View source for Russian battleship Andrei Pervozvanny

{{Short description|Andrei Pervozvanny-class battleship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=AndreiPervozvannyy1912Reval.jpg
|Ship caption=''Andrei Pervozvanny'' in 1912
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Russian Empire]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Russian Empire|naval}}
|Ship name=''Andrei Pervozvanny''
|Ship namesake=[[Saint Andrew]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder= [[Admiralty Shipyard]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
|Ship laid down= 11 May 1905
|Ship launched= 30 October 1906
|Ship completed= 
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=10 March 1911
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country= [[Soviet Union]]
|Ship flag=[[File:Naval Ensign of RSFSR (1918-1920).svg|60px]]
|Ship acquired=November 1917
|Ship out of service=1919
|Ship struck=21 November 1925
|Ship fate=[[ship breaking|Scrapped]], 15 December 1923
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=as built
|Ship class={{sclass|Andrei Pervozvanny|battleship|0}} [[predreadnought battleship]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|17320|LT|t|lk=on}}
*{{convert|18580|LT|t}} ([[deep load]]) 
|Ship length= {{cvt|460|ft|m|1}} ([[o/a]])
|Ship beam={{cvt|80|ft|m|1}} 
|Ship draft={{cvt|27|ft|m|1}}
|Ship power=*25 × [[Belleville boiler]]s 
*{{cvt|17600|ihp|lk=on}}
|Ship propulsion=2 shafts; 2 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion steam engines]]
|Ship speed= {{convert|18.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range= {{convert|2100|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|12|kn}}
|Ship complement=956
|Ship armament=*2 × twin [[Russian 12 inch 40 caliber naval gun|12 in (305&nbsp;mm)]] guns
*4 × twin, 6 × single [[203 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905|8 in (203&nbsp;mm)]] guns
*12 × single [[120mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892|{{cvt|120|mm|in}}]] guns
*4 × single [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|{{cvt|47|mm|in|1}}]] guns
*2 × {{cvt|457|mm|in|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s
|Ship armor=*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: 4–8.5&nbsp;in (102–216&nbsp;mm)
*Upper belt: 3.1–5&nbsp;in (79–127&nbsp;mm)
*[[Casemate]]s: 3.1–5&nbsp;in (79–127&nbsp;mm)
*[[Conning tower]]: 4–8&nbsp;in (102–203&nbsp;mm)
*Main [[gun turret]]s: 8–10&nbsp;in (203–54&nbsp;mm)
*Main gun [[barbette]]s: 4–5&nbsp;in (102–27&nbsp;mm)
*Secondary gun turrets: 5–6&nbsp;in (127–52&nbsp;mm)
}}
|}

'''''Andrei Pervozvanny''''' ({{langx|ru|Андрей Первозванный}}—[[Saint Andrew|St Andrew the First-Called]]) was an {{sclass|Andrei Pervozvanny|battleship|0}} [[predreadnought battleship]] built for the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] during the early-1900s. The ship's construction was greatly delayed by design changes as a result of the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and labor unrest after the [[1905 Revolution]], and she took nearly six years to build. ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' was not very active during [[World War I]] and her bored sailors joined the general [[mutiny]] of the [[Baltic Fleet]] in early 1917. She was used by the [[Bolsheviks]] to bombard the rebellious garrison of [[Krasnaya Gorka fort|Fort Krasnaya Gorka]] in 1919 during the [[Russian Civil War]] and was [[British Campaign in the Baltic 1918–1919|torpedoed by British]] [[Coastal Motor Boat]]s shortly afterwards, as part of the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]]. The ship was never fully repaired and was [[ship breaking|scrapped]] in 1923.

