View source for Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899)

{{short description|Chronological list of country and capital changes}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Timeline of geopolitical changes}}
This is a '''timeline of geopolitical changes''' around the world between 1500 and 1899. It includes dates of [[declarations of independence]], [[geographical renaming|changes in country name]], changes of [[capital city]] or name, and [[Political history of the world|changes in territorial ownership]] such as the [[annexation]], [[Military occupation|occupation]], [[cession]], [[Concessions and leases in international relations|concession]], or [[secession]] of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of major [[military campaign]]s, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included.

{{TOC 2D
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<!-- |title1       = Timeline: -->

|row1_header  = {{Pslink|16th century}}
|row2_header  = {{Pslink|17th century}}
|row2_content = 
* {{Pslink|1600s}}
* {{Pslink|1610s}}
* {{Pslink|1620s}}
* {{Pslink|1630s}}
* {{Pslink|1640s}}
* {{Pslink|1650s}}
* {{Pslink|1660s}}
* {{Pslink|1670s}}
* {{Pslink|1680s}}
* {{Pslink|1690s}}

|row3_header  = {{Pslink|18th century}}
|row3_content = 
* {{Pslink|1700s}}
* {{Pslink|1710s}}
* {{Pslink|1720s}}
* {{Pslink|1730s}}
* {{Pslink|1740s}}
* {{Pslink|1750s}}
* {{Pslink|1760s}}
* {{Pslink|1770s}}
* {{Pslink|1780s}}
* {{Pslink|1790s}}

|row4_header  = {{Pslink|19th century}}
|row4_content = 
* {{Pslink|1800s}}
* {{Pslink|1810s}}
* {{Pslink|1820s}}
* {{Pslink|1830s}}
* {{Pslink|1840s}}
* {{Pslink|1850s}}
* {{Pslink|1860s}}
* {{Pslink|1870s}}
* {{Pslink|1880s}}
* {{Pslink|1890s}}

|after  = {{Pslink|Maps}} {{*}} {{Pslink|See also}} {{*}} {{Pslink|References}} {{*}} {{Pslink|Bibliography}}
}}
==16th century==
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1500||align=center|22&nbsp;April||Portuguese navigator [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] arrives at the coast of [[Brazil]] and claims all land in [[South America]] east of the [[Tordesillas Meridian]] for the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], thus establishing the Portuguese '''[[Colonial Brazil|Colony of Brazil]]'''.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] conquers [[Mombasa]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1501||||[[João da Nova]] discovers [[Ascension Island]].
|-
|||The [[Wadai Sultanate]] is established.
|-
|||The [[Uzbek Khanate]] is disestablished.
|-
|align=center|1502||||The [[Golden Horde]] is disestablished following the death of [[Shaykh Ahmad (Great Horde)|Shaykh Ahmad]].
|-
|align=center|1503||||The [[Aceh Sultanate]] is established. [[Kutaraja]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1504||||The [[Kingdom of Naples]] is ceded to the [[Crown of Aragon]].
|-
|align=center|1505||||The colony of '''[[Portuguese India]]''' is established. [[Kochi]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1506||||Fall of the [[Timurid Empire]]. The '''[[Khanate of Bukhara]]''' is created from areas of the former empire. [[Samarkand]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Delhi Sultanate]] moves its capital from [[Delhi]] to [[Agra]].
|-
|align=center|1507||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] conquers [[Muscat]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1510||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] conquers [[Goa]].
|-
|||The [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] annexes the [[Pskov Republic]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1511||||The '''[[Khanate of Khiva]]''' is established in [[Central Asia]]. [[Old Urgench]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] conquers [[Malacca]].
|-
|align=center|1513||||[[Juan Ponce de León]] claims [[Florida]] for [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]].
|-
|align=center|1514||||The [[Principality of Moldavia]] becomes a vassal state of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
|-
|align=center|1515||||[[Algeria]] becomes a vassal state of the [[Ottoman Empire]] as the '''[[Regency of Algiers]]'''.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1517||||The [[Ottoman Empire]] conquers [[Egypt]] from the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]].
|-
|||Fall of the [[Majapahit Empire]] in Indonesia.
|-
|align=center|1520||||The '''[[Sultanate of Maguindanao]]''' is established.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1521||align=center|13&nbsp;August||The combined forces of [[Hernán Cortés]] conquer [[Tenochtitlan]], capital of the [[Aztec Empire]]. The [[Kingdom of Spain]] subsequently renames the region '''[[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]]'''. The destroyed capital is rebuilt and renamed [[Mexico City|México]].
|-
|||[[Mayadunne of Sitawaka|Mayadunne]] establishes the '''[[Kingdom of Sitawaka]]''' in Sri Lanka from the [[Kingdom of Kotte|Sinhala Kingdom at Kotte]]. [[Sitawaka]] is the capital.
|-
|||A combined Portuguese-Hormuz force led by [[António Correia (admiral)|António Correia]] conquered Bahrain but briefly lost it to the princes of Al-Hasa the same year. In response, the Portuguese sent another expedition to Bahrain and the Arabian coast to subdue the Al-Hasa and stop their attempts to regain power.
|-
|align=center|1522||||[[Ferdinand Magellan]] circumnavigates the Earth.
|-
|align=center|1523||||The [[Kalmar Union]] is dissolved. 
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1525||align=center|14&nbsp;January||The [[Teutonic Order]] relinquishes its rights over its autonomous '''[[Livonian Order]]'''.
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;April||The '''[[Duchy of Prussia]]''' emerges from the [[State of the Teutonic Order]]. [[Königsberg]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1526||||[[Babur]] defeats the sultan of [[Delhi]], establishing the '''[[Mughal Empire]]'''. [[Agra]] is the capital.
|-
|||[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Ferdinand of Austria]] is elected the next King of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301-1526)|Hungary]] following the death of [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia]], ruling the lands which would come to be known as the '''[[Habsburg monarchy]]'''.
|-
|||After the [[Battle of Mohács]], large parts of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301-1526)|Hungary]] and [[Croatia in union with Hungary|Croatia]] fall to the [[Ottoman Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1527||||[[Mạc Thái Tổ|Thái Tổ]] establishes the '''[[Mạc dynasty]]''' in [[Vietnam]].
|-
|||The '''[[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]]''' is established as part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. [[Zagreb]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Bahmani Sultanate]] is dissolved.
|-
|align=center|1528||||The '''[[County of Lippe]]''' is established from the [[Lordship of Lippe]]. [[Detmold]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1529||align=center|22&nbsp;April||Representatives of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and the [[Kingdom of Spain]] sign the [[Treaty of Zaragoza]], settling each nation's legal boundary of conquest in [[Asia]] and [[Oceania]] at a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] {{c.}} 144°40' west of [[Prime meridian|Greenwich]].
|-
|||[[Spain]] creates the [[Governorate of New Castile]] and [[Governorate of New Toledo|New Toledo]] in [[South America]].
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;October||The [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|First Siege of Vienna]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] fails.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1530||align=center|26&nbsp;October||The [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of Saint John]] annexes '''[[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|Malta]]''' and moves the capital from [[Mdina]] to [[Birgu]].
|-
|||The '''[[Duchy of Mantua]]''' is established in northern Italy. [[Mantua]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1532||||The [[Early Modern France|Kingdom of France]] annexes the [[Duchy of Brittany]].
|-
|||The '''[[Duchy of Florence]]''' replaces the [[Republic of Florence]]. [[Florence]] remains the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1533||align=center|15 November||[[Francisco Pizarro]] leads an army into [[Cuzco]], completing the [[Spanish conquest of Peru|Spanish conquest]] of the [[Inca Empire]].
|-
|||The '''[[Lê dynasty|Later Lê dynasty]]''' in '''[[Vietnam]]''' is restored under [[Lê Trang Tông|Trang Tông]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1534||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] divides its [[Colony of Brazil]] into 15 independent captaincies.
|-
|||[[Spain]] creates the [[Governorate of New Andalusia]] and [[Governorate of New León|New León]] in [[South America]].
|-
|||The colony of '''[[New France]]''' is established in [[North America]].
|-
|||The [[Ottoman Empire]] conquers [[Baghdad]] from the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]].
|-
|align=center|1537||||'''[[Denmark-Norway]]''' emerges as a dual monarchy after the withdrawal of the [[Kingdom of Sweden]] from the [[Kalmar Union]].
|-
|align=center|1536||||[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|King Ferdinand I]] moves the capital of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungarian Kingdom]] to [[Pozsony]].
|-
|align=center|1539||align=center|24&nbsp;January||[[Spain]] claims the territories to the south of the [[Strait of Magellan]] creating the [[Governorate of Terra Australis]].
|-
|align=center|1540||||[[Sher Shah Suri]] establishes the '''[[Sur Empire]]''', which dominates northern India and follows the [[Mughal Empire]]. [[Sasaram]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1542||||The '''[[Kingdom of Ireland]]''' supersedes the [[feudal]] [[Lordship of Ireland]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of England]] annexes the [[Principality of Wales]].
|-
|||The '''[[Viceroyalty of Peru]]''' is established as an overseas territory of [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1545||||The '''[[Trịnh lords]]''' establish ''de facto'' control over northern [[Vietnam]].
|-
|||The '''[[Duchy of Parma]]''' is established from parts of the [[Duchy of Milan]].
|-
|align=center|1547||||[[Ivan the Terrible]] proclaims the '''[[Tsardom of Russia]]''', which follows the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]. [[Moscow]] is the capital.
|-
|1548
|
|[[County of Stolberg]] is divided into [[Stolberg-Stolberg]] and Stolberg-Rochefort.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1549||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] establishes a central government for its [[Colony of Brazil]], with [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] as the capital.
|-
|||The '''[[Saadi dynasty]]''' is established in [[Morocco]]. [[Taroudant]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1550||||The '''[[Kingdom of Loango]]''' is established.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1552||||The [[Ottoman Empire]] conquers [[Muscat]] from [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].
|-
|||The [[Tsardom of Russia]] annexes the [[Khanate of Kazan]].
|-
|align=center|1554||||Fall of the [[Wattasid dynasty]] in [[Morocco]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1555||||The [[Republic of Siena]] is conquered by the [[Kingdom of Spain]] and most of it is granted to the [[Republic of Florence|Duchy of Florence]]. The [[Stato dei Presidi]] remain with Spain.
|-
|||The [[Safavids]] in [[Persia]] move their capital from [[Tabriz]] to [[Qazvin]].
|-
|align=center|1556||||The [[Sur Empire]] is annexed by the restored '''[[Mughal Empire]]'''.
|-
|align=center|1557||||[[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] establishes a settlement in [[Macau]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1558||align=center|18&nbsp;July||[[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] conquers the [[Bishopric of Dorpat]] in [[Estonia]].
|-
|||[[Kingdom of France|France]] reconquers [[Calais]] from [[Kingdom of England|England]].
|-
|||The '''[[Nguyễn lords]]''' establish ''de facto'' control over central and southern [[Vietnam]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1559||align=center|November||The [[Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek]] in Western Estonia is sold to [[Denmark]].
|-
|||The [[Mali Empire]] moves its capital from [[Niani, Guinea|Niani]] to [[Kangaba]].
|-
|||The '''[[Kingdom of Gorkha]]''' is founded. [[Gorkha Municipality|Gorkha]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1560||align=center|20&nbsp;May||The [[Bishopric of Courland]] in Western Latvia is sold to [[Denmark]].
|-
|||[[Lan Xang]] in [[Laos]] moves its capital from [[Luang Prabang]] to [[Vientiane]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1561||align=center|4&nbsp;June||The northern [[Livonian Order]] regions of [[Harjumaa|Harrien]]-[[Virumaa|Wierland]] (without [[Reval]]) and [[Järvamaa|Jerwen]] pledge allegiance to [[Sweden]].
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;June||The northern [[Livonian Order]] town [[Tallinn|Reval]] pledges allegiance to [[Sweden]].
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;November||The [[Treaty of Vilnius (1561)|Treaty of Vilnius]] dissolves the [[Livonian Order]], which is in part organized as the [[Duchy of Livonia|Principality of Livonia]] in [[personal union]] with [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]], and in part organized as the Lithuanian vassal state '''[[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]]''', taking effect on 5 March 1562. The [[Archbishopric of Riga]] also becomes a vassal state of Lithuania and the former [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] town of '''[[Riga]]''' becomes a [[free imperial city]].
|-
|align=center|1562||||[[Turin]] replaces [[Chambéry]] as capital of the [[Duchy of Savoy]].
|-
|align=center|1563||||[[Sweden]] conquers from [[Denmark]] the former areas of the [[Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek]] in [[Lääne County|Wiek]] and [[Hiiumaa|Dagö]], leaving Denmark only with its possessions in [[Ösel]].
|-
|align=center|1564||||The Bailiff of [[Maasi#Maasilinna Castle|Soneburg]] of the former [[Livonian Order]], now the [[Duchy of Livonia|Principality of Livonia]], sells its bailiwick in the [[West Estonian archipelago]] to the [[Denmark|Danish]]-controlled former [[Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek]]. In return, Denmark cedes its nominal rights over [[Sweden|Swedish]]-controlled [[Lääne County|Wiek]] to the Lithuanian Principality of Livonia.
|-
|align=center|1565||||The [[Kingdom of Spain]] establishes a colony in the [[Philippines]] with its administrative centre in [[Cebu]].
|-
|align=center|1566||align=center|25&nbsp;December||The [[Union of Grodno (1566)|Union of Grodno]] turns the [[personal union]] between the [[Duchy of Livonia|Principality of Livonia]] and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] into a [[real union]] and the former is reorganized as the '''[[Duchy of Livonia]]'''. The Lithuanian vassal state [[Archbishopric of Riga]] is annexed to the Duchy of Livonia.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1569||align=center|1&nbsp;July||The [[Kingdom of Poland (1385-1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] unite to form the '''[[Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]'''. [[Vilnius]] yields to [[Kraków]] as the capital.
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;August||The '''[[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]''' is established from the [[Duchy of Florence]]. [[Florence]] remains the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1570||align=center|10&nbsp;June||The '''[[Kingdom of Livonia]]''' is established as a vassal state of [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] in some of its conquered lands in [[Medieval Livonia|Livonia]].
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;December||[[Denmark]] cedes its nominal rights over [[Hiiumaa|Dagö]] and the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] cedes its nominal rights over [[Harju County|Harrien]]-[[Virumaa|Wierland]] (including [[Tallinn|Reval]]), [[Järva County|Jerwen]] and [[Lääne County|Wiek]] to [[Sweden]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1571||align=center|18&nbsp;March||The [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of Saint John]] moves the capital of '''[[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|Malta]]''' from [[Birgu]] to [[Valletta]].
|-
|||The [[Mughal Empire]] moves its capital from [[Agra]] to [[Fatehpur Sikri]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Spain]] conquers the [[Luzon Empire]].
|-
|align=center|1572||align=center|9&nbsp;May||The [[Denmark|Danish]]-controlled former [[Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek]] is annexed as [[Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)|Danish Ösel]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1573||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] divides the [[Colony of Brazil]] into '''[[Governorate General of Bahia|North Brazil]]''' (capital at [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]) and '''[[Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro|South Brazil]]''' (capital at [[Rio de Janeiro]]).
|-
||||The [[Gujarat Sultanate]] is annexed by the [[Mughal Empire]].
|-
|||In [[Japan]], the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period|Azuchi-Momoyama period]] follows the [[Sengoku period]].
|-
|||The [[Ottoman Empire]] conquers the island of [[Cyprus]] from the [[Republic of Venice]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1575||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] establishes colonies on the coast of [[Angola]].
|-
|||The capital of [[Chile]] is moved from [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]] to [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]].
|-
|align=center|1576||||The [[Bengal Sultanate]] is annexed by the [[Mughal Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1577||||The [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]]n vassal state [[Kingdom of Livonia]] is disestablished.
|-
|||The [[Adal Sultanate]] is disestablished.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1578||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] reunites [[Governorate General of Bahia|North Brazil]] and [[Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro|South Brazil]] into the '''[[Colony of Brazil]]'''. The capital is [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]].
|-
|||The [[Denmark|Danish]]-controlled [[Bishopric of Courland]] becomes a vassal state of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
|-
|align=center|1579||||The [[Duchy of the Archipelago]] is annexed by the [[Ottoman Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1580||rowspan=2 align=center|July||[[Yermak Timofeyevich]] invades the territory of the [[Mansi people|Voguls]], beginning the [[Russian conquest of Siberia]].
|-
|A [[personal union]] of the [[Monarchy of Spain]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] results in the '''[[Iberian Union]]'''.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1581||align=center|14&nbsp;January||The [[Treaty of Drohiczyn]] cedes the [[free imperial city]] of [[Riga]] to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian]] [[Duchy of Livonia]].
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;July||The '''[[Republic of the Seven United Netherlands]]''' declares its independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]].
|-
|align=center|1582||align=center|15&nbsp;January||The [[Truce of Yam-Zapolsky]] cedes the [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]]n-controlled areas in former central and southern [[Medieval Livonia|Livonia]] to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
|-
|align=center|1583||align=center|10&nbsp;August||The [[Treaty of Plussa]] cedes all the remaining [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]]n-controlled areas in former [[Medieval Livonia|Livonia]] to [[Sweden]].
|-
|align=center|1584||align=center|20&nbsp;March||Areas under [[Sweden|Swedish]] control in Northern Estonia are annexed as the [[Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)|Duchy of Estonia]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1585||||The [[Treaty of Kronborg]] formally cedes the nominally [[Denmark|Danish]] but [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian]]-controlled former [[Bishopric of Courland]] to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
|-
|||The '''[[Kingdom of Luba]]''' is established in central Africa.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1586||||The [[Mughal Empire]] moves its capital from [[Fatehpur Sikri]] to [[Lahore]]. In the same year the capital is moved again to [[Agra]].
|-
|||[[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] establishes the colony of '''[[Portuguese Timor]]'''.
|-
|align=center|1590||||Through its victory in the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)|Ottoman-Safavid War]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] expands eastwards.
|-
|align=center|1591||||Fall of the [[Songhai Empire]] in West Africa.{{sfn|Beck|2008|page=417}}
|-
|align=center|1592||||[[Japan]] invades the [[Korean Peninsula]] under [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] with the aim of attacking the [[Ming dynasty]] of [[China]].
|-
|align=center|1594||||[[Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy|Vimaladharmasuriya I]] moves the capital of the [[Sinhala Kingdom]] to [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka.
|-
|align=center|1596||||[[Willem Barentsz]] makes the first indisputable discovery of the [[Svalbard]] archipelago.
|-
|align=center|1597||||The [[Duchy of Ferrara]] becomes part of the [[Papal States]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1598||||[[Kuchum]], Khan of [[Khanate of Sibir|Sibir]], is killed in battle with Russian forces, thus completing the [[Russian conquest of Siberia]].
|-
|||[[Japan]] withdraws from the [[Korean Peninsula]] after being pushed back by Chinese and Korean troops.
|-
|||The [[Safavids]] move their capital from [[Qazvin]] to [[Isfahan]].
|}

