View source for Battle of Salineville

{{short description|Battle of the American Civil War}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Salineville
| partof            = [[American Civil War]]
| image             = 
| caption           = 
| date              = {{Start date|1863|7|26}}
| place             = [[Columbiana County, Ohio]]<ref name=cwsac/>
| casus             = 
| territory         = 
| result            = [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] victory;
*End of Morgan's raid
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|USA|1863}} [[United States]] ([[Union (American Civil War)|Union]])
| combatant2        = {{flagicon|CSA|1863}} [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States (Confederacy)]]
| commander1        = [[James M. Shackelford]]
| commander2        = [[John Hunt Morgan]]{{Surrendered}}
| strength1         = 2,600 <ref name=cwsac/>
| strength2         = 800 <ref name=cwsac/>
| units1            = Mixed elements of [[West Virginia]], [[Kentucky]], [[Illinois]], [[Tennessee]], [[Michigan]] and [[Ohio]] cavalry, artillery and mounted infantry
| units2            = Unknown
| casualties1       = None<ref name=nps/>
| casualties2       = 364 (23 killed, remainder wounded and/or captured)<ref name=nps/>
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Morgan's Raid in Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio|state=expanded}}
}}

The '''Battle of Salineville''' occurred July 26, 1863, near [[Salineville, Ohio]], during the [[American Civil War]]. U.S. Brig. Gen. [[James M. Shackelford]] destroyed Confederate Brig. Gen. [[John Hunt Morgan]]'s remaining Confederate [[cavalry]] and captured Morgan, ending [[Morgan's Raid]]. It was the northernmost military action involving an official command of the [[Confederate States Army]].

==Background==
In June 1863, Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan departed camp in Tennessee on a raid with 2,460 troopers, intending to divert the attention of the Union [[Army of the Ohio]] from Confederate forces occupying the state. On July 8, 1863, Morgan crossed the [[Ohio River]] at [[Brandenburg, Kentucky]], and entered [[Indiana]], in violation of his orders to remain in Kentucky. After a victory at the [[Battle of Corydon]], Morgan proceeded eastward into [[Ohio]], pursued by U.S. troops under Brig. Gen. James M. Shackelford. On July 19, Morgan attempted to cross the Ohio River into West Virginia at [[Battle of Buffington Island|Buffington Island]], upriver from [[Pomeroy, Ohio|Pomeroy]] in [[Meigs County, Ohio]]. Some Confederates successfully fled across the river and to Confederate-held territory. However, Union forces under Brig. Gens. [[Edward H. Hobson]] and [[Henry M. Judah]] captured an estimated 800 – 1,200 of Morgan's force, while some 300 under Col. [[Stovepipe Johnson|Adam "Stovepipe" Johnson]] crossed upriver.

Morgan and the remaining 400 men escaped, cut off from the river crossings. When another attempt to ford the river failed, Morgan headed north, eventually reaching [[Columbiana County, Ohio|Columbiana County]], still hoping to cross the Ohio River at some point and retreat to the Confederacy. His route took him through several terrified villages, including [[Moorefield Township, Harrison County, Ohio|Moorefield]], [[Harrisville, Ohio|Harrisville]], [[New Athens, Ohio|New Athens]], [[Smithfield, Ohio|Smithfield]], [[New Alexandria, Ohio|New Alexandria]], [[Wintersville]], Two Ridge, [[Richmond, Ohio|Richmond]], East Springfield, [[Bergholz, Ohio|Bergholz]], and Monroeville (Jefferson County). Morgan fled northward with depleted horses and men while U.S. soldiers blocked attempts to reach the river.

