View source for Antigua

{{short description|Island in Antigua and Barbuda}}
{{About|the island|the sovereign state that includes the island|Antigua and Barbuda|other places named Antigua|Antigua (disambiguation)|the Guatemalan city|Antigua Guatemala|the associated state|Associated State of Antigua}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox islands
|name                            = Antigua
|image_name                      = Antigua.JPG
|image_caption                   = Aerial view of Antigua
|image_size                      = 
|image_map                       = Antigua in Antigua and Barbuda.svg
|image_map_caption               = Map of Antigua showing the [[Parish (administrative division)|parishes]]
|native_name                     = ''Waladli'' or ''Wadadli''
|native_name_link                = English creole
|nickname                        = 
|location                        = [[Caribbean Sea]]
|pushpin_map                     = Antigua and Barbuda#Lesser Antilles#Caribbean
|pushpin_label                   = 
|pushpin_label_position          = left
|pushpin_map_alt                 = 
|pushpin_relief                  = 1
|pushpin_map_caption             = 
|coordinates                     = {{Coord|17|05|06|N|61|48|00|W|region:AG_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
|archipelago                     = [[Leeward Islands]]
|total_islands                   = 1
|major_islands                   = 
|area_km2                        = 281
|length_km                       = 
|width_km                        = 
|coastline_km                    = 87
|highest_mount                   = [[Boggy Peak]]
|elevation_m                     = 402
|country                         = {{ATG}}
|country_admin_divisions_title   = 
|country_admin_divisions         = 
|country_largest_city            = [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]]
|country_largest_city_population = 22,000
|population                      = 95,882
|population_as_of                = July 2018
|density_km2                     = 285.2
|ethnic_groups                   = 87.12% [[Afro-Antiguan|Black]], 3.86% Other Mixed Race, 100% [[White people|White]], 5.64% Other<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011&lang=ENG|title=Antigua and Barbuda::Statistics Division/Redatam Webserver &#124; Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool|website=redatam.org}}</ref>
|country1_leader_title=Magistrate for Districts "A" and "B"|country1_leader_name=Carden Conliffe Clarke|image_map_alt=Antigua in Antigua and Barbuda.svg|image=Antigua.JPG|image_alt=Antigua.JPG}}
[[File:TurnerBeachAntigua.JPG|thumb|Turner Beach in Antigua]]

'''Antigua''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|iː|ɡ|ə}} {{respell|ann|TEE|gə}}),<ref>{{cite book |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |first=J.&nbsp;C. |last=Wells |author-link=John C. Wells |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, Essex |year=2000 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-582-36467-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia00jcwe/page/33 33] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia00jcwe/page/33}}</ref> also known as '''Waladli''' or '''Wadadli''' by the local population, is an island in the [[Lesser Antilles]]. It is one of the [[Leeward Islands]] in the [[Caribbean]] region and the most populous island of the country of [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] on 1 November 1981.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguanice.com/v2/client.php?id=769 |title=Antigua Culture: Antigua & Barbuda Independence Festival |website=www.antiguanice.com}}</ref>

The island's [[perimeter]] is roughly {{cvt|87|km|mi|0}} and its area {{cvt|281|km2|sqmi|0}}. Its [[population]] was 83,191 (at the 2011 Census).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda::Statistics Division/Redatam Webserver {{!}} Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool |url=https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011&lang=ENG |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=redatam.org}}</ref> The economy is mainly reliant on tourism, with the agricultural sector serving the domestic market.

Over 22,000 people live in the capital city, [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]]. The capital is situated in the north-west and has a deep harbour which is able to accommodate large cruise ships. Other leading population settlements are [[All Saints, Antigua and Barbuda|All Saints]] (3,412) and [[Liberta, Antigua|Liberta]] (2,239), according to the 2001 census.

[[English Harbour]] on the south-eastern coast provides one of the largest deep water, protected harbors in the Eastern Caribbean. It is the site of [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] [[Nelson's Dockyard]], a restored British colonial naval station named after [[Vice-Admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]] [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Handy |first=Gemma |date=2016-09-11 |title=Nelson's Dockyard: From 'vile hole' to national treasure |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37286174 |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206113406/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37286174 |archive-date=2022-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1499/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306185447/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1499/ |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> English Harbour and the neighbouring village of [[Falmouth, Antigua and Barbuda|Falmouth]] are yachting and sailing destinations and provisioning centres. During [[Antigua Sailing Week]], at the end of April and beginning of May, an annual regatta brings a number of sailing vessels and sailors to the island to take part in sporting events. Every December for the past 60 years, Antigua has been home to one of the largest charter yacht shows, welcoming [[Superyacht|super-yachts]] from around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua Charter Show To Return Bigger & Better For 60th Year |url=https://www.antiguayachtshow.com/pages/article.php?article=8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200912/https://www.antiguayachtshow.com/pages/article.php?article=8 |archive-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Antigua'' means "ancient" or "old" in Spanish. In 1493, [[Christopher Columbus]], sailing for Spain, named the island {{ill|Santa María de la Antigua|es|Virgen de la Antigua|vertical-align=sup}}. Some sources claim Napoleon named the island after a church in [[Seville]] called ''Santa María de la Antigua.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLwPAAAAQAAJ&dq=columbus+santa+maria+antigua&pg=PA470 |title=The Naval Chronicle [ed. by J.S. Clarke, S. and J. Jones]. |year=1799 |pages=469–470 |language=en}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eden |first=Charles Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKJdHM7WF-UC&dq=antigua+church+seville+1493&pg=PA104 |title=The West Indies |date=1880 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web |date=1821 |title=Map: A plan of the estate called Jonas's situated in the division of North Sound in the island of Antigua |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g5052n.ct000484/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>'' However, there is no church by that name in Seville. Columbus may have actually named the island in honor of the ''Santa María de la Antigua'' chapel in [[Seville Cathedral]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda |url=https://www.antiguabarbudaconsulate.com/antigua-and-barbuda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215305/https://www.antiguabarbudaconsulate.com/antigua-and-barbuda |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Consulate General of Antigua and Barbuda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Isaac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNkNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22chapel%22+Santa+Maria+de+la+Antigua+1493&pg=PA49 |title=Names and Their Histories: Alphabetically Arranged as a Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature |date=1896 |publisher=Rivington, Percival |pages=49 |isbn=9780827430099 |language=en}}</ref> or more specifically in honor of the [[icon]]ic mural ''Virgen de la Antigua'' (or ''Santa María de la Antigua'') in Seville Cathedral.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Linda B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihujfu7oK7MC&q=antigua |title=Mary, Mother and Warrior: The Virgin in Spain and the Americas |date=2004 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-70595-1 |pages=51–54 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyde |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC9sAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle |date=2000 |publisher=Macmillan Caribbean |isbn=978-0-333-75169-5 |pages=9–11 |language=en}}</ref>