==17th century==
===1600s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|colspan=2 align=center|c. 1600||The '''[[Kingdom of Dahomey]]''' is established.
|-
|align=center|1600||align=center|31&nbsp;December||The [[East India Company|British East India Company]] is established.
|-
|align=center|1601||align=center|17&nbsp;January||France gains [[Bresse]], [[Bugey]], and [[Pays de Gex|Gex]] from [[Savoy]], and cedes [[Saluzzo]] to Savoy in exchange.
|-
|align=center|1602||align=center|20&nbsp;March||The [[Dutch East India Company]] is established.
|-
|align=center|1603||||[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] establishes the '''[[Tokugawa shogunate]]''' in [[Japan]], which follows the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period|Azuchi-Momoyama]] period. [[Edo]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1607||||The '''[[Virginia Colony]]''' is founded in North America.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1608||align=center|14 May||The '''[[Protestant Union]]''' is founded in the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
|-
|align=center|3 July||'''[[Quebec City]]''' is founded as the capital of [[New France]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] divides the [[Colony of Brazil]] into '''[[Governorate General of Bahia|North Brazil]]''' (capital at [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]) and '''[[Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro|South Brazil]]''' (capital at [[Rio de Janeiro]]) for the second time.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1609||align=center|10 July||The '''[[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]]''' is founded in the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
|-
|||The [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] becomes a vassal state of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]].
|-
|}

===1610s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1610||||[[Henry Hudson]] discovers [[Hudson Bay]].
|-
|||[[Kingdom of England|England]] establishes the '''[[Newfoundland Colony]]''' in North America.
|-
|align=center|1612||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] reunites [[Governorate General of Bahia|North Brazil]] and [[Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro|South Brazil]] into the '''[[Colony of Brazil]]'''. The capital is [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]].
|-
|align=center|1614||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] establishes the colony of '''[[Cacheu]]''' in what is now [[Guinea-Bissau]].
|-
|align=center|1616||align=center|30&nbsp;October||[[Nurhaci|Taizu]] establishes the '''[[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]]''' in [[China]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1617||align=center|27&nbsp;February||In the [[Treaty of Stolbovo]], [[Sweden]] gains the [[Russia]]n province and fortress of [[Kexholm]] (now [[Priozersk]]) and the province of [[Duchy of Ingria|Ingria]] including the fortress of [[Nöteborg Fortress|Nöteborg]] (now [[Shlisselburg]], Russia).
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;May||The [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian]] vassal state [[Bishopric of Courland]] comes into [[personal union]] with [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1618||align=center|23 May||The [[Second Defenestration of Prague]] marks the beginning of the [[Thirty Years' War]] between the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] and the [[Protestant Union]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which soon grips the whole of Europe.
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;August||The personal union of the [[Electorate of Brandenburg]] with the [[Duchy of Prussia]] creates '''[[Brandenburg-Prussia]]'''. [[Berlin]] and [[Königsberg]] are the respective capitals.
|-
|}

===1620s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1620||align=center|21&nbsp;December||'''[[Plymouth Colony]]''' is founded by the [[Pilgrim Fathers]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xx}}
|-
|||The '''[[Kasanje Kingdom]]''' is founded in central Africa.
|-
|||The [[Danish East India Company]] establishes the colony of '''[[Danish India]]'''.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1621||align=center|29&nbsp;September||'''[[Nova Scotia]]''' is founded as a colony of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] divides the [[Colony of Brazil]] into the '''[[State of Brazil]]''' and the '''[[State of Maranhão (colonial)|State of Maranhão]]'''. The capitals are [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] and [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luis]], respectively.
|-
|||The [[Dutch West India Company]] is founded.
|-
|align=center|1623||||The '''[[Electorate of Bavaria]]''' emerged from the [[Duchy of Bavaria]]. [[Munich]] remains the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1624||||The colony of '''[[New Netherland]]''' is established in North America.
|-
|||The colony of '''[[Dutch Formosa]]''' is established on [[Formosa|Taiwan]].
|-
|align=center|1626||||The Dutch purchase the island of [[Manhattan]] and found '''[[New Amsterdam]]''', which later becomes [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thirteen.org/dutchny/interactives/manhattan-island/#.UIW9crQTsxc |title=Document: The Purchase of Manhattan Island, 1626 – Dutch New York |work=Dutch New York |last=Schaghen |first=P. |date=5 November 1626 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024054842/http://www.thirteen.org/dutchny/interactives/manhattan-island/#.UIW9crQTsxc |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|1627||align=center|17&nbsp;February||The [[Kingdom of England]] [[Barbados#British colonial rule|colonizes]] [[Barbados]], with its capital at [[Holetown|Saint James Town]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1629||align=center|26&nbsp;September||The [[Truce of Altmark]] cedes most of the [[Duchy of Livonia]] in [[real union]] with the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] to [[Sweden]] as '''[[Swedish Livonia]]'''. The eastern part of the duchy is retained by Poland-Lithuania and is annexed as the [[Inflanty Voivodeship]].
|-
|||The '''[[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]''' is founded in North America.
|-
|||The '''[[New Hampshire Colony]]''' is founded in North America.
|-
|||The '''[[Carolina Colony]]''' is founded in North America.
|-
|}

===1630s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1630||||The Dutch establish the colony of '''[[Dutch Brazil]]'''. The capital is [[Mauritsstad]] (now [[Recife]]).
|-
|||[[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] occupies the [[Duchy of Pomerania]].
|-
|align=center|1631||||The '''[[Kingdom of Matamba]]''' is established in southwest Africa.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1632||||The '''[[Maryland Colony]]''' is founded. [[St. Mary's City]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of England]] colonizes [[Antigua]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Plan of the Estate Called Jonas's Situated in the Division of North Sound in the Island of Antigua, the Property of Peter Langford Brooke, Esquire |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/647 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]] |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1635||||[[Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] makes [[Gondar]] the first permanent capital of [[Ethiopia]] since the fall of the [[Zagwe Dynasty]].
|-
|||The '''[[Saybrook Colony]]''' is founded in what is now the U.S. state of [[Connecticut]]. [[Old Saybrook]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of France]] colonizes [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], and some islands of the [[Lesser Antilles]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1636||align=center|3&nbsp;March||The '''[[Connecticut Colony]]''' is founded in North America. [[Hartford]] is the capital.
|-
|||The '''[[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]]''' is founded in North America.
|-
|||[[Hong Taiji|Taizong]] establishes the '''[[Qing dynasty]]''' in [[China]].
|-
|align=center|1637||||[[Joseon]] becomes a tributary state of the [[Qing dynasty]] after the invasion of [[Korea]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1638||||The colony of '''[[New Sweden]]''' is established in North America.
|-
|||The '''[[New Haven Colony]]''' is founded in what is now the U.S. state of [[Connecticut]]. [[New Haven]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Dutch East India Company]] takes possession of '''[[Mauritius]]'''.
|-
|}

===1640s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1640||align=center|1&nbsp;December||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] separates from [[personal union]] with the [[Monarchy of Spain]].
|-
|||The '''[[Emirate of Trarza]]''' is established in North Africa.
|-
|align=center|1641||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] loses [[Malacca]], [[Annobón]], and [[Angola]] to the [[Republic of the Seven United Provinces]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1644||align=center|30&nbsp;October||The [[Qing dynasty]] supersedes the [[Ming dynasty]] as the legitimate dynasty of [[China]]. [[Beijing]] is the capital.
|-
|||[[Zhu Yousong|Hongguang]] establishes the '''[[Southern Ming|Southern Ming dynasty]]''' in [[China]].
|-
|||The [[Saybrook Colony]] is sold to the [[Connecticut Colony]].
|-
|align=center|1645||align=center|13&nbsp;August||The [[Denmark-Norway|Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths]] cedes [[Jämtland]], [[Härjedalen]], [[Älvdalen Municipality|Idre & Särna]], [[Gotland]], [[Saaremaa|Ösel]], and [[Halland]], the latter for a period of 30 years, to the [[Kingdom of Sweden]] as part of the [[Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)|Treaty of Brömsebro]].
|-
|align=center|1646||||The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] is dissolved.
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1648||||The [[Kingdom of England]] colonizes the [[Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |url=http://bahamas.anglican.org/history.php |title=Diocesan History |publisher=Anglican Communications Department |access-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505100933/http://bahamas.anglican.org/history.php |archive-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>
|-
|||The [[Thirty Years' War]] ends with the [[Peace of Westphalia]].
|-
|||The [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]], [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]], and many [[Italian city-states]] are made independent of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] ([[Peace of Westphalia]]).
|-
||||The [[Duchy of Pomerania]] is divided between Sweden ('''[[Swedish Pomerania]]''') and [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] ('''[[Farther Pomerania]]'''), although the precise borders would not be determined until 1653 ([[Peace of Westphalia]]).
|-
|||[[Kingdom of France|France]] receives the cities of the [[Décapole]] in [[Alsace]] (except [[Strasbourg]], the [[Diocese of Strasbourg]], and [[Mulhouse]]) and the city of [[Pignerol]] from the Spanish [[Duchy of Milan]] ([[Peace of Westphalia]]).
|-
|||The [[Mughal Empire]] moves its capital from [[Agra]] to [[Delhi]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] takes back [[Angola]] from the [[Republic of the Seven United Provinces]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1649||align=center|19&nbsp;May||The [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]] '''[[Commonwealth of England]]''' supersedes the [[Kingdom of England]] after the [[English Civil War]].
|-
|||[[Grenada]] is acquired by the [[Kingdom of France]].
|-
|}

===1650s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|align=center|1650||||The [[Commonwealth of England]] colonizes '''[[Anguilla]]''' with settlers from [[Saint Kitts]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Historical Geography of the British Colonies, Volume 2 |last=Lucas |first=Charles Prestwood |page=139 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1890}}</ref><ref name="Britannica" />
|-
|align=center|1652||||The [[Dutch East India Company]] establishes the '''[[Dutch Cape Colony]]'''.
|-
|align=center|1653||align=center|4&nbsp;May||The precise borders between [[Swedish Pomerania]] and [[Farther Pomerania]] (Brandenburg-Prussia) are determined by the [[Treaty of Stettin (1653)|Treaty of Stettin]].
|-
|align=center|1654||||During the [[Dutch–Portuguese War|Dutch-Portuguese War]], the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] conquers the colony of [[Dutch Brazil]] from the [[Republic of the Seven United Provinces]].
|-
|align=center|1655||||The colony of [[New Sweden]] falls to the [[Republic of the Seven United Provinces|Dutch]].
|-
|align=center|1656||||The former [[Bishopric of Courland]], until then in [[personal union]] with the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], is sold to the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] and becomes its vassal state instead.
|-
|align=center|1657||||The [[Treaty of Wehlau|Treaty of Bromberg]] gives the '''[[Duchy of Prussia]]''' its sovereignty.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1658||align=center|26&nbsp;February||[[Denmark-Norway]] cedes [[Scania|Skåne]], [[Blekinge]], [[Halland]], [[Bornholm]], [[Bohuslän|Båhus]], and [[Trøndelag]] to the [[Kingdom of Sweden]] as part of the [[Treaty of Roskilde]].

|-
|align=center|16&nbsp;December||The '''[[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]]''' supersedes the [[Commonwealth of England]], the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]]. [[Edinburgh]] and [[Dublin]] yield to [[London]] as the capital.
|-
|||During the [[Dutch-Portuguese War]], the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] gain control of [[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese-held possessions in Sri Lanka]] from the [[Kingdom of Portugal]].
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" |1659||||The [[Kingdom of France]] establishes the colony of [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]] as the first French settlement in Africa.
|-
|
|[[Treaty of the Pyrenees]]: [[Artois]], [[Roussillon]],and [[Perpignan]] are annexed by [[Kingdom of France]].
|-
|align=center|5 May|||The [[East India Company|British East India Company]] takes possession of [[Saint Helena]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xx}}
|-
|||Fall of the [[Saadi dynasty]] in [[Morocco]].
|-
|}

===1660s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1660||align=center|4&nbsp;April||The restored '''[[Kingdom of England]]''', '''[[Kingdom of Scotland]]''', and '''[[Kingdom of Ireland]]''' supersede the [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]] [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]]. [[London]], [[Edinburgh]], and [[Dublin]] are the respective capitals.

|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;May||The [[Treaty of Oliva]] cedes [[Ruhnu|Runö]] Island in Estonia from the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian]] vassal state [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] to [[Sweden]].

|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;May||The [[Kingdom of Sweden]] cedes [[Trøndelag]] and [[Bornholm]] to '''[[Denmark-Norway]]''' as part of the [[Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)|Treaty of Copenhagen]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1661||align=center|25&nbsp;February||The former [[Bishopric of Courland]], a vassal state of the [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] (itself a vassal state of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]), comes into [[personal union]] with Courland and Semigallia.

|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;June||The '''[[Kingdom of Tungning]]''' is proclaimed in [[Taiwan (island)|Taiwan]].
|-
|||[[Portuguese India]] cedes the port of [[Bombay]] to the British as dowry to King Charles II of England
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] hands [[Tangier]] over to the [[Kingdom of England]] as a dowry.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1662||||The [[Southern Ming Dynasty|Southern Ming dynasty]] ends with the conquest by the [[Qing dynasty]].
|-
|||[[Dutch Formosa]] is conquered by the [[Ming dynasty|Southern Ming dynasty]].
|-
|align=center|1663||||The '''[[Duchy of Massa and Carrara]]''' is established. [[Massa, Tuscany|Massa]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1664||||The [[Dutch Republic]] signs the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]], which cedes [[New Netherland]] to the [[Kingdom of England]].
|-
|||The '''[[Delaware Colony]]''' is founded in North America. [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]] is the capital.
|-
|||The '''[[New Jersey Colony]]''' is founded in North America.
|-
|||The '''[[New York Colony]]''' is founded in North America. [[New York City]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[New Haven Colony]] is merged into the [[Connecticut Colony]].
|-
|||The [[French East India Company]] is founded.
|-
|||The '''[[Alavid dynasty|Alaouite dynasty]]''' is established in [[Morocco]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1665||||The '''[[Kingdom of Lunda]]''' is established in central Africa.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of England]] establishes the '''[[Colony of Jamaica]]'''. [[Spanish Town]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1666||||The '''[[Khanate of Kalat]]''' is established.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of France]] conquers [[Anguilla]] from the [[Kingdom of England]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ai/elections/anguillahistory.htm |publisher=Government of Anguilla |title=The Anguilla House of Assembly Elections<!--sic--> |date=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813051037/http://gov.ai/elections/anguillahistory.htm |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=13 August 2007}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align=center|1667||align=center|9 February||The [[Truce of Andrusovo]]. [[Left-bank Ukraine|Left-Bank Ukraine]], [[Kyiv]], and [[Smolensk]] is given to the [[Tsardom of Russia|Russian Tsardom]]. [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]] was left with [[Right-bank Ukraine|Right-Bank Ukraine]], and Russian-occupied Belarus with [[Vitebsk]], [[Polotsk]], and [[Daugavpils|Dzwinsk]]. [[Zaporizhzhia (region)|Zaporizhzhia]] was recognized as a condominium of both states.
|-
|align=center|31 July ||The [[Kingdom of France]] returns [[Anguilla]] to the [[Kingdom of England]] according to the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anguilla-island-West-Indies |title=Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|1668||align=center|2 May||[[Kingdom of France]] acquires [[Armentières]], [[Bergues]], [[Charleroi]], [[Kortrijk]], [[Douai]], [[Veurne]], [[Lille]], [[Oudenaarde]] and [[Tournai]] ([[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]]).
|-
|}

===1670s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|align=center|1673||||The [[Kingdom of France]] acquires [[Pondicherry|Puducherry]].
|-
|align=center|1674||||[[Shivaji]] establishes the '''[[Maratha Empire]]''' in [[Maharashtra]].
|-
|1676
|
|[[Ottoman Empire]] gains parts of [[Podolia]] and parts of [[Central Ukraine]] from [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]]
|-
|align=center|1677||||The [[Mạc dynasty]] of [[Vietnam]] collapses.
|-
|align=center|1678||align=center|August||The Treaty of Nijmegen is signed. Spain gives [[Franche-Comté]], [[Ypres]], [[Maubeuge]], [[Le Cateau-Cambrésis|Câteau-Cambrésis]], [[Valenciennes]], [[Saint-Omer]] and [[Cassel, Nord|Cassel]] to France and France restores [[Charleroi]] and [[Philippsburg]]
|-
|}

===1680s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|align=center|1680||||The '''[[Kingdom of Burundi]]''' is established.
|-
|align=center|1681||||The '''[[Pennsylvania Colony]]''' is founded in North America. [[Philadelphia]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1682||||French explorer [[Robert de La Salle]] sails down the [[Mississippi River]] and claims all the lands along the river for [[Kingdom of France|France]] under the name '''[[Louisiana Territory|Louisiana]]'''.{{sfn|Beck|2008|page=555}}
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1683||align=center|12&nbsp;September||The [[Second Siege of Vienna]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] fails.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Tungning|Tungning Kingdom]] is conquered by the [[Qing dynasty]]. The island of [[Taiwan]] falls back under the control of the Qing.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1684||||The [[Kingdom of England|English]] [[Crown Colony]] of '''[[Bermuda]]''' supersedes the [[Somers Isles Company]]. [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of England]] hands [[Tangier]] over to the [[Alaouite dynasty]].
|-
|align=center|1685||||The [[Kingdom of England]] colonizes [[Barbuda]].
|-
|align=center|1686
|
|[[Tsardom of Russia|Russian Tsardom]] gains [[Kyiv|Kiev]] and [[Zaporozhian Sich|Zaporizhzhia]] from [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]] from [[Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686)|Treaty of Eternal Peace]]
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |1689||||[[Wales]] ceases to have an official or administrative capital when [[Ludlow]] ceases to be the administrative capital following the end of the [[Council of Wales and the Marches]].
|-
|||[[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] is signed between [[Tsardom of Russia]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]]. Russia gives up the area north of the [[Amur|Amur River]] as far as the [[Stanovoy Range]] and kept the area between the [[Argun (Amur)|Argun River]] and [[Lake Baikal]].
|-
|}

