View source for SMS Cöln (1916)

{{Use shortened footnotes|date=October 2022}}
{{Short description|Light cruiser of the German Imperial Navy}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=File:SMS Cöln (1916).jpg
|Ship image size=300px
|Ship caption=SMS {{lang|de|Cöln}}
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[German Empire]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|German Empire|naval}}
|Ship name={{lang|de|Cöln}}
|Ship namesake=City of [[Cologne|Cöln]] (Cologne)
|Ship builder=[[Blohm & Voss]]
|Ship laid down=1915
|Ship launched=5 October 1916
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=17 January 1918
|Ship fate=Scuttled in [[Scapa Flow]] in June 1919
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Cöln|cruiser|0}} [[light cruiser]]
|Ship displacement=
*[[Normal displacement|Normal]]: {{cvt|5620|MT|LT|lk=on}}
*[[Full-load displacement|Full load]]: {{convert|7486|MT|LT|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|155.5|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|14.2|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|6.01|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=
*2 × screw [[propeller]]s
*2 × [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship power=
*{{convert|31000|shp|abbr=on}}
*14 × [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|27.5|knot|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|5400|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|12|kn|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=*17 officers
*542 enlisted men
|Ship armament=*8 × [[15 cm SK L/45|{{cvt|15|cm}} SK L/45]] guns
*3 × [[8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun|{{convert|8.8|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK L/45]] AA guns
*4 × {{cvt|50|cm|1}} [[torpedo tube]]s
*200 [[Naval mine|mine]]s
|Ship armor=*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|60|mm|abbr=on}}
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: 60 cm
}}
|}

'''SMS {{lang|de|Cöln}}''' was a [[light cruiser]] in the German {{lang|de|[[Kaiserliche Marine]]}} (Imperial Navy), the second to bear this name, after her predecessor {{SMS|Cöln|1909|6}} had been lost in the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)|Battle of Heligoland Bight]]. {{lang|de|Cöln}}, [[Lead ship|first of her class]], was launched on 5 October 1916 at [[Blohm & Voss]] in [[Hamburg]] and completed over a year later in January 1918. She and her sister {{SMS|Dresden|1917|2}} were the last two light cruisers built by the {{lang|de|Kaiserliche Marine}}; eight of her sisters were scrapped before they could be completed. The ships were an incremental improvement over the preceding {{sclass|Königsberg|cruiser (1915)|0}} cruisers.

{{lang|de|Cöln}} was commissioned into service with the [[High Seas Fleet]] ten months before the end of [[World War I]]; as a result, her service career was limited and she did not see action. She participated in a fleet operation to Norway to attack British convoys to Scandinavia, but they failed to locate any convoys and returned to port. {{lang|de|Cöln}} was to have participated in a climactic sortie in the final days of the war, but a [[Wilhelmshaven mutiny|revolt in the fleet]] forced Admirals [[Reinhard Scheer]] and [[Franz von Hipper]] to cancel the operation. The ship was interned in [[Scapa Flow]] after the end of the war and [[Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow|scuttled with the fleet there]] on 21 June 1919, under orders from the fleet commander Rear Admiral [[Ludwig von Reuter]]. Unlike many of the other ships  scuttled there, {{lang|de|Cöln}} was never raised for scrapping.

==Design==
{{main|Cöln-class cruiser}}

In the first year after the start of [[World War I]] in July 1914, the German {{lang|de|[[Kaiserliche Marine]]}} (Imperial Navy) suffered heavy losses among its [[light cruiser]]s; by late 1915, the decision was made to begin construction on replacements. The navy was no longer constrained by the [[German naval laws|naval laws]] that had previously governed expenditures, and war funding was allocated for the construction of ten new vessels. Owing to the need to begin work as quickly as possible, only minor alterations were made to the preceding {{sclass|Königsberg|cruiser|4||1915}} design, including the number of [[anti-aircraft gun]]s and the location of the [[torpedo tube]]s.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=183}}{{sfn|Herwig|p=205}}