The name ''Waladli''<!--NOT Wadadli--><ref name="Reg">{{cite web |author=Murphy, Reg |title=Common Myths |url=http://www.archaeologyantigua.org/index.php/archaeological-background/common-myths |access-date=4 September 2014 |work=Archaeology Antigua |at=Waladli versus Wadadli}}</ref> comes from the island's indigenous inhabitants and means approximately "our own".{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

==History==
[[File:Antiguashoreline.jpg|thumb|Rocky shoreline near St. John's]]
[[File:Dickinson bay beach antigua.jpg|thumb|Dickenson Bay beach, Antigua]]

===Early Antiguans===
The first inhabitants were the [[Guanahatabey people]]{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}. Eventually, the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] migrated from the mainland, followed by the [[Island Caribs|Carib]]. Prior to European colonization, [[Christopher Columbus]] was the first European to visit Antigua, in 1493.<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web |title=A Plan of the Estate Called Jonas's Situated in the Division of North Sound in the Island of Antigua, the Property of Peter Langford Brooke, Esquire |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/647 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]] |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

The Arawak were the first well-documented group of indigenous people to settle Antigua. They paddled to the island by canoe (''piragua'') from present-day [[Venezuela]], pushed out by the Carib, another indigenous people. The Arawak introduced agriculture to Antigua and Barbuda. Among other crops, they cultivated the Antiguan "black" pineapple. They also grew [[Maize|corn]], [[sweet potato]]es (white with firmer flesh than the bright orange "sweet potato" grown in the United States), [[chili pepper]]s, [[guava]], tobacco, and cotton.

Some of the vegetables listed, such as corn and sweet potatoes, continue to be staples of Antiguan cuisine. Colonists took them to Europe, and from there, they spread around the world. For example, a popular Antiguan dish, ''dukuna'' ({{IPA|/ˈduːkuːnɑː/}}), is a sweet, steamed dumpling made from grated sweet potatoes, flour and spices. Another staple, ''fungi'' ({{IPA|/ˈfuːndʒi/}}), is a cooked paste made of cornmeal and water.

Most of the Arawak left Antigua about A.D. 1100. Those who remained were raided by the Carib coming from Venezuela. According to ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', the Caribs' superior weapons and seafaring prowess allowed them to defeat most Arawak nations in the West Indies. They enslaved some and cannibalised others.<ref name="Watson">{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Jack Brierley |year=1979 |title=The West Indian Heritage: A history of the West Indies |location=London |publisher=Murray |pages=9–10 |isbn=978-0-7195-3541-3}} See also ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' entries for "[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01680c.htm Arawaks]" and "[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03348a.htm Caribs]".</ref> Watson points out that the Caribs had a much more warlike culture than the Arawak.<ref name="Watson" />

The indigenous people of the West Indies built excellent sea vessels, which they used to sail the Atlantic and Caribbean resulting in much of the South American and the Caribbean islands being populated by the Arawak and Carib. Their descendants live throughout South America, particularly Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. According to ''A Brief History of the Caribbean'', infectious diseases introduced from Europe, high rates of malnutrition and enslavement led to a rapid population decline among the Caribbean's native population. There are some differences of opinions as to the relative importance of these causes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogoziński |first=Jan |year=1999 |title=A Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak and Carib to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0 |url-access=registration |edition=second |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-3812-1}}</ref>

===British===
[[File:Jolly Harbour.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Jolly Harbour]] on the western coast of Antigua]]

[[Christopher Columbus]] named the island "Antigua" in 1493 in honour of the "Virgin of the Old Cathedral"<ref name="LaAntig">Kessler, Herbert L. & Nirenberg, David. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-VIC1TWU5JgC&pg=PA270 Judaism and Christian Art: Aesthetic Anxieties from the Catacombs to Colonialism].'' Accessed 23 September 2011.</ref> ({{langx|es|La Virgen de la Antigua}}) found in [[Seville Cathedral]] in southern Spain. On his 1493 voyage, honouring a vow, he named many islands after different aspects of [[St. Mary]], including [[Montserrat]] and [[Guadeloupe]].

In 1632, a group of English colonists left [[Saint Kitts|St Kitts]] to settle on Antigua. [[Christopher Codrington (colonial administrator)|Christopher Codrington]], an Englishman, established the first permanent English settlement on the island.<ref name=WDL1 /> Antigua rapidly developed as a profitable sugar colony. For a large portion of Antigua's history, the island was considered Britain's "Gateway to the Caribbean". It was on the major sailing routes among the region's resource-rich colonies. Lord [[Horatio Nelson]], a major figure in Antigua's history, arrived in the late 18th century to defend the island's commercial shipping prowess.

===Slavery===
[[File:Digging the Cane-holes - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate II - BL.jpg|thumb|Slaves planting and tilling, 1823]]
[[File:The boiling house - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate VI - BL.jpg|thumb|Slaves working in the boiling house, 1823]]
[[File:Sugar-Hogsheads - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate X - BL.jpg|thumb|Slaves loading barrels into a boat, 1823]]

Sugar became Antigua's main crop in about 1674, when [[Christopher Codrington (died 1698)|Christopher Codrington]] (c. 1640–1698) settled at [[Betty's Hope]] plantation. He came from Barbados, bringing the latest sugar technology with him. Betty's Hope, Antigua's first full-scale sugar plantation, was so successful that other planters turned from tobacco to sugar.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} This resulted in their importing [[slaves]] to work the [[sugar cane]] crops.<ref name=WDL1 />

According to ''A Brief History of the Caribbean'', many West Indian colonists initially tried to use locals as slaves. These groups succumbed easily to disease and/or malnutrition, and died by the thousands. The enslaved Africans adapted better to the new environment and thus became the number-one choice of unpaid labour; they also provided medical services and skilled labour, including carpentry, for their masters. However, the West African slave population in the Caribbean also had a high mortality rate, which was offset by regular imports of very high numbers of new slaves from West and Central Africa.<ref name="notreb?"/>

Sugar cane was one of the most gruelling and dangerous crops slaves were forced to cultivate. Harvesting cane required backbreaking long days in sugar cane fields under the hot island sun. Sugar cane spoiled quickly after harvest, and the milling process was slow and inefficient, forcing the mill and boiling house to operate 24 hours a day during harvest season.<ref name="nml">{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/caribbean/plantations/caribbean32.aspx |title=The transatlantic slave trade |publisher=National Museums Liverpool |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref> Sugar mills and [[Boilery|boiling houses]] were two of the most dangerous places for slaves to work on sugar plantations. In mills wooden or metal rollers were used to crush cane plants and extract the juices. Slaves were at risk of getting their limbs stuck and ripped off in the machines.<ref name="nml"/> Similarly, in sugar boiling houses slaves worked under extremely high temperatures and at the risk of being burned in the boiling sugar mixture or getting their limbs stuck.<ref name="nml"/>

Today, collectors prize the uniquely designed colonial furniture built by West Indian slaves. Many of these works feature what are now considered "traditional" motifs, such as pineapples, fish and stylized serpents.

