View source for User:Crissov/Linguistic templates

== Etic and Emic ==
{|
{{/Row|etic|ete|x<!-- x-e, x-etics -->|emic|eme|x<!-- x-eme, x-emics-->}}
|-
{{/Row|phone|phone|[x]|phoneme|phoneme|/x/}}
{{/Row|phonetic|phonetic|[x]|phonemic|phonemic|/x/}}
<!--
|-
| [[phonetic]] || {{tlx|phonet|x}} || {{phonet|x}} || [x]
-->
{{/Row|allophone|allophone|[x]|||}}
<!--
|-
| [[phonem]] || {{tlx|phonem|x}} || {{phonem|x}} || /x/
-->
|-
<!-- taken
| [[tone]] || {{tlx|tone|x}} || {{tone|x}} || /x/
-->
{{/Row||||toneme|toneme|/x/}}
|-
<!--‹›〈〉〈〉«» &amp;lt;>-->
{{/Row|glyph|glyph<!--|font-family:sans-serif-->|‹<span style{{=}}"font-style:sans-serif">x</span>›|||}}
|-
<!--| [[graphe]] || {{tlx|graphe|x}} || {{graphe|x}} || ‹x›-->
{{/Row|graph|graph|‹x›|grapheme|grapheme|‹x›}}
{{/Row|graphetic|graphetic|‹x›|graphemic|graphemic|‹x›}}
<!--
|-
| [[graphetic]] || {{tlx|graphet|x}} || {{graphet|x}} || ‹x›
| [[graphem]] || {{tlx|graphem|x}} || {{graphem|x}} || ‹x›
-->
{{/Row|allograph|allograph|‹x›|allogram|allogram|‹x›}}
|-
{{/Row||||string|string|«x»<!--“x” ‘x’ "x" 'x'-->}}
|-
<!--| [[lexe]] || {{tlx|lexe|x}} || {{lexe|x}} || ''x''-->
{{/Row|grammeme|grammeme|<span style{{=}}"text-transform:lowercase">{x}</span>|lexeme|lexeme<!--|y-->|<span style{{=}}"text-transform:lowercase">''x''</span> ‘y’ <!--y=meaning (optional)-->}}
|-
{{/Row|morph|morph|{x}|morpheme|morpheme|<span style{{=}}"text-transform:uppercase">[x]</span>}}
|-
{{/Row|character|<nowiki>character</nowiki>|''‹x›''|letter|lettr|‘x’<!--‘letter’ is taken-->}}
|-
<!--probably unnecessary
|  ||  ||  || 
| [[grapheme cluster]] || {{tlx|grapheme cluster|x}} || {{grapheme cluster|x}} || «x»
|-
|  ||  ||  || 
| [[complex grapheme]] || {{tlx|complex grapheme|x}} || {{complex grapheme|x}} || «x»
-->
|-
{{/Row|phonograph|phonograph|x φ|phonogram|phonogram|x Φ}}
{{/Row|syllabograph|syllabograph|x σ|syllabogram|syllabogram|x Σ}}
{{/Row|morphograph|morphograph|x μ|morphogram|morphogram|x Μ}}
{{/Row|logograph|logograph|x λ|logogram|logogram|x Λ}}
{{/Row|sinograph|sinograph|x ζ|sinogram|sinogram|x Ζ}}
<!--Daniels/Bright 201: tetragram-->
{{/Row|tetragraph|tetragraph|x ζ|tetragram|tetragram|x Ζ}}
{{/Row|phonetive|phonetive|Φ<!--phonetic indicator; Phonetikum / Signifikum-->|determinative|determinative|<sup>x</sup> Δ<!--semantic indicator; Determinativ-->}}
{{/Row|taxograph|taxograph|<sup style{{=}}"font-variant:smallcaps">x</sup> δ|taxogram|taxogram|<sup style{{=}}"font-variant:smallcaps">x</sup> Δ}}
{{/Row|semagraph|semagraph|<sup style{{=}}"text-transform:uppercase">x</sup> δ|semagram|semagram|<sup style{{=}}"text-transform:uppercase">x</sup> Δ}}
<!--Daniels/Bright 74: semogram-->
{{/Row|semograph|semograph|<sup style{{=}}"text-transform:uppercase">x</sup> δ|semogram|semogram|<sup style{{=}}"text-transform:uppercase">x</sup> Δ}}
{{/Row|glottograph|glottograph|x γ|glottogram|glottogram|x Γ}}
{{/Row|diacritic mark|diacritic mark|‹x›<!--{{base glyph}}-->|accent|accnt|‹x›<!--{{accent}} taken-->}}
<!-- radicals are similar to determinatives
|-
| [[radical]] || {{tlx|radical|x}} || {{radical|x}} || <sup>x</sup> Δ
|  ||  ||  || 
-->
|-
{{/Row|ideograph|ideograph|x ι|ideogram|ideogram|x Ι<!--Indicative-->}}
{{/Row|pictograph|pictograph|x π|pictogram|pictogram|x Π}}
<!--printed or displayed mechanically or electronically-->
{{/Row|typograph|typograph|x &tau;|typogram|typogram|x &Tau;}}
<!--SignWriting etc. – or handwritten-->
{{/Row|chirograph|chirograph|x χ|chirogram|chirogram|x Χ}}
<!-- Types of phonographs and phonograms: -->
<!--segment-->
|-<!--vowel, vocoid-->
<!--| [[phoneograph]] || {{tlx|phoneograph|x}} || {{phoneograph|x}} || x v
| [[phoneogram]] || {{tlx|phoneogram|x}} || {{phoneogram|x}} || x V-->
|-<!--consonant-->
<!--| [[symphonograph]] || {{tlx|symphonograph|x}} || {{symphonograph|x}} || x c
| [[symphonogram]] || {{tlx|symphonogram|x}} || {{symphonogram|x}} || x C-->
|}