{{lang|de|Cöln}} was {{convert|155.5|m|sp=us}} [[length overall|long overall]] and had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|14.2|m|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|6.01|m|abbr=on}} forward. She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{cvt|5620|MT|LT|lk=on}} normally and up to {{convert|7486|MT|LT|abbr=on}} at [[full load]]. Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of [[steam turbine]]s, which drove a pair of [[screw propeller]]s. Steam was provided by eight coal-fired and six oil-fired Marine-type [[water-tube boiler]]s. The boilers were ducted into three [[funnel (ship)|funnels]] [[amidships]]. Her engines were rated to produce {{convert|31000|shp|lk=on}} for a top speed of {{convert|27.5|kn|abbr=on}} and a range of approximately {{convert|6000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|12|kn|abbr=on}}. Her crew consisted of 17&nbsp;officers and 542&nbsp;enlisted men.{{sfn|Gröner|p=114}}

The ship was armed with eight [[15 cm SK L/45|{{cvt|15|cm}} SK L/45]] guns in single pedestal mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the [[forecastle]], four were located amidships, two on either side, and two were arranged in a [[superfire|super firing pair]] aft. These guns fired a {{convert|45.3|kg|adj=on}} shell at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert|840|m/s|sp=us}}. The guns had a maximum elevation of 30&nbsp;degrees, which allowed them to engage targets out to {{convert|17600|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|pp=140, 162}} They were supplied with 1,040 rounds of ammunition, for 130 shells per gun.{{sfn|Gröner|p=114}} {{lang|de|Cöln}} was to have carried three [[8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun|8.8&nbsp;cm SK L/45]] anti-aircraft guns mounted on the [[centerline (nautical)|centerline]] astern of the funnels, though only two were installed, due to shortages in artillery by that late point in the war.{{sfn|Dodson & Nottelmann|p=160}} She was also equipped with a pair of {{cvt|50|cm|1}} torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes in deck-mounted swivel launchers amidships. She also carried 200 [[naval mine|mines]]. The ship was protected by a waterline [[armored belt]] that was {{convert|60|mm|abbr=on}} thick amidships. The [[conning tower]] had {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} thick sides, and the armor [[deck (ship)|deck]] was covered with 60&nbsp;mm thick armor plate.{{sfn|Gröner|p=114}}

==Service history==
===Construction and wartime operations===
{{lang|de|Cöln}}, named after the light cruiser [[SMS Cöln (1909)|of the same name]] that was sunk at the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)|Battle of Heligoland Bight]] on 28 August 1914, was ordered under the contract name "Ersatz {{SMS|Ariadne||2}}". Her [[keel]] was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the [[Blohm & Voss]] shipyard in [[Hamburg]] in 1915. She was [[ship launching|launched]] on 5 October 1916, after which [[fitting-out]] work commenced. She was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 17 January 1918 under the command of {{lang|de|[[Fregattenkapitän]]}} (Frigate Captain) [[Erich Raeder]], thereafter joining the [[High Seas Fleet]]. Most of the ship's initial crew came from the light cruiser {{SMS|Hamburg||2}}. {{lang|de|Cöln}} began [[sea trials]] in early February and completed them at the end of March. The ship then returned to the shipyard to have a new anti-mine device fitted. On 13 May, she was assigned to [[II Scouting Group]].{{sfn|Gröner|p=114}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=182–183}} At that time, the unit also included her [[sister ship]] {{SMS|Dresden|1917|2}} and the light cruisers {{SMS|Königsberg|1915|2}}, {{SMS|Pillau||2}}, {{SMS|Graudenz||2}}, {{SMS|Nürnberg|1916|2}}, and {{SMS|Karlsruhe|1916|2}}.{{sfn|Woodward|p=116}} 