By the mid-1770s, the number of slaves had increased to 37,500, up from 12,500 in 1713. The white population, in contrast, had fallen from 5,000 to below 3,000.<ref>{{cite book |title=''A History of Antigua'' |author=Brian Dyde}}</ref> The slaves lived in wretched and overcrowded conditions and could be mistreated or even killed by their owners with impunity. The [[Slave Act of 1723]] made arbitrary murder of slaves a crime, but did not do much to ease their lives.<ref>Dyde, B. (2000). [https://www.amazon.com/History-Antigua-Unsuspected-Isle/dp/0333751698 A history of Antigua: The unsuspected isle.] Interlink Publishing Group Incorporated.</ref>

Unrest against enslavement among the island's enslaved population became increasingly common. In 1729, a man named Hercules was [[Hanged, drawn and quartered|hung, drawn and quartered]] and three others were burnt alive, for conspiring to kill the slave owner Nathaniel Crump and his family. In 1736, an enslaved man called "Prince Klaas" (whose [[slave name]] was Court) allegedly planned to incite a [[slave rebellion]] on the island. Court was crowned "King of the [[Coromantees]]" in a pasture outside the capital of St. John's. The coronation appeared to be just a colourful spectacle but was, for the enslaved people, a ritual declaration of war on the colonists. From information obtained from other slaves, the colonists discovered the plot and implemented a brutal crackdown on suspected rebels. Prince Klaas and four accomplices were caught and executed on the [[breaking wheel]]. (However, some doubts exist about Court's guilt.)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dash |first1=Mike |title=A little bit of background – the crucifixion of Prince Klaas |url=http://allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/06/16/a-little-bit-of-background-the-crucifixion-of-prince-klaas/ |website=allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="notreb?"/> Six of the rebels were hanged in chains and starved to death, and another 58 were [[Death by burning|burnt at the stake]]. The site of these executions is now the Antiguan Recreation Ground.<ref>Brian Dyde, ''A History of Antigua'', London & Oxford: Macmillan Education, 2000.</ref><ref name="notreb?">{{cite web |author=Dash, Mike |author-link=Mike Dash |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/antiguas-disputed-slave-conspiracy-of-1736-117569/ |title=Antigua's Disputed Slave Conspiracy of 1736 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |date=2 January 2013}}</ref>

The [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] in the late 18th century disrupted the Caribbean sugar trade. At the same time, public opinion in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] gradually turned against slavery.<ref>{{cite web |author=Oldfield, Dr John |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml#two |date=17 February 2011 |title=British Anti-slavery}}</ref> "Traveling&nbsp;... at slavery's end, [Joseph] Sturge and [Thomas] Harvey (1838&nbsp;...) found few married slaves residing together or even on the same estate. Slaveholders often counted as 'married' only those slaves with mates on the estate."<ref>Morrissey, Marietta, ''Slave Women in the New World: Gender Stratification in the Caribbean''. Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1989 ({{ISBN|0-7006-0394-8}}), p.&nbsp;85 and see p.&nbsp;99 (author assoc. prof. sociology, University of Toledo).</ref>{{Efn|[[Joseph Sturge]], English abolitionist}}{{Efn|Thomas Harvey}}{{Efn|[[Estate (land)|Estate]], real estate and houses on it}} Great Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807, and all existing slaves were [[emancipated]] in 1834.<ref name=WDL1 />

===Horatio, Lord Nelson===
[[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] (who was created 1st Viscount Nelson in 1801) was Senior Naval Officer of the Leeward Islands from 1784 to 1787 on {{HMS|Boreas|1774|6}}. During his tenure, he tried to enforce the [[Navigation Acts]]. These acts prohibited trade with the newly formed United States of America. Most of the merchants in Antigua depended upon [[Foreign trade of the United States|trading with the USA]], so many of them despised Captain Nelson. As a result, he was unable to get a promotion for some time after his stint on the island.

Unlike the Antiguan merchants, Nelson had a positive view of the controversial Navigation Acts:<ref name=nelson>{{cite book |title=The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson |url=https://archive.org/details/thelifeofhoratio00947gut |author=Robert Southey|author-link=Robert Southey}}</ref>

<blockquote>The Americans were at this time trading with our islands, taking advantage of the register of their ships, which had been issued while they were British subjects. Nelson knew that, by the Navigation Act, no foreigners, directly or indirectly, are permitted to carry on any trade with these possessions. He knew, also, that the Americans had made themselves foreigners with regard to England; they had disregarded the ties of blood and language when they acquired the independence which they had been led on to claim, unhappily for themselves, before they were fit for it; and he was resolved that they should derive no profit from those ties now. Foreigners they had made themselves, and as foreigners they were to be treated.<ref name=nelson/></blockquote>
Nelson said: "The Antiguan Colonists are as great rebels as ever were in America, had they the power to show it."<ref name=nelson/>

A dockyard started in 1725, to provide a base for a squadron of British ships whose main function was to patrol the West Indies and thus maintain Britain's sea power, was later named "Nelson's Dockyard" in his honour.

While Nelson was stationed on Antigua, he frequently visited the nearby island of [[Nevis]], where he met and married a young widow, [[Frances Nelson|Fanny Nisbet]], who had previously married the son of a plantation family on Nevis.

