View source for Trousseau (grape)

{{Short description|Variety of grape}}
{{Infobox grape variety
| name          = Trousseau Noir
| color         = Noir
| image         = Vigne_Louis_Pasteur_014.JPG
| caption       = 
| species       = ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''
| also_called   = Bastardo, Cabernet Gros, Trousseau Noir ([[#Synonyms|more]])
| origin        = [[Jura (department)|Jura]], France
| hazards       = <!-- Viticultural hazards     -->
| regions       = Portugal, California, [[Jura wine|Jura]]
| notable_wines = [[Port wine|Port]]
}}
'''Trousseau''' ({{IPA|fr|tʁuso|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-trousseau.wav}}) or '''Trousseau Noir''', also known as '''Bastardo''' and '''Merenzao''', is an old variety of red wine [[grape]] originating in eastern France.<ref name="Wine Grapes">{{cite book |title=Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours |last=Robinson |first=Jancis |author-link=Jancis Robinson |author2=Julia Harding |author3=José Vouillamoz  |year=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-1-846-14446-2 |pages=1093–1095 }}</ref> It is grown in small amounts in many parts of Western Europe; the largest plantations are today found in Portugal, where most famously it is used in [[port wine]]. It makes deep cherry red wines with high alcohol and high, sour candy acidity, and flavours of red berry fruits, often complemented - depending on production - by a jerky nose and an organic, mossy minerality.

==History and pedigree==
Trousseau originated in eastern France where it was once widely cultivated, and [[DNA]] profiling has indicated that the variety has a parent-offspring relationship with [[Savagnin]], and that it is a sibling to [[Chenin blanc]] and [[Sauvignon blanc]].<ref name="Wine Grapes"/> DNA profiling has likewise shown that Trousseau has been cultivated on the Iberian Peninsula for at least 200 years under several different names, including Bastardo, but it is unknown how it came to be introduced there.

[[Trousseau gris]] is a white [[mutation (wine)|mutation]] of Trousseau Noir, occasionally found in Jura and once common in California under the name 'Gray Riesling'.

[[Genouillet]] is the result of a cross between [[Gouais blanc]] (Heunisch) and Bastardo.<ref name="VIVC"/>

In 1938 [[Harold Olmo]] used Trousseau to pollinate the ''[[Vitis rupestris]]'' hybrid [[Alicante Ganzin]] to produce the [[Royalty (grape)|Royalty]] variety.

Bastardo was crossed with the Georgian variety [[Saperavi]] to produce the Bastardo Magarachskii variety used in the [[Ukrainian wine|Crimea]].

==Distribution and Wines==
A little is grown in Argentina and in several regions of Spain, including the Canary Islands.

===Australia===
There are a small number of producers of Trousseau in Australia with plantings in Tasmania, [[Margaret River (wine region)|Margaret River]] in Western Australia (Amato Vino<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amato Vino - Margaret River Wine - Small Batch Goodness |url=http://amatovino.com.au/ |website=amatovino.com.au}}</ref> release a small quantity each year in the Jura style) and Barossa Valley, South Australia. A small amount is also grown in eastern Australia under the name Gros Cabernet.

===France===
Trousseau is one of five grape varieties allowed in the [[Jura wine]] appellations, but only covers 5% of the Jura vineyards since it requires more sun than other Jura varieties to ripe. It is often used to stiffen blends with the pale [[Poulsard]], which is easier to cultivate. In 2009, there was a total of {{convert|172|ha}} of Trousseau in France.<ref name="Wine Grapes"/>

===Portugal===
It is part of the blend for [[port wine]] and also an important variety for red wines in the Dão. A total of {{convert|1218|ha}} of Trousseau, mostly under the name Bastardo, is cultivated in the vineyards of Portugal.<ref name="Wine Grapes"/>  It is also grown in very small quantities in Madeira, and a small number of vintage wines labelled Bastardo were made.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Bastardo - Best Grape Name Of Them All? |url=http://madaboutmadeira.org/bastardo-best-grape-name-of-them-all/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193904/http://madaboutmadeira.org/bastardo-best-grape-name-of-them-all/ |archive-date=Sep 18, 2018 |website=Mad about Madeira}}</ref>

