View source for User:Abbieloring/sandbox.group.herpetologist

= Group Work on Herpetology Pages =

= '''Week 13''' =

== Abbie Loring ==
Finally got my picture in the right spot!!!! (Thanks Ian)

Added a few small edits--linked to poisonous amphibians and nocturnal page, and switched the order of the nictitating membrane and 'completely green' sentences.

=== ''Behavior'' ===
red eyed tree frogs are actually not [[Poisonous amphibian|'''poisonous''']], and rely on [[camouflage]] to protect themselves. '''They are [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]], sleeping for most of the day. In order to hide from predators,''' they cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their bellies, and shut their red eyes. Thus, they appear almost completely green, and well hidden among the foliage. They do not have a true eyelid, but rather a [[Nictitating membrane]] that allows light to enter the eye so that they will awaken when predators are approaching.<ref name=":022">{{Cite journal|last=Beall|first=Abigail|date=2014-02-01|title=Teacup-sized frog masquerades as Smaug the dragon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262407914602311|journal=New Scientist|language=en|volume=221|issue=2954|pages=26–27|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60231-1|issn=0262-4079}}</ref>

== Kelly Brown ==

== Olunia Palenga ==
All edits posted to the Axolotl Wikipedia page! I also added some edits mentioned in my sandbox  [[User:Knowl8dge/Draftarticlesherpetology|Knowl8dge/Draftarticlesherpetology]]

I moved a few images in the Axolotl page that were present already to better fit the material, and I moved the neoteny section to the "use as model organism". 

= '''Week 12 edits''' =

== Abbie Loring ==
I added sources that were missing from the reproduction section, and deleted information that I couldn't find a source for. I also reworded some awkward sections.

I copied over all of my edits to the actual [[Agalychnis callidryas]] Wikipedia page except the photo which I can't get it in the right spot!!!!

Changes for this week are in bold.

=== ''Reproduction'' ===
'''Although''' random mating in '''''Agalychnis callidryas''''' has been documented, studies '''have shown that the''' an '''increased body size''' '''is''' an indicator of male quality while looking for a '''mate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Briggs|first=Venetia S.|date=2008|title=Mating Patterns of Red-Eyed Treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas and A. moreletii|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01490.x|journal=Ethology|language=en|volume=114|issue=5|pages=489–498|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01490.x|issn=1439-0310}}</ref>''' During the mating season, the male frogs shake the branches where they are sitting to improve their chances of finding a mate by keeping rivals at bay. This is the first evidence that tree-dwelling vertebrates use vibration to communicate.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Caldwell|first1=Michael S.|last2=Johnston|first2=Gregory R.|last3=McDaniel|first3=J. Gregory|last4=Warkentin|first4=Karen M.|year=2010|title=Vibrational Signaling in the Agonistic Interactions of Red-Eyed Treefrogs|journal=Current Biology|volume=20|issue=11|pages=1012–1017|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.069|pmid=20493702|s2cid=12050308}}</ref> When rainfall is at its highest, a male red-eyed treefrog calls "chack" to get the attention of the female. Females use the call, as well as color '''(specifically, the stripped sides)''' of the male frog, in order to find a possible '''mate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaiser|first=Kristine|last2=Boehlke|first2=Chloe|last3=Navarro-Pérez|first3=Edauri|last4=Vega|first4=Andres|last5=Dudgeon|first5=Steven|last6=Robertson|first6=Jeanne M.|date=2018-11-12|title=Local preference encoded by complex signaling: mechanisms of mate preference in the red-eyed treefrog (Agalychnis callidryas)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2597-0|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|language=en|volume=72|issue=12|pages=182|doi=10.1007/s00265-018-2597-0|issn=1432-0762}}</ref>''' Both the call and color of the male frog show territorial display, and anti-predatory behavior. During [[amplexus]], the female carries the male on her back for several hours during the oviposition process. '''Because of external egg fertilization, there is still risk of competition even after a female has selected a mate. There is not sperm priority in ''Agalychnis callidryas,'' and so a single clutch of eggs may have been fertilized by multiple males''.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D'orgeix|first=C. A.|last2=Turner|first2=B. J.|date=1995|title=Multiple paternity in the red-eyed treefrog Agalychnis callidryas (Cope)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00245.x|journal=Molecular Ecology|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=505–508|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00245.x|issn=1365-294X}}</ref>''' The female chooses a leaf above a pond or large puddle on which to lay her [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]] of roughly 40 eggs. Since oviposition generally occurs on both sides of a leaf, red-eyed treefrogs may fold the leaf to hide the eggs from predators. They also produce sticky jelly to glue the eggs together; this may protect the eggs from splitting and dehydration.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb2">{{cite web|last1=Whittaker|first1=Kellie|title=Agalychnis callidryas|url=http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-scientific_name=callidryas|website=AmphibiaWeb|publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref>

== Kelly Brown ==
'''Edits that I made:'''

* I editing spacing that was weird in my article
* I edited the caption of the picture I added of the Green Sea Turtle last week
* Reformat pictures to include three instead of two
* Reworded a few sentences to make them flow better

'''New Draft:'''
==Anatomy and morphology==
Turtle anatomy includes both an internal and external skeleton. The external skeleton is comprised of a bony shell which serves as protection. The Internal skeleton makes up structures such as the flippers, and facilitates the anchoring of muscles.<ref name=":3" /> There are two main '''suborders''' of turtles, [[Pleurodira]] and [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]], which are mainly differentiated base'''d''' on '''their''' neck retraction '''method'''. '''T'''hese two groups also show '''slight''' differences in the anatomy of the head.<ref name=":1" /> 

===Head===
The size and shape of turtle's heads differ between the suborder, [[Pleurodira]] and [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]], '''but they are made up of the same bony structures'''.<ref name=":1" /> '''The anatomical differences are attributed to a difference in the bones that the jaw musculature associates with. The adductor muscles in the lower jaw create a pulley-like system in both subgroups; however the bone in which the muscles articulate with differ. In Pleurodira, the pulley is formed with the pterygoid bones, but in Cryptodires the pulley is formed with the quadrate bones. Both of these systems help to vertically redirect the adductor muscles in order to create a powerful bite.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cryptodira - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cryptodira|access-date=2021-04-28|website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>   

Turtles appear to have lost their teeth about 150–200 million years ago.<ref name=":4" /> So instead of having teeth, turtles use their rigid beak-like mouth, jaws, and horny ridges on their upper and lower jaws to tear and chew food. Turtles with a more carnivorous diet typically have knife-sharp ridges, whereas herbivorous turtles have serrated-edged ridges. '''Turtles also use their tongues to aid in swallowing.'''   

The positioning of '''turtle's eyes on their head depends largely on their environment and lifestyle'''. Turtles that spend most of their life on land typically have eyes '''positioned in the middle of the head on either side''' to allow the turtle to look down at what is in front of them. Aquatic turtle'''s''' that emerge '''only the top of their head from the water''' to look out for predators, like snapping turtles, have eyes towards the top of their head.<ref name=":2" />

=== Neck retraction ===

{{Multiple image
| header = Neck retraction
| total_width = 525
| image1 = Pelomedusa subrufa (cropped).JPG
| caption1 = [[Pleurodira|Pleurodires]] retract their neck sideways
| image2 = T.h. hermanni con speroni 5.JPG
| caption2 = [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]] retract their neck backwards
| image3 = Ventral view of Cryptodira cervical vertebrae.jpg
| caption3 = Cryptodire ventral view of S-shaped cervical vertebrae
}}

The '''way''' a turtle retracts its neck '''into it's shell''' differentiates it into one of the two sub'''orders''', [[Pleurodira]] or [[Cryptodira|Cryptodire]]. [[Pleurodira]] retract '''their neck''' laterally to the side '''and''' anterior to shoulder girdles. '''However,''' the suborder [[Cryptodira]] retracts their neck back into their shell '''by bending their neck in an S-like shape'''.<ref name="Werneburg 2015" /> These motions are largely due to the morphology and arrangement of [[cervical vertebrae]]. The cervical column consists of nine joints and eight independent vertebrae.<ref name=":5" /> These vertebrae are round and not fused, '''making''' the neck more flexible and '''allowing it to bend''' backwards and sideways.<ref name="Werneburg 2015" /> The primary function and evolutionary implication of neck retraction is thought to be for feeding rather than protection.<ref name="Van Damme 1997" /> Neck retraction and extension allow the turtle to reach out further to capture prey while swimming. Neck '''extension''' creates suction when the head is thrust forward and the [[Pharynx|oropharynx]] is expanded. This morphology suggests the retraction function is for feeding purposes, as the suction helps catch prey.<ref name="Van Damme 1997" />

[[File:Museum of Science, Boston, MA - IMG 3254.JPG|thumb|upright|Skeleton of snapping turtle (''Chelydra serpentina'')]]
=== Shell ===
{{main|Turtle shell}}
The top, or dorsal portion of the shell is called the [[carapace]] and the bottom, or [[Anatomical terms of location|ventral]] part of the shell is the plastron. Bony structures called bridges connect the carapace and plastron together. The inside of the shell is composed of many bones including ribs and vertebra'''e''', whereas the outside is composed of [[Scute|scutes]]. Scutes are a [[Keratin|keratinized]] part of the epidermis and are similar in structure to scales of other reptiles.<ref name=":2" />

The shell has many functions which include protection from predators, a home, fat and calcium storage, as well as a pH buffer.<ref name=":6" /> Each unique species may have a specific function or slightly different anatomy based on its lifestyle and environment.