===1690s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1692||||The [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and [[Plymouth Colony]] are reorganized as the '''[[Province of Massachusetts Bay]]'''.
|-
|||The '''[[Electorate of Hanover]]''' is established. [[Hanover]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1695||||The capital of '''[[Maryland Colony]]''' is moved from [[St. Mary's City]] to [[Annapolis]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1697||||The western half of the colony of Santo Domingo ([[Kingdom of Spain]]) on the island of [[Hispaniola]] is recognised as the colony of '''[[Saint-Domingue]]''' of the [[Kingdom of France]] ([[Peace of Ryswick|Peace of Ryswijk]]).
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of France]] hands over territories to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] ([[Peace of Ryswick|Peace of Ryswijk]]).
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of France]] recognizes the [[Kingdom of England]] ([[Peace of Ryswick|Peace of Ryswijk]]).
|-
|||A [[personal union]] is established between the [[Electorate of Saxony]] and [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1699||rowspan=4 align=center|26&nbsp;January||The [[Ottoman Empire]] cedes the [[Eğri Eyalet]], the [[Varat Eyalet]], northern parts of the [[Temeşvar Eyalet]], most of the [[Budin Eyalet]], and parts of the [[Bosnia Eyalet]] to the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. This territory plus the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] corresponds to most of the territory of mediaeval Hungary previously lost to the Ottomans ([[Ottoman Hungary]]). ([[Treaty of Karlowitz]])
|-
|The [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]], while nominally independent, becomes ''de facto'' under Habsburg rule. ([[Treaty of Karlowitz]])
|-
|The Ottoman Empire returns [[Podolia]] to [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]]. ([[Treaty of Karlowitz]])
|-
|The Ottoman Empire cedes [[Morea]] and most of [[Dalmatia]] to the [[Republic of Venice]]. ([[Treaty of Karlowitz]])
|}

==18th century==
===1700s===
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:6%" |Year|| style="width:8%" |Date|| style="width:86%" |Event
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1700||align=center|1&nbsp;November||With the beginning of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]]'s reign over the [[Kingdom of Spain]], Spain and its territories cease to be part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]].
|-
|||The [[Ottoman Empire]] cedes [[Azov]] to the [[Tsardom of Russia]] by the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1700)|Treaty of Constantinople]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1701||align=center|18 January||[[Brandenburg-Prussia]] becomes the '''[[Kingdom of Prussia]]'''. [[Berlin]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Duchy of Mecklenburg]] is divided into '''[[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]''' and '''[[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]'''.
|-
|||The '''[[Ashanti Empire]]''' is established in West Africa. [[Kumasi]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1704||align=center|October||The '''[[Kingdom of France]]''' and '''[[Spanish Empire]]''' [[Raid on Nassau|take control]] of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] from the [[Kingdom of England|English]], but soon abandon the city, returning control to the English.{{sfn|Marley|2005|page=7}}{{sfn|Marley |1998|page=226}}
|-
|||The '''[[Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)|Mamluk dynasty]]''' in [[Iraq]] is established. [[Baghdad]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1705||||The [[Electorate of Hanover]] receives the [[Principality of Lüneburg]] and the [[Saxe-Lauenburg|Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg]].
|-
|align=center|1706||||End of the personal union between the [[Electorate of Saxony]] and [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1707||align=center|25&nbsp;April||The [[Crown of Castile]] integrates the [[Kingdom of Valencia]] part of the [[Crown of Aragon]] through invasion ([[Battle of Almansa]]).
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;May||The [[Acts of Union 1707]] unite the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] to form the '''[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/ |title=Act of Union 1707 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015044930/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/ |archive-date=15 October 2008 |website=parliament.uk |access-date=30 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Edinburgh]] yields to [[London]] as the capital for all but judicial functions.
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;June||The [[Nueva Planta decrees]] abolish the [[Crown of Castile]] and make it part of the centralized [[Kingdom of Spain]].
|-
|||[[Lan Xang]] in [[Laos]] disintegrates into three parts: the '''[[Kingdom of Luang Phrabang]]''' in the north, the '''[[Kingdom of Vientiane]]''' in the middle, and the '''[[Kingdom of Champasak]]''' in the south.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1709||align=center|21&nbsp;April||[[Mirwais Hotak]] establishes the '''[[Hotak dynasty]]'''. [[Isfahan]] and [[Kandahar]] are the capitals.
|-
|||Second personal union between the [[Electorate of Saxony]] and [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]].
|-
|||The '''[[Khanate of Kokand]]''' is established in [[Central Asia]] as a spin-off of the [[Khanate of Bukhara]]. [[Kokand]] is the capital.
|}

===1710s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|align=center|1710||||The '''[[Kong Empire]]''' is established in West Africa.
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1711||align=center|21&nbsp;July||The [[Tsardom of Russia]] returns [[Azov]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]] by the [[Treaty of the Pruth]].
|-
|||The [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Principality of Transylvania]] is integrated ''de jure'' into the [[Habsburg monarchy]] as a [[crown land]].
|-
|||[[Cap-François]] becomes the capital of the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]].
|-
|||The [[Duchy of Mirandola]] becomes part of the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1712||||The [[Carolina Colony]] is split into the '''[[North Carolina Colony]]''' and the '''[[South Carolina Colony]]'''.
|-
|||The [[Tsardom of Russia]] moves its capital from [[Moscow]] to [[Saint Petersburg]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1713||align=center|March–April||The [[Treaty of Utrecht]] is signed. The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] takes sovereignty over [[Gibraltar]] and [[Menorca]] from the [[Kingdom of Spain]]. Spain also cedes [[Sicily]] and parts of the [[Duchy of Milan]] to [[Savoy]]; the [[Spanish Netherlands]], the [[Kingdom of Naples]], [[Sardinia]], and the bulk of the [[Duchy of Milan]] to [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]; and lands in South America between the [[Amazon River]] and the [[Oiapoque River]] to the [[Kingdom of Portugal]].
|-
|align=center|July||The [[Kingdom of France]] conquers [[Kaiserslautern]], [[Landau]], and [[Breisgau]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1714||rowspan=3 align=center|7&nbsp;March||The '''[[Austrian Netherlands]]''' follow the [[Spanish Netherlands]]. [[Brussels]] is the capital.
|-
|The [[Duchy of Milan]], the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], the [[Kingdom of Naples]], and the [[Spanish Netherlands]] are ceded by the [[Kingdom of Spain]] to the [[Habsburg monarchy]].
|-
|The [[Habsburg monarchy]] receives [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] and several other small territories on its eastern borders from [[France]], but France keeps [[Landau]].
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;September||Fall of the [[Crown of Aragon]], invaded by the [[Crown of Castile]], marked by the [[Siege of Barcelona (1713–1714)|Siege of Barcelona]] and the annexation of the [[Principality of Catalonia]]. A unified [[Kingdom of Spain]] is created through the [[Nueva Planta decrees]].
|-
|||The [[Electorate of Hanover]] enters into a personal union with the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1715||align=center|28&nbsp;November||[[Spain]] integrates the [[Kingdom of Majorca]], the last part of the [[Crown of Aragon]], through invasion.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Spain]] returns [[Colonia del Sacramento]] to the [[Kingdom of Portugal]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of France]] annexes [[Mauritius]] after the Dutch abandon it.
|-
|||The [[Nueva Planta decrees]] abolish the [[Crown of Castile]] and make it part of the centralized [[Kingdom of Spain]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1717||align=center|27&nbsp;May||The '''[[Viceroyalty of New Granada]]''' is established from parts of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] as an overseas territory of the [[Kingdom of Spain]].
|-
|||The former [[Bishopric of Courland]], until then in [[personal union]] with the [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] (itself a vassal state of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]), comes into [[personal union]] directly with Poland-Lithuania.
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1718||rowspan=5 align=center|21&nbsp;July||The [[Ottoman Empire]] cedes to the [[Habsburg monarchy]] the territories of [[Banat]], southeastern [[Syrmia]], central [[Serbia]], part of northern [[Bosnia]], and part of [[Wallachia]] (an Ottoman vassal) known as [[Oltenia]] ([[Treaty of Passarowitz]]).
|-
|The '''[[Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)|Kingdom of Serbia]]''' is established as a Habsburg crown land ([[Treaty of Passarowitz]]).
|-
|The '''[[Banat of Temeswar]]''' is established as a Habsburg crown land ([[Treaty of Passarowitz]]).
|-
|[[Venice]] returns [[Morea]] (gained by the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]) and its [[Crete|Cretan]] holdings to the Ottomans.
|-
|The Ottoman Empire cede parts of [[Dalmatia]] ([[Imotski]], [[Sinj]], and [[Vrgorac]]).
|-
|align=center|1719||align=center|9&nbsp;November||[[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] cedes [[Bremen-Verden]] to the [[Electorate of Hanover]].
|}

===1720s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1720||align=center|21&nbsp;January||Sweden cedes the portion of [[Swedish Pomerania]] south of the [[Peene]] and east of the [[Peenestrom]] to [[Prussia]].
|-
|||The [[Duchy of Savoy]] receives the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] from the [[Habsburg monarchy]] in exchange for [[Sicily]].
|-
|||The [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] moves its capital from [[Düsseldorf]] to [[Mannheim]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1721||align=center|30&nbsp;August||[[Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)|Swedish Estonia]], [[Swedish Ingria|Ingria]], [[Swedish Livonia|Livonia]], and most of [[Karelia]] is ceded by [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] to the [[Tsardom of Russia]] according to the terms of the [[Treaty of Nystad]].
|-
|align=center|22&nbsp;October||[[Peter the Great]] proclaims the '''[[Russian Empire]]''' from the [[Tsardom of Russia]].
|-
|align=center|1723||||The [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] again becomes part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]].
|-
|align=center|1728||||On [[Greenland]] (then part of [[Denmark-Norway]]), [[Hans Egede]] founds the colony of '''[[Nuuk|Godthåb]]'''.
|}

===1730s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|align=center|1732||||The '''[[Georgia Colony]]''' is founded in [[British North America]]. [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1736||||The '''[[Afsharid dynasty]]''' is established in [[Persia]] and follows the [[Safavid dynasty]]. [[Mashhad]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1737||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] moves the capital of its colonial [[Colonial Brazil|State of Maranhão]] from [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]] to [[Belém]].
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |1738||||The [[Hotak dynasty]] is disestablished.
|-
|
|[[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Monarchy]] loses the crowns of Naples and Sicily to [[Charles III of Spain|Charles of Parma]], the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] to [[Stanisław Leszczyński|Stanislaus Leszczyński]], the [[Duchy of Parma]] to Austria, the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] to [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephen]], the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] loses direct control over the [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1739||align=center|1&nbsp;January||[[Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier]] discovers [[Bouvet Island]] in the South Atlantic Ocean.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|18&nbsp;September||The [[Habsburg monarchy]] cedes the [[Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)|Kingdom of Serbia]], the southern part of the [[Banat of Temeswar]], and northern Bosnia to the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Treaty of Belgrade]]).
|-
|The [[Habsburg monarchy]] returns Oltenia to [[Wallachia]] ([[Treaty of Belgrade]]).
|-
|||The [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] is again separated from the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]].
|}

===1740s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|align=center|1740||||The '''[[Oyo Empire]]''' is established in West Africa.
|-
|align=center|1742||||[[Treaty of Berlin (1742)|Treaty of Berlin]]:[[Silesia]] is Partitioned between [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and the [[Habsburg monarchy|House of Habsburg]];Prussia receives the majority of silesia while Austria retains a smaller area hence known as [[Austrian Silesia]]
|-
|align=center|1744||||The [[Kingdom of Matamba]] is annexed to [[Portuguese Angola]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1745||||The kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]] and [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonia]] are unified into the '''[[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]]''' within the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. [[Zagreb]] is the capital.
|-
|||The '''[[Kingdom of Swaziland]]''' is established in southern Africa.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1747||align=center|October||The '''[[Durrani Empire]]''' is founded near [[Kandahar]] on a [[Loya jirga]], when [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] is chosen as the king of the newly independent empire. He is later regarded as the founder of modern [[Afghanistan]].
|-
|||The [[Safavid Empire]] collapses.{{sfn|Beck|2008|page=513}}
|-
|align=center|1748||align=center|18 October||[[Duchy of Parma|Duchies of Parma, Piacenza]], and [[Duchy of Guastalla|Gustalla]] ceded to the [[House of Bourbon-Parma|Spanish Bourbons]] ([[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]]).
|}

===1750s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|align=center|1750||align=center|13&nbsp;January||The [[Kingdom of Spain]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] sign the [[Treaty of Madrid (13 January&nbsp;1750)|Treaty of Madrid]]. Based on the ''uti possidetis'' concept, Portugal gains lands on the actual south, central, and north regions of [[Brazil]]. The treaty also stipulates that Spain receive the [[Colonia del Sacramento]] and Portugal the [[Misiones Orientales]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1751||align=center|21&nbsp;September||Through the [[Treaty of Strömstad]], the border between [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]] is finally settled, from the beginning of the land border in [[Iddefjord]] until Norway's border on Russia at [[Varanger Peninsula|Varanger]] (since Finland was part of Sweden at this time, the border between the two countries continued beyond the present end point of the border between Norway and Sweden).
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] changes the name of its colonial [[Colonial Brazil|State of Maranhão]] to '''[[Colonial Brazil|State of Great-Pará and Maranhão]]'''.
|-
|||[[Karim Khan Zand|Karim Khan]] establishes the '''[[Zand dynasty]]''' in [[Persia]]. [[Shiraz]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1752||||Establishment of the '''[[Konbaung dynasty]]''' in [[Burma]]. [[Shwebo]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Sheikdom of Kuwait]] is established. [[Kuwait City]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1753||||During the [[Seven Years' War]], [[Kingdom of France|France]] occupies the island of [[Menorca]].
|-
|align=center|1757||||The [[East India Company|British East India Company]] gains control of [[Bengal]] from the [[Mughal Empire]], initiating the '''[[British Raj]]''' in [[India]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1758||||The [[Dzungar Khanate]] is annexed by the [[Qing dynasty]] of [[China]].
|-
|||The '''[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]''' conquers [[Senegambia]] from the [[Kingdom of France]].
|-
|||The '''[[Sultanate of Sulu]]''' becomes independent from the [[Bruneian Empire]].
|}

===1760s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|align=center|1761||align=center|12&nbsp;February||The '''[[Kingdom of Spain]]''' and the '''[[Kingdom of Portugal]]''' sign the [[Treaty of El Pardo (1761)|Treaty of El Pardo]], nullifying the [[Treaty of Madrid (13 January&nbsp;1750)|Treaty of Madrid]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1762||align=center|13 November||Following the end of the [[French and Indian War]] in North America, the [[Louisiana Territory]] is transferred from [[Kingdom of France|France]] to [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] in the secret [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Kartli]] and the [[Kingdom of Kakheti]] unite to form the '''[[Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti]]'''. [[Tbilisi]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1763||align=center|10&nbsp;February||The [[Seven Years' War]] ends with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], which formalizes a number of territorial transfers between [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], and [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]]; among these is the transfer of the northernmost parts of [[New France]] (present-day [[Canada]]) to the British.
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;February||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] moves the capital of its colony of the '''[[Colonial Brazil|State of Brazil]]''' from [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]].
|-
|||End of the second personal union between the [[Electorate of Saxony]] and [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]].
|-
|align=center|1765||||The [[Grand Duchy of Transylvania]] follows the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Principality of Transylvania]].
|-
|align=center|1766||||[[Kingdom of France|France]] annexes the [[Duchy of Lorraine]].
|-
|||4&nbsp;October||The [[Falkland Islands]] start depending from the [[Governorate of the Río de la Plata|Governorate of Buenos Aires]] instead of [[Kingdom of Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soberaniachile.cl/titulos_coloniales_chilenos_en_la_patagonia_oriental.html |title=Corporación de Defensa de la Soberanía}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|1767||||[[Ayutthaya Historical Park|Ayutthaya]], capital of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]], is destroyed during the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)|Burmese–Siamese War]]. The '''[[Thonburi Kingdom]]''' follows the Ayutthaya Kingdom in [[Siam]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1768||align=center|15&nbsp;May||[[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] sells to [[Kingdom of France|France]] its rights to [[Corsica]].
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;December||[[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] unifies the '''[[Kingdom of Nepal]]'''. [[Kathmandu]] is the capital.
|}