===1918 labour unrest===
Following the foundation of the [[Ulotrichian Universal Union]], a friendly society which acted as a trade union (which were banned), the sugar cane workers were ready to confront the plantation owners when they slashed their wages. The cane workers went on strike and rioted when their leaders were arrested.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rothermund |first=Dietmar |title=The Routledge Companion to Decolonization |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-00264-3}}</ref>

===Independence===
In 1967, with [[Barbuda]] and the tiny island of [[Redonda]], Antigua became an associated state of the Commonwealth, and in November 1981 it was disassociated from Britain.<ref name=WDL1 /> {{dead link|date=March 2022}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://diplomatmagazine.com/antiguas-30th-year-of-independence-2/ |title=Antigua's 30th Year of Independence |publisher=Diplomat Magazine |language=English |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

===U.S. government presence===
Commissioned, 9 August 1956, the Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Antigua was one of the shore terminal stations that were part of the [[SOSUS|Sound Surveillance System]] (SOSUS) and the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS), which were used to track Soviet submarines. NAVFAC Antigua was decommissioned 4 February 1984.<ref>{{cite web |last=Commander, Undersea Surveillance |title=Naval Facility Antiqua August 1956 – February 1984 |url=https://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/cus/Pages/NAVFAC_Antigua.aspx |access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

From 1958 through 1960 the United States installed the [[Missile Impact Location System]] (MILS) in the Atlantic Missile Range, later the [[Eastern Range]], to localize the splashdowns of test missile nose cones. MILS was developed and installed by the same entities that had completed the first phase of the Atlantic SOSUS system. A MILS installation consisting of both a target array for precision location and a broad ocean area system for good positions outside the target area was installed at Antigua, {{cvt|1300|nmi|mi km}} downrange. The island was the second downrange MILS installation with the furthest being {{cvt|4400|nmi|mi km}} downrange at [[Ascension Island]].<ref>{{cite web |last=ICAA |year=2010 |title=Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950–2010 |publisher=IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association |url=http://www.iusscaa.org/history.htm |access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cone |first=Bruce E. |date=1 July 1976 |title=The United States Air Force Eastern Test Range — Range Instrumentation Handbook |location=Patrick Air Force Base, Florida |publisher=Eastern Test Range, Directorate of Range Operations |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a029237.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227011625/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a029237.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>

Until July 7, 2015, the [[United States Air Force]] maintained a small base near the airport, designated Detachment 1, 45th Operations Group, [[45th Space Wing]] (known as Antigua Air Station). The mission provided high rate telemetry data for the Eastern Range and its space launches. The unit was deactivated due to US government budget cuts and the property given to the Antiguan Government.<ref>{{cite web |author=1st Lt. Alicia Wallace |url=http://www.patrick.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123453252 |title=45th SW says Farewell to Antigua Air Station |publisher=Patrick.af.mil |access-date=2015-12-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713233112/http://www.patrick.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123453252 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |df=dmy}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Census data===
These figures '''do not''' include the island of [[Demographics of Barbuda|Barbuda.]]

Source:<ref name="auto"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Q48 Ethnic
!Counts
!%
|-
|African descendent
|72,473
|87.12%
|-
|Caucasian/White
|1,396
|1.68%
|-
|East Indian/India
|940
|1.13%
|-
|Mixed (Black/White)
|740
|0.89%
|-
|Mixed (Other)
|3,209
|3.86%
|-
|Hispanic
|2,323
|2.79%
|-
|Syrian/Lebanese
|568
|0.68%
|-
|Other
|795
|0.96%
|-
|Don't know/Not stated
|749
|0.90%
|-
!Total
!83,191
!100.00%
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Q58. Country of birth
!Counts
!%
|-
|Africa
|296
|0.36%
|-
|Other Latin or North American countries
|164
|0.20%
|-
|Antigua and Barbuda
|56,620
|68.06%
|-
|Other Caribbean countries
|765
|0.92%
|-
|Canada
|350
|0.42%
|-
|Other Asian countries
|389
|0.47%
|-
|Other European countries
|301
|0.36%
|-
|Dominica
|3,629
|4.36%
|-
|Dominican Republic
|2,076
|2.50%
|-
|Guyana
|5,993
|7.20%
|-
|Jamaica
|4,408
|5.30%
|-
|Montserrat
|628
|0.76%
|-
|St. Kitts and Nevis
|360
|0.43%
|-
|St. Lucia
|597
|0.72%
|-
|St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|662
|0.80%
|-
|Syria
|296
|0.36%
|-
|Trinidad and Tobago
|499
|0.60%
|-
|United Kingdom
|835
|1.00%
|-
|USA
|2,590
|3.11%
|-
|USVI United States Virgin Islands
|394
|0.47%
|-
|Not Stated
|1,337
|1.61%
|-
!Total
!83,191
!100.00%
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Q71 Country of Citizenship 1
!Counts
!%
|-
|Antigua and Barbuda
|67,569
|81.22%
|-
|Other Caribbean countries
|547
|0.66%
|-
|Canada
|195
|0.23%
|-
|Other Asian and Middle Eastern countries
|422
|0.51%
|-
|Dominica
|1,754
|2.11%
|-
|Dominican Republic
|1,342
|1.61%
|-
|Guyana
|3,674
|4.42%
|-
|Jamaica
|3,316
|3.99%
|-
|Montserrat
|261
|0.31%
|-
|St. Lucia
|326
|0.39%
|-
|St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|319
|0.38%
|-
|Trinidad and Tobago
|194
|0.23%
|-
|United Kingdom
|442
|0.53%
|-
|USA
|1,322
|1.59%
|-
|Other countries
|494
|0.59%
|-
|Not Stated
|1,015
|1.22%
|-
!Total
!83,191
!100.00%
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Q71 Country of Citizenship 2 (Country of Second/Dual Citizenship)
!Counts
!%
|-
|Other Caribbean countries
|858
|6.73%
|-
|Canada
|451
|3.53%
|-
|Other Asian and Middle Eastern countries
|238
|1.86%
|-
|Dominica
|1,898
|14.87%
|-
|Dominican Republic
|729
|5.72%
|-
|Guyana
|2,257
|17.69%
|-
|Jamaica
|1,103
|8.64%
|-
|Montserrat
|345
|2.70%
|-
|St. Lucia
|273
|2.14%
|-
|St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|348
|2.73%
|-
|Trinidad and Tobago
|317
|2.48%
|-
|United Kingdom
|981
|7.69%
|-
|USA
|2,560
|20.06%
|-
|Other countries
|391
|3.07%
|-
|Not Stated
|11
|0.08%
|-
!Total
!12,759
!100.00%
|-
!NotApp :
!70,432
!
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Employment status
!Counts
!%
|-
|Employed
|38,534
|60.92%
|-
|Unemployed
|4,435
|7.01%
|-
|Inactive
|19,780
|31.27%
|-
|Not stated
|504
|0.80%
|-
!Total
!63,253
!100.00%
|-
!NotApp :
!19,938
!
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Q55 Internet Use
!Counts
!%
|-
|Yes
|40,429
|48.60%
|-
|No
|41,238
|49.57%
|-
|Don't know/Not stated
|1,524
|1.83%
|-
!Total
!83,191
!100.00%
|}
[[File:Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg|thumb|[[St. John's Cathedral (Antigua and Barbuda)|St John's Cathedral, Antigua]]]]