Aquatic turtles have a lighter shell than turtles that live primarily on land in order to float and swim faster. On the other hand, [[Tortoise|tortoises]] have thick, heavy shells in order to prevent predators from eating or crushing them.<ref name=":2" />

=== Respiration ===
Respiration for many [[amniote]]s, is achieved by the contraction and relaxation of specific muscle groups (i.e. intercostals, abdominal muscles, and/or a diaphragm) attached to an internal rib-cage that can expand or contract the body wall thus assisting airflow in and out of the lungs.<ref name="Cordeiro 2016" /> The ribs of Testudines, however, are fused with their [[Turtle shell|carapace]] and external to their pelvic and pectoral girdles, a feature unique among turtles. Their rigid shell is not capable of expansion, so Testudines have had to evolve special adaptations for respiration.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /><ref name=":7" /> Turtle pulmonary ventilation occurs by using specific groups of abdominal muscles attached to their viscera and shell that pull the lungs ventrally during inspiration, where air is drawn in via a negative pressure gradient ([[Boyle's law|Boyle's Law]]).<ref name="Cordeiro 2016" /> In expiration, the contraction of the transversus abdominis is the driving force by propelling the viscera into the lungs and expelling air under positive pressure.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Conversely, the relaxing and flattening of the oblique abdominis muscle pulls the transversus back down, which again draws air back into the lungs.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Important auxiliary muscles used for ventilatory processes are the pectoralis, which is used in conjunction with the transverse abdominis during inspiration, and the serratus, which moves with the abdominal oblique accompanying expiration.

The lungs of Testudines are multi-chambered and attach the entire length down the [[carapace]]. The number of chambers can vary between [[taxa]], though most commonly they have three lateral chambers, three medial chambers, and one terminal chamber.<ref name=":8" /> As previously mentioned, the act of specific abdominal muscles pulling down the viscera (or pushing back up) is what allows for respiration in turtles. Specifically, it is the turtles large liver that pulls or pushes on the lungs.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Ventral to the lungs, in the coelomic cavity, the liver of turtles is attached directly to the right lung, and their stomach is directly attached to the left lung by the ventral mesopneumonium, which is attached to their liver by the ventral mesentery.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> When the liver is pulled down, inspiration begins. Supporting the lungs is the post-pulmonary septum, which is found in all Testudines, and is thought to prevent the lungs from collapsing.<ref name=":9" />

[[File:Green Sea Turtle at Ulua Beach, Maui (109517016).jpg|thumb|Close up of a Green Sea Turtle's (''Chelonia mynas)'', skin and shell scales]]
===Skin and molting===
Turtles are covered in scales, however the scales on the shell differ from those on the rest of the body. The shell is made of [[Scute|scutes]], but the rest of the body is covered in '''smaller''' keratinized scales.<ref name=":10" /> Molting in turtles does not occur like it does in snakes, '''all at once''', but rather in flakes. Dead skin falls off in smaller sheets instead of molting as one large layer.<ref name=":2" />

===Limbs===

The anatomy of the limbs and feet are a distinguishing factor between aquatic turtles and terrestrial tortoises. The differences are due to the distinct functions of the limbs, swimming in aquatic turtles and supports and walking for terrestrial turtles.<ref name=":11" />


== Olunia Palenga ==
Edits made in Week 13 Lab: 

=== Introduction ===
The last sentence of the Introduction paragraph needed to be updated and edited, including a citation: 

Mexico City began a refuge project on conserving axolotls by building "axolotl shelters" to preserve the remaining and potential habitats, although this project was retired. (I cannot include the exact citation of this information because Wikipedia is claiming that this cite is on their "blacklist").   

-I have decided not to include this section and remove it from the page because there is not a reliable source.    

=== Description ===
Axolotls possess features typical of salamander larvae, including [[external gills]] and a caudal fin extending from behind the head to the vent. <ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=McIndoe|first=Rosemary|title=Functional morphology of gills in larval amphibians|date=1984|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6536-2_4|work=Respiration and metabolism of embryonic vertebrates: Satellite Symposium of the 29th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, Sydney, Australia, 1983|pages=55–69|editor-last=Seymour|editor-first=Roger S.|series=Perspectives in vertebrate science|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-009-6536-2_4|isbn=978-94-009-6536-2|access-date=2021-04-30|last2=Smith|first2=D. G.}}</ref> External gills are usually lost when when salamander species mature into adulthood, although the Axolotl maintains this feature. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Kardong|first=Kenneth V|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/vertebrates-comparative-anatomy-function-evolution/oclc/1053847969|title=Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution|date=2019|isbn=978-1-259-70091-0|language=English|oclc=1053847969}}</ref> This is due to their neoteny evolution, where Axolotls are much more aquatic than other salamander species. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safi|first=Rachid|last2=Bertrand|first2=Stéphanie|last3=Marchand|first3=Oriane|last4=Duffraisse|first4=Marilyne|last5=de Luze|first5=Amaury|last6=Vanacker|first6=Jean-Marc|last7=Maraninchi|first7=Marie|last8=Margotat|first8=Alain|last9=Demeneix|first9=Barbara|last10=Laudet|first10=Vincent|date=2004-02-01|title=The Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a Neotenic Amphibian, Expresses Functional Thyroid Hormone Receptors|url=https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0913|journal=Endocrinology|volume=145|issue=2|pages=760–772|doi=10.1210/en.2003-0913|issn=0013-7227}}</ref>

- I included the last sentence and citation  
= '''Draft 2''' =

== Abbie Loring ==
 Words and phrases in bold are my proposed additions, everything else is from the original article.

=== ''Description'' ===
'''This species has large, bright red eyes with vertically narrowed pupils. The red eyed tree frog is very colorful, with a vibrant green body, yellow and blue vertical stripes along its side, a white underside, and brightly colored orange or red feet. Additionally, they have sticky pads on their toes that allow them to cling onto leaves . The skin on the red-eyed treefrog's belly is soft and fragile, whereas the back is thicker and rougher. On average, the males are about two inches long, and the females are slightly bigger at around 3 inches.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Red-Eyed Tree Frog|url=https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/species/tree-frog|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Rainforest Alliance|language=en}}</ref>'''

=== ''Distribution and habitat'' ===
Red-eyed treefrogs inhabit areas near rivers and ponds in rainforests and humid lowlands on the Atlantic slopes from southern Veracruz and northern Oaxaca in Mexico, to central Panama and northern Colombia. They also live on the Pacific slope in southwestern Nicaragua and southwestern Costa Rica to eastern Panama.<ref name="The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica">{{cite book|last1=Savage|first1=Jay M.|url=https://archive.org/details/amphibiansreptil0000sava|title=The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas|date=Aug 1, 2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-73537-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/amphibiansreptil0000sava/page/281 281]|access-date=9 May 2015|url-access=registration}}</ref> The optimum temperature for red-eyed treefrogs is {{convert|24|-|29|C}} in the daytime, and {{convert|19|-|25|C}} at night.<ref name="Animal Diversity Web3">{{cite web|last1=Boman|first1=Bonnie L.|title=Agalychnis callidryas, Rana-de árbol ojos rojos|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Agalychnis_callidryas/|access-date=9 May 2015|website=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> '''''Agalychnis'' ''callidryas'' also require high humidity levels of at least 80%. <ref name="Animal Diversity Web22">{{cite web|last1=Boman|first1=Bonnie L.|title=Agalychnis callidryas, Rana-de árbol ojos rojos|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Agalychnis_callidryas/|access-date=9 May 2015|website=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>'''

=== ''Behavior'' ===
[[File:Red-eyed_Tree_Frog_(Agalychnis_callidryas)_(6941089388).jpg|thumb|'''An image of the nictitating membrane seen in Red Eyed Tree Frogs.''']]
[[Phyllomedusinae|Phyllomedusine]] treefrogs are [[arboreal]], meaning they spend a majority of their lives in trees; they are excellent jumpers. '''Despite their bright coloring''', red-eyed treefrogs are '''actually''' not poisonous, and rely on [[camouflage]] to protect themselves. During the day, they remain motionless, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their bellies, and shut their red eyes. '''They do not have a true eyelid, but rather a [[Nictitating membrane]] that allows light to enter the eye so that they will awaken when predators are approaching. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Beall|first=Abigail|date=2014-02-01|title=Teacup-sized frog masquerades as Smaug the dragon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262407914602311|journal=New Scientist|language=en|volume=221|issue=2954|pages=26–27|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60231-1|issn=0262-4079}}</ref>''' Thus, they appear almost completely green, and well hidden among the foliage. '''Their''' large red eyes '''not only aid in their ability to see at night, but also''' serve as a [[defensive adaptation]] through [[deimatic behaviour]]. When a red-eyed treefrog detects an approaching predator, it abruptly opens its eyes and stares at the predator. The sudden appearance of the red eyes may startle the predator, giving the frog a chance to flee.<ref name="Animal Diversity Web3" />