===1770s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1770||align=center|28&nbsp;April||[[James Cook]] reaches '''[[Australia]]''' and takes possession of the land for the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].
|-
|||The capital of the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] is moved from [[Cap-François]] to [[Port-au-Prince]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1772||rowspan=2 align=center|5&nbsp;August||The '''[[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]''' is founded as the crown land of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. [[Lemberg]] is the capital.
|-
|[[First Partition of Poland|First partition]] of [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] divides its colony of the [[Colony of Brazil|State of Great-Pará and Maranhão]] into the '''[[Colony of Brazil|State of Great-Pará]]''' (capital at [[Belém]]) and the '''[[Colony of Brazil|State of Maranhão]]''' (capital at [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luis]]).
|-
|||Following [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]]'s destruction in 1767, the new capital of [[Siam]] is created in [[Thonburi]].
|-
|align=center|1774||||The [[County of Oldenburg]] is made the '''[[Duchy of Oldenburg]]'''.
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|1775||||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] reunites its South American colonies of the [[Colony of Brazil|State of Brazil]], the [[Colony of Brazil|State of Great-Pará]], and the [[Colony of Brazil|State of Maranhão]] into the '''[[Colony of Brazil]]'''. [[Rio de Janeiro]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Habsburg monarchy]] annexes the northwestern part of [[Moldavia]] (later known as [[Bukovina]]).
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1776||align=center|4&nbsp;March||The [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] occupy [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]].
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;March||The [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] abandon [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], returning control to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]].
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;May||The '''[[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]]''' declares its independence from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;July||[[Thirteen Colonies|Thirteen British colonies]] in North America, including the [[Rhode Island|State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]], collectively declare their independence from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], as the '''[[United States of America]]'''.{{sfn|Moore|1906|page=19}} [[Philadelphia]] is the first of eight cities that will serve as a temporary capital until 1800.
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;December||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital from [[Philadelphia]] to [[Baltimore]].
|-
|||The '''[[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]''' is separated from the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. The [[Kingdom of Chile]] losses the cities of [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] and [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]] (Cuyo Province). [[Buenos Aires]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Durrani Empire]] moves its capital from [[Kandahar]] to [[Kabul]]. The winter capital is [[Peshawar]].
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1777||align=center|15&nbsp;January||The '''[[Republic of New Connecticut]]''' declares its independence from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. [[Westminster, Vermont|Westminster]] is the temporary capital.
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;March||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital back from [[Baltimore]] to [[Philadelphia]].
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;June||The [[Republic of New Connecticut]] moves its capital from [[Westminster, Vermont|Westminster]] to [[Windsor, Vermont|Windsor]].
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;July||The [[Republic of New Connecticut]] changes its name to the '''[[Vermont Republic]]'''.
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;September||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital from [[Philadelphia]] to [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] for one day, following the capture of Philadelphia by British forces.
|-
|align=center|30&nbsp;September||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital from [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] to [[York, Pennsylvania|York]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;October||The '''[[Kingdom of Spain]]''' and the '''[[Kingdom of Portugal]]''' sign the [[First Treaty of San Ildefonso]], confirming almost all the borders defined by the [[Treaty of Madrid (13 January&nbsp;1750)|Treaty of Madrid]], with the exception that Spain will rule both [[Colonia del Sacramento]] and the [[Misiones Orientales]].
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1778||align=center|11&nbsp;June||The [[Vermont Republic]] claims the "East Union", consisting of some towns in [[New Hampshire]] which had petitioned earlier in the year to join with Vermont. Vermont never gains full control over the area.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/provincialandst01courgoog |title=Provincial and State Papers relating to New Hampshire |year=1877 |access-date=January 16, 2017 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/provincialandst01courgoog/page/n285 242]–246 |last1=Court |first1=New Hampshire (Colony) Probate}}</ref>{{sfn|Slade|1823|pages=89–103}}<ref name="vt-unions" />
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;July||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital from [[York, Pennsylvania|York]] back to [[Philadelphia]].
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;October||The [[Vermont Republic]] rescinds its claim to the "East Union", consisting of some towns in [[New Hampshire]].{{sfn|Slade|1823|pages=89–103}}<ref name="vt-unions">{{cite web |url=http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/historical/historical_geography_of_vermont.htm |title=The Historical Geography of Vermont |access-date=January 24, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112223456/http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/historical/historical_geography_of_vermont.htm |archive-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name="vt-enc-east-union">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Vermont Encyclopedia |title=East Union |year=2003 |publisher=University Press of New England |id=1584650869 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTBCXqOou0YC&pg=PA111 |page=111 |isbn=978-1-58465-086-7}}</ref>
|-
||||[[Nguyễn Nhạc|Thái Đức]] establishes the '''[[Tây Sơn dynasty]]''' in [[Vietnam]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] cedes [[Annobón]] and [[Bioko]] to the [[Kingdom of Spain]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Champasak]] becomes a vassal state of [[Siam]].
|}

===1780s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1781||align=center|4&nbsp;April||The [[Vermont Republic]] once again claims the "East Union", consisting of some towns in [[New Hampshire]] that wish to join with Vermont, though the exact extent of the borders is unknown. Vermont never gains full control over the area.<ref>{{usstat|1|191}}</ref>{{sfn|Slade|1823|pages=136–137|ps=&nbsp;"Agreeably to the recommendation of the committees, the Legislature of Vermont was adjourned to the first Wednesday of April [1781]; at which time, it met at Windsor, and the union of the grants, east and west of Connecticut river, was consummated"}}<ref name="vt-unions" />
|-
|align=center|June–July||The [[Vermont Republic]] claims the "West Union", consisting of some towns in [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="vt-unions" />{{sfn|Slade|1823|pages=138–141}}<ref name="vt-enc-west-union">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Vermont Encyclopedia |title=West Union |year=2003 |publisher=University Press of New England |id=1584650869 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTBCXqOou0YC&pg=PA319 |page=319 |isbn=978-1-58465-086-7}}</ref> The specific date this occurs is unclear; sources suggest 16 June, 26 June, and 18 July.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1782||align=center|22&nbsp;February||The [[Vermont Republic]] abandons its claims of the East Union from [[New Hampshire]] and the West Union from [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="vt-enc-east-union" /><ref name="vt-enc-west-union" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{ussc|name=Vermont v. New Hampshire|volume=289|page=593|year=1933}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;April||[[Siam]] moves its capital from [[Thonburi]] to [[Bangkok]].
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;May||The [[Spanish Empire]] [[Capture of the Bahamas (1782)|captures]] [[The Bahamas]] from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Chavez|2003|page=208}}
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1783||align=center|20&nbsp;January||Great Britain surrenders [[East Florida]] and [[West Florida]] to [[Spanish Empire|Spain]].
|-
|align=center|18&nbsp;April||The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] [[Capture of the Bahamas (1783)|recaptures]] [[The Bahamas]] from the [[Spanish Empire]].
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;April||The [[Crimean Khanate]] is annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] and incorporated as the '''[[Taurida Governorate]]'''.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|3&nbsp;September||The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] signs the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], formally recognizing the independence of the '''[[United States of America]]'''.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxiii}}
|-
|Rule over [[Senegambia]] is redistributed between the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of France]]. The French get most of Senegambia (present-day [[Senegal]]) and the British get the [[Gambia River|Gambia Valley]] (present-day [[The Gambia|Gambia]]).
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;November||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital from [[Philadelphia]] to [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], and then to [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]].
|-
|||The '''[[Province of Trinidad]]''' moves its capital from [[Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago|San José de Oruña]] to [[Port of Spain|Puerto de España]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1784||align=center|1&nbsp;July||King [[Gustav III]] of [[Sweden]] acquires the island of [[Saint Barthélemy]] in the Caribbean from France. It becomes a Swedish colony for nearly a century.
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;November||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital from [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]] to [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]].
|-
|||[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|King Joseph II]] moves the capital of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungarian Kingdom]] back to [[Buda]].
|-
|||Russian seafarer and merchant [[Grigory Shelikhov|Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov]] arrives in [[Three Saints Bay]] in [[Alaska]].
|-
|||The [[Khanate of Kalat]] hands over [[Gwadar]] to [[Omani Empire|Oman]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1785||align=center|11&nbsp;January||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital from [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]] to [[New York City]].
|-
|||The '''[[Emirate of Bukhara]]''' follows the [[Khanate of Bukhara]].
|-
|align=center|1787||||[[Andrianampoinimerina]] establishes the '''[[Merina Kingdom|Kingdom of Madagascar]]'''. [[Antananarivo]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1788||align=center|26&nbsp;January||The British colony of '''[[New South Wales]]''' is established in [[Australia]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1789||||The [[Lê dynasty|Later Lê dynasty]] of [[Vietnam]] collapses.
|-
|||The [[Principality of Lippe]] is formed from the [[County of Lippe]].
|}

===1790s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|1790||align=center|11&nbsp;January||The '''[[United States of Belgium]]''' declares its independence from the [[House of Habsburg]]. [[Brussels]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;December||The [[United States of America]] moves its temporary capital from [[New York City]] to [[Philadelphia]] pending the construction of the new capital permitted by the new [[United States Constitution]].
|-
|align=center|7&nbsp;December||The [[United States of Belgium]] capitulates to the [[House of Habsburg]].
|-
|align=center|1791||align=center|4&nbsp;March||The [[Vermont Republic]] joins the [[United States of America]] as the [[State of Vermont]].<ref>{{cite web |last=First Congress |first=Third Session |title=An Act for the admission of the State of Vermont into this Union |website=The Avalon Project |publisher=Yale Law School |date=February 18, 1791 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/vt03.asp |access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> [[Windsor, Vermont|Windsor]] yields to [[Philadelphia]] as the federal capital.
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1792||align=center|28&nbsp;January||The [[Principality of Ansbach]] and the [[Principality of Bayreuth]] become part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;September||The first '''[[French First Republic|French Republic]]''' supersedes the [[Kingdom of France]].
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;December||Most of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Basel]] becomes the '''[[Rauracian Republic]]''', retaining only [[Schliengen]].
|-
|||The [[Dutch West India Company]] is dissolved.
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1793||align=center|23&nbsp;January||[[Second partition of Poland]].
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;March||France annexes the Principality of [[Salm-Salm]].
|-
|align=center|23&nbsp;March||The [[Rauracian Republic]] is annexed by France to form the département of [[Mont-Terrible]].
|-
|align=center|25&nbsp;June||[[Avignon]] is transferred from the [[Papal States]] to the [[French First Republic]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1794||||[[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Aga Mohammed Khan]] establishes the '''[[Qajar dynasty]]''' in [[Persia]] after the collapse of the [[Zand dynasty]]. [[Tehran]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Republic of Senarica]] is annexed by the [[Kingdom of Naples]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1795||align=center|19&nbsp;January||The '''[[Batavian Republic]]''' supersedes the [[Republic of the Seven United Netherlands]]. [[Amsterdam]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;October||The [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] is [[Third partition of Poland|partitioned]]. Its vassal state [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] and the former [[Bishopric of Courland]], until then in [[personal union]] with Poland-Lithuania, are annexed to the [[Russian Empire]] together as its [[Courland Governorate]].
|-
|||[[French First Republic|France]] annexes [[Southern Netherlands]] and the [[Duchy of Bouillon]].
|-
|||The Dutch lose its territories held in [[Malacca]] and [[Dutch Ceylon|Sri Lanka]] to the British.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1796||align=center|25&nbsp;April||[[Spain]] [[Pinckney's Treaty|cedes]] the northern half of [[West Florida]] to the [[United States of America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/sp1795.asp |title=Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and The United States; October 27, 1795 |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School |access-date=October 30, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112201043/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/sp1795.asp |archive-date=November 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;May||The Napoleonic '''[[Cispadane Republic]]''' is created in northern Italy from the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]], the [[Duchy of Massa and Carrara]] and the [[Papal States]]. [[Modena]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1797||align=center|17&nbsp;April||The [[Habsburg monarchy]] annexes the [[Republic of Venice]].
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;July||The [[Republic of Genoa]] becomes the Napoleonic '''[[Ligurian Republic]]'''. [[Genoa]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center rowspan=4|18&nbsp;October||The [[Austrian Netherlands]] and various Mediterranean islands, including [[Corfu]], are ceded to France. ([[Treaty of Campo Formio]])
|-
|The [[Republic of Venice]] is dissolved. Venetia (the eastern portion of [[Domini di Terraferma]], roughly modern [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]), [[Istria]], and [[Dalmatia]] are annexed by Austria. ([[Treaty of Campo Formio]])
|-
|Austria recognizes the [[Cisalpine Republic]] and [[Ligurian Republic]]. ([[Treaty of Campo Formio]])
|-
|The [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]] is recognized as defunct and all subordinate territories are formally released from the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. ([[Treaty of Campo Formio]])
|-
|||The [[Cispadane Republic]] becomes the '''[[Cisalpine Republic]]'''. [[Milan]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1798||align=center|4&nbsp;January||France annexes [[Mulhouse]].
|-
|align=center|15&nbsp;March||The [[Kingdom of Chile]] is separated from the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;April||The Napoleonic '''[[Helvetic Republic]]''' is declared. [[Aarau]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;June||The [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of Saint John]] capitulates to French forces and '''[[Malta]]''' is under [[French occupation of Malta|French occupation]] with [[Valletta]] remaining the capital.
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;July||[[First French Republic|France]] conquers [[Egypt]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]].
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;October||'''[[Gozo (independent state)|The Gozitan Nation]]''' gains ''de facto'' independence from [[French occupation of Malta|Malta]] with [[Victoria, Gozo|Rabat]] as its capital.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1799||align=center|7&nbsp;July||Establishment of the [[Sikh Empire]] after capture of [[Lahore]] by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] and unification of the [[Sikh Confederacy]] under him.
|-
|||The [[Principality of Lippe]] follows the [[County of Lippe]].
|-
|||The [[Dutch East India Company]] is dissolved.
|}

==19th century==
===1800s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1800||align=center|5&nbsp;September||French forces in [[French occupation of Malta|Malta]] surrender to the British. The island becomes the '''[[Malta Protectorate|British protectorate of Malta]]''' with [[Valletta]] as capital.
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;October||After a secretly negotiated treaty between [[French First Republic|France]] and [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]], Spain returns the North American colony of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] to France.
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;November||The [[United States of America]] moves its capital from [[Philadelphia]] to its permanent location at [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] in the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]].
|-
|align=center|1 February||The '''[[Dutch East Indies]]''' are established by the [[Batavian Republic]] after the dissolution of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. [[Jakarta|Batavia]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;February||The French ''département'' of [[Mont-Terrible]] is merged into the ''département'' of [[Haut-Rhin]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1801||align=center|1&nbsp;January||The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] unite to form the '''[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]'''. [[Dublin]] yields to [[London]] as the capital.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;June||The [[Kingdom of Spain]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] sign the [[Treaty of Badajoz (1801)|Treaty of Badajoz]], by which Spain cedes the South American [[Misiones Orientales]] to Portugal, and Portugal cedes [[Olivenza]] to Spain.
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;August||The [[Gozo (independent state)|Gozitan Nation]] is annexed by the [[Malta Protectorate|British protectorate of Malta]].
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;September||The [[Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti]] is annexed by the [[Russian Empire]].
|-
|||[[Egypt]] again falls under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1802||align=center|26 January||The [[Cisalpine Republic]] is renamed the '''[[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]]'''.
|-
|align=center|25 March||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes the [[Crown Colony]] of [[British Ceylon]] in Sri Lanka.
|-
|||[[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] separates the [[Canton of Valais]] from the [[Helvetic Republic]] to form the [[Rhodanic Republic]].
|-
|||[[Gia Long]] establishes the '''[[Nguyễn dynasty]]''' in [[Vietnam]]. [[Huế]] is the capital.
|-
|||[[Trinidad]] becomes a British colony.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1803||align=center|19&nbsp;February||The [[Act of Mediation]] converts the [[Helvetic Republic]] into the '''[[Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)|Swiss Confederation]]'''.
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;April||The [[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss]] results in the following geopolitical changes:
* All but three ecclesiastical states of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] are either secularized or annexed by other states (the exceptions are the [[Archbishopric of Regensburg]] and the lands of the [[Teutonic Knights]] and [[Knights of Saint John]]).
* The [[Duchy of Salzburg]] (formerly the [[Archbishopric of Salzburg]]) is raised to an [[prince-elector|electorate]].
* The '''[[Electorate of Baden]]''' emerges from the [[Margraviate of Baden]]. [[Karlsruhe]] is the capital.
* The [[Electorate of Baden]] receives the [[Electorate of Palatinate]].
* The '''[[Electorate of Hesse]]''' emerges from the [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Landgravate of Hesse-Kassel]]. [[Kassel]] is the capital.
* The '''[[Principality of Regensburg]]''' is established. [[Regensburg]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Ottoman Empire]] reconquers [[Iraq]] from the [[Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)|Mamluk dynasty]].
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1804||align=center|1&nbsp;January||The French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] on [[Hispaniola]] declares its independence from the [[French First Republic|French Republic]] as '''[[Haiti]]'''. [[Port-au-Prince]] remains the capital.
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;March||The [[French First Republic|French Republic]] sells [[Louisiana (New France)|La Louisiane]] to the [[United States of America]] in the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. [[New Orleans]] ([[Nouvelle-Orléans]]) is the capital of the unorganized territory.
|-
|align=center|18&nbsp;May||The first '''[[First French Empire|French Empire]]''' supersedes the first [[French First Republic|French Republic]].
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;August||[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]], establishes the '''[[Austrian Empire]]'''. [[Vienna]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|22&nbsp;September||[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] establishes the '''[[First Empire of Haiti|Empire of Haiti]]'''.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] becomes part of the [[Austrian Empire]].
|-
|||The [[Sokoto Caliphate]] is established.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1805||align=center|July||[[First French Empire|France]] annexes the [[Principality of Piombino]] and the [[Republic of Lucca]] and reconstitutes them as the [[Principality of Lucca and Piombino]].
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;July||[[First French Empire|France]] annexes the [[Ligurian Republic]].
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;December||The [[Electorate of Bavaria]] is raised to the '''[[Kingdom of Bavaria]]'''. [[Munich]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=9 align=center|1806||align=center|8&nbsp;January||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes the '''[[Cape Colony]]'''. [[Cape Town]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|5&nbsp;June||The '''[[Kingdom of Holland]]''' ([[Netherlands]]) supersedes the [[Batavian Republic]].
|-
|align=center|25&nbsp;July||[[Napoleon I of France]] establishes the '''[[Confederation of the Rhine]]'''. [[Frankfurt]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;August||[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]], dissolves the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]].
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;August||The '''[[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]''' follows the [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt]]. [[Darmstadt]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|30&nbsp;August||The '''[[Duchy of Nassau]]''' is established as a state of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]]. [[Weilburg]] and [[Wiesbaden]] are the capitals.
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;October||The [[First Empire of Haiti|Empire of Haiti]] collapses upon the assassination of [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|Emperor Jacques I]]. Haiti splits in two, with the '''[[State of Haiti]]''' in the north and the '''[[Republic of Haiti]]''' in the south. The capitals are [[Milot, Haiti|Milot]] and [[Port-au-Prince]], respectively.
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;October||The '''[[Grand Duchy of Baden]]''' follows the Electorate of Baden. [[Karlsruhe]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;December||The [[Electorate of Saxony]] is raised to the '''[[Kingdom of Saxony]]'''. [[Dresden]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1807||align=center|July||[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] creates the '''[[Duchy of Warsaw]]''' from land ceded by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] by the [[Treaties of Tilsit]].
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;September||The '''[[Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)|Free City of Danzig]]''' is established as a client state of [[First French Empire|France]].
|-
|align=center|7&nbsp;December||The '''[[Kingdom of Westphalia]]''' is established as a client state of [[First French Empire|France]].
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;December||[[First French Empire|France]] annexes the [[Kingdom of Etruria]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1808||align=center|1 January||'''[[Sierra Leone]]''' is established as a crown colony of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxiv}} [[Freetown]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|31 January||The [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] annexes the [[Republic of Ragusa]].
|-
|align=center|7&nbsp;March||The [[Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves]] removes the capital from [[Lisbon]] to exile in [[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]].
|-
|||[[Spain]] becomes a [[client state]] of the [[First French Empire]] after the country is partially occupied by French forces and [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph I]] is set as king by [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1809||align=center|29&nbsp;March||The [[Russian Empire|Russian Tsar]] is declared Grand-duke of [[Finland]], effectively separating Finland from [[Sweden]] and turning it into a Russian autonomous duchy.
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;September||[[Sweden]] officially cedes [[Finland]] to [[Russian Empire|Russia]] through the [[Peace of Hamina]].
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;October||The [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]] results in the following geopolitical changes:
* [[Salzburg]] is ceded to the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]].
* [[West Galicia]] is ceded to the [[Duchy of Warsaw]].
* [[Tarnopol]] is ceded to the [[Russian Empire]].
* [[Trieste]] and [[Croatia]] south of the [[Sava]] are ceded to [[France]]; these become the [[Illyrian provinces]].
|-
|||[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] dissolves the [[Teutonic Knights]]; their lands are redistributed between neighboring states of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], mostly to [[Württemberg]].
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] occupies the [[Ionian Islands]].
|}