===Spain===
In Spain Trousseau is grown under the names of Merenzao, Bastardo, Bastardo Negro, María Ordoña, Maturana Tinta, Tintilla, and Verdejo Negro. It is an authorised variety in the [[Galician wine|Galician]] DOPS of [[Ribeira Sacra (DO)|Ribiera Sacra]] and [[Valdeorras]] DOPs in Galicia. It has also been included in [[Rioja wine|Rioja DOCa]] under the name of Maturana Tinta, but it is listed as a separate variety to Trousseau / Merenzao even though they are genetically indistinct.<ref name="Wine Grapes" />

===United States===
As in Portugal, it has been historically used to make fortified wines, but nowadays also some single [[varietal]] wines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/dining/california-trousseau-captures-the-imagination.html|journal=The New York Times|date=6 September 2012|title=It Takes One Grape to Reimagine California Wine |url-access=subscription |first1=Eric |last1=Asimov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518044123/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/dining/california-trousseau-captures-the-imagination.html |archive-date= May 18, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchdrink.com/articles/iruai-methode-sauvage-natural-wine-california/|journal=Punch|date=24 January 2023|title=Natural Wine From the “California Alps”?}}</ref> It remains a confidential variety, with only 115.6 tons crushed in 2023 in [[California wine|California]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Specialty_and_Other_Releases/Grapes/Crush/Final/2023/2023_Final_Grape_Crush_Report.pdf |page=11 |title=2023 California Grape Crush: Final Report |date=8 March 2024}}</ref>

==Vine and Viticulture==
It needs hot, dry conditions to do well. The name Trousseau (from Old French ''trusse'', meaning "a bundle") is possibly a reference to the shape of the bunch, it looks 'packed up'.

==Synonyms==
Trousseau is also known under the synonyms Abrunhal, Bastardinha, Bastardinho, Bastardo, Bastardo Do Castello, Bastardo Dos Frados, Bolonio, Capbreton Rouge, Carnaz, Chauche Noir, Cruchenton Rouge, Donzelino De Castille, Estaladiña, Graciosa, Gris De Salces, Gros Cabernet, Maria, Maria Adona, Maria Adorna, Maria Ardona, Maria Ordona, Maturana Tinta, Maturana Tinto, Maturano, Merenzano, Merenzao, Pardinho, Pecho, Pinot Gris De Rio Negro, Roibal, Sémillon Rouge, Tresseau, Triffault, Trousse, Trousseau, Trousseau Gris, Troussot, Trusiaux, Trusseau, Trussiau, Tintilla and Verdejo Tinto.<ref name="VIVC">{{cite web| last =Maul| first =Erika| author2 =Töpfer, Reinhard| author3 =Eibach, Rudolf| title =Trousseau Noir |work=Vitis International Variety Catalogue| publisher =Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany| year =2007| url =http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=12668| access-date =2013-12-29| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232105/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=12668| archive-date =2013-12-30}}</ref>

In the literature, it is often confused with [[Tressot]].<ref name="VIVCdata">[http://www.vivc.bafz.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=12640 Vitis International Variety Catalogue: Tressot noir]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}, accessed on December 15, 2009</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Wine}}
*[[List of Port wine grapes]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book   | last = Robinson   | first = Jancis  | author-link = Jancis Robinson  | title = Vines, Grapes and Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties   | publisher = Mitchell Beazley  | year = 1992  | isbn = 978-1-85732-999-5}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Robinson
  | first = Jancis
  | author-link = Jancis Robinson
  | title = The Oxford Companion to Wine, third edition
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | year = 2006
  | isbn = 978-0-19-860990-2
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc
  }}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Trousseau}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323134934/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResultBibliog.php?topic=12668 VIVC Bibliography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120117184642/http://www.winebastardo.com/ Wine Bastardo]

{{Wines}}
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[[Category:Red wine grape varieties]]