<!--|-structuralism, Saussure: (linguistic) sign--><!--currently unnecessary
| [[signe]] || {{tlx|signe|x}} || {{signe|x}} || ''x''
|-
| [[signifiant]] || {{tlx|signifiant|x}} || {{signifiant|x}} || ''x''
| [[signifie|signifié]] || {{tlx|signifie|x}} || {{signifie|x}} || ''x''
|-
| [[signifier]] || {{tlx|signifier|x}} || {{signifier|x}} || ''x''
| [[signified]] || {{tlx|signified|x}} || {{signified|x}} || ''x''-->
<!-- taken, Peirce
| [[sign]] || {{tlx|sign|x}} || {{sign|x}}
| [[symbol]] || {{tlx|symbol|x}} || {{symbol|x}}
| [[icon]] || {{tlx|icon|x}} || {{icon|x}} || x
-->
<!--|- only useful in conjunction with {{symbol}} and {{index}}
| [[ikon]] || {{tlx|ikon|x}} || {{ikon|x}} || x -->

== Structuralism ==
{|
|+
| [[graphy]] || {{tlx|graphy|x}} || {{tld|graphy|x}} || “x” <!--writing-->
|-
| [[phony]] || {{tlx|phony|x}} || {{tld|phony|x}} || ''x'' <!-- reading -->
|-
| [[chiry]] || {{tlx|chiry|x}} || {{tld|chiry|x}} || ''x'' <!-- gesturing -->
|}
{|
|+
<!--| [[keneme]] || {{tlx|keneme|x}} || {{keneme|x}} || x K-->
| [[ceneme]] || {{tlx|ceneme|x}} || {{tld|ceneme|x}} || x
|-
| [[plereme]] || {{tlx|plereme|x}} || {{tld|plereme|x}} || x
|-
<!--| [[mone]] || {{tlx|mone|x}} || {{mone|x}} || x -->
| [[moneme]] || {{tlx|moneme|x}} || {{tld|moneme|x}} || x
|-
<!--| [[gramme]] || {{tlx|gramme|x}} || {{gramme|x}} || x -->
| [[grammeme]] || {{tlx|grammeme|x}} || {{tld|grammeme|x}} || x
|-
<!--| [[meme]] || {{tlx|meme|x}} || {{meme|x}} || x-->
| [[mememe]] || {{tlx|mememe|x}} || {{tld|mememe|x}} || x
|-
<!--| [[seme]] || {{tlx|seme|x}} || {{seme|x}} || x-->
| [[sememe]] || {{tlx|sememe|x}} || {{tld|sememe|x}} || x
|-
<!--| [[syntagma]] ||  ||  || -->
| [[syntagmeme]] || {{tlx|syntagmeme|x}} || {{tld|sytagmeme|x}} || x
|-
<!--| [[tagma]] ||  ||  || -->
| [[tagmeme]] || {{tlx|tagmeme|x}} || {{tld|tagmeme|x}} || x
|-
<!--| [[glosse]] || {{tlx|glosse|x}} || {{glosse|x}} || x-->
| [[glosseme]] || {{tlx|glosseme|x}} || {{tld|glosseme|x}} || x
|-
<!-- taken
| [[phrase]] || {{tlx|phrase|x}} || {{phrase|x}} || ''“x”''
-->
| [[phraseme]] || {{tlx|phraseme|x}} || {{tld|phraseme|x}} || ''“x”''
|}