===1810s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=14 align=center|1810||align=center|20&nbsp;February||The [[Russian Empire]] annexes the [[Kingdom of Imereti]].
|-
|align=center|April||[[Kamehameha I]] unifies the '''[[Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]]'''.
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;April||The '''[[First Republic of Venezuela]]''' is established, starting the [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] from [[Monarchy of Spain|Spain]].
|-
|align=center|22&nbsp;May||By the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1810)|Treaty of Paris]], the [[Principality of Regensburg]] is formally incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]].
|-
|align=center|25&nbsp;May||During the [[May Revolution]], the Spanish viceroy in the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] ([[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Uruguay]]) is replaced by the [[Primera Junta]], and the '''[[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]]''' is established. [[Buenos Aires]] remains the capital.
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;July||The [[Kingdom of Holland]] ([[Netherlands]]) is annexed by the [[First French Empire]].
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;July||'''[[Colombia]]''' declares its independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]].
|-
|align=center|16&nbsp;September||'''[[Mexico]]''' declares its independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]].
|-
|align=center|18&nbsp;September||'''[[Chile]]''' installs an autonomous government  recognizing the [[Monarchy of Spain]] because of the absence of [[King Ferdinand VII]]. [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;September||The '''[[Republic of West Florida]]''' declares independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]].<ref name="west-florida" />
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;December||The [[United States of America]] takes control of the [[Republic of West Florida]].<ref name="west-florida">{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=1478 |title="Not Merely Perfidious but Ungrateful": The U.S. Takeover of West Florida |publisher=Independent Institute |author=Higgs, Robert |access-date=June 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523091425/http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=1478 |archive-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;December||[[First French Empire|France]] annexes northern [[Germany]] ([[Hamburg]], [[Bremen]], [[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]], [[Principality of Salm|Salm]], [[Arenberg]], [[Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]], parts of [[Kingdom of Westphalia|Westphalia]], and [[Berg (state)#French revolution, Grand Duchy of Berg|Berg]]).
|-
|||The [[Principality of Bayreuth]] is sold to the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] by [[First French Empire|France]].
|-
|||The [[Rhodanic Republic]] is annexed by France and becomes the ''département'' of '''[[Simplon (department)|Simplon]]'''.
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1811||align=center|28&nbsp;March||The '''[[Kingdom of Haiti]]''' supersedes the [[State of Haiti]]. [[Cap-Haïtien]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;May||'''[[Paraguay]]''' gains independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]]. [[Asunción]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|5&nbsp;July||'''[[Venezuela]]''' declares independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]].
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;November||The [[United Provinces of New Granada]] (modern [[Colombia]]) are established.
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] annexes the island of [[Java]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1812||align=center|14&nbsp;May||[[First French Empire|France]] annexes [[Catalonia]] from [[Monarchy of Spain|Spain]], creating the ''départements'' of '''[[Bouches-de-l'Èbre]]''', '''[[Montserrat (department)|Montserrat]]''', '''[[Sègre (department)|Sègre]]''', and '''[[Ter (department)|Ter]]'''. [[Andorra]] is also annexed and incorporated into the ''département'' of Sègre.
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;May||The eastern portion of the [[Principality of Moldavia]] ([[Bessarabia]]) is ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1812|Treaty of Bucharest]].
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;July||The [[First Republic of Venezuela]] is crushed by the [[Spanish Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1813||align=center|23&nbsp;July||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] '''[[Malta Colony]]''' supersedes the [[Malta Protectorate]].
|-
|align=center|7&nbsp;August||The '''[[Second Republic of Venezuela]]''' is declared.
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;October||[[Paraguay]] becomes the '''[[Republic of Paraguay]]'''.
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;October||The '''[[Confederation of the Rhine]]''' is dissolved.
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;October||The [[Kingdom of Westphalia]] is dissolved.
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;December||The '''[[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands]]''' is created from the ruins of the first [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. [[Amsterdam]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;December||The [[Treaty of Valençay]] formally ends the [[Peninsular War]], restoring [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] and releasing the country from being a [[client state]] of the Napoleonic [[First French Empire|French Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=12 align=center|1814||align=center|14&nbsp;January||The '''[[Kingdom of Norway (1814)|Kingdom of Norway]]''' secedes from [[Denmark–Norway]]. [[Oslo|Christiania]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;March||The [[Netherlands]] are reestablished from [[First French Empire|France]] as the '''[[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands]]'''.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;April||The restored '''[[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]]''' supersedes the [[First French Empire]].
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;April||[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] abdicates from the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Italian]] throne, effectively dissolving the Kingdom.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|17&nbsp;May||The [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] reclaims its mainland territory and annexes the land of the former [[Republic of Genoa]], a move which is ratified by the [[Congress of Vienna]] the following year.
|-
|[[Denmark]] cedes [[Norway]] to [[Sweden]] through the [[Peace of Kiel]].
|-
|The [[Kingdom of Norway (1814)|Kingdom of Norway]] declares full independence, electing its own king and adopting its own constitution.
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;October||The [[Monarchy of Spain]] reconquers [[Chile]].
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;November||The [[Kingdom of Norway (1814)|Kingdom of Norway]] joins a [[union between Sweden and Norway|personal union]] with the [[Sweden|Kingdom of Sweden]]. [[Stockholm]] and [[Oslo|Christiania]] are the capitals.
|-
|||Various [[Italy|Italian]] states are reinstated, including the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]] and the [[Papal States]].
|-
|||The '''[[Principality of Andorra]]''' declares independence from the [[First French Empire]]. [[Andorra la Vella]] is the capital.
|-
|||[[Java]] is returned from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] to the [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|Netherlands]].
|-
|rowspan=9 align=center|1815||align=center|2&nbsp;March||The [[Kandyan Convention]] disestablishes the [[Kingdom of Kandy]] and establishes '''[[British Ceylon]]''' in Sri Lanka. [[Colombo]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|16&nbsp;March||The '''[[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]]''' supersedes the [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands]]. [[Amsterdam]] and [[Brussels]] are the joint capitals.
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;March||The first '''[[French First Empire|French Empire]]''' supersedes the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]].
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;June||The [[Congress of Vienna]] results in the following geopolitical changes:
* The '''[[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]''' is formed from the Milanese and Venetian portions of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] and becomes a [[crown land]] of the [[Austrian Empire]].
* [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] gains the territory of the former [[Republic of Ragusa]].
* The [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] is re-established and given [[Piombino]].
* The '''[[Duchy of Lucca]]''' is created in place of the former [[Republic of Lucca]].
* The [[Duchy of Warsaw]] is partitioned into the '''[[Grand Duchy of Posen]]''' ([[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]), '''[[Congress Poland]]''' ([[Russian Empire|Russia]]), and the '''[[Free City of Kraków]]''' (jointly controlled by Prussia, Russia, and Austria).
* The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] is awarded [[Danzig]], much of the [[Kingdom of Saxony]], [[Westphalia]], and the [[Rhineland]].
* The '''[[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]]''' is created from the former [[Dutch Republic]] and [[Austrian Netherlands]], with [[Luxembourg]] in a personal union.
* [[Swedish Pomerania]] is ceded to Prussia.
* Hanover becomes the '''[[Kingdom of Hanover]]''' and annexes the former territories of the [[Bishop of Münster]] and [[East Frisia]].
* The [[Duchy of Lauenburg]] is ceded by Hanover to [[Denmark]].
* The [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] gains the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] and parts of the [[Duchy of Würzburg]] and [[Grand Duchy of Frankfurt]].
* [[Hesse-Darmstadt]] gains [[Rhenish Hesse]].
* British control of various colonies, including the [[Cape Colony]], [[Tobago]], and [[British Ceylon|Sri Lanka]], is recognized.
* The '''[[United States of the Ionian Islands]]''' is formed as a British protectorate.
* The '''[[German Confederation]]''' is established. [[Frankfurt]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;June||The '''[[Liga Federal|Federal League]]''', an alliance of several [[Provinces of Argentina|Argentine Provinces]] and what is now [[Uruguay]], is established.
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;July||The restored '''[[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]]''' supersedes the first [[French First Empire|French Empire]].
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;November||[[Miloš Obrenović]] establishes the '''[[Principality of Serbia]]'''. [[Kragujevac]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|16&nbsp;December||The '''[[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]''' supersedes the [[Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves]]. [[Rio de Janeiro]] remains the capital-in-exile.
|-
|||The capital of [[Bermuda]] is moved from [[St. George, Bermuda|St George]] to [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1816||align=center|9&nbsp;July||The '''[[United Provinces in South America]]''' ([[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], and [[Uruguay]]) declares its independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]]. [[Buenos Aires]] remains the capital.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;May||The [[Spanish reconquest of New Granada]] ends the early [[Foolish Fatherland|Colombian independent governments]].
|-
|||[[Shaka]] establishes the '''[[Zulu Kingdom]]''' in southern Africa.
|-
|||The '''[[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]''' is established from the merger of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] with the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. [[Palermo]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1817||align=center|20&nbsp;January||The [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] occupies the [[Banda Oriental]] ([[Uruguay]]) as '''[[Cisplatina]]'''.
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;February||The '''[[State of Chile]]''' declares its independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]]. [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|5&nbsp;April||The [[Battle of Maipú]] secures the independence of [[State of Chile|Chile]] from [[Monarchy of Spain|Spain]].
|-
|||The capital of the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] is moved from [[Palermo]] to [[Naples]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1819||align=center|30&nbsp;January||The [[Treaty of 1818]] sets the [[49th parallel north]], west of the [[Lake of the Woods]], as the international border between the [[United States of America]] and [[British North America]], and also establishes the [[Oregon Country]] as a shared region.<ref>{{usstat|8|248}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/83046.pdf |title=Treaties in Force |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=July 14, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|7&nbsp;August||The '''[[United Provinces of New Granada]]''' gains independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]]. [[Bogotá]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;December{{sfn|Moore|1906|page=85}}||'''[[Gran Colombia]]''' is established from the previous [[Second Republic of Venezuela]], [[United Provinces of New Granada]], and the [[Royal Audience of Quito|Presidency of Quito]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|page=80}}
|}

===1820s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1820||align=center|1&nbsp;February||The [[Liga Federal|Federal League]] defeats the central government of the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] in the [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]]. The Federal League is dissolved and the [[Provinces of Argentina|Argentine Provinces]] resume their individual sovereignties, delegating their representation in foreign affairs to the [[Province of Buenos Aires]].
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;October||The [[Kingdom of Haiti]] collapses upon the suicide of [[Henri Christophe|King Henri I]]. Haiti is unified under the '''[[Republic of Haiti]]''' with its capital at [[Port-au-Prince]].
|-
|||The '''[[Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]]''' establishes its capital at [[Lāhainā, Hawai'i|Lāhainā]].
|-
|||The '''[[Trucial States]]''' emerge as a British protectorate.
|-
|||The '''[[Sultanate of Muscat and Oman]]''' is established from the merger of the [[Sultanate of Muscat]] and the [[Imamate of Oman]].
|-
|rowspan=16 align=center|1821||align=center|19&nbsp;February||In the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]], the [[United States of America]] and the [[Monarchy of Spain|Kingdom of Spain]] define a border between their North American possessions, leading to some land being swapped.
|-
|align=center|25&nbsp;March||'''[[Greece]]''' declares its independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Nafplion]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;July||The [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] returns the capital from exile in [[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]], to [[Lisbon]].
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;July||[[Monarchy of Spain|Spain]] formally cedes [[East Florida#Spanish period: Florida Oriental|East Florida]] to the [[United States of America]] under the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]].<ref name="fl-transfer">{{cite web |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/blog/2012/07/17/9-the-united-states-formally-takes-control-of-florida/ |title=The United States Formally Takes Control of Florida (July 17, 1821) |access-date=July 14, 2015 |publisher=State Library and Archives of Florida |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908071907/http://www.floridamemory.com/blog/2012/07/17/9-the-united-states-formally-takes-control-of-florida/ |archive-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;July||[[Monarchy of Spain|Spain]] formally cedes [[West Florida]] to the [[United States of America]] under the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]].<ref name="fl-transfer" />
|-
|align=center|18&nbsp;July||'''[[Cisplatina]]''' formally declares itself part of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]].
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;July||'''[[Peru]]''' declares its independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain|Kingdom of Spain]]. [[Lima]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;August||[[Peru]] becomes the '''[[State of Peru]]'''.
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;August||The [[Monarchy of Spain]] recognizes the independence of the '''[[First Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]]'''.
|-
|align=center|15&nbsp;September||The '''[[Republic of Guatemala]]''', the '''[[Republic of Honduras]]''', the '''[[Republic of Nicaragua]]''', and the '''[[Republic of El Salvador]]''' become independent from the [[Monarchy of Spain]]. [[Guatemala City]], [[Comayagua]], [[Managua]], and [[San Salvador]] are the respective capitals.
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;September||The '''[[Republic of Costa Rica]]''' gains independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]]. [[Cartago, Costa Rica|Cartago]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;November||'''[[Panama]]''' gains independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]].
|-
|align=center|December||[[Panama]] unites with [[Gran Colombia]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;December||The '''[[Republic of Spanish Haiti]]''' gains independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]]. [[Santo Domingo]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Alaska Boundary Dispute]] between the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] begins.
|-
|||The '''[[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]''' is established as a British colony.
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1822||align=center|9&nbsp;February||[[Haiti]] [[Unification of Hispaniola|annexes]] the '''[[Republic of Spanish Haiti]]'''. [[Santo Domingo]] yields to [[Port-au-Prince]] as the capital.
|-
|align=center|7&nbsp;September||The '''[[Independent Kingdom of Brazil]]''' declares its independence from the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]. [[Rio de Janeiro]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;October||The '''[[Empire of Brazil]]''' supersedes the [[Independent Kingdom of Brazil]].
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;December||The '''[[Peruvian Republic]]''' supersedes the [[State of Peru]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1823||align=center|16&nbsp;May||The [[Republic of Costa Rica]] moves its capital from [[Cartago, Costa Rica|Cartago]] to [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]].
|-
|align=center|July||The [[Republic of Guatemala]], the [[Republic of El Salvador]], the [[Republic of Nicaragua]], the [[Republic of Honduras]], and the [[Republic of Costa Rica]] unite to form the '''[[Federal Republic of Central America]]'''. [[Guatemala City]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;October||The '''[[First Mexican Republic|United Mexican States]]''' supersedes the [[Second Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]] upon the execution of [[Agustín de Iturbide]].
|-
|||The '''[[Emirate of Afghanistan]]''' follows the [[Durrani Empire]]. [[Kabul]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1824||align=center|2&nbsp;July||The '''[[Confederation of the Equator]]''' declares independence from the [[Empire of Brazil]]. [[Recife]] is the capital, but the Confederation capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;August||[[Bolivia]] declares independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]] and refuses to join either [[Peru]] or the [[United Provinces of South America]].
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;December||The [[Battle of Ayacucho]] ends the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] in [[South America]].
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1825||align=center|16&nbsp;July||The border of the British colony of [[New South Wales]] is extended from 133°E to 129°E.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;August||The '''[[Bolivian Republic]]''' gains independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]] at the conclusion of the [[Bolivian War of Independence]]. [[Sucre|Chuquisaca]] (later [[Sucre]]) is the capital.
|-
|align=center|25&nbsp;August||'''[[Cisplatina]]''' declares its independence from the [[Empire of Brazil]] and reunites with the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]].
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;August||The [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] recognizes the independence of the '''[[Empire of Brazil]]'''.
|-
|align=center|15&nbsp;November||The [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] changes its name back to the '''[[Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves]]'''.
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;December||[[Van Diemen's Land]] is declared a separate British colony to [[New South Wales]].
|-
|||The [[Netherlands]] administratively combines its three colonies of [[Suriname]], [[Curaçao and Dependencies]] (the [[ABC islands (Lesser Antilles)|ABC islands]]), and [[Sint Eustatius and Dependencies]] (the [[SSS islands]]). The capital is [[Paramaribo]]. 
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1826||align=center|8&nbsp;February||The '''[[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]]''' is proclaimed as a centralist and [[unitary state]].
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;July||The '''[[Republic of Chile]]''' supersedes the [[State of Chile]].
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;August||The '''[[Straits Settlements]]''' administrative unit is established and managed by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]. It consists of [[Penang]], [[Dinding]], [[Malacca]], and [[Singapore]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxv}}
|-
|||'''[[British Malaya]]''' is established and managed by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].
|-
|||Following the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], [[Burma]] is forced to cede [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Arakan]], and [[Tenasserim Hills|Tenasserim]] to the [[British East India Company]].
|-
|||The '''[[Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]''' is created from the merger of the Duchies of [[Saxe-Coburg]] and [[Saxe-Gotha]]. [[Coburg]] and [[Gotha]] are the respective capitals.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1827||align=center|14&nbsp;June||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims the [[Bonin Islands]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Bonin Islanders, 1830 to the Present: Narrating Japanese Nationality |last=Chapman |first=David |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-2015049366 |location=London |pages=27}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|18&nbsp;August||The centralist and [[unitary state]] of the '''[[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]]''' is dissolved. The [[Provinces of Argentina|Argentine Provinces]] resume their individual sovereignties, delegating their representation in foreign affairs to the [[Province of Buenos Aires]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1828||rowspan=2 align=center|27&nbsp;August||The [[Banda Oriental]] gains independence from the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] as the '''[[Uruguay|Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay]]'''. [[Montevideo]] is the capital.
|-
|The [[Misiones Orientales]] are awarded to the [[Empire of Brazil]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Vientiane]] is annexed by [[Siam]].
|-
|align=center|1829||||The British '''[[Swan River Colony]]''' is established in western Australia.
|}