By the last year of the war, II Scouting Group was primarily responsible for protecting the [[minelayer]]s that maintained the defensive mine barrages that protected the entrances to Germany's naval bases in the [[North Sea]]. During this period, on 19 June, {{lang|de|Cöln}} and the rest of the unit sortied in an unsuccessful attempt to catch the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Furious|47|6}} after she had struck the German [[seaplane]] base in the [[Tondern raid]]. In late August, {{lang|de|Cöln}} helped to lay a minefield off [[Texel]]. The ship incurred damage to her screws in September, and had to be dry-docked from 19 September to 11 October for repairs. At that time, Raeder was transferred to the Armistice Commission at [[Spa, Belgium]], that negotiated the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] that ended the war. In the meantime, ''FK'' Kaulhausen took command of {{lang|de|Cöln}}.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=183}}

In October 1918, the two ships and the rest of II Scouting Group were to lead a [[Naval order of 24 October 1918|final attack]] on the British navy. {{lang|de|Cöln}}, {{lang|de|Dresden}}, {{lang|de|Pillau}}, and {{lang|de|Königsberg}} were to attack merchant shipping in the [[Thames estuary]] while the rest of the Group were to bombard targets in [[Flanders]], to draw out the British [[Grand Fleet]].{{sfn|Woodward|p=116}} Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to secure a better bargaining position for Germany, whatever the cost to the fleet. On the morning of 29 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on {{SMS|Thüringen||2}} and then on several other battleships [[Wilhelmshaven mutiny|mutinied]]. The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation.{{sfn|Tarrant|pp=280–282}} When informed of the situation, the Kaiser stated, "I no longer have a navy."{{sfn|Herwig|p=252}}

On 9 November, two days before the armistice was to go into effect, British warships were reported to be in the area, and {{lang|de|Cöln}}, {{lang|de|Graudenz}}, and several torpedo boats were sent to intercept them, but they made no contact. On 12 November, the day after the war ended, {{lang|de|Cöln}} sailed to Wilhelmshaven, her last voyage under the {{lang|de|[[Reichskriegsflagge]]}} (Imperial War Flag). There, she made preparations to be interned in [[Scapa Flow]]. At that time, Kaulhausen left the ship and {{lang|de|[[Kapitänleutnant]]}} (Captain Lieutenant) Heinemann took command; he was to captain the ship during her internment.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=182–183}}

===Internment and scuttling===
{{main|Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow}}

Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of the High Seas Fleet's ships, under the command of Rear Admiral [[Ludwig von Reuter]], were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow.{{sfn|Tarrant|p=282}} {{lang|de|Cöln}} was among the ships interned.{{sfn|Gröner|p=114}} On the voyage there on 19 November, while steaming in the [[Firth of Forth]], Heinemann radioed the fleet commander that one of the ship's steam turbines had a leaking condenser. Reuter dispatched another light cruiser to remain with the ship in the event that she needed to be towed. The ship was delayed by three days, but despite the problematic turbine, {{lang|de|Cöln}} managed to steam into port, arriving there on 22 November.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=183}}{{sfn|van der Vat|pp=119, 128–129}}

The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the [[Versailles Treaty]]. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships.{{sfn|Herwig|p=256}} {{lang|de|Cöln}} sank at 13:50,{{sfn|Gröner|p=115}} and she sank before British sailors could board the ship or tow her to shallow water. She was never raised for salvage like many of the other wrecks, and instead salvage rights to the ship and her sister {{lang|de|Dresden}} were sold off in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Some work was carried out to remove parts of their hulls while still submerged, but they were never raised. Salvage rights for the two cruisers expired on 17 September 1985, and their remains were sold to the Orkney Islands Council for 1&nbsp;[[pound sterling|pound]] on 3 November 1986. Her wreck was declared a [[scheduled monument]] on 23 May 2001.{{sfn|Dodson & Cant|pp=14, 54, 106}}