== Transform ==
{|
|+ Linguistic transformations
<!-- taken
|-
| [[transcription]] || {{tlx|transcription|x}} || {{transcription|x}} 
-->
|-
| [[trans]] || {{tlx|trans|x|y}} || {{tld|trans|x|y}} || x → y
|-
| [[transliteration]] || {{tlx|transliteration|x|y}} || {{tld|transliteration|x|y}} || «x» → “y”
| [[transcript]] || {{tlx|transcript|x|y}} || {{tld|transcript|x|y}} || ''x'' → “y”
|-
| [[transliterate]] || {{tlx|transliterate|x|y}} || {{tld|transliterate|x|y}} || «x» → “y”
| [[transcribe]] || {{tlx|transcribe|x|y}} || {{tld|transcribe|x|y}} || ''x'' → “y”
<!--
|-
|  ||  ||  || 
| [[romanization]] || {{tlx|romanization|x|y}} || {{romanization|x|y}} || x → ''y''
--><!-- taken
| [[translit]] || {{tlx|translit|x|y}} || {{translit|x|y}} || «x» → “y”
| [[translation]] || {{tlx|translation|x|y}} || {{translation|x|y}} || x → ''y''
| [[translate]] || {{tlx|translate|x|y}} || {{translate|x|y}} || x → ''y''
-->
|}

== Phonology ==
[[file:Syllable.svg|right]]

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"
|colspan=5 title=syllable| σ || syllable
|colspan=5 title=syllable| Σ 
|-
|rowspan=2 title=initial| ι ||colspan=4 title=final| φ || initial and final
|rowspan=2 title=initial| Ι ||colspan=4 title=final| Φ
|-
|title=medial| μ ||rowspan=2 colspan=3 title=rime| ρ || initial, medial and rime
|title=medial| Μ ||rowspan=2 colspan=3 title=rime| Ρ
|-
|rowspan=3 colspan=2 title=onset| ω || onset and rime
|rowspan=3 colspan=2 title=onset| Ω
|-
|title=nucleus| ν ||title=tone| τ ||rowspan=2 title=coda| κ || onset, nucleus, tone and coda 
|title=nucleus| Ν ||title=tone| Τ ||rowspan=2 title=coda| Κ
|-
|rowspan=2 colspan=2 title=nucleus| ν || onset, nucleus and coda
|rowspan=2 colspan=2 title=nucleus| Ν
|-
|colspan=2 title="shell part one"| χ<sub>1</sub> || χ<sub>2</sub> || nucleus within shell
|colspan=2 title="shell part one"| Χ<sub>1</sub> || Χ<sub>2</sub>
|-
|colspan=4 title=body| β ||title=coda| κ || body and coda
|colspan=4 title=body| Β ||title=coda| Κ
|-
|-
| C* || H* || V+ || T? || C* ||
| c* || h* || v+ || t? || c*
|}