==Description==
''Andrei Pervozvanny'' was {{convert|454|ft|m|1}} [[length at the waterline|long at the waterline]] and {{convert|460|ft|m|1}} long [[length overall|overall]]. She had a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert |80|ft|m|1}} and a [[Draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert |27|ft|m|1}}. The ship displaced {{convert |18580|LT|t|lk=on}} at [[deep load]]. The battleship had a [[double bottom]] and a [[metacentric height]] of {{convert|4|ft|m|1}}. The ship's crew consisted of 31 officers and 924 crewmen.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 180–181, 185</ref>

''Andrei Pervozvanny'' was equipped with two 4-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]] with a total designed output of {{convert |17600|ihp|lk=on}}. Twenty-five [[Belleville boiler]]s provided steam to the engines. On [[sea trial]]s, they produced {{convert|17635|ihp|abbr=on}} and a top speed of {{convert|18.5|knots}}. She carried a normal load of {{convert|800|LT|t}} of coal that provided a range of {{convert|1300|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|12|kn}} and a maximum load of {{convert|1500|LT|t}} that gave {{convert|2400|nmi}} at the same speed.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 181, 187</ref>

The main armament of the ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' class consisted of two pairs of [[Russian 12-inch 40-caliber naval gun|{{convert|12|in|adj=on|0}} Model 1895]] guns mounted in twin-[[gun turret]]s fore and aft of the [[superstructure]]. Eight of the fourteen [[203 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905|{{convert|8|in|adj=on|0}} Model 1905]] guns were mounted in four twin-gun turret at the corners of the superstructure while six were mounted in [[casemate]]s in the superstructure. For defense against [[torpedo boat]]s, the ships carried twelve [[120mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892|{{convert|120|mm|adj=on|sp=us}}]] guns mounted in [[Casemate#Single casemates (1889 onwards)|casemates]] above the 8-inch guns in the superstructure. Two underwater {{convert|450|mm|adj=on|sp=us|1}} [[torpedo tube]]s were mounted, one on each [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]], and they were provided with six spare torpedoes.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 186</ref>

Based on the Russian experience at the [[Battle of Tsushima]], the sides of the ship's hull were completely protected by [[Krupp cemented armor]]. The main [[waterline]] [[Belt armor|belt]] had a maximum thickness of {{convert|8.5|in|0}} and the upper belt was {{convert|5|in|0}} at its thickest. The sides of the main gun turrets were {{convert|8|in|0}} thick and the armor of the casemates ranged from {{convert|3.1|to|5|in|0}} in thickness. The greatest thickness of [[deck (ship)|deck]] armor was {{convert|1.5|in|0}}.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 181</ref>

==Service history==
[[File:Russian battleship Andrei Pervozvanny 1912.jpg|thumb|''Andrei Pervozvanny'' c. 1912]]
''Andrei Pervozvanny'' was built by the [[Admiralty Shipyard]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]. Construction began on 15 March 1904<ref group=Note>All dates used in this article are [[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]]</ref> and was officially laid down on 11 May. Her construction was slowed by labor trouble in the shipyard from the 1905 Revolution. She was launched on 30 October 1906 and began her sea trials in September 1910. They were completed in October 1910, but the ship entered service on 10 March 1911.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 180</ref> ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' joined the Baltic Fleet on completion and she made a port visit to [[Copenhagen]] in September 1912. The following September she visited [[Isle of Portland|Portland]], [[Cherbourg]], and [[Stavanger]] together with her [[sister ship]], {{ship |Russian battleship|Imperator Pavel I||2}}. She ran aground on [[Odensholm]] Island, off the Estonian coast, on 1 July 1914. The ship was still under repair when World War I began the following month. Her lattice masts were cut down and light topmasts were added while under repair.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 188, 302</ref>