In 2017, marine archaeologists from the Orkney Research Center for Archaeology conducted extensive surveys of {{lang|de|Cöln}} and nine other wrecks in the area, including six other German and three British warships. The archaeologists mapped the wrecks with sonar and examined them with [[remotely operated underwater vehicle]]s as part of an effort to determine how the wrecks are deteriorating.{{sfn|Gannon}} Her wreck lies at {{cvt|36|m}} and remains a popular site for recreational scuba divers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scapaflowwrecks.com/wrecks/coln/|title=Scapa Flow : Historic Wreck Site|website=www.scapaflowwrecks.com|access-date=12 August 2024|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Campbell
  | first1 = N. J. M.
  | last2 = Sieche
  | first2 = Erwin
  | chapter = Germany
  | pages = 134–189
  | editor1-last = Gardiner
  | editor1-first = Robert
  | editor2-last = Gray
  | editor2-first = Randal
  | year = 1986
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-85177-245-5
  | name-list-style=amp
  | ref ={{sfnRef|Campbell & Sieche}}
  | url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Dodson
  | first1 = Aidan
  | last2 = Cant
  | first2 = Serena
  | title = Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars
  | year = 2020
  | publisher = Seaforth Publishing
  | location = Barnsley
  | isbn = 978-1-5267-4198-1
  | ref = {{sfnref|Dodson & Cant}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Dodson
  | first1 = Aidan
  | author-link1 = Aidan Dodson
  | last2 = Nottelmann
  | first2 = Dirk
  | year = 2021
  | title = The Kaiser's Cruisers 1871–1918
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-1-68247-745-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Dodson & Nottelmann}}
  }}
* {{cite web
  |last=Gannon
  |first=Megan
  |title=Archaeologists Map Famed Shipwrecks and War Graves in Scotland
  |website=Livescience.com
  |access-date=8 August 2017
  |date=4 August 2017
  |url=https://www.livescience.com/60041-famed-shipwrecks-and-war-graves-mapped.html
  |ref={{sfnref|Gannon}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Gröner
  | first = Erich
  |author-link=Erich Gröner
  | year = 1990
  | title = German Warships: 1815–1945
  | volume = I: Major Surface Vessels
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-790-6
  | ref ={{sfnRef|Gröner}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Herwig
  |first=Holger
  |title="Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918
  |year=1980
  |location=Amherst
  |publisher=Humanity Books
  |isbn=978-1-57392-286-9
  |ref={{sfnref|Herwig}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Hildebrand
  | first1 = Hans H.
  | last2 = Röhr
  | first2 = Albert
  | last3 = Steinmetz
  | first3 = Hans-Otto
  | year = 1993
  | title = Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart	
  | trans-title=The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present
  | volume = 2
  | language = de
  |location = Ratingen
  |publisher = Mundus Verlag
  |isbn = 978-3-8364-9743-5
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Tarrant
  |first=V. E.
  |title=Jutland: The German Perspective
  |year=1995
  |location=London
  |publisher=Cassell Military Paperbacks
  |isbn=978-0-304-35848-9
  |ref={{sfnref|Tarrant}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=van der Vat
  |first=Dan
  |title=The Grand Scuttle
  |year=1986
  |publisher=Billing & Sons Ltd
  |isbn=978-0-86228-099-4
  |location=Worcester
  |ref={{sfnref|van der Vat}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Woodward
  |first=David
  |title=The Collapse of Power: Mutiny in the High Seas Fleet
  |year=1973
  |publisher=Arthur Barker Ltd
  |isbn=978-0-213-16431-7
  |location=London
  |ref={{sfnref|Woodward}}
  }}

{{Köln class light cruiser}}
{{1919 shipwrecks}}

{{coord|58|53|32|N|3|03|00|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coln 1916}}
[[Category:Cöln-class cruisers]]
[[Category:Ships built in Hamburg]]
[[Category:1916 ships]]
[[Category:World War I cruisers of Germany]]
[[Category:World War I warships scuttled at Scapa Flow]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1919]]