==The battle and Morgan's surrender==
[[File:Morgan's Raid marker in Carroll County, Ohio.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Plaque at site of battle|alt=aluminum plaque bolted to sandstone. Plaque is shape of outline of Carroll County, Ohio, with raised letters that read: "MORGAN'S RAID Here on July 26, 1863 occurred the northernmost engagement of Confederate forces during the Civil War. In this immediate area, troops under Major General John H. Morgan, C.S.A., and General James Shackleford, U.S.A., met in full engagement. After evading Union troops, Morgan's forces were re-formed at Norristown, from whence they proceeded to West Point, where Morgan surrendered his command. CARROLL COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1969"]]
[[File:Morgan's Surrender 2011-02-04.JPG|right|thumb |300px |Plaque at site of Morgan's surrender|alt=Granite stone standing in snow covered lawn. aluminum plaque on face of stone, raised letters read, "This stone marks the spot where the confederate raider John H. Morgan surrendered his command to Maj. George W. Rue July 26, 1863 and is the farthest point north ever reached by any body of Confederate troops during the Civil War. Erected by Will W. Thompson East Liverpool, Ohio1909"]]

U.S. General Shackelford continued in pursuit of Morgan, leading a mixed command of cavalry, [[artillery]], and [[mounted infantry]] from [[Illinois]], Kentucky, [[West Virginia]], [[Tennessee]], [[Michigan]] and Ohio, as well as the [[Steubenville, Ohio|Steubenville]] [[Militia]]. Morgan's weary men were isolated, constantly pursued, and heading deeper into U.S.-controlled territory. Eventually, Morgan was flanked and cut off by U.S. forces on July 26, 1863, at Salineville, near [[Lisbon, Ohio]]. Badly outnumbered, Morgan attempted to cut his way out from the estimated 3,000 U.S. soldiers. He lost 364 men (including 23 dead, several wounded, and nearly 300 captured) in a firefight that lasted no more than an hour and a half. Morgan and some of his men initially managed to elude capture. However, at 2:00&nbsp;p.m., they surrendered to U.S. Maj. George W. Rue of the 9th Kentucky Cavalry near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]], [[Ohio]] approximately 8 miles northeast of Salineville. Today, a historical marker commemorates the location of the surrender (40° 41.833′ N, 80° 44.633′ W).<ref name=latlong/>

Major Rue later reported that Morgan, upon first seeing Rue and his troops approaching, attempted to surrender to one of his prisoners, an Ohio Militia captain named Burbridge, who then immediately tried to parole Morgan and his fellow officers, an act that would have allowed them to return home to Kentucky as noncombatants. Rue disregarded that "surrender" and insisted that Morgan formally surrender to the Union forces, ignoring the paroles. Troops escorted Morgan to [[Columbus, Ohio]], where he and many of his officers were imprisoned in the [[Ohio Penitentiary]]. Many of his captured soldiers were sent to Camp Chase and other prisoner-of-war camps in the North.

In July and August 1863, [[Ohio]] [[Governor]] [[David Tod]] led an inquiry into Morgan's surrender. Governor Tod concluded that Captain Burbridge was actually James Burbick, a private citizen of [[Lisbon, Ohio|New Lisbon]], [[Ohio]], who had never served as an officer in the Ohio Militia. As such, Governor Tod ruled that he had no authority over Morgan and that Morgan's surrender to Union forces stood.

==Superlative dispute==
Another Confederate action, the [[St. Albans Raid]], was farther north than the Battle of Salineville. On October 19, 1864, 21 Confederates slipped southward from [[Canada]] and raided [[St. Albans (town), Vermont|St. Albans, Vermont]]. However, the Vermont raiders were not an official command of the Confederate army; historians connect the St. Albans raid to the [[Confederate Secret Service]]. Morgan's place of surrender at West Point is considered the northernmost point reached by an officially organized Confederate body during the Civil War.