=== ''Diet'' ===
Red-eyed treefrogs are [[Insectivore|insectivores]], eating crickets, moths, grasshoppers, flies, and other insects. Sometimes, they eat smaller frogs. Tadpoles mostly eat fruit flies and pinhead crickets.<ref>[https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/species/tree-frog Rainforest Alliance web site "Tree frog"] Retrieved July 31, 2018, Updated Sep 17, 2020</ref>

=== ''Reproduction'' ===
It has been proven that even though random mating has been documented, through different studies that were done a males body size has been an indicator of male quality while looking for a mate. The larger the frog signifies older age which can reflect a better partner. During the mating season, the male frogs shake the branches where they are sitting to improve their chances of finding a mate by keeping rivals at bay. This is the first evidence that tree-dwelling vertebrates use vibration to communicate.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Caldwell|first1=Michael S.|last2=Johnston|first2=Gregory R.|last3=McDaniel|first3=J. Gregory|last4=Warkentin|first4=Karen M.|year=2010|title=Vibrational Signaling in the Agonistic Interactions of Red-Eyed Treefrogs|journal=Current Biology|volume=20|issue=11|pages=1012–1017|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.069|pmid=20493702|s2cid=12050308}}</ref> When rainfall is at its highest, a male red-eyed treefrog calls "chack" to get the attention of the female. Females use the call''',''' as well as color of the male frog''',''' in order to find a possible mate. Both '''the''' call and color of the male frog show territorial display, and anti-predatory behavior. During [[amplexus]], the female carries the male on her back for several hours during the oviposition process. '''Because of external egg fertilization, there is still risk of competition even after a female has selected a mate. There is not sperm priority in ''Agalychnis callidryas,'' and so a single clutch of eggs may have been fertilized by multiple males''.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D'orgeix|first=C. A.|last2=Turner|first2=B. J.|date=1995|title=Multiple paternity in the red-eyed treefrog Agalychnis callidryas (Cope)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00245.x|journal=Molecular Ecology|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=505–508|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00245.x|issn=1365-294X}}</ref>''' The female chooses a leaf above a pond or large puddle on which to lay her [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]] of roughly 40 eggs. Since oviposition generally occurs on both sides of a leaf, red-eyed treefrogs may fold the leaf to hide the eggs from predators. They also produce sticky jelly to glue the eggs together; this may protect the eggs from splitting and dehydration.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb">{{cite web|last1=Whittaker|first1=Kellie|title=Agalychnis callidryas|url=http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-scientific_name=callidryas|website=AmphibiaWeb|publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref>

The eggs develop '''into [[Tadpole|tadpoles,]]''' which hatch after six to seven days and fall into the water below.<ref>{{cite journal|author=William F. Pyburn|year=1970|title=Breeding behavior of the leaf-frogs ''Phyllomedusa callidryas'' and ''Phyllomedusa dacnicolor'' in Mexico|journal=[[Copeia]]|volume=1970|issue=2|pages=209–218|doi=10.2307/1441643|jstor=1441643}}</ref> '''Red eyed tree frog embryos use natural day and night light cycles as a signal for when to hatch, and tend to hatch just after nightfall. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Güell|first=Brandon A.|last2=Warkentin|first2=Karen M.|date=2018-12-03|title=When and where to hatch? Red-eyed treefrog embryos use light cues in two contexts|url=https://peerj.com/articles/6018|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=6|pages=e6018|doi=10.7717/peerj.6018|issn=2167-8359}}</ref>''' Red-eyed treefrog eggs '''may''' hatch early (exhibiting [[phenotypic plasticity]]) when a change in the environment signals a danger to their survival.<ref>Fields, Helen. (2013 January). The frog that roared. Smithsonian, 54–61.</ref> Dragonflies, fish, and water beetles prey on the tadpoles. The tadpoles remain in the water from three weeks to several months, until they metamorphose into frogs. The time of metamorphosis depends on duration of larval stage, which varies depending on environment. After metamorphosis, the color of tadpoles' torsos changes from green to brown, and their eyes, which are initially yellow, turn into deep red without much side patterning. These changes mark maturity. The lifespan of red-eyed treefrogs is about five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agalychnis callidryas Cope 1862|url=http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/amphibians/en/species/1/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085046/http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/amphibians/en/species/1/|archive-date=2015-05-18|access-date=2015-05-09|website=Amphibians of Panama|publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>

Young frogs that survive the first few weeks after [[metamorphosis]] move into the undergrowth and security of plants near their natal pools, often into the hollows of tubular plants such as bromeliads. Young frogs prey on very small flies and other insects during the first months of their lives. The young mature after two years and begin mating at the age of three to four years. These treefrogs are known to live up to five years (data from captive-breeding programs), depending on the health and conditions of their habitat (when aided by abundant plant growth, plenty of fresh water, and an abundance of small and larger insects on which to prey).

They sometimes breed successfully in captivity if kept in high-humidity vivaria (e.g., by using misting equipment), tropical plants such as ''[[Bromelia]]'' and other [[epiphyte]] plants, together with well-aerated water pools. Their captive habitat should have a light cycle with 11–12 hours of daylight and an average day temperature of is '''{{convert|26|-|28|C}} and night-time averages of is {{convert|22|-|25|C}}'''. Simulating a rainy season once a year in November to December encourages reproduction.

=== ''Phenotypic plasticity'' ===
{{Main|Phenotypic plasticity}}
Red-eyed treefrogs' embryos exhibit phenotypic plasticity, hatching early in response to disturbance to protect themselves. Though embryos are bred synchronously, they normally hatch after 6 to 10 days from oviposition without disturbance.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb" /> However, a simultaneously early hatching in entire clutches is triggered when embryos are exposed to their predators or threatening environmental changes such as rainstorm and flood.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb" /><ref name="Herpetology">{{cite book|last1=Caldwell|first1=Janalee P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gay9N_ry79kC&q=Agalychnis+callidryas|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|last2=Vitt|first2=Laurie J.|date=Mar 25, 2013|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-386919-7|page=342|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> '''Early hatching has also been linked with egg dehydration, hatching earlier in dry egg clutches than in wet ones'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salica|first=María José|last2=Vonesh|first2=James R.|last3=Warkentin|first3=Karen M.|date=2017-07-14|title=Egg clutch dehydration induces early hatching in red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas|url=https://peerj.com/articles/3549|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=5|pages=e3549|doi=10.7717/peerj.3549|issn=2167-8359|pmc=PMC5511700|pmid=28717595}}</ref>

Predators are the major cause of this response. Since these frogs usually lay eggs on both the upper and the undersides of leaves above ponds, clutches need to protect themselves against arboreal, aerial and aquatic predators, such as snakes, dragonflies, fish, monkeys, and pathogenic fungi.<ref name="The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica" /> When predators are close enough to produce detectable vibration, the embryos assess disturbance. After a few seconds, embryos vigorously hatch out into tadpoles and spread out to escape.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb" /><ref name="Behavioral Ecology">{{cite journal|last1=Warkentin|first1=Karen M.|date=Oct 12, 1998|title=The development of behavioral defenses: a mechanistic analysis of vulnerability in red-eyed treefrog hatchlings|url=http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/3/251.full#ref-55|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=251–262|doi=10.1093/beheco/10.3.251|issn=1045-2249|access-date=9 May 2015|doi-access=free}}</ref> Since eggs are usually laid above ponds, the response improves survival because tadpoles often fall into water on hatching. When tadpoles fall onto dry ground, they can survive up to 20 hours without water.<ref name="The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica" /> However, vibration and disturbance caused by unthreatening environmental changes or other species do not induce early hatching.<ref name="Herpetology" />

== Kelly Brown ==
==Anatomy and morphology==
Turtle anatomy includes both an internal and external skeleton. The external skeleton is comprised of a bony shell which serves as protection. The Internal skeleton makes up structures such as the flippers, and facilitates the anchoring of muscles.<ref name=":3" /> There are two main '''suborders''' of turtles, [[Pleurodira]] and [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]], which are mainly differentiated base'''d''' on neck retraction. '''T'''hese two groups also show '''slight''' differences in the anatomy of the head.<ref name=":1" /> 

===Head===
The size and shape of turtle's heads differ between the subgroups, [[Pleurodira]] and [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]], '''but they are made up of the same bony structures'''.<ref name=":1" /> '''The anatomical differences are attributed to a difference in the bones that the jaw musculature associates with. The adductor muscles in the lower jaw create a pulley-like system in both subgroups; however the bone in muscles articulate with differ. In Pleurodira, the pulley is formed with the pterygoid bones, but in Cryptodires the pulley is formed with the quadrate bones. Both of these systems help to vertically redirect the adductor muscles in order to create a powerful bite.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cryptodira - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cryptodira|access-date=2021-04-28|website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>   

Turtles appear to have lost their teeth about 150–200 million years ago.<ref name=":4" /> So instead of having teeth, turtles use their rigid beak-like mouth, jaws, and horny ridges on their upper and lower jaws to tear and chew food. Turtles with a more carnivorous diet typically have knife-sharp ridges, whereas herbivorous turtles have serrated-edged ridges. '''Turtles use their tongues to aid in swallowing.'''   