''Andrei Pervozvanny'' was mostly inactive during the war as the Russian naval strategy in the Baltic was defensive and they did not intend to seek out the German fleet.<ref name=m8>McLaughlin, p. 188</ref> She ran aground in the Longgayen Pass on 12 November 1914. She was refloated on 14 November, repaired and returned to service.<ref name=Cherneyshev>{{Cite book |title=Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв. |trans-title=They died without a fight. Catastrophes of Russian ships of the XVIII-XX centuries |language=Russian |first=Alexander Alekseevich |last=Chernyshev |publisher=Veche |year=2012 |url=http://www.maxima-library.org/mob/b/389880?format=read |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819231457/http://www.maxima-library.org/mob/b/389880?format=read |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Torpedo net]]s were fitted in early 1915 and the ship's torpedoes were removed in January 1916. In late 1916, four {{convert|76|mm|0|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] guns were added.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 302</ref> The ship's crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet in [[Helsinki]] on 16 March 1917, after they received word of the [[February Revolution]] in Saint Petersburg, and several of the ship's officers were murdered by the crew. The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] required the Soviets to evacuate their naval base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have their ships interned by newly independent [[Finland]] even though the [[Gulf of Finland]] was still frozen over. ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' and her sister ship the renamed ''Respublika'', led the second group of ships on 5 April and reached [[Kronstadt]] five days later in what became known as the [[Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet|"Ice Voyage"]].<ref name=m8/>

After the [[October Revolution]] in 1918, the ship remained on active duty as part of the [[Soviet Navy|Red Navy]] during the Russian Civil War. Between 13 and 15 June 1919, ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' and the [[dreadnought]] {{ship|Russian battleship|Petropavlovsk|1911|2}} bombarded [[Krasnaya Gorka fort|Fort Krasnaya Gorka]] whose garrison had mutinied against the Bolsheviks. The ship fired 170 12-inch and 408 8-inch shells<ref name=m22>McLaughlin, p. 322</ref> and the garrison surrendered on 17 June when [[Leon Trotsky]] promised them their lives, only to order them machine-gunned.<ref>Head, p. 223</ref> ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' was attacked by the [[Royal Navy]] during its [[British Campaign in the Baltic 1918–1919|Campaign in the Baltic 1918–19]], when she was torpedoed by either C.M.B. 31 or C.M.B. 88 during [[Raid on Kronstadt|the night of 17/18 August 1919]] as the ship lay at anchor in Kronstadt. She was hit on the port bow and settled {{convert|2|ft|1}} down by the bow. The British claimed three torpedo hits, but two of the torpedoes actually struck the harbor wall behind the battleship. The [[Victoria Cross]], Britain's highest military decoration, was awarded to [[Commander]] [[Claude Congreve Dobson]] and [[Lieutenant]] [[Gordon Charles Steele]] for their successful attack.<ref>Head, pp. 229, 232</ref> The ship was raised and docked, but never fully repaired.<ref name=m22 /> While under repair, she was nearly hit by a small bomb during a British air raid on 3 September.<ref>Head, p. 233</ref> Scrapping of ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' began 15 December 1923,<ref>Melnikov, p. 96.</ref> although she was not formally stricken until 21 November 1925.<ref name=m8/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|last=Head|first=Michael|date=2009|title=The Baltic Campaign, 1918–1920, Pt. II|journal=Warship International|volume=XLVI|issue=3|pages=217–39|issn=0043-0374}}
* {{Cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Stephen|title=Russian & Soviet Battleships|publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2003|isbn=1-55750-481-4}}
* Melnikov, R. M. (2003, in Russian). ''Lineyny korabl "Andrey Pervozvanny" (1906–1925)'' (Линейный корабль "Андрей Первозванный" (1906–1925)). Saint Petersburg: Korabli i srazheniya. (no ISBN)

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|editor1-first=Roger|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor2-first=Eugene M.|editor2-last=Kolesnik |publisher=Mayflower Books|location=New York|year=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4|url-access=registration |url= https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2|pages=170–217 |chapter=Russia |last1=Campbell |first1=N. J. M.|name-list-style=amp}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://wunderwaffe.narod.ru/Magazine/BKM/Pavel_1/index.htm Magazine article on the ship]

{{Andrei Pervozvanny class battleship}}
{{January–July 1914 shipwrecks}}
{{November 1914 shipwrecks}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andrei Pervozvanny}}
[[Category:Andrei Pervozvanny-class battleships]]
[[Category:1906 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built at Admiralty Shipyard]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in July 1914]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in November 1914]]