===1830s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1830||align=center|3&nbsp;February||The [[Ottoman Empire]] recognizes the independence of the '''[[First Hellenic Republic]]'''. [[Nafplio]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;May||The '''[[Republic of Ecuador]]''' and the '''[[Republic of Venezuela]]''' declare independence from [[Gran Colombia]]. [[Quito]] and [[Caracas]] are the respective capitals.
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;June||The '''[[Uruguay|Oriental State of Uruguay]]''' is created from the Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay.
|-
|align=center|5&nbsp;July||The '''[[Unitarian League]]''' is created among the Argentine provinces of [[San Luis Province|San Luis]], [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|La Rioja]], [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]], [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], [[San Juan Province, Argentina|San Juan]], [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Salta Province|Salta]], and [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]].
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;October||'''[[Belgium]]''' declares its independence from the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]]. [[Brussels]] is the capital.
|-
|||[[Bourbon Restoration in France|France]] conquers the [[Regency of Algiers]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=8 align=center|1831||rowspan=2 align=center|4&nbsp;January||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] combines [[Essequibo (colony)|Essequibo]]-[[Demerara]] and [[Berbice]] as the [[Crown Colony]] of [[British Guiana]]. [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] is the capital.
|-
|The [[Federal Pact]] is signed by the [[Province of Buenos Aires]], the [[Province of Entre Ríos]], and the [[Province of Santa Fe]], beginning the '''[[Argentine Confederation]]'''.
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;July||[[Belgium]] becomes the '''[[Kingdom of Belgium]]'''.
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;August||The [[Province of Mendoza]] joins the [[Federal Pact]].
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;August||The [[Province of Corrientes]] joins the [[Federal Pact]].
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;August||The [[Province of Córdoba (Argentina)|Province of Córdoba]] and the [[Santiago del Estero Province|Province of Santiago del Estero]] join the [[Federal Pact]].
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;October||The [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|Province of La Rioja]] joins the [[Federal Pact]].
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;October||The '''[[Republic of New Granada]]''' supersedes [[Gran Colombia]].
|-
|rowspan=8 align=center|1832||align=center|6&nbsp;February||The colony of '''[[Western Australia]]''' supersedes the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Swan River Colony]] in Australia.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxv}}
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;April||The [[Province of San Luis]] joins the [[Federal Pact]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|May||The '''[[Kingdom of Greece]]''' supersedes the [[First Hellenic Republic]].
|-
|The [[Province of San Juan (Argentina)|Province of San Juan]] joins the [[Federal Pact]].
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;July||The [[Province of Salta]] joins the [[Federal Pact]].
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;July||The [[Province of Tucumán]] joins the [[Federal Pact]].
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;July||The '''[[Republic of Indian Stream]]''' declares independence from both the [[United States of America]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], as it was disputed territory.<ref name="indianstream">{{cite journal |last=Keedy |first=Edwin R. |date=January 1953 |title=The Constitutions of the State of Franklin, the Indian Stream Republic and the State of Deseret |journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |volume=101 |number=4 |jstor=3309935 |pages=521–525 |doi=10.2307/3309935 |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7935&context=penn_law_review}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;September||The [[Province of Catamarca]] joins the [[Federal Pact]]. End of the [[Unitarian League]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1833||align=center|3&nbsp;January||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|removes a garrison]] installed by the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] in October 1832, thereby reasserting its claim to sovereignty over the [[Falkland Islands]]. [[Port Louis, Falkland Islands|Port Louis]] becomes the capital.
|-
|||The [[Falkland Islands]] become a colony of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. [[Port Louis, Falkland Islands|Port Louis]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1834||||The '''[[Republic of Maryland]]''' is established. [[Harper, Liberia|Harper]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Federal Republic of Central America]] moves its capital from [[Guatemala City]] to [[San Salvador]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Greece]] moves its capital from [[Nafplio]] to [[Athens]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1835||align=center|5&nbsp;August||The [[Republic of Indian Stream]] is annexed by the [[United States of America]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhwfAQAAMAAJ |title=British and Foreign State Papers |year=1852 |page=444 |access-date=June 28, 2016 |last1=Foreign Office |first1=Great Britain}}</ref>{{efn|Other sources note a resolution passed by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2, 1836.<ref name="indianstream" />}}
|-
|align=center|23&nbsp;October||The '''[[Centralist Republic of Mexico|Mexican Republic]]''' supersedes the [[First Mexican Republic|United Mexican States]].
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1836||align=center|2&nbsp;March||The '''[[Republic of Texas]]''' declares its independence from [[Centralist Republic of Mexico|Mexico]]. [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]] is the first of six cities that will serve as the temporary capital until 1839.
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;March||The '''[[Republic of South Peru]]''' secedes from the [[Peruvian Republic]]. [[Cusco]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;August||The '''[[Republic of North Peru]]''' supersedes the [[Peruvian Republic]].
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;September||The '''[[Riograndense Republic]]''' declares independence from [[Brazilian Empire|Brazil]]. [[Piratini]] is the first of five provisional capitals.
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;October||The [[Republic of North Peru]], the [[Republic of South Peru]], and the [[Bolivian Republic]] unite to form the '''[[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]]'''. [[Tacna]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;December||The colony of '''[[South Australia]]''' is separated from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] colony of [[New South Wales]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1838||align=center|5&nbsp;November||The '''[[Republic of Costa Rica]]''', the '''[[Republic of Nicaragua]]''', and the '''[[Republic of Honduras]]''' secede from the [[Federal Republic of Central America]]. [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Managua]], and [[Comayagua]] are the respective capitals.
|-
|align=center|30&nbsp;November||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] annexes [[Pitcairn Islands|Pitcairn Island]].
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1839||align=center|20&nbsp;January||'''[[Chile]]''' and Peruvian dissidents win decisevly the [[Battle of Yungay]] against the '''[[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]]''', starting the fall of the union.
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;April||The '''[[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]]''' becomes independent, but remains in personal union with the [[Netherlands]] as a result of the [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]].
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;July||The '''[[Juliana Republic]]''' declares independence from [[Brazilian Empire|Brazil]]. [[Laguna, Santa Catarina|Laguna]] is the capital. The Republic capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year.
|-
|align=center|25&nbsp;August||The '''[[Peruvian Republic]]''' and the '''[[Bolivian Republic]]''' are formed from the dissolution of the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]]. [[Lima]] and [[Sucre]] (previously [[Sucre|Chuquisaca]]) are the respective capitals.
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;October||The [[Republic of Texas]] establishes its permanent capital at [[Austin, Texas|Austin]].
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;November||The '''[[Republic of Guatemala]]''' secedes from the [[Federal Republic of Central America]]. [[Guatemala City]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[Principality of Serbia]] moves its capital from [[Kragujevac]] to [[Belgrade]].
|}

===1840s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|align=center|1840||align=center|16&nbsp;November||The colony of '''[[New Zealand]]''' is separated from the British colony of [[New South Wales]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1841||align=center|26&nbsp;January||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] conquers [[Hong Kong Island]] from the [[Qing dynasty]].
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;February||The sole remnant of the [[Federal Republic of Central America]] changes its name back to the '''[[Republic of El Salvador]]'''.
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;February||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] unites [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]] as the [[Crown Colony]] of the '''[[United Province of Canada]]'''. [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;September||[[James Brooke]] establishes the '''[[Kingdom of Sarawak]]'''. [[Kuching]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;October||The '''[[Republic of Yucatán]]''' declares itself independent from [[Mexico]]. [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1842||align=center|10&nbsp;November||The [[Webster–Ashburton Treaty]] comes into effect, ending several border disputes between the [[United States of America]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britain/br-1842.htm |title=Text of "The Webster–Ashburton Treaty" |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School |access-date=August 4, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825042901/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britain/br-1842.htm |archive-date=August 25, 2006}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1844||align=center|27&nbsp;February||The '''[[Dominican Republic]]''' gains independence from [[Haiti]]. [[Santo Domingo]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] moves the capital of the [[Crown Colony]] of the '''[[United Province of Canada]]''' from [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] to [[Montréal]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1845||align=center|1&nbsp;March||The [[Riograndense Republic]] is reabsorbed by the [[Brazilian Empire]] as the province of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] again.
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;December||The [[Republic of Texas]] joins the [[United States of America]] as the '''[[State of Texas]]'''. [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] yields to [[Washington, DC|Washington]] as federal capital while remaining capital of the state.
|-
|||The [[Netherlands]] splits its colonial possessions in the [[Americas]] into two parts: '''[[Suriname]]''' and '''[[Curaçao and Dependencies]]'''. [[Paramaribo]] remains the capital of Suriname, while [[Willemstad, Curaçao|Willemstad]] on [[Curaçao]] becomes the capital of the six Caribbean islands.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]] moves its capital from [[Lāhainā, Hawai'i|Lāhainā]] to [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]].
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] moves the capital of the [[Falkland Islands]] from [[Port Louis, Falkland Islands|Port Louis]] to [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]].
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1846||align=center|17&nbsp;February||The colony of [[North Australia]] is separated from the British colony of [[New South Wales]].
|-
|align=center|18&nbsp;June||The [[Oregon Treaty]] establishes the [[49th parallel north]], from west of the [[Lake of the Woods]], as the continental border between the [[Province of Canada]] and the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|22&nbsp;August||The '''[[Second Mexican Republic|United Mexican States]]''' supersedes the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico|Mexican Republic]].
|-
|align=center|16&nbsp;November||After the [[Kraków Uprising]], the [[Free City of Cracow]] is annexed by the [[Austrian Empire]].
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;November||The British colony of [[North Australia]] is reincorporated back into the colony of [[New South Wales]].
|-
|||The princely state of '''[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]]''', ruled by the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra Dynasty]], is created after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], as per the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC |title=Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint |last=Chohan |first=Amar Singh |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788171561469 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|1847||align=center|26&nbsp;July||The [[African-American]] colony of [[Liberia]] declares its independence as the '''[[Republic of Liberia]]'''. [[Monrovia]] is the capital.
|-
| rowspan="5" align="center" |1848||align=center|2&nbsp;February||The [[Mexican–American War]] ends with the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]], by which the [[Second Mexican Republic|United Mexican States]] [[Mexican Cession|cedes]] all of its northernmost territories to the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;February||The '''[[Second French Republic]]''' supersedes the [[Kingdom of France]].
|-
|5 December 
|The [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] is fully incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and becomes the [[Province of Posen]].
|-
|||[[French Algeria]] is made an integral part of [[French Second Republic|France]].
|-
|||The [[Kazakh Khanate]] loses its sovereignty to the [[Russian Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1849||align=center|9&nbsp;February||Rebels under [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] take over the area of the [[Papal States]] and create the '''[[Roman Republic (1849)|Roman Republic]]'''.
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;March||Following the Sikh defeat in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]], the [[Sikh Empire]] falls and is merged with [[British India]].
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;April||The '''[[Hungarian State (1849)|Hungarian State]]''' declares its independence from the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. [[Debrecen]] is the temporary capital.
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;July||The '''[[Papal States]]''' are restored as [[Roman Republic (1849)|Rome]] falls.
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;August||The [[Hungarian State (1849)|Hungarian State]] capitulates to the [[Austrian Empire]] and the former status quo is restored.
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] moves the capital of the [[Crown Colony]] of the [[United Province of Canada]] from [[Montréal]] to [[Toronto]].
|}

===1850s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|align=center|1850||align=center|9&nbsp;December||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] cedes less than one acre of underwater rock known as Horseshoe Reef in [[Lake Erie]] to the [[United States of America]].<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015027937153?urlappend=%3Bseq=25 Treaty between the United States of America and the United Kingdom Concerning the Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean], signed April 11, 1908; accessed June 30, 2015</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1851||align=center|11&nbsp;January||[[Hong Xiuquan]] establishes the '''[[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]]''' in [[China]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;May||The [[Provinces of Argentina|Argentine Provinces]] of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] and [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]] secede from the [[Argentine Confederation]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;July||The colony of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] is split off from the British colony of [[New South Wales]].
|-
|||The [[Sultanate of Sulu]] becomes a protectorate of the [[Kingdom of Spain]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1852||align=center|17&nbsp;January||The '''[[South African Republic|South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal)]]''' is established. [[Pretoria]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;February||The [[Battle of Caseros]] ends the [[Argentine Civil War]]. [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] and [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]] rejoin the [[Argentine Confederation]]. The capital is moved to [[Paraná, Entre Ríos|Paraná]].
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;September||The [[Province of Buenos Aires]] secedes from the [[Argentine Confederation]] as the '''[[State of Buenos Aires]]'''. [[Buenos Aires]] remains the capital, and the Confederation is without a capital until 1854.
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;December||The '''[[Second French Empire]]''' supersedes the second [[Second French Republic]].
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] moves the capital of the [[Crown Colony]] of the [[United Province of Canada]] from [[Toronto]] to the city of [[Quebec City|Québec]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1853||align=center|March||The [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] establishes its capital at [[Nanjing|Tianjing]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;May||The [[Argentine Confederation]] [[Argentine Constitution of 1853|becomes]] a [[federal republic]] renamed the '''[[Argentine Confederation|Argentine Nation]]'''.
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;June||The [[United States of America]] makes the [[Gadsden Purchase]], buying a tract of land from [[Mexico]] which later becomes the extreme southern parts of the U.S. states of [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1854||align=center|23&nbsp;February||The '''[[Orange Free State]]''' is established in southern Africa. [[Bloemfontein]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;March||The [[Argentine Confederation]] moves its capital to [[Paraná, Entre Ríos|Paraná]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1855||rowspan=2 align=center|7&nbsp;February||Russians in north of [[Sakhalin]] Island, Japanese in south, with no defined border between. ([[Treaty of Shimoda]])
|-
|The [[Russian Empire]] recognizes [[Japan|Japanese]] sovereignty over the [[Kuril Islands]] from [[Iturup]] southwards ([[Treaty of Shimoda]]).
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1856||align=center|1&nbsp;January||The British colony of [[Van Diemen's Land]] changes its name to '''[[Tasmania]]'''.
|-
|align=center|30&nbsp;March||[[Southern Bessarabia]] (part of the territory annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] in 1812) returns to [[Moldavia]] by the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)]].
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;October||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Baker Island]] and [[Jarvis Island]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|page=568}}
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] moves the capital of the [[Crown Colony]] of the [[United Province of Canada]] from the city of [[Quebec City|Québec]] back to [[Toronto]].
|-
|||The '''[[Sultanate of Zanzibar]]''' is established in East Africa.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1857||||The [[Kingdom of Kongo]] becomes a vassal of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]].
|-
|||The [[Republic of Maryland]] is annexed by [[Liberia]].
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1858||align=center|22&nbsp;May||The [[Republic of New Granada]] becomes the '''[[Granadine Confederation]]'''.
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;May||The [[Qing dynasty]] of [[China]] cedes what becomes known as [[Outer Manchuria]] to the [[Russian Empire]] by the [[Treaty of Aigun]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|2&nbsp;August||The continental portion of Canada's part of [[Oregon Country]] is organized as the '''[[Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)|Colony of British Columbia]]'''.
|-
|Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Mughal Empire]] is dissolved, and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes '''[[British India]]''' by converting the former possessions of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] into a [[Crown Colony]]. [[Calcutta]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|31&nbsp;August||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Navassa Island]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|page=568}}
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;December||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Howland Island]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|page=567}}
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] moves the capital of the [[Crown Colony]] of the '''[[United Province of Canada]]''' from [[Toronto]] back to the city of [[Quebec City|Québec]].
|-
|rowspan=10 align=center|1859||align=center|24&nbsp;January||[[Moldavia]] [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|unites]] with [[Wallachia]] to form the '''[[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia]]'''.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;June||[[Queen Victoria]] signs a proclamation separating the colony of [[Queensland]] from British [[New South Wales]].
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;September||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Johnston Atoll]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]], disputing a claim by the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|page=568}}{{fv|reason=The source says "Johnson's Islands", not Johnston Atoll|date=December 2023}}
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|10&nbsp;November||By the [[Treaty of Zürich]], the [[Austrian Empire]] cedes [[Lombardy]] from [[Lombardy–Venetia]] to [[Second French Empire|France]].
|-
|France immediately cedes Lombardy to [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]. ([[Treaty of Zürich]])
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;November||Following the [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]], the [[Buenos Aires Province|State of Buenos Aires]] rejoins the [[Argentine Confederation]].
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;December|||The [[Duchy of Parma]], the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]], the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], and the [[Papal Legations]] combine to form the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinian]] client state of the '''[[United Provinces of Central Italy]]'''.
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;December|||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Enderbury Island]], [[McKean Island]], [[Rawaki Island|Phoenix Island]], and [[Starbuck Island]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;December||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Kiritimati|Christmas Island]] and [[Malden Island]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] moves the capital of the [[Crown Colony]] of the [[United Province of Canada]] from [[Quebec City|Québec]] back to [[Toronto]].
|}