{|
|+ Segmental phonologic entities
| [[vowel]] || {{tlx|vowel|x}} || {{tld|vowel|x}} || <span style="font-family:sans-serif">V</span> x
|-
| [[consonant]] || {{tlx|consonant|x}} || {{tld|consonant|x}} || <span style="font-family:sans-serif">C</span> x
|-
| [[sonant]] || {{tlx|sonant|x}} || {{tld|sonant|x}} || <span style="font-family:sans-serif">S</span> x
|-
| [[semivowel]] || {{tlx|semivowel|x}} || {{tld|semivowel|x}} || <span style="font-family:sans-serif">H</span> x
|-
| [[glide]] || {{tlx|glide|x}} || {{tld|glide|x}} || <span style="font-family:sans-serif">G</span> x
<!--compounds of segmentals
consonant root cluster: one graphic sign, various implied vowels, one lexemic root
consonant cluster
vowel cluster
|-
| [[akshara]] || {{tlx|akshara|x}} || {{tld|akshara|x}} || <span style="font-family:sans-serif">C<sup>V</sup></span> x*
|-
| [[akshara]] || {{tlx|akshara|x|-}} || {{tld|akshara|x|-}} || <span style="font-family:sans-serif">C<sup><s>V</s></sup></span> x
|-
| [[akshara]] || {{tlx|akshara|x|y}} || {{tld|akshara|x|y}} || <span style="font-family:sans-serif">C<sup>V</sup></span> xy
-->
<!--vowelkiller/virama/halant, conjunct, consonant cluster -->
|}
{|
|+ Syllabic phonologic entities
| [[syllable]] || {{tlx|syllable|x}} || {{tld|syllable|x}} || σ x
|-
| [[mora]] || {{tlx|mora|x}} || {{tld|mora|x}} || μ x
|-
| [[onset]] || {{tlx|onset|x}} || {{tld|onset|x}} || ω x
|-
| [[nucleus]] || {{tlx|nucle|x}} || {{tld|nucle|x}} || ν x<!--{{nucleus}} taken-->
|-
| [[rhyme]] || {{tlx|rhyme|x}} || {{tld|rhyme|x}} || ρ x
|-
| [[rime]] || {{tlx|rime|x}} || {{tld|rime|x}} || ρ x
|-
| [[koda]] || {{tlx|koda|x}} || {{tld|koda|x}} || κ x<!--{{coda}} taken-->
|-
| [[tone]] || {{tlx|ton|x}} || {{tld|ton|x}} || τ x
|}
{{tld|syllable}}:
*{{tlx|syllable|quot}}<!--only exactly one anonymous parameter provided-->
*{{tlx|syllable|nucleus=o}}
*{{tlx|syllable|onset=qu|nucleus=o}}
*{{tlx|syllable|nucleus=o|coda=t}}
*{{tlx|syllable|onset=qu|nucleus=o|coda=t}}
*{{tlx|syllable|onset=qu|nucleus=o|coda=t|tone=2}}
*{{tlx|syllable|onset=qu|nucleus=o|coda=t|rime=ot|tone=2}}
*{{tlx|syllable|o=qu|n=o|c=t|r=ot|t=2}}
*{{tlx|syllable|onset=qu|rime=ot}}
*{{tlx|syllable|rime=ot}}
*{{tlx|syllable|onset=qu|rime=ot|tone=2}}

== Morphematics ==
{|
|+ Word
<!-- taken
|-
| [[word]] || {{tlx|word|x}} || {{word|x}} || x
-->
|-
| [[word form]] || {{tlx|word form|x}} || {{tld|word form|x}} || ''x''
|-
| [[word paradigm]] || {{tlx|word paradigm|x}} || {{tld|word paradigm|x}} || ''x'' &Lambda;
|-
| [[word stem]] || {{tlx|word stem|x}} || {{tld|word stem|x}} || ''–x–''
|}
{|
|+ Positional grammatical morphemes
| [[affix]] || {{tlx|affix|x|y}} || {{tld|affix|x|y}} || –x–, –x, x–, x–y
|-
| [[infix]] || {{tlx|infix|x}} || {{tld|infix|x}} || –x–
|-
| [[adfix]] || {{tlx|adfix|x}} || {{tld|adfix|x}} || –x, x–
|-
| [[suffix]] || {{tlx|suffix|x}} || {{tld|suffix|x}} || –x
|-
| [[postfix]] || {{tlx|postfix|x}} || {{tld|postfix|x}} || –x
|-
| [[prefix]] || {{tlx|prefix|x}} || {{tld|prefix|x}} || x–
|-
| [[circumfix]] || {{tlx|circumfix|x|y}} || {{circumfix|x|y}} || x–y
|}
<!--
|-
| [[]] || {{tlx||x}} || {{|x}} || x
| [[]] || {{tlx||x}} || {{|x}} || x
-->
== Linguistic Typography ==
{|
| wrong, hypothetical || {{tlx|wrong|x}} || {{tld|wrong|x}} || <sup>*</sup>x
|-
| uncertain, questionable || {{tlx|uncertain|x}} || {{tld|uncertain|x}} || <sup>?</sup>x
|-
| optional, 0 or 1 || {{tlx|Copt|x}} || {{tld|Copt|x}} || x<sup>?</sup>
|-
| optional, 0 or more || {{tlx|Cany|x}} || {{tld|Cany|x}} || x<sup>*</sup>
|-
| necessary, 1 or more || {{tlx|Cmany|x}} || {{tld|Cmany|x}} || x<sup>+</sup>
|-
| necessary, 1 exactly || {{tlx|Conce|x}} || {{tld|Conce|x}} || x<sup>!</sup>
|-
| min || {{tlx|Cmin|x}} || {{tld|Cmin|x|y}} || x<sup>{y–}</sup>
|-
| max || {{tlx|Cmax|x}} || {{tld|Cmax|x|y}} || x<sup>{–y}</sup>
|-
| min-max || {{tlx|Cmm|x|y|z}} || {{tld|Cmm|x|y|z}} || x<sup>{y–z}</sup>
|-
| property || {{tlx|property|x}} || {{tld|property|x}} || [± x]
|-
| property || {{tlx|property|x|+}} || {{tld|property|x|+}} || [+ x]
|-
| property || {{tlx|property|x|-}} || {{tld|property|x|-}} || [&minus; x]
|-<!--{{from}} taken-->
| fromto || {{tlx|fromto|x|y}} || {{tld|fromto|x|y}} || x > y
|-
| tofrom || {{tlx|tofrom|x|y}} || {{tld|tofrom|x|y}} || x < y
|-
<!--
| || {{tlx||x}} || {{|x}} || x
-->
|}
: SUBJ, ATTR, DET, ..., AGS, PAT
A ''–gram'' is graphemic usage of a ''–graph''.
== Types of phonographs and phonograms ==

