eDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT50&dq=%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=مجلة الفيصل: العدد 286 |date=2000-08-01 |publisher=مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية |language=ar}}</ref> the museum is dedicated to exhibit the country's history of currency use, including coins from medieval and [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] periods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lippman |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pws4DgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT122&dq=currency+museum+riyadh&hl=en |title=Inside The Mirage: America's Fragile Partnership With Saudi Arabia |date=2008-11-10 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-7867-4253-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=الوطن |first=الرياض: |date=2013-10-16 |title=مقتنيات تاريخية بـ"متحف العملات" بالرياض |url=https://wtn.sa/a/202372 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Watanksa |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=رمضان |first=عاطف منصور محمد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyQqAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=النقود الاسلامية المحفوظة فى المتحف اليونانى الرومانى بالاسكندرية |last2=سميرة |first2=عبد الرؤوف، |date=2007 |publisher=‏وزارة الثقافة، المجلس الأعلى للآثار |isbn=978-977-437-180-6 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PioTAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&q=%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&hl=en |title=دليل المتاحف في المملكة العربية السعودية |date=2000 |publisher=وزارة المعارف ، |isbn=978-9960-19-435-6 |language=ar}}</ref>

The museum has five halls:
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Hall'''
|'''Brief overview'''
|-
|First Hall
|It showcases two [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] era silver [[Dirham|dirhams]] from the [[Islamic Golden Age]], one struck in 781 CE from [[al-Yamama]] during the reign of Caliph [[al-Mahdi]] and other one in 895 CE from [[Mecca]] durign the reign of Caliph [[al-Mu'tamid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Hall |url=https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Currency/Museum/Pages/FirstHall.aspx |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.sama.gov.sa}}</ref>
|-
|Second Hall
|The hall shows raw materials extracted from [[Mahd adh Dhahab|Mahd al-Dhahab]] gold mine that are used in multiple stages of printing banknotes and coin minting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Hall |url=https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Currency/Museum/Pages/SecondHall.aspx |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.sama.gov.sa}}</ref>
|-
|Third Hall
|It's the principal hall for exhibiting various currencies from different periods of history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Hall |url=https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Currency/Museum/Pages/ThirdHall.aspx |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.sama.gov.sa}}</ref>

* 42 pieces of coins belonging to timeline from [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] times (i.e., before 610 CE) to 1980.
* Banknotes and coins in circulation in the member states of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]].
* Coins used in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] prior to the [[unification of Saudi Arabia]].
* Modern currencies in circulation around the world.
|-
|Fourth Hall
|It exhibits different samples of historical banknotes and coins of [[Saudi riyal|Saudi riyals]] as well as special gold and silver coins issued by the [[Saudi Central Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forth Hall |url=https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Currency/Museum/Pages/ForthHall.aspx |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.sama.gov.sa}}</ref>  
|-
|Fifth Hall
|The hall portraits the security features of Saudi riyal banknotes as well as instructional means are disclosed for the identification of accurate banknotes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fifth Hall |url=https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Currency/Museum/Pages/fifthhall.aspx |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.sama.gov.sa}}</ref> 
|}

== National Museum Park citations and references ==
<ref>{{Cite web |title=مركز الملك عبد العزيز التاريخي.. 5 مقترحات لتجربة سياحية مميزة |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2020/20200221/rl1.htm |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref> located adjacent to the [[Murabba Palace]] compound and the [[National Museum of Saudi Arabia|National Museum]] in the [[King Abdul Aziz Historical Centre|King Abdul Aziz Historical Center]] in [[Al Murabba|al-Murabba]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=رحلة إلى مركز الملك عبد العزيز التاريخي |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2000/20000813/fe2.htm |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=www.al-jazirah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-01 |title=متاحف وسط الرياض.. إقبال من المقيمين وعزوف من المواطنين |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2013/03/01/article_735555.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=صحيفة الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-09 |title=المتحف الوطني .. معارض دائمة وبرامج تطويرية لمفهوم الارتياد الثقافي |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2011/02/09/article_502095.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=صحيفة الاقتصادية |language=ar}}</ref> It is popular among locals as an outdoor recreational spot and gets flocked mostly by families during weekends.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=الأسرة في المتحف الوطني |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1547870 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=www.alriyadh.com |language=ar}}</ref> The park was named after the [[National Museum of Saudi Arabia|National Museum]] that began surrounding it following its inauguration in 1999 during the reign of [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhjFGhBKJUYC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%EF%BB%A3%EF%BB%A8%EF%BA%98%EF%BA%B0%EF%BB%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A+riyadh&q=%EF%BB%A3%EF%BB%A8%EF%BA%98%EF%BA%B0%EF%BB%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A+riyadh&hl=en |title=al-Ḥaras al-Waṭanī |date=1997 |publisher=Idārat al-ʻAlāqāt al-ʻĀmmah bi-al-Ḥaras al-Waṭanī |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W4IBjFrfxcC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%EF%BB%A3%EF%BB%A8%EF%BA%98%EF%BA%B0%EF%BB%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A+riyadh&q=%EF%BB%A3%EF%BB%A8%EF%BA%98%EF%BA%B0%EF%BB%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A+riyadh&hl=en |title=العربى |date=2000 |publisher=Dāʼirat al-Maṭbūʻāt wa-al-Nashr |language=ar}}</ref>