==Geography==
[[File:Antigua2021OSM.png|thumb|Enlargeable, detailed map of Antigua]]
Located in the [[Leeward Islands]], Antigua has an area of {{cvt|281|km2}} with {{cvt|87|km}} of coastline. The island is reputed to possess 365 beaches, one for every day of the year.<ref name = SE>{{cite web |last=Edwards|first=Shakeema | url = https://www.frommers.com/slideshows/848152-antigua-s-got-365-beaches-here-are-the-top-10 |publisher = [[Frommer's]] | website = frommers.com | title = Antigua's Got 365 Beaches. Here Are the Top 10 | access-date = 2024-07-04 }}</ref><ref name = Antig>{{cite web | url = https://www.antigua-barbuda.org/Agbeach1.htm |publisher = antigua-barbuda.org | website = antigua-barbuda.org | title = The Beaches of Antigua and Barbuda | access-date = 2024-07-04 }}</ref><ref name = TheAntig>{{cite web |date=2021-10-18| url = https://www.theantiguan.com/post/who-counted-antigua-s-365-beaches |publisher = The Antiguan | website = theantiguan.com | title = Who Counted Antigua's 365 Beaches? | access-date = 2024-07-04 }}</ref> The highest elevation on the island is {{cvt|402|m}}.

Various natural points, capes, and beaches around the island include: Boon Point, Beggars Point, Parham, Willikies, Hudson Point, English Harbour Town, Old Road Cape, Johnson's Point, Ffryes Point, Jennings, Five Islands, and Yepton Beach, and Runaway Beach.

Several natural harbours are formed by these points and capes, including: Fitches Creek Bay, between Beggars Point and Parham; Nonsuch Bay between Hudson Point and Willikies; Willoughby Bay, between Hudson Point and English Harbour Town; English Harbour leading into English Harbour Town; Falmouth Harbour recessing into Falmouth; Rendezvous Bay between Falmouth and Old Road Cape; Five Islands Harbour, between Jennings and Five Islands; and Green Bay, the main harbour at St. John's, between Yepton Beach and Runaway Beach.

===Fauna===
The [[Antiguan racer]] is among the rarest snakes in the world. The Lesser Antilles are home to four species of racers. All four have undergone severe range reductions; at least two subspecies are extinct and another, ''Alsophis antiguae'', now occupies only 0.1 per cent of its historical range.<ref name="Sajdaka & Henderson 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Sajdaka |first1=Richard A. |last2=Henderson |first2=Robert W. |title=Status of West Indian racers in the Lesser Antilles |journal=Oryx |date=1991 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=33–38 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300034049|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Griswold's ameiva]] (''Ameiva griswoldi'') is a species of lizard in the genus [[Ameiva]]. It is endemic to Antigua and [[Barbuda]]. It is found on both islands.

==Administrative divisions==
{{expand section|date=October 2019}}
The island is divided into six civil [[Parish (administrative division)|parish]]es: [[Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|St. George]], [[Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|Saint Peter]], [[Saint Philip, Antigua and Barbuda|Saint Philip]], [[Saint Paul Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|Saint Paul]], [[Saint Mary Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|Saint Mary]], and [[Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|Saint John]]. The parishes have no type of local government.

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Antigua and Barbuda}}

The country's official currency is the [[East Caribbean dollar]]. Given the dominance of tourism, many prices in tourist-oriented businesses are shown in US dollars. The EC dollar is pegged to the US dollar at a varied rate and averages about US$1&nbsp;=&nbsp;EC$2.7.

===Tourism===
Antigua's economy relies largely on tourism, and the island is promoted as a luxury Caribbean escape. Many hotels and resorts are located around the coastline. The island's single airport, [[VC Bird International Airport|VC Bird Airport]], is served by several major airlines, including [[Virgin Atlantic]], [[British Airways]], [[American Airlines]], [[United Airlines]], [[Delta Air Lines]], [[Caribbean Airlines]], [[Air Canada]], [[WestJet]], and [[JetBlue]]. There is regular air service to Barbuda.

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Antigua and Barbuda}}
Antigua has two international primary/secondary schools: CCSET International, which offers the Ontario Secondary School Diploma, and Island Academy, which offers the International Baccalaureate. There are also many other private schools but these institutions tend to follow the same local curriculum (CXCs) as government schools.

The island of Antigua currently has two foreign-owned [[for-profit education|for-profit]] [[offshore medical school]]s, the [[American University of Antigua, College of Medicine|American University of Antigua]] (AUA),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auamed.org/ |title=American University of Antigua, College of Medicine |website=auamed.org |access-date=23 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822140939/http://www.auamed.org/ |archive-date=22 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> founded in 2004, and The [[University of Health Sciences Antigua]] (UHSA),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhsa.ag/ |title=UHSA School of Medicine {{!}} University of Health Sciences Antigua |website=uhsa.ag |access-date=23 August 2007}}</ref> founded in 1982. The island's medical schools cater mostly to foreign students but contribute to the local economy and health care.

===Online gambling===
Antigua was one of the first nations to legalize, license, and regulate online gambling and is a primary location for incorporation of [[online gambling]] companies. Some countries, most notably the United States, argue that if a particular gambling transaction is initiated outside the country of Antigua and Barbuda, then that transaction is governed by the laws of the country where the transaction was initiated. This argument was brought before the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and was deemed incorrect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds285_e.htm |title=Dispute settlement – the disputes – DS285 |website=WTO }}</ref>

In 2006, the United States Congress voted to approve the [[Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006|Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act]] which criminalized the operations of offshore gambling operators which take wagers from American-based gamblers. This was a ''prima facie'' violation of the [[General Agreement on Trade in Services|GATS]] treaty obligations enforced by the WTO, resulting in a series of rulings unfavourable to the US.

On 21 December 2007, an Article 22 arbitration panel ruled that the United States' failure to comply with WTO rules would attract a US$21&nbsp;million sanction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/21/antigua_us/ |first1= Burke |last1=Hansen |date=21 Dec 2007 |title=US TKOs Antigua in bizarre WTO arbitration decision |website=[[The Register]]}}</ref>

The WTO ruling was notable in two respects:

First, although technically a victory for Antigua, the $21&nbsp;million was far less than the US$3.5&nbsp;billion which had been sought; one of the three arbitrators was sufficiently bothered by the propriety of this that he issued a [[dissenting opinion]].