===1860s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=11 align=center|1860||align=center|8&nbsp;February||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Atafu]], [[Birnie Island]], [[Butaritari]], [[Caroline Island]], [[Tabuaeran|Fanning Island]], [[Flint Island]], [[Nikumaroro|Gardner Island]], [[Kanton Island|Canton Island]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Manihiki]], [[Marakei]], [[Nukunono]], [[Palmyra Atoll]], [[Penrhyn (atoll)|Penrhyn]], [[Pukapuka]], [[Rakahanga]], [[Swains Island]], [[Manra Island|Sydney Island]], [[Vostok Island]], and [[Teraina|Washington Island]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}
|-
|align=center|22&nbsp;March||The [[United Provinces of Central Italy]] are annexed by [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]].
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;May||The [[United States of America]] [[Alto Velo Claim|claims]] [[Alto Velo Island]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;June||By the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]], the [[Second French Empire]] annexes the [[County of Nice]] from [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]].
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;June||By the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]], the [[Second French Empire]] annexes [[Savoy]] from  [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]].
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;October||The [[Argentine Confederation|Argentine Nation]] becomes the '''[[Argentine Republic]]'''.
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;October||The [[Kingdom of Two Sicilies]] is annexed to [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], except for the Fortress of [[Gaeta]].
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;November||The [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] annexes the [[Papal States]] of [[Umbria]] and [[Marche|The Marches]].
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;December||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[South Carolina]] secedes from the [[United States of America]], declaring itself the '''[[Republic of South Carolina]]'''.
|-
|||The British colony of [[South Australia]]'s western border is changed from 132°E to 129°E.
|-
|||[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]] annexes [[Gilgit]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_099.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 93 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221425/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_099.gif |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=26 align=center|1861||align=center|9&nbsp;January||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Mississippi]] secedes from the [[United States of America]], declaring itself the '''[[Republic of Mississippi]]'''.
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;January||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Florida]] secedes from the [[United States of America]], declaring itself the '''[[Republic of Florida]]'''.
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;January||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Alabama]] secedes from the [[United States of America]], declaring itself the '''[[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama Republic]]'''.
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;January||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] secedes from the [[United States of America]], as the independent '''[[Georgia in the American Civil War|State of Georgia]]'''.
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;January||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Louisiana]] secedes from the [[United States of America]], declaring itself the '''[[Republic of Louisiana]]'''.
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;February||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Texas]] secedes from the [[United States of America]], declaring itself the '''[[Texas in the American Civil War|Republic of Texas]]'''.
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;February||The '''[[Confederate States of America]]''', formed from the seven seceding states, declare their independence from the [[United States of America]]. [[Montgomery, Alabama]], is the capital for three months.
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;February||[[Gaeta]] surrenders to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]].
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;March||The '''[[Kingdom of Italy]]''' is proclaimed in place of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]].
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;March||The [[Arizona Territory]] secedes from the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;April||The [[U.S. state|Commonwealth]] of [[Virginia]] secedes from the [[United States of America]] and joins the [[Confederate States of America]].
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;May||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Arkansas]] secedes from the [[United States of America]] and joins the [[Confederate States of America]].
|-
|align=center|7&nbsp;May||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Tennessee]] secedes from the [[United States of America]] and joins the [[Confederate States of America]].
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;May||The [[U.S. state|State]] of [[North Carolina]] secedes from the [[United States of America]] and joins the [[Confederate States of America]].
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;May||The [[Confederate States of America]] moves its capital from [[Montgomery, Alabama]], to [[Richmond, Virginia]].
|-
|align=center|31&nbsp;May||The [[Kingdom of Bahrain]] becomes a protectorate of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxvii}}
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;September||Following the [[Battle of Pavón]], the capital city of the [[Argentine Confederation]] is moved to [[Buenos Aires]].
|-
|align=center|31&nbsp;October||A splinter government of the [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Missouri]] declares the state's secession from the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;November||A splinter government of the [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Kentucky]] declares the state's secession from the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;November||The splinter government of [[Missouri]] is admitted to the [[Confederate States of America]].
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;December||[[Paraná, Entre Ríos|Paraná]] ceases to be the capital of the [[Argentine Confederation]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|10&nbsp;December||The splinter government of [[Kentucky]] is admitted to the [[Confederate States of America]].
|-
|The [[Arizona Territory]] is annexed by the [[Confederate States of America]] as '''[[Confederate Arizona]]'''.
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;December||The '''[[Argentine Republic]]''' supersedes the [[Argentine Confederation]].
|-
|||The '''[[Dominican Republic]]''' returns to [[Spain|Spanish]] rule.
|-
|||The '''[[Principality of Monaco]]''' declares independence from the [[Second French Empire]]. Monaco itself is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=8 align=center|1862||align=center|January||The [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of [[Japan]] claims the [[Bonin Islands]], disputing a claim from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].<ref name="Rüegg 2017 440–490"/>
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;April||The British colony of [[Queensland]]'s western border is shifted from 141°E to 138°E.
|-
|align=center|15&nbsp;April||The '''[[Kingdom of Hawaii]]''' claims [[Palmyra Atoll]], disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/palmyraatoll |publisher=[[Office of Insular Affairs]] |title=Palmyra Atoll |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=July 8, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910204050/https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/palmyraatoll |archive-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;October||[[Buenos Aires]] is declared the provisional capital of the [[Argentine Republic]].
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;October||The [[State of Buenos Aires]] reunites with the [[Argentine Republic]].
|-
|align=center|30&nbsp;December||The [[United States of America]] claims the [[Swan Islands, Honduras|Swan Islands]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] creates the colony '''[[British Honduras]]''' in Central America.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxvii}} The capital is [[Belize City]].
|-
|||'''[[Cochinchina]]''' becomes a colony of [[Second French Empire|France]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1863||align=center|8&nbsp;May||The [[Granadine Confederation]] becomes the '''[[United States of Colombia]]'''.
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;June||The [[Union Army|Union]]-occupied northwestern counties of the Commonwealth of [[Virginia]] (which considers itself a part of the [[Confederate States of America]]) secede from the state and are admitted to the [[United States of America]] as the '''[[State of West Virginia]]'''.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;July||The British colony of [[South Australia]] annexes the [[Northern Territory]] from the colony of [[New South Wales]].
|-
|align=center|Summer||The [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of [[Japan]] rescinds its claim of the [[Bonin Islands]], ending a dispute with the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].<ref name="Rüegg 2017 440–490">{{cite web |url=https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-23/ruegg |title=Mapping the Forgotten Colony: The Ogasawara Islands and the Tokugawa Pivot to the Pacific |last=Rüegg |first=Jonas |publisher=Cross-Currents, vol. 6(2) |pages=440–490 |date=2017 |access-date=November 24, 2018 |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124215956/https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-23/ruegg |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|||[[Kingdom of Cambodia|Cambodia]] becomes a protectorate of [[Second French Empire|France]].
|-
| rowspan="5" align="center" |1864||align=center|10&nbsp;April||The '''[[Second Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]]''' supersedes the [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico|United Mexican States]].
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;May||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] cedes the [[Ionian Islands]] to [[Greece]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxvii}}
|-
|align=center|July||The [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] is conquered by [[Qing China]].
|-
|7 October
|The [[Russian Empire]] gains 350,000 square miles of territory at the expense of [[Xinjiang under Qing rule|Chinese Xinjiang]] from the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] 
|-
|align=center|15&nbsp;October||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Malden Island]],{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxvii}} disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1865||align=center|3&nbsp;March||The '''[[Dominican Republic]]''' regains its independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain]]. [[Santo Domingo]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;April||The [[Confederate States of America]] moves its capital from [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] to [[Danville, Virginia]].
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;April||The [[Confederate States of America]] capitulates and is reabsorbed by the [[United States of America]], ending the [[American Civil War]]. The United States gradually readmits the eleven former Confederate states to full statehood between 24 July 1866 and 15 July 1870.
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;August||Following the [[German-Danish War]], the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] receives sole administration of the [[Duchy of Schleswig]], while the [[Austrian Empire]] receives sole administration of [[Holstein]]. Prussia also acquires the [[Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg]] from Austria.
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Italy]] moves its capital from [[Turin]] to [[Florence]].
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1866||align=center|6&nbsp;August||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] unites the colonies of [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–66)|British Columbia]] and the [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island]] into '''[[Colony of British Columbia (1866–71)|a single colony]]'''.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxviii}} [[New Westminster]] yields to [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] as the capital.
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;August||[[Bolivia]] and [[Chile]] [[Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia|sign a treaty]] and agree to divide the [[Atacama border dispute|disputed Atacama Desert]] on the 24° Parallel, establishing their international border.
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;September||The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] annexes the [[Kingdom of Hanover]], [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]], [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]], [[Electorate of Hesse|Hesse-Kassel]], [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]], and [[Free City of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]] 
|-
|align=center|22&nbsp;October||The [[Kingdom of Italy]] annexes the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]. [[Venice]] yields to [[Florence]] as the capital.
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;December||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Starbuck Island]],{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxviii}} disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] moves the capital of the [[Crown Colony]] of the '''[[United Province of Canada]]''' from the city of [[Quebec City|Québec]] to [[Ottawa]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] annexes the [[Duchy of Holstein]].
|-
|rowspan=12 align=center|1867||align=center|17&nbsp;January||The [[United States of America]] relinquishes [[Alto Velo Claim|claims]] on [[Alto Velo Island]].
|-
|align=center|March||[[Congress Poland]] is incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]] as '''[[Vistula Land]]'''.
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;April||The [[Straits Settlements]] become a [[Crown Colony]] of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxviii}}
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;June||'''[[Austria-Hungary]]''' is established by a [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|compromise]] of the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]]. The [[Grand Duchy of Transylvania]] becomes part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] by the same compromise.
|-
|align=center|18&nbsp;October||The [[Russian Empire]] sells [[Alaska]] to the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;June||The '''[[Mexico|United Mexican States]]''' supersedes the [[Second Mexican Empire]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1&nbsp;July||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] unites its colonies of [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and the [[Crown Colony]] of the [[United Province of Canada]] as the '''[[Dominion of Canada]]'''.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxviii}} [[Ottawa]] is the capital.
|-
|The '''[[North German Confederation]]''' supersedes the [[German Confederation]]. [[Berlin]] remains the capital.
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;July||The partially autonomous '''[[Khedivate of Egypt]]''' under [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]] replaces the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Egypt Eyalet]].
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;July||The [[Russian Empire]] establishes '''[[Russian Turkestan]]''' for the territories it has conquered in Central Asia.
|-
|align=center|28&nbsp;August||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Midway Atoll]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;November||After its defeat in the [[Bhutan War]], [[Bhutan]] cedes parts of its territory to [[British India]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1868||align=center|3&nbsp;January||[[Japan]] becomes the '''[[Empire of Greater Japan]]'''. The capital is moved from [[Kyoto]] to Edo, which is renamed [[Tokyo]].
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;July||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Caroline Island]], disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxviii}}
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;October||The [[Bolivian Republic]] changes its name to the '''[[Republic of Bolivia]]'''.
|-
|align=center|11&nbsp;December||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Serrana Bank]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}
|-
|align=center|1869||align=center|22&nbsp;November||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Pedro Cays]], [[Quita Sueño Bank]], and [[Roncador Bank]] under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}<ref name="doi-acquisition">{{cite web |url=https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/acquisitionprocess |title=Acquisition Process of Insular Areas |date=12 June 2015 |publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]] [[Office of Insular Affairs]] |access-date=July 15, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815202029/https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/acquisitionprocess |archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>
|}

===1870s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1870||align=center|15&nbsp;July||The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] transfers the [[North-Western Territory]] to [[Canada]].
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;July||The [[Crown Colony]] of [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–71)|British Columbia]] joins Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1871 - B.C. Joins Confederation |url=https://www.leg.bc.ca/dyl/Pages/1871-BC-Joins-Confederation.aspx |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.leg.bc.ca |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;September||The '''[[French Third Republic]]''' supersedes the [[French Second Empire]].
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;September||[[Italy]] annexes the [[Unification of Italy#Capture of Rome|area around Rome]], ending the [[Papal States]], which are succeeded by the [[Prisoner in the Vatican|States of the Church]].
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1871||align=center|1&nbsp;January||In the [[unification of Germany]], the '''[[German Empire]]''' supersedes the [[North German Confederation]] after the accession of [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], and [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]. [[Berlin]] remains the capital.
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;May||[[German Empire|Germany]] annexes [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] and most of [[Alsace]] from [[France]] following the [[Franco-Prussian War]], which becomes the '''[[Alsace-Lorraine|Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine]]'''.
|-
|align=center|20&nbsp;July||[[British Columbia]] joins [[Canada]].
|-
|||[[Rome]] replaces [[Florence]] as the capital of [[Italy]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1872||align=center|9&nbsp;January||Limits between [[Paraguay]] and the [[Brazilian Empire]] [[Treaty of the Triple Alliance#Brazil|are established]] following the [[Paraguayan War]]. Brazil enlarges its [[Mato Grosso]] region.
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;October||An arbitration committee rules in favor of the [[United States of America]] in its territorial dispute with [[Canada]] over the [[San Juan Islands]], ending the so-called [[Pig War (1859)|Pig War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pig War - San Juan Island National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/sajh/learn/historyculture/the-pig-war.htm |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1873||align=center|11&nbsp;February||The '''[[First Spanish Republic]]''' supersedes the [[Monarchy of Spain]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;July||[[Prince Edward Island]] joins [[Canada]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|12&nbsp;August||The [[Emirate of Bukhara]] becomes a protectorate of the [[Russian Empire]].
|-
|The [[Khanate of Khiva]] becomes a protectorate of the [[Russian Empire]].
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;November||With the unification of [[Buda]], [[Óbuda]], and [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], [[Budapest]] becomes the capital of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)|Kingdom of Hungary]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1874||align=center|29&nbsp;December||The restored '''[[Restoration (Spain)|Monarchy of Spain]]''' supersedes the first [[First Spanish Republic]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;January||The [[East India Company|British East India Company]] is dissolved.
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1875||align=center|7&nbsp;May||By the [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)|Treaty of Saint Petersburg]], the [[Empire of Japan]] cedes southern [[Sakhalin]] Island to [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in exchange for the [[Kuril Islands]] north of [[Iturup]].
|-
|||The [[Empire of Japan]] reclaims the [[Bonin Islands]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sr-yzZK-WRgC&dq=bonin+islands+were+renamed+ogasawara+islands&pg=PA175 |title=Language and Citizenship in Japan |editor-first=Nanette |editor-last=Gottlieb |chapter=English Is My Home |date=12 December 2012 |page=176 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50316-0}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1876||align=center|3&nbsp;February||Limits between [[Paraguay]] and [[Argentina]] [[Treaty of the Triple Alliance#Argentina|are established]] following the [[Paraguayan War]]. Argentina is awarded the [[Gran Chaco#Geography|Central Chaco]] (current [[Formosa Province]]) and some territories in [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]. The territories between the [[Pilcomayo River]] and Verde River are pending arbitration.
|-
|||The [[Russian Empire]] annexes the [[Khanate of Kokand]].
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1877||align=center|12&nbsp;April||The [[United Kingdom]] annexes the [[South African Republic|South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal)]] as the '''[[Transvaal Colony]]'''.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxix}}
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;August||The [[United Kingdom]] creates the '''[[British Western Pacific Territories]]'''. This creates two new disputes with the [[United States of America]], over the islands of [[Atafu]] and [[Nukunono]].
|-
|rowspan=7 align=center|1878||align=center|3&nbsp;March||The [[Treaty of San Stefano]] results in the following territorial changes:
* The '''[[Principality of Bulgaria]]''' is established. [[Plovdiv]] is the capital.
* The [[Ottoman Empire]] recognizes [[Montenegro]] and cedes it territory, including [[Nikšić]], [[Podgorica]], and [[Antivari]].
* '''[[Serbia]]''' gains independence and annexes [[Niš]] and [[Leskovac]].
* The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of the '''[[Principality of Romania]]'''.
* [[Russia]] cedes [[Northern Dobruja]] to Romania (which had been ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire).
* Romania cedes [[Southern Bessarabia]] to Russia.
* The Ottoman Empire cedes [[Armenia]]n and [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] territories in the [[Caucasus]] to Russia, including [[Ardahan]], [[Artvin]], [[Batum]], [[Kars]], [[Olti]], Beyazit, and Alashkert.
* The [[Vilayet of Bosnia]] becomes an autonomous province.
* [[Crete]], [[Epirus]], and [[Thessaly]] are awarded limited self-government.
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;May||'''Romania''' gains independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Bucharest]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;July||The [[Ottoman Empire]] leases [[Cyprus]] as a protectorate to the [[United Kingdom]].
|-
|align=center|13&nbsp;July||The [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]] results in the following territorial changes:
* The [[Principality of Bulgaria]] moves its capital from [[Plovdiv]] to [[Sofia]].
* The Principality of Bulgaria is shrunk significantly.
* '''[[Eastern Rumelia]]''' is created as an autonomous province of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* The [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Vilayet of Bosnia]] ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]) is recognized; the territory is ''de facto'' under Austro-Hungarian rule.
* The Ottoman Empire cedes [[Thessaly]] and small parts of [[Epirus]] to [[Greece]].
*[[Eleşkirt|Alashkerd]] and [[Doğubeyazıt|Bayazid]] are returned to the Ottoman Empire.
|-
|align=center|8&nbsp;September||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Arenas Key]], claimed by [[Mexico]]; the [[Morant Cays]]; and [[Serranilla Bank]], claimed by [[Colombia]], under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;November||The territories between the [[Pilcomayo River]] and Verde River, claimed by [[Argentina]] and [[Paraguay]], are awarded to Paraguay in an arbitration by [[President of the United States of America|U.S. President]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]].
|-
|||[[Argentina]] begins its [[Conquest of the Desert|campaign to take control]] of [[Patagonia|Patagonic]] territories. By the end of 1879, Argentina's control extends as far as the [[Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro]] (modern provinces of [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]] and [[La Pampa Province|La Pampa]], as well as southern [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], [[San Luis Province|San Luis]], [[Córdoba Province (Argentina)|Córdoba]], and [[Buenos Aires Province]]s).
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1879||align=center|14&nbsp;February||[[Chile]] occupies the city of [[Antofagasta]], previously controlled by [[Bolivia]] but with a majority of Chilean population. The [[War of the Pacific]] starts with Bolivia, later with [[Peru]]. Chile also occupies the rest of the ports in the coast north to Antofagasta to the [[Loa River]] afterwards. Bolivia loses direct access to the Pacific Ocean.
|-
|align=center|23&nbsp;March||[[Chile]] occupies [[Calama, Chile|Calama]] from [[Bolivia]] after the [[Battle of Topáter]].
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;March||The [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] is annexed by the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]].
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;July||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Western Triangle Island]], already claimed by [[Mexico]], under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=566–580}}
|-
|||[[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] establishes the colony of '''[[Portuguese Guinea]]''' from the union of the territories [[Bissau]] and [[Cacheu]].
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;November||The first organic amphibious landing in military history happens in the [[Battle of Pisagua]] in which [[Chile]] occupies the port in Tarapacá, then [[Peru]].
|-
|}