The positioning of '''turtle's eyes on their head depends largely on their environment and lifestyle'''. Turtles that spend most of their life on land typically have eyes '''positioned in the middle of the head on either side''' to allow the turtle to look down at what is in front of them. Aquatic turtle'''s''' that emerge '''only the top of their head from the water''' to look out for predators, like snapping turtles, have eyes towards the top of their head.<ref name=":2" />

=== Neck retraction ===

{{Multiple image
| header = Neck retraction
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Pelomedusa subrufa (cropped).JPG
| caption1 = [[Pleurodira|Pleurodires]] retract their neck sideways
| image2 = T.h. hermanni con speroni 5.JPG
| caption2 = [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]] retract their neck backwards
}}

The mechanism of which a turtle retracts its neck differentiates it into one of the two sub'''orders''', [[Pleurodira]] or [[Cryptodira|Cryptodire]]. [[Pleurodira]] retract '''their neck''' laterally to the side '''and''' anterior to shoulder girdles. '''However,''' the suborder [[Cryptodira]] retracts their neck back into their shell '''by bending their neck in an S-like shape'''.<ref name="Werneburg 2015" /> These motions are largely due to the morphology and arrangement of [[cervical vertebrae]]. The cervical column consists of nine joints and eight independent vertebrae.<ref name=":5" /> These vertebrae are round and not fused, '''making''' the neck more flexible and '''allowing it to bend''' backwards and sideways.<ref name="Werneburg 2015" /> The primary function and evolutionary implication of neck retraction is thought to be for feeding rather than protection.<ref name="Van Damme 1997" /> Neck retraction and extension allow the turtle to reach out further to capture prey while swimming. Neck '''extension''' creates suction when the head is thrust forward and the oropharynx is expanded. This morphology suggests the retraction function is for feeding purposes, as the suction helps catch prey.<ref name="Van Damme 1997" />

=== Shell ===
{{main|Turtle shell}}
[[File:Museum of Science, Boston, MA - IMG 3254.JPG|thumb|upright|Skeleton of snapping turtle (''Chelydra serpentina'')]]
The top, or dorsal portion of the shell is called the [[carapace]] and the bottom, or [[Anatomical terms of location|ventral]] part of the shell is the plastron. Bony structures called bridges connect the carapace and plastron together. The inside of the shell is composed of many bones including ribs and vertebra'''e''', whereas the outside is composed of [[Scute|scutes]]. Scutes are a [[Keratin|keratinized]] part of the epidermis and are similar in structure to scales of other reptiles.<ref name=":2" />

The shell has many functions which include protection from predators, a home, fat and calcium storage, as well as a pH buffer.<ref name=":6" /> Each unique species may have a specific function or slightly different anatomy based on its lifestyle and environment.

Aquatic based turtles have a lighter shell than turtles that live primarily on land, tortoises, in order to float and swim faster. On the other hand, tortoises that live mainly on land have thick, heavy shells in order to prevent predators from eating or crushing them.<ref name=":2" />

=== Respiration ===
Respiration for many [[amniote]]s, is achieved by the contraction and relaxation of specific muscle groups (i.e. intercostals, abdominal muscles, and/or a diaphragm) attached to an internal rib-cage that can expand or contract the body wall thus assisting airflow in and out of the lungs.<ref name="Cordeiro 2016" /> The ribs of Testudines, however, are fused with their [[Turtle shell|carapace]] and external to their pelvic and pectoral girdles, a feature unique among turtles. Their rigid shell is not capable of expansion, so Testudines have had to evolve special adaptations for respiration.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /><ref name=":7" /> Turtle pulmonary ventilation occurs by using specific groups of abdominal muscles attached to their viscera and shell that pull the lungs ventrally during inspiration, where air is drawn in via a negative pressure gradient ([[Boyle's law|Boyle's Law]]).<ref name="Cordeiro 2016" /> In expiration, the contraction of the transversus abdominis is the driving force by propelling the viscera into the lungs and expelling air under positive pressure.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Conversely, the relaxing and flattening of the oblique abdominis muscle pulls the transversus back down, which again draws air back into the lungs.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Important auxiliary muscles used for ventilatory processes are the pectoralis, which is used in conjunction with the transverse abdominis during inspiration, and the serratus, which moves with the abdominal oblique accompanying expiration.

The lungs of Testudines are multi-chambered and attach the entire length down the [[carapace]]. The number of chambers can vary between [[taxa]], though most commonly they have three lateral chambers, three medial chambers, and one terminal chamber.<ref name=":8" /> As previously mentioned, the act of specific abdominal muscles pulling down the viscera (or pushing back up) is what allows for respiration in turtles. Specifically, it is the turtles large liver that pulls or pushes on the lungs.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Ventral to the lungs, in the coelomic cavity, the liver of turtles is attached directly to the right lung, and their stomach is directly attached to the left lung by the ventral mesopneumonium, which is attached to their liver by the ventral mesentery.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> When the liver is pulled down, inspiration begins. Supporting the lungs is the post-pulmonary septum, which is found in all Testudines, and is thought to prevent the lungs from collapsing.<ref name=":9" />

===Skin and molting===
[[File:Green Sea Turtle at Ulua Beach, Maui (109517016).jpg|thumb|Green Sea Turtle, skin versus shell scales]]
Turtles are covered in scales, however the scales on the shell differ from those on the rest of the body. The shell is made of [[Scute|scutes]], but the rest of the body is covered in '''smaller''' keratinized scales.<ref name=":10" /> Molting in turtles does not occur like it does in snakes, '''all at once''', but rather in flakes. Dead skin falls off in smaller sheets instead of molting as one large layer.<ref name=":2" />



===Limbs===

The anatomy of the limbs and feet are a distinguishing factor between aquatic turtles and terrestrial tortoises. The differences are due to the distinct functions of the limbs, swimming in aquatic turtles and supports and walking for terrestrial turtles.<ref name=":11" />

== Olunia Palenga ==
[[Axolotl]]


-- My edits are in bold, and all include added citations missing from the original Wikipedia page. The original text is not bolded. 
=== Introduction ===
[[File:Axolot's_gills_(Ambystoma_mexicanum).jpg|thumb|Axolot's gills (Ambystoma mexicanum)]]The last sentence of the Introduction paragraph needed to be updated and edited, including a citation:

'''Mexico City began a refuge project on conserving axolotls by building "axolotl shelters" to preserve the remaining and potential habitats, although this project was retired.''' (I cannot include the exact citation of this information because Wikipedia is claiming that this cite is on their "blacklist"). 

=== Description ===
Axolotls possess features typical of salamander larvae, including [[external gills]] and a caudal fin extending from behind the head to the vent. <ref>{{Citation|last=McIndoe|first=Rosemary|title=Functional morphology of gills in larval amphibians|date=1984|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-009-6536-2_4|work=Respiration and metabolism of embryonic vertebrates|pages=55–69|editor-last=Seymour|editor-first=Roger S.|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-009-6536-2_4|isbn=978-94-009-6538-6|access-date=2021-05-01|last2=Smith|first2=D. G.}}</ref>  '''External gills are usually lost when when salamander species mature into adulthood, although the Axolotl maintains this feature.''' <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kardong|first=Kenneth V|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/vertebrates-comparative-anatomy-function-evolution/oclc/1053847969|title=Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution|date=2019|isbn=978-1-259-70091-0|language=English|oclc=1053847969}}</ref>[[File:Buccal_pumping.jpg|thumb|423x423px|Buccal pumping]]The external gill rami are lined with filaments (fimbriae) to increase surface area for gas exchange.<ref name=":3" /> Four gill slits lined with [[gill rakers]] are hidden underneath the external gills, '''which prevent food from entering and allows particles to filter through.'''
[[File:Sunrise_in_Xochimilco_(Amanecer_en_Xochimilco)_2.jpg|thumb|Lake Xochimilco, Mexico City (Amanecer en Xochimilco). Native habitat of Axolotls, important to the study of preservation and conservation.]]
External gills are used for respiration, although [[Buccal pumping|buccal]] pumping (gulping air from the surface) may also be used to provide oxygen to their lungs. <ref name=":3" /> '''Buccal pumping can occur in a two-stroke manner that pumps air from the mouth to the lungs, and with four-stroke that reverses this pathway with compression forces.''' 

=== Habitat and Ecology ===
The axolotl is only '''native to the fresh water''' of [[Lake Xochimilco]] and [[Lake Chalco]] in the [[Valley of Mexico]].

The water temperature in Xochimilco rarely rises above 20 °C (68 °F), though it may fall between 6 and 7 °C in the winter, and perhaps lower. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Xochimilco, Borough of Xochimilco in southern México City, 162 L • Biotope Aquarium|url=http://biotope-aquarium.info/aquariums/lake-xochimilco-borough-of-xochimilco-in-southern-mexico-city-162-l/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Biotope Aquarium|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Use as Model Organism ===
I have decided to include neoteny as a subheading section of use as model organism and suggest that it be arranged this way in the Axolotl page. I have included bolded text that is my edited contribution to the section, and the rearranged information regarding the neoteny experiments. 