== Riyadh Season (2019) ==
{{Infobox festival
| name               = Riyadh Season (2019)
| native_name        = موسم الرياض (۲۰۱۹)
| native_name_lang   = ar
| begins             = 11 October 2019
| ends               = *15 December 2019 (except Winter Wonderland, Al-Muraba’a, Riyadh Safari, Riyadh Sahara and [[Boulevard Riyadh City|The Boulevard]])<br/>
*18 January 2020 (Winter Wonderland, Al-Muraba’a, Riyadh Safari and Riyadh Sahara) <br/>
*7 March 2020 ([[Boulevard Riyadh City|The Boulevard]])
| location           = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| country            = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| years_active       = 2019–2020
| organizer          = [[General Entertainment Authority]]
| free_label         = Part of
| free_text          = [[Riyadh Season]]
}}

The '''2019 Riyadh Season''' was the inaugural edition of the annual [[Riyadh Season]] entertainment festival that was held for almost four months during the winter of 2019 and early 2020 in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. First scheduled till mid-December right after its commencement in October, it was later extended till January 2020 by [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|crown prince]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]] with some exceptional zones allowed to receive visitors till March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-19 |title=‘Riyadh Season extension limited to some areas’ |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1586656/saudi-arabia |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> It featured 100 events across 12 zones in total that brought unprecedented sports and entertainment themes in the [[Timeline of Riyadh|history of Riyadh]] and saw more than 10 million venue visits at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Web |date=2021-11-06 |title=Riyadh Winter Wonderland: A new concept in the entertainment industry |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/middle-east/saudi-arabia/riyadh-winter-wonderland-a-new-concept-in-the-entertainment-industry-868967 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=english.madhyamam.com |language=en}}</ref> 

== Riyadh Season (2021) ==
{{Infobox festival
| name               = Riyadh Season (2021)
| native_name        = موسم الرياض (۲۰۲۱)
| native_name_lang   = ar
| begins             = 20 October 2021
| ends               = 31 March 2022
| location           = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| country            = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| years_active       = 2021–2022
| organizer          = [[General Entertainment Authority]]
| free_label         = Part of
| free_text          = [[Riyadh Season]]
}}

The '''2021 Riyadh Season''' was the second edition of the annual [[Riyadh Season]] entertainment festival held for almost six months during the winter of 2021 and early 2022 in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. Originally scheduled for 2020, it was suspended due to the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia|COVID-19 pandemic in the country]]. It kicked-off in October 2021 and culminated by the end of March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-04 |title=After a two-year hiatus due to the pandemic, Riyadh Season restarts with a bang |url=https://arab.news/b4ujc |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>


