Second, a rider to the arbitration ruling affirmed the right of Antigua to take retaliatory steps in view of the prior failure of the US to comply with GATS. These included the rare, but not unprecedented, right to disregard intellectual property obligations to the US.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/business/worldbusiness/22gambling.html |title=In Trade Ruling, Antigua Wins a Right to Piracy |first1=James |last1=Kanter |first2=Gary |last2=Rivlin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 December 2007 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209150002/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/business/worldbusiness/22gambling.html |archive-date= 2024-02-09}}</ref>

Antigua's obligations to the US in respect of patents, copyright, and trademarks are affected. In particular, Berne Convention copyright is in question, and also material not covered by the Berne convention, including [[Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights|TRIPS]] accord obligations to the US. Antigua may thus disregard the [[World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty|WIPO treaty]] on intellectual property rights, and therefore the US implementation of that treaty (the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]], or DMCA)—at least up to the limit of compensation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antigua.gov.ag/article_details.php?id=3846&category=38 |title= Antigua to Pursue Sanctions Against the United States in Decade-Long Trade Dispute |date=January 28, 2013 |website=Government of Antigua and Barbuda |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728160753/http://www.antigua.gov.ag/article_details.php?id=3846&category=38 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since there is no appeal to the WTO from an Arbitration panel of this kind, it represents the last legal word from the WTO on the matter. Antigua is therefore able to recoup some of the claimed loss of trade by hosting (and taxing) companies whose business model depends on immunity from TRIPS provisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://torrentfreak.com/antigua-government-set-to-launch-pirate-website-to-punish-united-states-130124/ |title=Antigua Government Set to Launch "Pirate" Website To Punish United States – TorrentFreak |date=24 January 2013}}</ref>

Software company [[SlySoft]] was based in Antigua, allowing it to avoid nations with laws that are tough on anti-circumvention of technological copyright measures, in particular the DMCA in the United States.<ref name="slysoft.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.slysoft.com/en/about.html |title=slysoft.com |website=www.slysoft.com |access-date=1 September 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922192655/http://www.slysoft.com/en/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
Swiss American Bank Ltd., later renamed [[Swiss American Bank Ltd.,|Global Bank of Commerce, Ltd]], was formed in April 1983 and became the first offshore international financial institution governed by the International Business Corporations, Act of 1982 to become a licensed bank in Antigua.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antigua-barbuda.com/news_archive/newsletter64.asp#s11 |title=Antigua & Barbuda Archive Newsletter, Issue No. 64, April 2002. |access-date=1 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622033246/http://www.antigua-barbuda.com/news_archive/newsletter64.asp#s11 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The bank was later sued by the United States for failure to release forfeited funds from one of its account holders.<ref>[https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1148387.html "United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. SWISS AMERICAN BANK, LTD., et al., Defendants, Appellees". No. 99-1012]. 8 September 1999.</ref> Swiss American Bank was founded by [[Bruce Rappaport]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.antiguaobserver.com/rappaport-dies/|title= Rappaport dies|newspaper= Antigua Observer Newspaper|date= 9 January 2010|access-date= 30 December 2013|archive-date= 31 December 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001818/http://www.antiguaobserver.com/rappaport-dies/|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Established in June 1994 as the East European International Bank, the European Union Bank (EUB) ({{langx|ru|Банк Европейского Союза (БЕС)}}), which was Antigua's first internet bank and was associated with [[Alex Konanykhin]], who had business interests with numerous senior [[KGB]] officials,{{efn|[[Alex Konanykhin]] has business interests with numerous senior [[KGB]] officials including [[Leonid Shebarshin]] and [[Nikolai Leonov]] through the 1991 established think tank Russian National Economic Security Service ({{langx|ru|Российской национальной службы экономической безопасности}}) at which Shebarshin and Leonov were president and vice president, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last=Снегирев |first=Владимир (Snegirev, Vladimir) |url=https://rg.ru/2012/03/31/cherta-site.html |title=Владимир Снегирев: Леонид Шебаршин был правильным человеком: Из жизни разведчика |trans-title=Vladimir Snegirev: Leonid Shebarshin was the right person: From the life of a scout |language=ru |work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|«Российская газета»]] (rg.ru) |date=1 April 2012 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104011729/https://rg.ru/2012/03/31/cherta-site.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ria.ru/20120330/610284987.html |title=Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин. Биографическая справка |trans-title=Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin. Curriculum Vitae |language=ru |work=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=30 March 2012 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104011552/https://ria.ru/20120330/610284987.html}}</ref><ref name=ProfileKonanykhine>{{cite news |last=Казанская |first=Ольга (Kazanskaya, Olga) |url=http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n53/hero.html |title=Герой: Его обласкали в кремлевских кабинетах. В свои неполные тридцать он руководит одним из крупнейших в России банков и добивается для него всех степеней уполномоченности. Он финансирует предвыборную кампанию Бориса Ельцина. Контролирующие органы бессильны перед его детищем -- валютными аукционами. Это не Владимир Потанин и не ОНЭКСИМбанк. Речь идет об Александре Конаныхине и Всероссийском биржевом банке, а события датированы 1991-1992 годами. Нынешним летом Конаныхин вышел из американской тюрьмы. Свое первое за много лет затворничества интервью он дал "Профилю" в США. |trans-title=Hero: He was treated kindly in the Kremlin offices. At just under thirty, he runs one of the largest banks in Russia and achieves all degrees of authority for it. He finances Boris Yeltsin's election campaign. The regulatory authorities are powerless in the face of his brainchild - currency auctions. This is not Vladimir Potanin or ONEXIMbank. We are talking about Alexander Konanykhin and the All-Russian Exchange Bank, and the events date back to 1991-1992. This summer, Konanykhin was released from an American prison. He gave his first interview to Profile in the USA after many years of seclusion. |language=ru |work=[[:ru:Профиль (журнал)|"Профиль"]] (www.profil.ocr.ru) |date=1997 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=1 October 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001113943/http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n53/hero.html}}</ref>}} was shut down in 1996 by Antiguan authorities because the bank had failed to file its 1994 audit and was placed in receivership on 8 August 1997 with two Russians listed as bank directors, Vitali Papsuev ({{langx|ru|Виталий Папсуев}}){{efn|Vitali Papsuev ({{langx|ru|Виталий Папсуев}}) allegedly had property in the [[Bronx]].}} and Sergei Ushakov ({{langx|ru|Сергей Ушаков}}).<ref name=ProfileKonanykhine/><ref name=KOgazpromDaughter>{{cite news |last=Бирман |first=Александр (Birman, Alexander) |url=http://www.ko.ru/document.asp?d_no=11852&p=1 |title=Орден национального достояния. "Газпромовская" "дочка", которая гуляет сама по себе |trans-title=Order of National Treasure. Gazprom's "daughter" who walks on her own |language=ru |work=[[:ru:Компания (журнал)|"Компания"]] (ko.ru) |date=17 May 2005 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2005 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050520000000/http://www.ko.ru/document.asp?d_no=11852&p=1}} [https://www.compromat.ru/page_16762.htm Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsru.com/world/09jan2004/konanikhin.html |title=Власти США арестовали бывшего партнера Ходорковского |trans-title=US authorities arrested Khodorkovsky's former partner |language=ru |work=newsru.com |date=9 January 2004 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104013028/https://www.newsru.com/world/09jan2004/konanikhin.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Farah |first=Douglas |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/09/19/russian-money-weaves-a-tangled-web/97f4a82e-e237-4630-9269-ad2c061ad191/ |title=Russian Money Weaves a Tangled Web |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=19 September 1999 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171105211421/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/09/19/russian-money-weaves-a-tangled-web/97f4a82e-e237-4630-9269-ad2c061ad191/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rohter |first=Larry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/20/world/new-bank-fraud-wrinkle-in-antigua-russians-on-the-internet.html |title=New Bank Fraud Wrinkle in Antigua: Russians on the Internet |work=[[New York Times]] |date=20 August 1997 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220315025827/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/20/world/new-bank-fraud-wrinkle-in-antigua-russians-on-the-internet.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eubank.ag/ |title=EUROPEAN UNION BANK |work=EUROPEAN UNION BANK (eubank.ag) |date=10 November 1996 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=21 December 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221090447/http://eubank.ag/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eubank.ag/abouteub.htm |title=EUROPEAN UNION BANK: ABOUT EUROPEAN UNION BANK |work=EUROPEAN UNION BANK (eubank.ag) |date= |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961104080710/http://www.eubank.ag/abouteub.htm}}</ref><ref name=Vedomosti18022003>{{cite news |last=Резник |first=Ирина (Reznik, Irina) |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/stories/2003/02/18-55-01.html |title=Смена караула. Алексей Миллер уволил своего заместителя по безопасности |trans-title=Changing of the Guard. Alexey Miller fired his deputy for security |language=ru |work=[[Vedomosti|Ведомости]] |date=18 February 2003 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2003 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030218000000/https://www.vedomosti.ru/stories/2003/02/18-55-01.html}} [https://www.compromat.ru/page_12795.htm Alt URL]</ref><ref name=gztRU19022003>{{cite news |last1=Давыдова |first1=Милана (Davydova, Milana) |last2=Романова |first2=Людмила (Romanova, Lyudmila) |url=http://www.gzt.ru/headline.gzt?id=31550000000005595 |title=Зачистка "Газпрома" |trans-title=Cleaning up Gazprom |language=ru |work=www.gzt.ru |date=19 February 2003 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=19 February 2003 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030219000000/http://www.gzt.ru/headline.gzt?id=31550000000005595}} [https://www.compromat.ru/page_12800.htm Alt URL]</ref>{{efn|Sergei Ushakov ({{langx|ru|Сергей Ушаков}}), who is from [[Saint Petersburg]], allegedly had property in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]] in [[Greater Toronto Area|greater]] [[Toronto]]. Ushakov is a close friend of [[Vladimir Putin]]. From 1974 to 2002, Ushakov was in the same [[KGB]]-[[Federal Security Service|FSB]] department as Evgeniy Plyusnin ({{langx|ru|Евгений Плюснин}}). Later, in 2002, Ushakov became the first deputy chairman of the [[Federal Security Service]], which formally includes the [[Presidential Security Service (Russia)|presidential security service of Russia]], and in 2003 became head of the administrative department and security service at [[Gazprom]] and also heads the board of [[Gazfond]].<ref name=KOgazpromDaughter/><ref name=Vedomosti18022003/><ref name=gztRU19022003/><ref>[https://archive.today/20231104032937/https://zoo-vse.ru/aleksandr-konanyhin-zaputalsya-v-rossetyah-biografiya-kommercheskaya-i.html Александр конаныхин запутался в "россетях". Биография Коммерческая и политическая деятельность в России (Alex Konanykhin biography)]</ref>}}{{efn|Evgeniy Plyusnin ({{langx|ru|Евгений Плюснин}}), in August 2004, as a former employee of the FSB Directorate for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, became the head of the [[Gazprombank]] personnel department.<ref name=KOgazpromDaughter/>}}