=== Neoteny ===
''Main article:'' [[neoteny]]

Axolotls exhibit [[neoteny]], meaning that they reach sexual maturity without undergoing [[Metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphosis]]. Many species within the axolotl's genus are either entirely neotenic or have neotenic populations. In the axolotl, metamorphic failure is caused by a lack of [[thyroid stimulating hormone]], which is used to induce the [[thyroid]] to produce [[thyroxine]] in transforming salamanders. '''The genes responsible for neoteny in laboratory animals may have been identified; however, they are not linked in wild populations, suggesting [[artificial selection]] is the cause of complete neoteny in laboratory and pet axolotls.''' <ref>{{Cite journal|last=MALACINSKI|first=GEORGE M.|date=1978-05-01|title=The Mexican Axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum: Its Biology and Developmental Genetics, and Its Autonomous Cell-lethal Genes|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/18.2.195|journal=American Zoologist|volume=18|issue=2|pages=195–206|doi=10.1093/icb/18.2.195|issn=0003-1569}}</ref>

Six adult axolotls (including a leucistic specimen) were shipped from [[Mexico City]] to the ''[[Jardin des Plantes]]'' in Paris in 1863. Unaware of their neoteny, [[Auguste Duméril]] was surprised when, instead of the axolotl, he found in the vivarium a new species, similar to the salamander.<sup>[''[[wikipedia:Verifiability|French language verification needed]]'']</sup> This discovery was the starting point of research about neoteny. It is not certain that ''[[Ambystoma velasci]]'' specimens were not included in the original shipment.<sup>[''[[wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup> '''Vilem Laufberger in Prague used thyroid hormone injections to induce an axolotl to grow into a terrestrial adult salamander. The experiment was repeated by Englishman [[Julian Huxley]], who was unaware the experiment had already been done, using ground thyroids.''' <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reiß|first=Christian|last2=Olsson|first2=Lennart|last3=Hoßfeld|first3=Uwe|date=2015|title=The history of the oldest self-sustaining laboratory animal: 150 years of axolotl research|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jez.b.22617|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution|language=en|volume=324|issue=5|pages=393–404|doi=10.1002/jez.b.22617|issn=1552-5015}}</ref> '''Since then, experiments have been done often with injections of iodine or various thyroid hormones used to induce metamorphosis.''' <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safi|first=Rachid|last2=Bertrand|first2=Stéphanie|last3=Marchand|first3=Oriane|last4=Duffraisse|first4=Marilyne|last5=de Luze|first5=Amaury|last6=Vanacker|first6=Jean-Marc|last7=Maraninchi|first7=Marie|last8=Margotat|first8=Alain|last9=Demeneix|first9=Barbara|last10=Laudet|first10=Vincent|date=2004-02-01|title=The Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a Neotenic Amphibian, Expresses Functional Thyroid Hormone Receptors|url=https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0913|journal=Endocrinology|volume=145|issue=2|pages=760–772|doi=10.1210/en.2003-0913|issn=0013-7227}}</ref>

= '''Checklist for Draft 2 (from peer reviews)''' =

== Abbie Loring ==

* Add photo caption
* Italicize genus species names!!
* Make it more clear what is being edited
** Quotations were sections from the article, and then my edits were added below. I will make this more obvious in the next draft though.
* Add edits to the other sections
*Find book sources instead of websites

== Kelly Brown ==

=== Peer review responses: ===

* Make a clear distinction between the original text and my edits
* Add a picture neck retraction mechanism and maybe the turtle skeleton
* Fix the grammatical errors that my peers found
* Check my citations and make sure they are peer reviewed
* Add more information about cryptodires in the introduction
* Link to dorsal page and get rid of explanation

== Olunia Palenga ==
I have read through the commentary and peer reviews on my first draft and here is what I am planning to do:

* Fix the citation for the external gills (Dr. Schutz). I have no idea why it cited like this, I will need to go and find the source and re-cite.
* I will edit the citations so there are no repeats.
* I plan on adding to the introduction section, I just did not get a chance to do so yet.
* I was searching buccal pumping on Wikimedia but I was unsure of whether or not I should use the image (Thank you Dr. Schutz). I will add this to the section.
* I included the image of Lake Xochimilco because I wanted to contribute an image to this habitat section, and felt like the article would seem more rounded with it included. It doesn't necessarily stand out as something that is crucial, but I felt like it didn't hurt to add it.
* I will fix grammatical issues and typos.
* I plan to add more about Axolotl development in the use as model organism section.
* I received a comment regarding the Neoteny section and adding an image is on the list of things to do. I am confused on a comment about the section being "too detailed". I will go over and see if it needs to be simplified.
*Show the original text with your additions in a different color or highlighted in some way to show what you <s>are removing</s> or {{highlight|adding}} might help (go to the top and choose form Insert above and then template){{Highlight}}

= '''Week 6 Drafts:''' =

== Abbie Loring ==
''[[Agalychnis callidryas]]''

==== ''Description'' ====
This species has large, bright red eyes with vertically narrowed pupils. The red eyed tree frog is very colorful, with a vibrant green body, yellow and blue vertical stripes along its side, a white underside, and brightly colored orange or red feet. Additionally, they have sticky pads on their toes that allow them to cling onto leaves . The skin on the red-eyed treefrog's belly is soft and fragile, whereas the back is thicker and rougher. On average, the males are about two inches long, and the females are slightly bigger at around 3 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Red-Eyed Tree Frog|url=https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/species/tree-frog|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Rainforest Alliance|language=en}}</ref>

I changed this portion to be more accurate, as they are not aquatic frogs and do not have webbed feet. I also added a source because there was not one attached to this section previously. Because there was no source, and because I could not determine if the zoo site was plagiarized, I also just changed the wording around to be safe. 

==== ''Distribution and Habitat'' ====
"The optimum temperature for red-eyed treefrogs is {{convert|24|-|29|C}} in the daytime, and {{convert|19|-|25|C}} at night.<ref name="Animal Diversity Web">{{cite web|last1=Boman|first1=Bonnie L.|title=Agalychnis callidryas, Rana-de árbol ojos rojos|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Agalychnis_callidryas/|access-date=9 May 2015|website=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>"

''Agalychnis callidryas'' also require high humidity levels of at least 80%. <ref name="Animal Diversity Web2">{{cite web|last1=Boman|first1=Bonnie L.|title=Agalychnis callidryas, Rana-de árbol ojos rojos|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Agalychnis_callidryas/|access-date=9 May 2015|website=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>

==== ''Behavior'' ====
"During the day, they remain motionless, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their bellies, and shut their red eyes"

To this section, I want to add information about the [[Nictitating membrane]] that covers their eyes while they sleep. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Beall|first=Abigail|date=2014-02-01|title=Teacup-sized frog masquerades as Smaug the dragon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262407914602311|journal=New Scientist|language=en|volume=221|issue=2954|pages=26–27|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60231-1|issn=0262-4079}}</ref>

New section proposal: During the day, they remain motionless, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their bellies, and shut their red eyes. They do not have a true eyelid, but rather a [[Nictitating membrane]] that allows light to enter the eye so that they will awaken when predators are approaching. <ref name=":02" />

"The large red eyes" not only aid in their ability to see at night, but also "serve as a [[defensive adaptation]] through [[deimatic behaviour]]."
[[File:Red-eyed_Tree_Frog_(Agalychnis_callidryas)_(6941089388).jpg|thumb|Nictitating membrane]]

==== ''Diet'' ====

==== ''Reproduction'' ====
"The eggs develop into tadpoles, which hatch after six to seven days and fall into the water below."

My addition: Red eyed tree frog embryos use natural day and night light cycles as a signal for when to hatch, and tend to hatch just after nightfall. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Güell|first=Brandon A.|last2=Warkentin|first2=Karen M.|date=2018-12-03|title=When and where to hatch? Red-eyed treefrog embryos use light cues in two contexts|url=https://peerj.com/articles/6018|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=6|pages=e6018|doi=10.7717/peerj.6018|issn=2167-8359}}</ref>

"Red-eyed treefrog eggs [may] hatch early (exhibiting [[phenotypic plasticity]]) when a change in the environment signals a danger to their survival"

== Kelly Brown ==
==Anatomy and morphology==
Turtle anatomy includes both an internal and external skeleton. The external skeleton is comprised of a bony shell, which serves as protection. The Internal skeleton makes up structures such as the flippers, and facilitates the anchoring of muscles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anatomy|url=https://turtletime.org/sea-turtles/anatomy/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Turtle Time, Inc.|language=en-US}}</ref> There are two main subgroups of turtles, [[Pleurodira]] and [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]], which are mainly differentiated base on neck retraction. However, these two groups also show differences in the anatomy of the head.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Turtle - Natural history|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/turtle-reptile|access-date=2021-03-23|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> 

===Head===
The size and shape of turtle's heads differ between the subgroups, [[Pleurodira]] and [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]]. It is noted that Pleurodira present a more flat and broadened skull. However, the same bony structure makes up both subgroup's skulls.<ref name=":1" /> 

Turtles appear to have lost their teeth about 150–200 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.ubc.ca/2013/05/30/long-in-the-tooth-genome-proves-turtles-evolvevery-slowly/ |title=Long in the tooth: Genome proves turtles evolve…very slowly |date=May 30, 2013 |website=News.ubc.ca |access-date=November 11, 2017}}</ref> So instead of having teeth, turtles use their rigid beak-like mouth, jaws, and horny ridges on their upper and lower jaws to tear and chew food. Turtles with a more carnivorous diet typically have knife-sharp ridges, whereas herbivorous turtles have serrated-edged ridges. Their tongues are used to help swallow their food, however are not able to be outstretched.  