===1880s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1880||align=center|30&nbsp;October||The [[Republic of Honduras]] moves its capital from [[Comayagua]] to [[Tegucigalpa]], ending a century of indecision as to the country's capital.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;December||[[Buenos Aires]] is [[Federalization of Buenos Aires|declared]] the official capital of the [[Argentine Republic]].
|-
|||The [[French Republic]] establishes the protectorate of '''[[French Congo]]'''. [[Brazzaville]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1881||align=center|17&nbsp;January||'''[[Chile]]''' starts the [[Occupation of Lima]], '''[[Peru]]''', during the [[War of the Pacific]] that lasts until October 23, 1883
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;March||The '''[[Kingdom of Romania]]''' is proclaimed. [[Bucharest]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|23&nbsp;July||The border between the [[Republic of Chile]] and the [[Argentine Republic]] is [[Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina|defined]] diving Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego for both countries which previously [[East Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Strait of Magellan Dispute|disputed most of the territory]], while recognizing the [[Strait of Magellan]] as a Chilean water body but with a free access regime to all nations.
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;August||The '''[[South African Republic|South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal)]]''' [[Pretoria Convention|regains self-governance]] under British suzerainty.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxix}}
|-
|||[[Tunisia]] becomes a [[French Third Republic|French]] protectorate.
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Flint Island]], disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Flint Island |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire |year=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=[[London]] |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdFbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191 |access-date=July 2, 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7524-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512101228/https://books.google.com/books?id=WdFbCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA191 |archive-date=May 12, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|1882||align=center|6&nbsp;March||The '''[[Kingdom of Serbia]]''' supersedes the [[Principality of Serbia]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;June||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] annexes [[Morant Cays]] and [[Pedro Cays]] as part of [[Jamaica]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wEIBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1601 Letters Patent&nbsp;... for the Annexation of Morant and Pedro Cays to the Island of Jamaica] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417062140/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEIBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1601&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dLGHVf3HKIutyQSM3IKAAQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ |date=April 17, 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1883||align=center|20&nbsp;October||[[Chile]] gains [[Tarapacá Province (Peru)|Tarapacá]] permanently, and [[Arica Province|Arica]], and [[Tacna Region|Tacna]] from [[Peru]] ([[Treaty of Ancón]]). Arica and Tacna are subject to a future referendum in 10 years, which doesn't happen.
|-
|||Argentina [[Conquest of the desert|incorporates]] the [[Patagonia]]n lands of modern [[Neuquén Province]] to the [[Limay River]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Loango]] is annexed to [[French Congo]].
|-
|||[[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]] becomes a protectorate of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]].
|-
|rowspan=14 align=center|1884||align=center|4&nbsp;April||[[Chile]] regains [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]] from [[Bolivia]] legally as part of the truce ending the [[War of the Pacific]] (made permanent in 1904).
|-
|align=center|21&nbsp;June||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Scorpion Reef|Alacrans Islands]], already claimed by [[Mexico]], under the [[Guano Islands Act]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|pages=568–569}}
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;August||The British suzerainty in the '''[[South African Republic|South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal)]]''' [[London Convention (1884)|ends]].
|-
|align=center|18&nbsp;October||[[Argentina]] ends the [[Conquest of the Desert|conquest campaign]] of Eastern [[Patagonia]], subduing the remaining [[Amerindian]] resistance in the modern [[Provinces of Argentina|Provinces]] of [[Chubut Province|Chubut]] and [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz]].
|-
|align=center|15&nbsp;November||The [[Congo Conference]] in [[Berlin]] forms the basis for the [[European colonization of Africa|division of Africa into colonies]] in the subsequent [[Scramble for Africa]].
|-
|||The [[Greenwich]] [[prime meridian]] becomes the international standard reference for the determination of [[longitude]] by [[cartographers]].
|-
|||'''[[German South-West Africa]]''' is created.
|-
|||'''[[German East Africa]]''' is created.
|-
|||'''[[Togoland]]''' is created.
|-
|||'''[[Kamerun]]''' is created.
|-
|||'''[[German New Guinea]]''' is created and administered by the [[German New Guinea Company]].
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes the [[Crown Colony]] of the '''[[Territory of Basutoland]]'''. [[Maseru]] is the capital.
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes the '''[[British Somaliland Protectorate]]'''. [[Hargeisa]] is the capital.
|-
|||[[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin]] become protectorates of [[French Third Republic|France]].
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|1885||align=center|2&nbsp;May||[[Leopold II of Belgium|King Leopold II of Belgium]] establishes the '''[[Congo Free State]]''', a private government run by the [[International African Association]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;September||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes the [[Crown Colony]] of '''[[British Bechuanaland]]'''. [[Vryburg]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|6&nbsp;September||The [[Principality of Bulgaria]] annexes [[Eastern Rumelia]].
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;November||The [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] ends with the fall of the [[Konbaung dynasty]] in [[Burma]].
|-
|align=center|December||[[Peru]] manages to retain the town of [[Ticalaco]] which was considered to the south of the [[Sama River]] (defined as the border in the [[Ancon Treaty]]) by [[Chile]] but not by Peru. The Ticalaco River becomes the border in that part of the territory in the [[Tacna Province (Chile)|Tacna Province]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sergio González Miranda |author2=Cristian Ovando Santana |title=Sama y Camarones: "Las fronteras que no fueron entre Perú y Chile" |url=https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-34022017000100005 |publisher=Revista de geografía Norte Grande |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1886||align=center|1 January||[[Burma]] becomes part of [[British India]].
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;May||[[Leopold II of Belgium|King Leopold II of Belgium]] selects [[Boma, Kongo Central|Boma]] as the capital of his '''[[Congo Free State]]'''.
|-
|||The [[United States of Colombia]] becomes the '''[[Republic of Colombia]]'''.
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1887||align=center|17&nbsp;October||The colony of '''[[French Indochina]]''' is established. [[Saigon]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|16&nbsp;December||The [[Sultanate of Maldives]] becomes a [[British Protectorate]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Lunda]] is disestablished.
|-
|||[[Macau]] officially becomes a colony of [[Portugal]].
|-
|rowspan=8 align=center|1888||align=center|15&nbsp;March||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] annexes [[Tabuaeran|Fanning Island]], which was previously claimed by the [[United States of America]].<ref name="fanning-washington">{{cite journal |date=1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbgjAQAAIAAJ&q=march+15+1888 |journal=United Empire |title=Some Less-Known Islands in the Pacific |publisher=Royal Colonial Institute |volume=4 |pages=266 |access-date=June 22, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;March||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Kiritimati|Christmas Island]],{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;September||'''[[Chile]]''' incorporates [[Easter Island]] by signing a mutual will agreement with the island leader.
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;October||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] makes the [[Cook Islands]] a protectorate.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} This also creates a dispute with the [[United States of America]] on the atolls of [[Pukapuka]], [[Manihiki]], [[Penrhyn (atoll)|Penrhyn]], and [[Rakahanga]].
|-
|||The [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]] falls after [[Mindanao]] is conquered by the [[Kingdom of Spain]].
|-
|||The [[Bruneian Empire]] becomes a protectorate of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Sarawak]] becomes a protectorate of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
|-
|||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Minami-Tori-shima]] using the [[Guano Islands Act]].
|-
|rowspan=11 align=center|1889||align=center|9&nbsp;March||[[Menelik II of Ethiopia|Emperor Menelik II]] of [[Ethiopia]] moves his capital to [[Addis Ababa]].
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;May||[[Argentina]] renounces to its claim over [[Tarija]] in exchange to [[Bolivia]] renouncing over its claim over [[Puna de Atacama]] in the Quirno Costa-Vaca Guzmán treaty.
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;May||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] annexes [[Teraina|Washington Island]], which was previously claimed by the [[United States of America]].<ref name="fanning-washington" />
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;June||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Jarvis Island]],{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|19&nbsp;June||'''[[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]''' is established as a colony of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
|-
|align=center|26&nbsp;June||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Manra Island|Sydney Island]],{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;June||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Rawaki Island|Phoenix Island]],{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;July||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Birnie Island]],{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].
|-
|align=center|15&nbsp;November||The '''[[Republic of the United States of Brazil]]''' supersedes the [[Empire of Brazil]].
|-
|||The [[Kingdom of Luba]] is annexed to the [[Congo Free State]].
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes the '''[[Crown Colony of Trinidad and Tobago]]''' from the colonies of [[Trinidad]] and [[Tobago]].
|}

===1890s===
{|class=wikitable style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:6%"|Year||style="width:8%"|Date||style="width:86%"|Event
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1890||align=center|1&nbsp;July||[[Heligoland]] is ceded by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] to the [[German Empire]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}}
|-
|align=center|7&nbsp;November||[[Zanzibar]] becomes a protectorate of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}}
|-
|align=center|29&nbsp;November||End of the personal union between the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]].
|-
|align=center|1891||||[[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] defeats the ruler of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and forces [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] and [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]] to accept the suzerainty of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]] state.
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1892||align=center|8&nbsp;March||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] annexes the [[Gilbert Islands]] as a protectorate.{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} This takes the islands of [[Butaritari]] and [[Marakei]] from the existing [[United States of America]] claim.
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;May||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] claims [[Nikumaroro|Gardner Island]],{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} disputing a claim by the [[United States of America]].
|-
|||The [[Muscat and Oman|Sultanate of Muscat and Oman]] becomes a protectorate of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1893||align=center|23&nbsp;February||The Nyasalands Districts Protectorate is renamed to the '''[[British Central Africa Protectorate]]''' of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxx}} [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|1&nbsp;May||[[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] agree to move their border in [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego|Tierra del Fuego]] 11.3 km to the west signing a protocol, as well as recognizing the coast of the [[Última Esperanza Province]] as Chilean in nowadays [[Puerto Natales]].
|-
|align=center|3&nbsp;October||[[French Third Republic|France]] conquers the [[Kingdom of Luang Phrabang]] from [[Siam]] and makes it part of [[French Indochina]].
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|1894||align=center|11&nbsp;April||The Kingdom of [[Buganda]] becomes a protectorate named '''[[Uganda]]''' of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxxi}} [[Entebbe]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|4&nbsp;July||The '''[[Republic of Hawaii]]''' supersedes the [[Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]].
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;November||The [[United States of America]] rescinds its claims to the [[Scorpion Reef|Alacrans Islands]], [[Arenas Key]], and [[Western Triangle Island]], which were disputed with [[Mexico]].{{sfn|Moore|1906|page=569}}
|-
|rowspan=9 align=center|1895||align=center|5&nbsp;February||The border between the '''[[Republic of the United States of Brazil]]''' and the '''[[Argentine Republic]]''' is arbitrated by [[President of the United States of America|U.S. President]] [[Grover Cleveland]].
|-
|align=center|17&nbsp;April||The [[Qing dynasty]] of [[China]] cedes [[Taiwan]] to the [[Empire of Japan]] by the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]].
|-
|align=center|23&nbsp;May||The '''[[Republic of Formosa]]''' declares independence upon its annexation by the [[Empire of Japan]]. [[Taipei]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|June||The [[Republic of Formosa]] moves its capital from [[Taipei]] to [[Tainan]].
|-
|align=center|15&nbsp;June||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes the '''[[East Africa Protectorate]]'''. [[Mombasa]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|23&nbsp;October||The [[Empire of Japan]] conquers the [[Republic of Formosa]]. Taiwan becomes a Japanese colony under the name '''[[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Takasago Koku]]'''. [[Taihoku Prefecture|Taihoku]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|27&nbsp;October||[[French Third Republic|France]] creates '''[[French West Africa]]'''. [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|16&nbsp;November||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] annexes the [[Crown Colony]] of [[British Bechuanaland]] to the '''[[Cape Colony]]'''. [[Vryburg]] yields to [[Cape Town]] as the capital.
|-
|||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] establishes the '''[[Federated Malay States]]''' as a protectorate from a number of British-dominated Sultanates on the [[Malay Peninsula]]. [[Kuala Lumpur]] is the capital.
|-
|rowspan=4 align=center|1897||28 February||'''[[French Madagascar]]''' supersedes the [[Malagasy Protectorate]] following the exile of [[Ranavalona III]]. 
|-
|||The [[Zulu Kingdom]] becomes part of the British [[Colony of Natal]].
|-
|||The [[Joseon Dynasty]] becomes the '''[[Korean Empire]]'''.
|-
|align=center|9 February||The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] invades the [[Kingdom of Benin]] and annexes it as part of its [[Niger Coast Protectorate]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxxi}}
|-
|rowspan=9 align=center|1898||align=center|29&nbsp;May||After occupying the territory on April 22, [[French Third Republic|France]] forces [[Qing China]] to lease it [[Guangzhouwan]] for a period of 99 years.
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;June||The '''[[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]''' declares independence from the [[Kingdom of Spain]]. [[Malolos]] is the capital.
|-
|align=center|9&nbsp;June||Through the [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory]], [[Qing China]] lends [[New Territories]] to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] for a period of 99 years.
|-
|align=center|24&nbsp;July||The [[Empire of Japan]] annexes [[Minami-Tori-shima]], disputing a prior claim by the [[United States of America]].{{sfn|Kuroda|1954|page=87}}
|-
|align=center|25&nbsp;July||The [[United States of America]] seizes control of [[Puerto Rico]] from the [[Spanish Empire]] during the [[Spanish–American War]].
|-
|align=center|12&nbsp;August||The [[United States of America]] annexes the [[Republic of Hawaii]] as the '''[[Territory of Hawaii]]'''.
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;November||The [[Puna de Atacama dispute]] is resolved by arbitration: of the 75,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>  in dispute, 64,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> , 85%, is awarded to the [[Argentina]] and 11,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, 15%, to the [[Republic of Chile]].
|-
|align=center|10&nbsp;December||The [[Spanish–American War]] concludes with the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], by which the [[Monarchy of Spain]] cedes four of its dependencies to the [[United States of America]]:
* The '''[[Captaincy General of Cuba]]'''. [[Havana]] is the capital.
* The '''[[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico]]'''. [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] is the capital.
* The '''[[Captaincy General of the Philippines]]'''. [[Manila]] is the Spanish capital. (The [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]] maintains its sovereignty with [[Malolos]] as its capital.)
* The '''[[Guam|Island of Guam]]'''.
|-
|||The [[Republic of Bolivia]] moves its administrative capital from [[Sucre]] to [[La Paz]]. [[Sucre]] remains the constitutional and judicial capital.
|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|1899||align=center|17&nbsp;January||The [[United States of America]] claims [[Wake Island]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/03/22/117916635.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103235443/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/03/22/117916635.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2021 |title=Wake Island Occupation |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 21, 1899 |access-date=May 14, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|23 January||The [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait]] becomes a protectorate of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|page=xxxi}}
|-
|align=center|14&nbsp;July||The first '''[[Republic of Acre]]''' declares independence from [[Bolivia]]. The capital is [[Antimary]].
|-
|align=center|2&nbsp;December||Following the [[Tripartite Convention]]:
*The [[Kingdom of Samoa]] is partitioned between '''[[German Samoa]]''' and '''[[American Samoa]]'''.
*The islands east and southeast of [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] belonging to [[German New Guinea]] are ceded to the [[British Solomon Islands]].
*The neutral zone in West Africa is split between [[Gold Coast (British colony)|British Gold Coast]] and [[Togoland|German Togoland]].
|-
| ||The [[German Empire]] takes over the administration of '''[[German New Guinea]]''' from the [[German New Guinea Company]].
|}

==Maps==
<gallery>
File:1555-56 CE World Map.PNG|World in 1555–1556
File:1700 CE world map.PNG|World in 1700
</gallery>

==See also==

* {{annotated link|Timeline of national independence}}
* {{annotated link|Geopolitics}}
* {{annotated link|List of administrative division name changes}}
* {{annotated link|List of city name changes}}
* {{annotated link|List of national border changes (1914–present)}}
* {{annotated link|Lists of political entities by century}}
* {{annotated link|Sovereign state}}
** {{annotated link|List of former sovereign states}}
** {{annotated link|List of sovereign states}}
** {{annotated link|List of sovereign states by date of formation}}
** {{annotated link|List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent}}
* {{annotated link|Political history of the world}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |first=Roger B. |last=Beck |editor-first1=Linda |editor-last1=Black |editor-first2=Larry S. |editor-last2=Krieger |editor-first3=Phillip C. |editor-last3=Naylor |editor-first4=Dahia Ibo |editor-last4=Shabaka |year=2008}}
* {{cite book |last=Chavez |first=Thomas E. |title=Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=2003}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kuroda |first=Nagahisa |author-link=Nagahisa Kuroda |title=Report on a trip to Marcus Island, with notes on the birds |journal=Pacific Science |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=1954}}
* {{cite book |last=Marley |first=David F. |year=1998 |title=Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=0874368375}}
* {{cite book |last=Marley |first=David F. |year=2005 |title=Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia |volume=1: The Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America |chapter=Bahamas |pages=3–15 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1576070271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1576070271 |access-date=January 9, 2017}}
* {{cite book |first=John Bassett |last=Moore |author-link=John Bassett Moore |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1906 |title=A Digest of International Law as Embodied in Diplomatic Discussions, Treaties and Other International Agreements, International Awards, the Decisions of Municipal Courts, and the Writings of Jurists and Especially in Documents, Published and Unpublished, Issued by Presidents and Secretaries of State of the United States, the Opinions of the Attorneys-General, and the Decisions of Courts, Federal and State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mIHAQAAIAAJ&q=morant%20Keys%20guano%20claim%20british&pg=PA566 |location=Washington, DC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155658/https://books.google.com/books?id=9mIHAQAAIAAJ&dq=morant%20Keys%20guano%20claim%20british&pg=PA566 |archive-date=May 1, 2016}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Chronology |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire |year=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=[[London]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdFbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR19 |access-date=July 4, 2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7524-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408060413/https://books.google.com/books?id=WdFbCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PR19 |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |first=Kenneth J. |last=Panton}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/vermontstatepape00verm |title=Vermont state papers; being a collection of records and documents, connected with the assumption and establishment of government by the people of Vermont; together with the journal of the Council of safety, the first constitution, the early journals of the General assembly, and the laws from the year 1779 to 1786, inclusive. To which are added the Proceedings of the first and second Councils of censors |first=William |last=Slade |author-link=William Slade (politician) |date=1823 |location=[[Middlebury, Vermont]] |publisher=J.W. Copeland, Printer}}
{{clear}}

{{Lists of countries and territories by continent}}
{{Territorial evolution of the world}}

[[Category:Geography-related lists]]
[[Category:Geopolitics]]
[[Category:History-related lists]]