== {{Flag|India}} ==

== GAYA ==

The '''Collector of Gaya''' is the [[district magistrate]] of [[Gaya district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collectorate {{!}} Gaya {{!}} India |url=https://gaya.nic.in/collectrate/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> The origin of the position can be traced back to [[colonial India]] during [[Company rule in India|Company rule]] when [[Thomas Law (1756–1834)|Thomas Law]] was appointed as the first collector for the town of [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Revenue |first=Bihar (India) Department of |url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=T-U2AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=gaya+collector+rohtas+district+Shahabad&q=gaya+collector+rohtas+district+Shahabad&hl=en&redir_esc=y |title=Selections from the Correspondence of the Revenue Chief of Bihar, 1781-1786 |last2=James |first2=John Francis William |date=1919 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa |language=en}}</ref> in 1784 by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]], which then served as the administrative headquarters of the newly-created [[Rohtas district]] in the [[Bengal Presidency]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bihar (India) |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lTFuAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=gaya+was+formed+rohtas&q=gaya+was+formed+rohtas&hl=en&redir_esc=y |title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Singhbhum |last2=Choudhury |first2=Pranab Chandra Roy |date=1957 |publisher=Superintendant, Secretariat Press, Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O`malley |first=L. S. S. |url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA122&dq=gaya+collector+rohtas+district+Shahabad&hl=en&redir_esc=y |title=Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7268-122-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Revenue |first=Bihar (India) Department of |url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=T-U2AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=gaya+collector+rohtas+district+Shahabad&q=gaya+collector+rohtas+district+Shahabad&hl=en&redir_esc=y |title=Selections from the Correspondence of the Revenue Chief of Bihar, 1781-1786 |last2=James |first2=John Francis William |date=1919 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa |language=en}}</ref> and had jurisdiction over southern portion of the erstwhile modern [[Shahabad district]] ([[Sasaram]], Chainpur and Rohtas ''parganas''), two ''[[Pargana|parganas]]'' now in Palamau (Japla and Belaunja) and a portion of the present-day [[Gaya district]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bihar (India) |url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=lTFuAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+district+of+Rohtas+consisted+of+the+southern+portion+of+the+present+district+of+Shahabad+(+parganas+Sasaram+,+Chainpur+and+Rohtas+)&q=The+district+of+Rohtas+consisted+of+the+southern+portion+of+the+present+district+of+Shahabad+(+parganas+Sasaram+,+Chainpur+and+Rohtas+)&hl=en&redir_esc=y |title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Singhbhum |last2=Choudhury |first2=Pranab Chandra Roy |date=1957 |publisher=Superintendant, Secretariat Press, Bihar |language=en}}</ref> [[Gaya district|Gaya]] as an independent district came into being on October 03, 1865 when it was carved out of Behar and [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]] district by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]]. 

https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Systems_of_Rural_Settlements_in_Developi/TEdpwKpTYqsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ganj+gaya+bihar&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover

== Mohammed Abdu Arena ==
'''Mohammed Abdu Arena''' ({{Langx|ar|مسرح محمد عبده}}) is a 22,000 seat [[Multi-purpose stadium|multipurpose arena]] at [[Boulevard Riyadh City|The Boulevard]] complex in the Hittin neighborhood of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. Named after the Saudi singer [[Mohammed Abdu|Mohammed Abdu Othman]], it was established following the inauguration of [[Boulevard Riyadh City]] in October 2019 during the beginning week of the first edition of [[Riyadh Season]] entertainment festival and has hosted events like The Filipino Night, WWE's Super Showdown and Crown Jewel.

== gl bajaj ==
{{Infobox university
 | name                   = GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management
 | established            = 2005
 | chairman               = Dr. Ram Kishore Agarwal
 | address                = Plot No.2, APJ Abdul Kalam Road, [[Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida|Knowledge Park 3]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 201306, [[India]]
 | coordinates            = 28.5554182°N 77.4701972°E
 | website                = {{URL|https://www.glbitm.org/}}
}}'''Ganeshi Lal Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management (GLBITM)''' is a private engineering college in [[Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida|Knowledge Park 3]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Established in 2005 by R.K. Group, it is affiliated to [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University|Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU)]] and is approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)]], [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]].

== Star City ==
'''Star City Park''' (), formerly known as '''Al-Hamra Entertainment Village''' ({{Langx|ar|قرية الحمراء السياحية}}), was an [[Amusement park accidents|amusement park]] in [[Al Hamra (Riyadh)|al-Hamra]] district of [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], located adjacent to [[Al Hokair Land]]. Inaugurated in 2002, it was owned by the Al-Mojel Group. It was closed down in 2019.

https://rcdb.com/5260.htm

https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8435&article=95964#.Ytvwr3ZBzIU

== Hyderabadi poets ==
Sarwar Danda, Himayatullah , Talib Khumdmiri and Mustafa Ali Baig

== References ==
<references />