[[Stanford International Bank]] was formed by [[Allen Stanford]] in 1986 in [[Montserrat]] where it was called Guardian International Bank. On 17 February 2009, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] charged Allen Stanford, [[Laura Pendergest-Holt]] and James Davis with fraud<ref name="reutersvianz2009">{{cite news |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/1404341/Stanford-Financial-charged-with-massive-fraud |title=Stanford Financial charged with 'massive' fraud |work=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |location=New Zealand |agency=Reuters |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Driver">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-stanford-marshals-idUSN1736672620090217 |title=U.S. agents enter Stanford Financial Houston office |author=Anna Driver |date=17 February 2009 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=24 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/02/17/allen-stanford-sec-business-billionaires_0217_stanford.html |title=Billionaire Stanford Charged With Fraud |last=Greenberg |first=Duncan |date=17 February 2009 |work=forbes.com |access-date=17 February 2009}}</ref> in connection with the bank's US$8&nbsp;billion [[certificate of deposit]] (CD) investment scheme that offered "improbable and unsubstantiated high interest rates".<ref name="Goldfarb">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/02/17/ST2009021701544.html |title=SEC Charges Stanford Financial in $8B Fraud |last=Goldfarb |first=Zachary A. |date=17 February 2009 |work=washingtonpost.com |access-date=17 February 2009}}</ref> This led the federal government to freeze the assets of the bank and other Stanford entities.<ref name="reutersvianz2009" /><ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aeHvNZJLOWf0&refer=home |title=Stanford International Bank Said to Bar Withdrawals Amid Probe |last=Fitzgerald |first=Alison |date=17 February 2009 |publisher=bloomberg.com |access-date=17 February 2009}}</ref> On 27 February 2009, Pendergest-Holt was arrested by federal agents in connection with the alleged fraud.<ref name="LPH arrest">{{cite news |title=Top Stanford official Laura Pendergest-Holt charged with obstruction |date=27 February 2009 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5812952.ece |work=The Times |location=London |first=Suzy |last=Jagger |access-date=24 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On that day, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] said that Stanford and his accomplices operated a "massive [[Ponzi scheme]]", misappropriated billions of investors' money and falsified the Stanford International Bank's records to hide their fraud. "Stanford International Bank's financial statements, including its investment income, are fictional," the SEC said.<ref name="Driver" /><ref name="wsj0227">[https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB123577641445497313 "New SEC Complaint Says Stanford Ran Ponzi Scheme"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', 27 February 2009.{{subscription required}}</ref>