==See also==
{{Portal|American Civil War|Ohio}}
* [[John H. Morgan Surrender Site]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=cwsac>[http://npshistory.com/publications/battlefield/cwsac/updates/oh.pdf Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report Update]</ref>
<ref name=nps>[https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battles-detail.htm?battleCode=OH002 National Park Service Battle Summary]</ref>
<ref name=latlong>[https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=36094 The Historical Marker Database]</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
[[File:Major George W. Rue.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Major George W. Rue in 1910]]
* {{cite book|last=Conway|first=W. Fred |title=The Most Incredible Prison Escape of the Civil War |location=New Albany, Indiana|publisher=FBH Publishing|year=1991|isbn=0-925165-04-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Duke|first=Basil Wilson |author-link=Basil W. Duke|title=A History of Morgan's Cavalry|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|publisher=Miami Printing and Pub. Co|year=1867 |url=https://archive.org/details/morganscavalry00dukerich }}
*{{cite book |last= Horwitz|first= Lester V. |title=The Longest Raid of the Civil War |location=Cincinnati, Ohio|publisher=Farmcourt Publishing, Inc|year=1999|isbn=0-9670267-3-3}}
*{{cite book |first=David L.|last=Mowery|author-link=David L. Mowery |title=Morgan's Great Raid: The Remarkable Expedition from Kentucky to Ohio|location=Charleston, SC|publisher=History Press|year=2013 |isbn=978-1-60949-436-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramage |first=James A. |title=Rebel Raider: The Life of General John Hunt Morgan |location=Lexington, Kentucky |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=1986 |isbn=0-8131-1576-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rebelraiderlifeo00rama }}
*{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=Flora E. |title=A complete account of the John Morgan raid through Indiana and Ohio, in July, 1863|publisher=self |year=1863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZJPAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Edison H |title=John Hunt Morgan and His Raiders| location=Lexington, Kentucky| publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=1975 |isbn= 0-8131-0214-6}}
* {{cite book |last=U.S. War Department |author-link=United States Department of War |title=The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies |volume=70 volumes in 4 series |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |year=1880 |url=https://ehistory.osu.edu/books/official-records }}
*{{cite book|ref=ohiowar1|title=[[Ohio in the War|Ohio in the War Her Statesmen Generals and Soldiers]] |first=Whitelaw |last=Reid |author-link=Whitelaw Reid|publisher=The Robert Clarke Company |chapter=The Morgan Raid through Ohio |year=1895 |pages=134–152|volume=1 |location=Cincinnati |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ94AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134}}
*{{cite journal|last=Rue |first=Major George W. |year=1911 |title=Surrender of General John H. Morgan |journal=[[Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications]] |volume=20 |pages=368–377 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLI1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA368}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nps.gov/people/john-hunt-morgan.htm National Park Service Biography of John Hunt Morgan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070729125116/http://hhhills.org/jhmht/images/photos/raidmap_lg.jpg Map of Morgan's route]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050924084611/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/parks/explore/magazine/spsu2001/morgan.htm Ohio Department of Natural Resources: Morgan's Raid]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018085615/http://www.mahoningvalleycwrt.com/john_hunt_morgan_link.htm Mahoning Valley Civil War Round Table: Summary of Morgan's Raid]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110924173010/http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/john-morgan-raiders.htm Major Rue's account of Morgan's surrender]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621143410/http://www2.heidelberg.edu/offices/chma/Buffington/markers/Cel-Surrender-View.JPG Heidelberg College: Photograph of the site of Morgan's place of surrender]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621143412/http://www2.heidelberg.edu/offices/chma/Buffington/markers/Cel-Surrender.JPG Heidelberg College: Photograph of the plaque marking Morgan's place of surrender]
* [http://npshistory.com/publications/battlefield/cwsac/updates/oh.pdf Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report Update]
* [https://www.carnegie.lib.oh.us/morgan Summary of Morgan's Raid by the Carnegie Public Library of East Liverpool, Ohio]

{{Ohio in the Civil War}}
{{Morgan's Raiders}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Salineville, Battle Of}}
[[Category:1863 in Ohio]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1863]]
[[Category:Morgan's Raid]]
[[Category:Columbiana County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Carroll County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Union victories of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Ohio]]
[[Category:July 1863 events]]