As for the positioning of eyes on the head of turtles, the environment and lifestyle in which they live play a role. Turtles that spend most of their lives on land typically have eyes that allow the turtle to look down at what is in front of them. Aquatic turtle that submerge their entire body except the top of their head to look out for predators, like snapping turtles, have eyes towards the top of their head.<ref name=":2" />

=== Neck retraction ===
{{Multiple image
| header = Neck retraction
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Pelomedusa subrufa (cropped).JPG
| caption1 = [[Pleurodira|Pleurodires]] retract their neck sideways
| image2 = T.h. hermanni con speroni 5.JPG
| caption2 = [[Cryptodira|Cryptodires]] retract their neck backwards

}}
The mechanism of which a turtle retracts its neck differentiates it into one of the two subgroups, [[Pleurodira]] or [[Cryptodira|Cryptodire]]. [[Pleurodira]] retracts laterally to the side, anterior to shoulder girdles, while the suborder [[Cryptodira]] retracts straight back, between shoulder girdles.<ref name="Werneburg 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Werneburg |first1=I. |last2=Wilson  |first2=L. A. B. |last3=Parr |first3=W. C. H. |last4=Joyce |first4=W. G. |date=2015-03-01 |title=Evolution of Neck Vertebral Shape and Neck Retraction at the Transition to Modern Turtles: an Integrated Geometric Morphometric Approach |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=187–204 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syu072 |pmid=25305281 |issn=1063-5157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> These motions are largely due to the morphology and arrangement of [[cervical vertebrae]]. In recent turtles, the cervical column consists of nine joints and eight independent vertebrae.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biology of turtles |date=2008 |publisher=CRC Press |others=Wyneken, Jeanette, 1956-, Bels, V. L. (Vincent L.), Godfrey, Matthew H. |isbn=978-0849333392 |location=Boca Raton |oclc=144570900}}</ref> Since these vertebrae are not fused and are rounded, the neck is more flexible, bending in the backwards and sideways directions.<ref name="Werneburg 2015" /> The primary function and evolutionary implication of neck retraction is thought to be for feeding rather than protection.<ref name="Van Damme 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Van Damme |first1=Johan |last2=Aerts |first2=Peter |title=Kinematics and functional morphology of aquatic feeding in Australian snake-necked turtles (Pleurodira;Chelodina) |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=233 |issue=2 |pages=113–125 |year=1997 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199708)233:2<113::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-7 |pmid=9218349 }}</ref> Neck retraction and reciprocal extension allow the turtle to reach out further to capture prey while swimming. Neck expansion creates suction when the head is thrust forward and the oropharynx is expanded. This morphology suggests the retraction function is for feeding purposes, as the suction helps catch prey.<ref name="Van Damme 1997"/> It has been hypothesized that neck retraction may have evolved for protective purposes when the head is back in the shell, however this is not the main function and rather an [[exaptation]].<ref name="Anquetin 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Anquetin |first1=Jérémy |last2=Tong |first2=Haiyan |last3=Claude |first3=Julien |doi=10.1038/srep42376 |pmid=28206991 |pmc=5312562 |title=A Jurassic stem pleurodire sheds light on the functional origin of neck retraction in turtles |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |pages=42376 |year=2017 |bibcode=2017NatSR...742376A }}</ref> Both [[Pleurodira]]ns and [[Cryptodira]]ns use the quick extension of the neck as a method of predation, so the difference in retraction mechanism is not due to a difference in [[ecological niche]].<ref name="Wyneken 2007">{{cite book |editor1-last=Wyneken |editor1-first=Jeanette |editor2-first=Matthew H. |editor2-last=Godfrey |editor3-first=Vincent |editor3-last=Bels |chapter=Neck Movements |chapter-url={{Google books|e_2TEhU4RxgC|page=179|plainurl=yes}} |pages=179–181 |title=Biology of Turtles: From Structures to Strategies of Life |publisher=CRC |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8493-3339-2 }}</ref>

[[File:Ventral view of Cryptodira cervical vertebrae (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cryptodira|Cryptodire]] cervical vertebrae seen ventrally. The vertebrae have an S-shaped curve to allow for neck retraction into the shell.]]

===Shell===
{{main|Turtle shell}}
The top, or dorsal portion of the shell is called the carapace and the bottom, or ventral part of the shell is the plastron. Bony structures called bridges connect the carapace and plastron together. The shell inside differs from the outside. Inside the shell is composed of many bones including ribs and vertebras, whereas the outside is composed of scutes. Scutes are a part of the epidermis, are similar in structure to scales of other reptiles, and are made of keratin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Parker &|first=Blair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOTEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=Its+upper+shell+is+called+the+carapace.+The+lower+shell+that+encases+the+belly+is+called+the+plastron.+The+carapace+and+plastron+are+joined+on+the+turtle's+sides+by+bony+structures+called+bridges.+The+inner+shell+layer+is+made+up+of+about+60+bones+that+include+portions+of+the+backbone+and+the+ribs,+meaning+the+turtle+cannot+crawl+out+of+its+shell.&source=bl&ots=tStBNlVylX&sig=ACfU3U1Q2yDVraTGCc8SNEMNohYfehi0Fg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3mraumsjvAhWLCjQIHbuABG8Q6AEwAHoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates|date=2019-06-06|publisher=Scientific e-Resources|isbn=978-1-83947-454-5|language=en}}</ref>

The shell has many functions which include protection from predators, a home, fat and calcium storage, as well as a pH buffer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cebra-Thomas|first=Judith|date=2005|title=How the Turtle Forms its Shell: A Paracrine Hypothesis of Carapace Formation|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=304|pages=558-569}}</ref> Each unique species may have a specific function or slightly different anatomy based on its lifestyle and environment.

Aquatic based turtles have a lighter shell than turtles that live primarily on land, tortoises, in order to float and swim faster. On the other hand, tortoises that live mainly on land have thick, heavy shells in order to prevent predators from eating or crushing them.<ref name=":2" />

=== Respiration ===
Respiration, for many [[amniote]]s, is achieved by the contraction and relaxation of specific muscle groups (i.e. intercostals, abdominal muscles, and/or a diaphragm) attached to an internal rib-cage that can expand or contract the body wall thus assisting airflow in and out of the lungs.<ref name="Cordeiro 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Cordeiro |first1=Tábata E. F. |last2=Abe|first2=Augusto S.|last3=Klein |first3=Wilfried |date=April 2016 |title=Ventilation and gas exchange in two turtles: Podocnemis unifilis and Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Pleurodira) |journal=Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology |volume=224 |pages=125–131 |doi=10.1016/j.resp.2014.12.010 |pmid=25534144|issn=1569-9048|hdl=11449/158795|s2cid=37446604 |url=https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/11449/158795/1/WOS000373540800015.pdf}}</ref> The ribs of Testudines, however, are fused with their [[Turtle shell|carapace]] and external to their pelvic and pectoral girdles, a feature unique among turtles. This rigid shell is not capable of expansion. With their immobile rib-cage, Testudines have had to evolve special adaptations for respiration.<ref name="Lyson 2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Lyson |first1=Tyler R. |last2=Schachner |first2=Emma R. |last3=Botha-Brink |first3=Jennifer |last4=Scheyer |first4=Torsten M. |last5=Lambertz |first5=Markus |last6=Bever |first6=G. S. |last7=Rubidge |first7=Bruce S. |last8=de Queiroz |first8=Kevin |date=7 November 2014 |title=Origin of the unique ventilatory apparatus of turtles |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5 |pages=5211 |doi=10.1038/ncomms6211 |pmid=25376734 |issn=2041-1723 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5211L |url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/100716/7/LysonEtAl_NatCommun2014_Vol5_OriginVentilationApparatusTurtles_Supplem_s1.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Stella Y. |last2=Milsom |first2=William K. |date=2016 |title=The metabolic cost of breathing in red-eared sliders: An attempt to resolve an old controversy |journal=Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology |volume=224 |pages=114–124 |doi=10.1016/j.resp.2015.10.011 |pmid=26524718 |s2cid=5194890 |issn=1569-9048}}</ref> Turtle pulmonary ventilation occurs by using specific groups of abdominal muscles attached to their viscera and shell that pull the lungs ventrally during inspiration, where air is drawn in via a negative pressure gradient ([[Boyle's law|Boyle's Law]]).<ref name="Cordeiro 2016" /> In expiration, the contraction of the transversus abdominis is the driving force by propelling the viscera into the lungs and expelling air under positive pressure.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Conversely, the relaxing and flattening of the oblique abdominis muscle pulls the transversus back down which, once again, draws air back into the lungs.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Important auxiliary muscles used for ventilatory processes are the pectoralis, which is used in conjunction with the transverse abdominis during inspiration, and the serratus, which moves with the abdominal oblique accompanying expiration.