While the vowel is the core of the spoken syllable, the consonant is the base of most writing systems or rather of most phonograms in systems not totally segmental.

Diacritic marks in alphabetic writing systems change the segmental phoneme.
In more complex (e.g. syllabic) writing systems, diacritic marks may change either the onset, nucleus or coda or any combination thereof.
Diacritic marks may be added to the base without altering it, others may connect with it in easy ways and yet others may change the base glyph (but retain the base graph).
Logical diacritic marks are (systematic) graphic transformations of the base that are not glyph additions, e.g. ''rotation'' and ''mirroring''.

''True'' syllabograms are those that encompass all parts of a syllable, i.e. initial onset, medial nucleus and final coda, but since the boundaries (i.e. onset and coda) are optional, there are ''middle'' (nucleus), ''start'' (onset-nucleus), ''end'' (nucleus-coda) and ''full'' (onset-nucleus-coda) syllabograms.
Most syllabaries only feature one or two kinds of syllabograms and form other syllables by graphemic rules.

Writing systems can be categorized by the amount of graphs from the various categories in their repertoire. The contemporary English writing system, for instance, only uses first-level segmentals

Arbitrary or analytic syllabograms bear no shared characteristics among common neither onset, nucleus nor coda.
Synthetic syllabograms share graphic characteristics among common onset, nucleus ''or'' coda.

Systematic syllabograms share graphic characteristics among common onset, nucleus ''and'' coda.


Boundary, placeholder, space and punctuation are special kinds of glyphs / graphemes / characters that are present to quite different amounts in writing systems. They often can be considered forming a (supplementary) script of their own. Mathematic and other scientific symbols also constitute supplementary scripts that cannot become writing systems all by themselves.

;analytic boundaries: [x]
: e.g. hangul jamos, sinographic radicals
;graphic boundaries:  (x)
: e.g. hangul blocks, sinographic blocks

;first-level:  free base sign
: uppercase letter
;second-level: bound base sign
: lowercase letter
;third-level:  free diacritic mark
: superscript uppercase letter
;fourth-level: bound diacritic mark
: superscript lowercase letter

;(C): first-level consonant
;(V): first-level vowel
;(v): second-level vowel
;(c): second-level consonant
;(<sup>v</sup>): diacritic vowel
;(<sup>c</sup>): diacritic consonant
;(C<sup>V</sup>): consonant with inherent vowel
;(C<sup>V?</sup>): consonant with inherent vowel, or none
;(C<sup>V!</sup>): consonant with inherent vowel, but not none
;(C<sup><s>V</s></sup>): consonant with canceled inherent vowel
;(C<sup>X?</sup>): consonant with any implied vowel, or none
;(C<sup>X!</sup>): consonant with any implied vowel, but not none
;(C<sup>X=</sup>): consonant with certain implied vowel
;(C<sup>–</sup>): consonant with canceled implied vowel
;(C<sup></sup>): consonant with overruled implied vowel
;(C<sup></sup>CC): consonant cluster with lexemically implied vowels at any positions (Egyptic hieroglyphs)
;(C<sup></sup>CC): consonant cluster with lexemically implied vowels at certain positions
;(X<sup>V</sup>): any vowel
;(X<sup>V=</sup>): any vowel with specifying diacritic
;(<sup>v?</sup>): optional diacritic vowel
;(<sup>v!</sup>): mandatory diacritic vowel
;(C<sup>v</sup>): consonant with diacritic vowel
;(C<sup>v?</sup>): consonant with optional diacritic vowel
;(C<sup>v!</sup>): consonant with mandatory diacritic vowel
;(K): any coda
;(N): nasal coda
;(O): any onset
;(V+): any nucleus
;:prolonged prefix
;:prolonged suffix
;:shortened prefix
;:shortened suffix
;:duplicate prefix
;:duplicate suffix
;:tone suffix
;:tone prefix
;:implied vowel killer
;:inherent vowel killer