The lungs of Testudines are multi-chambered and attached their entire length down the [[carapace]]. The number of chambers can vary between [[taxa]], though most commonly they have three lateral chambers, three medial chambers, and one terminal chamber.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lambertz |first1=Markus |last2=Böhme |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Perry |first3=Steven F. |date=July 2010|title=The anatomy of the respiratory system in Platysternon megacephalum Gray, 1831 (Testudines: Cryptodira) and related species, and its phylogenetic implications |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=330–336 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.12.016 |pmid=20044019 |issn=1095-6433}}</ref> As previously mentioned, the act of specific abdominal muscles pulling down the viscera (or pushing back up) is what allows for respiration in turtles. Specifically, it is the turtles large liver that pulls or pushes on the lungs.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> Ventral to the lungs, in the coelomic cavity, the liver of turtles is attached directly to the right lung, and their stomach is directly attached to the left lung by the ventral mesopneumonium, which is attached to their liver by the ventral mesentery.<ref name="Lyson 2014" /> When the liver is pulled down, inspiration begins. Supporting the lungs is the post-pulmonary septum, which is found in all Testudines, and is thought to prevent the lungs from collapsing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Wilfried |last2=Codd |first2=Jonathan R. |date=2010 |title=Breathing and locomotion: Comparative anatomy, morphology and function |journal=Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology |volume=173 |pages=S26–S32 |doi=10.1016/j.resp.2010.04.019|pmid=20417316 |s2cid=28044326 |issn=1569-9048}}</ref>

===Skin and molting===
[[File:Museum of Science, Boston, MA - IMG 3254.JPG|thumb|upright|Skeleton of snapping turtle (''Chelydra serpentina'')]]Turtles are covered in scales, however the scales on the shell differ from those on the rest of the body. The shell is made of [[Scute|scutes]], in which each individual scute corresponds to a modified [[Scale (anatomy)|scale]].<ref name=":2" /> The rest of the body is covered in smaller scales, similar to other [[Reptile scale|reptile's scales]], which are made of keratin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lopez|first=Adrienne|title=Its a Matter of "Scale"|url=https://www.lsu.edu/mns/files/activities/Life-in-the-Bayou-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Molting in turtles does not occur like it does in snakes, all at one, but rather in flakes. Dead skin falls off in sheets, rather than molting as one large layer.<ref name=":2" />

===Limbs===

The anatomy of the limbs and feet are a distinguishing factor between aquatic turtles and terrestrial tortoises. The differences are due to the distinct functions of the limbs, swimming in aquatic turtles and supports and walking for terrestrial turtles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abdala|first=Virginia|last2=Manzano|first2=Adriana S|last3=Herrel|first3=Anthony|date=2008|title=The distal forelimb musculature in aquatic and terrestrial turtles: phylogeny or environmental constraints?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2526110/|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=213|issue=2|pages=159–172|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00937.x|issn=0021-8782|pmc=2526110|pmid=19172731}}</ref>

Tortoises have two fewer phalanges on each of their feet, do not have webbed hind feet, their hind limbs are made of elephantine, and wrist mobility is less than that of aquatic turtles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What’s the Difference Between a Turtle and a Tortoise?|url=https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-a-turtle-and-a-tortoise|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> 

Aquatic turtles have flippers, in which they use their front ones to propel them through the water and hind flippers for steering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3.5. Sea turtle biology|url=http://www.aquaticlifelab.eu/3-5-sea-turtle-biology/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=AQUATIC LIFE LAB|language=it-IT}}</ref>

== Olunia Palenga ==

==== ''Introduction'' ====

==== ''Description'' ====
Axolotls possess features typical of salamander larvae, including [[external gills]] and a caudal fin extending from behind the head to the vent. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawson|first=Andrew Cowper|date=1914|title=San Francisco folio, California, Tamalpais, San Francisco, Concord, San Mateo, and Haywards quadrangles|url=http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/gf193|location=Washington, D.C.|doi=10.3133/gf193}}</ref>

- After this section I would like to add: "External gills are usually lost when when salamander species mature into adulthood, although the Axolotl maintains this feature." <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kardong|first=Kenneth V.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053847969|title=Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution|date=2019|isbn=978-1-259-70091-0|edition=Eighth edition|location=New York, NY|oclc=1053847969}}</ref>

The external gill rami are lined with filaments (fimbriae) to increase surface area for gas exchange. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kardong|first=Kenneth V.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053847969|title=Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution|date=2019|isbn=978-1-259-70091-0|edition=Eighth edition|location=New York, NY|oclc=1053847969}}</ref> Four gill slits lined with [[gill rakers]] are hidden underneath the external gills.
[[File:Axolot's_gills_(Ambystoma_mexicanum).jpg|thumb|Axolot's gills (''Ambystoma mexicanum'')]]
[[File:Sunrise_in_Xochimilco_(Amanecer_en_Xochimilco)_2.jpg|thumb|Lake Xochimilco (Amanecer en Xochimilco) ]]
- Following this I would like to add: "which prevent food from entering and allows for particles to filter through."

External gills are used for respiration, although [[Buccal pumping|buccal]] pumping (gulping air from the surface) may also be used to provide oxygen to their lungs. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kardong|first=Kenneth V.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053847969|title=Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution|date=2019|isbn=978-1-259-70091-0|edition=Eighth edition|location=New York, NY|oclc=1053847969}}</ref>

- I would like to elaborate on buccal pumping and include: "Buccal pumping can occur in a two-stroke manner that pumps air from the mouth to the lungs, and with four-stroke that reverses this pathway with compression forces."

==== ''Habitat and Ecology'' ====
The axolotl is only native to "the fresh water" [[Lake Xochimilco]] and [[Lake Chalco]] in the [[Valley of Mexico]].

-I want to add that Axolotls are native to fresh water, shown in quotations.

The water temperature in Xochimilco rarely rises above 20 °C (68 °F), though it may fall between 6 and 7 °C in the winter, and perhaps lower.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Xochimilco, Borough of Xochimilco in southern México City, 162 L • Biotope Aquarium|url=http://biotope-aquarium.info/aquariums/lake-xochimilco-borough-of-xochimilco-in-southern-mexico-city-162-l/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Biotope Aquarium|language=en-GB}}</ref> 

==== ''Neoteny'' ====
I have found a source following the sentence:

-The genes responsible for neoteny in laboratory animals may have been identified; however, they are not linked in wild populations, suggesting [[artificial selection]] is the cause of complete neoteny in laboratory and pet axolotls.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MALACINSKI|first=GEORGE M.|date=1978-05-01|title=The Mexican Axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum: Its Biology and Developmental Genetics, and Its Autonomous Cell-lethal Genes|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/18.2.195|journal=American Zoologist|volume=18|issue=2|pages=195–206|doi=10.1093/icb/18.2.195|issn=0003-1569}}</ref> 

I think the second section of "use as model organism" should moved following this first paragraph in neoteny, since it relates to metamorphosis and artificial selection. I have also included a citation:

-Vilem Laufberger in Prague used thyroid hormone injections to induce an axolotl to grow into a terrestrial adult salamander. The experiment was repeated by Englishman [[Julian Huxley]], who was unaware the experiment had already been done, using ground thyroids. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reiß|first=Christian|last2=Olsson|first2=Lennart|last3=Hoßfeld|first3=Uwe|date=2015|title=The history of the oldest self-sustaining laboratory animal: 150 years of axolotl research|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jez.b.22617|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution|language=en|volume=324|issue=5|pages=393–404|doi=10.1002/jez.b.22617|issn=1552-5015}}</ref> Since then, experiments have been done often with injections of iodine or various thyroid hormones used to induce metamorphosis. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safi|first=Rachid|last2=Bertrand|first2=Stéphanie|last3=Marchand|first3=Oriane|last4=Duffraisse|first4=Marilyne|last5=de Luze|first5=Amaury|last6=Vanacker|first6=Jean-Marc|last7=Maraninchi|first7=Marie|last8=Margotat|first8=Alain|last9=Demeneix|first9=Barbara|last10=Laudet|first10=Vincent|date=2004-02-01|title=The Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a Neotenic Amphibian, Expresses Functional Thyroid Hormone Receptors|url=https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0913|journal=Endocrinology|volume=145|issue=2|pages=760–772|doi=10.1210/en.2003-0913|issn=0013-7227}}</ref>

==== ''Use as a model organism'' ====
The paragraph mentioned above has been moved to the neoteny section. I would like to include here more information in the third paragraph section regarding the development of Axolotls and how that makes them ideal model organisms:

-

==== ''Captive Care'' ====

= '''Outlines:''' =

== Abbie Loring ==
[[Agalychnis callidryas|''Agalychnis callidryas'']]

==== ''Behavior'' ====
"During the day, they remain motionless, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their bellies, and shut their red eyes"

To this section, I want to add information about the [[Nictitating membrane]] that covers their eyes while they sleep. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Beall|first=Abigail|date=2014-02-01|title=Teacup-sized frog masquerades as Smaug the dragon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262407914602311|journal=New Scientist|language=en|volume=221|issue=2954|pages=26–27|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60231-1|issn=0262-4079}}</ref>
[[File:Red-eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas) (6941089388).jpg|thumb|Red Eyed Tree Frog Nictitating Membrane]]
New section proposal: During the day, they remain motionless, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their bellies, and shut their red eyes. They do not have a true eyelid, but rather a [[Nictitating membrane]] that allows light to enter the eye so that they will awaken when predators are approaching. <ref name=":0" /> 

==== ''Reproduction'' ====
"The eggs develop into tadpoles, which hatch after six to seven days and fall into the water below."

My addition: Red eyed tree frog embryos use natural day and night light cycles as a signal for when to hatch, and tend to hatch just after nightfall.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Güell|first=Brandon A.|last2=Warkentin|first2=Karen M.|date=2018-12-03|title=When and where to hatch? Red-eyed treefrog embryos use light cues in two contexts|url=https://peerj.com/articles/6018|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=6|pages=e6018|doi=10.7717/peerj.6018|issn=2167-8359}}</ref> 

"Red-eyed treefrog eggs [may] hatch early (exhibiting [[phenotypic plasticity]]) when a change in the environment signals a danger to their survival"


I added these updates to the article's talk page, and am waiting for a reply before I edit the article.

== Kelly Brown ==
My article: [[Turtle]]

1. '''Edits to be made:'''

<u>General edits:</u> 

add citations, anatomy section- begin with basic anatomy of most (or all turtles) instead of talking about size of one specific species, ecology section designated to mainly relationship with ecosystem and other animals, elaborate on reproduction, temperature dependent differentiation, add an extant and extinct section

<u>Specific:</u>

Senses section: "At least some turtles species can see color and different species prefer different colours. Indeed, the males of some species such as the [[painted terrapin]] change colour during breeding season which is thought to help individuals find a suitable mate.<sup>[''[[wikipedia:NOTRS|better source needed]]'']"</sup>

* To edit this I would leave out the part about males changing color for breeding. This information belongs better in the mating and reproduction section
* This senses section should be redone in order to encompass all the senses and not include information that doesn't belong in this section like the information on color and mating.
* The information about pursuit movement needs to be better introduced and elaborate how that contributes to moving head quickly.

Intelligence section: "Case studies exist of turtles playing.<sup>[''[[wikipedia:NOTRS|better source needed]]'']"</sup>

* This sentence does not add to the section or provide the reader with helpful information, so I suggest that it be removed
Anatomy and morphology section:

* Instead of having paragraphs about sizes of different species; I suggest an opening paragraph like the one below.
* Turtle anatomy is comprised of both an internal and external skeleton. The external skeleton is comprised of a bony shell, which serves as protection. The Internal skeleton makes up structures such as the flippers, and facilitates the anchoring of muscles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anatomy|url=https://turtletime.org/sea-turtles/anatomy/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Turtle Time, Inc.|language=en-US}}</ref>

2. '''Articles:'''

<u>Wikipedia:</u> [[Reptile|retiles]], [[Amniote|amniotes]], 

<u>Sources:</u>

* <nowiki>https://turtletime.org/sea-turtles/anatomy/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9H_LBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA79&dq=turtles+vision&ots=meVCJPdxJg&sig=Z8pVDi9wYnOFvKHqlDdT2yXFrf0#v=onepage&q&f=false</nowiki>
* <nowiki>https://www.constantinealexander.net/2014/week33/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>http://nsmn1.uh.edu/frankino/assets/docs/galapago/reading/kricher/kricher_tortoise.pdf</nowiki>
* <nowiki>https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/92/2/206/2187276</nowiki>
* <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Claudio-Campagna-2/publication/258158765_A_jellyfish_diet_for_the_herbivorous_green_turtle_Chelonia_mydas_in_the_temperate_SW_Atlantic/links/5746ed8108aea45ee858262c/A-jellyfish-diet-for-the-herbivorous-green-turtle-Chelonia-mydas-in-the-temperate-SW-Atlantic.pdf</nowiki>

3. '''Images/media:'''

[[Main Page|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page]]

== Olunia Palenga ==
Article: [[Axolotl]]

Sources and edits needed:

* Needed citation in the description section for gas exchange in the gills. I think these sources would cover the citation needed.
** [[External gills|External gills - Wikipedia]].
**<ref>{{Cite web|title=Axolotl Respiration|url=http://tbrann.weebly.com/11/post/2015/12/axolotl-respiration.html|access-date=2021-03-20|website=A Level Revision|language=en}}</ref>
**<ref>{{Cite web|title=Axolotls: The Fascinating Mexican Axolotl and the Tiger Salamander|url=http://www.axolotl.org/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=www.axolotl.org}}</ref>
**I requested this edit in the article's talk page (bottom two sources). 

* This source discusses development in the Mexican Axolotl.
** <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/18.2.195</nowiki>

* '''Habitat and Ecology''' section needs citation to first paragraph on lake temperatures from where Axolotl's are native to.
** This section also needs a citation for Mexican tiger salamanders
**"Lake Xochimilco, Borough of Xochimilco in southern México City, 162 L • Biotope Aquarium". ''Biotope Aquarium''. Retrieved 2021-03-16. 

* [[Amphibian|Amphibian - Wikipedia]]

* There is a citation needed in the '''Habitat and Ecology section''' regarding terrestrial Mexican tiger salamanders living in the Axolotl habitat.
** [[Tiger salamander|Tiger salamander - Wikipedia]].

* There is a citation needed to reference respiration and buccal pumping (can't seem to find a source quite yet).
* Neoteny section is lacking a citation for artificial selection..."suggesting [[artificial selection]] is the cause of complete neoteny in laboratory and pet axolotls.<sup>[''[[wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]"''</sup>
** I believe that this section is lacking information and this source may contribute some more information about neoteny and artificial selection in the laboratory.
*** <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0913</nowiki> 


Article: [[Shark anatomy]]

#Sources:
#* [[Fish anatomy]]
#* [[Shark]]
#* [[Evolution of fish]]
#* Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Statistical Services (2016-12-19). "Shark anatomy". ''www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca''. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
#** A citation is needed in the '''Respiratory System''' section, in the last sentence of the first paragraph. Bottom-dwelling sharks such as the Angel shark use spiracles to take in water for breathing. Rays use spiracles to pump water over the gills for oxygen. 
#**I requested this edit in the article's talk page 
#* '''Skeleton''' section: This is lacking some information, particularly where it says "They belong to the class of Chondrichthyes." I think this is a great place to add some evolutionary history and comparisons of Shark species.
#** [[Chondrichthyes|Chondrichthyes - Wikipedia]]
#** <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12826</nowiki>
#** <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dean|first=Mason N.|last2=Summers|first2=Adam P.|date=2006-05-22|title=Mineralized cartilage in the skeleton of chondrichthyan fishes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944200606000080|journal=Zoology|language=en|volume=109|issue=2|pages=164–168|doi=10.1016/j.zool.2006.03.002|issn=0944-2006}}</ref>
#** <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pilgrim|first=Brettney L.|last2=Franz‐Odendaal|first2=Tamara A.|date=2009|title=A comparative study of the ocular skeleton of fossil and modern chondrichthyans|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01077.x|journal=Journal of Anatomy|language=en|volume=214|issue=6|pages=848–858|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01077.x|issn=1469-7580|pmc=PMC2705295|pmid=19538630}}</ref>


Article: [[Cat anatomy]]

# Edits to be made: 
# Sources: 
# Images/media: 

== Sources ==

== Feedback: Discussion and Adding to an Article ==
*This sandbox is VERY well organized and I think you have all put yourselves in a very good spot to produce your first draft.
* A few reminders: 1. Start actually citing in your pages and making live links. A few of you are doing this in your sections, but a few are not and the practice is critical.
2. If you have done this, address citation issues that pop up. These will also pop up in your moves to actual pages and knowing how to deal with them is critical to not having your work get automatically deleted. 3. Remember to use those talk pages to your advantage. Post your ideas there and see what other editors say. There is a chance that no one will respond, but you can also get very helpful feedback and suggestions. These are better early rather than after you have posted something permanent.

REMINDER: Please make sure to draft YOUR parts in your sandbox first and THEN copy  them to the group sandbox. This step is absolutely critical as it ensures that your specific work is identifiable and prevents loss due to multi-editor activity. Additionally, when you are trying out formatting elements, it prevents you from altering the whole page as you try things out. I am requiring you to do this. If you have a philosophical issue with it, please talk to me, but do not disregard it.

*Well done![[User:Osquaesitor|Osquaesitor]] ([[User talk:Osquaesitor|talk]]) 15:47, 23 March 2021 (UTC)