[[Antigua Overseas Bank]] (AOB) was part of the ABI Financial Group and was a licensed bank in Antigua. On 13 April 2012, AOB was placed into receivership by the government of Antigua.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://antiguaobserver.com/offshore-bank-placed-under-receivership/|title= Offshore bank placed under receivership|newspaper= Antigua Observer Newspaper|date= 13 April 2012|access-date= 5 September 2014|archive-date= 9 September 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140909123535/http://antiguaobserver.com/offshore-bank-placed-under-receivership|url-status= dead}}</ref>

On 27 November 2018, [[Scotiabank]], the leading commercial bank on the island, announced plans to sell its banking operations in Antigua and 9 other non-core Caribbean markets to Republic Financial Holdings Limited.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/scotiabank-announces-new-partnership-selling-banks-in-the-eastern-caribbean/ |title=Scotiabank announces new partnership, selling banks in the Eastern Caribbean |date=2018-11-27 |newspaper=Antigua Observer Newspaper |language=en-US |access-date=2019-02-17}}</ref>

==Sport==
The major Antiguan sport is [[cricket]]. [[Sir Viv Richards|Vivian ("Viv") Richards]] is one of the most famous Antiguans, who played for, and captained, the [[West Indies cricket team]]. Richards scored the fastest Test century at the [[Antigua Recreation Ground]]. What's more [[Brian Lara]] twice broke the world record for an individual Test innings at the ARG, scoring 375 in 1993/94 and 400 not out in 2003/04. The ARG was replaced by a new cricketing arena, dubbed the [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], constructed in time for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]]. Both football (soccer) and basketball are becoming popular among the island youth. There are several golf courses in Antigua. [[Daniel Bailey]] was the first athlete to win a global world medal at the [[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships]].

Being surrounded by water, sailing is one of the most popular sports with Antigua Sailing Week and Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta being two of the region's most reputable sailing competitions. Hundreds of yachts from around the world compete around Antigua each year. Sport fishing is also a very popular sport with several big competitions held yearly. Windsurfing was very popular until kite-surfing came to the island. Kitesurfing or kite-boarding is very popular at Jabbawock Beach.

==Notable residents==
*[[Curtly Ambrose]], West-Indian cricketer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://curtlyambrose.com/ |title=Curtly Ambrose official website |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> 
*[[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]],  American rapper and producer moved to Antigua in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diddy's Private Jet Tracked to Caribbean Island Amid Raids in U.S. |url=https://www.tmz.com/2024/03/25/diddy-private-jet-tracked-caribbean-island-antigua-raids/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=TMZ |date=25 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Giorgio Armani]], Italian fashion designer; owns a home near Deep Bay<ref name="urlSUN Weekend">{{cite web |url=http://sun-weekend.com/paper/?asw=view&asw=view&sun=155910046201072006&an=291735076001062006&ac=Local |title=SUN Weekend |author=Tahna Weston |date=7 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202065041/http://sun-weekend.com/paper/?asw=view&asw=view&sun=155910046201072006&an=291735076001062006&ac=Local |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Calvin Ayre]], billionaire founder of internet gambling company Bodog Entertainment Group<ref>[http://www.techvibes.com/blog/calvin-ayre-still-living-it-up-in-antigua "Calvin Ayre still living it up in Antigua"]. TechVibes</ref>
*[[Silvio Berlusconi]], former Italian Prime Minister<ref>[http://italychronicles.com/berlusconi-antigua-report-question-marks/ Alex Rose, "Berlusconi, Antigua, Report, Question Marks"], 18 October 2010.</ref>
*[[Richard Branson]], [[Virgin Atlantic]] mogul<ref name="urlAntigua and Barbuda: Murder rate higher than in New York – Scotsman.com News">{{cite news |url=http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Antigua-and-Barbuda-Murder-rate.4332737.jp |title=Antigua and Barbuda: Murder rate higher than in New York – Scotsman.com News |date=29 July 2008 |work=The Scotsman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801060940/http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Antigua-and-Barbuda-Murder-rate.4332737.jp |archive-date=1 August 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |location=Edinburgh |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref>
*[[Mehul Choksi]], an Indian alleged scamster, diamond merchant and owner of [[Gitanjali Group|Gitanjali Jewelers]]
*[[Eric Clapton]], established an [[Crossroads Centre|Antiguan drug treatment centre]]; has a home on the south of the island<ref name="urlEric Clapton to auction guitars to benefit drug recovery cente – Aggielife">{{cite web |url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2004/06/24/Aggielife/Eric-Clapton.To.Auction.Guitars.To.Benefit.Drug.Recovery.Cente-689372.shtml |title=Eric Clapton to auction guitars to benefit drug recovery cente – Aggielife |date=24 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202100703/http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2004/06/24/Aggielife/Eric-Clapton.To.Auction.Guitars.To.Benefit.Drug.Recovery.Cente-689372.shtml |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy}}</ref>
*[[Melvin Claxton]], [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning journalist<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1995 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service: The Virgin Islands Daily News, St. Thomas, VI |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/virgin-islands-daily-news |website=The Pulitzer Prizes |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>
*[[Timothy Dalton]], actor of James Bond fame<ref name="urlAntigua recaptures its reputation for chic – International Herald Tribune">{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/04/news/reantigua.php |title=Antigua recaptures its reputation for chic – International Herald Tribune |author=Kevin Brass |date=12 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509124717/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/04/news/reantigua.php |archive-date=9 May 2006 |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy}}</ref>
*[[Heather Doram]], artist, activist and educator, who designed the Antiguan and Barbudan national costume.
*[[Ken Follett]], the author of ''[[Eye of the Needle (novel)|Eye of the Needle]]'', owns a house on [[Long Island (Antigua and Barbuda)|Jumby Bay]]<ref name="urlAntigua recaptures its reputation for chic – International Herald Tribune" />
*[[Marie-Elena John]], Antiguan writer and former [[African Development Foundation]] specialist. Her debut novel, ''[[Unburnable]]'', was selected Best Debut of 2006 by ''[[Black Issues Book Review]]''<ref name="url">{{cite web |url=http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art200808172123446 |title=Chimamanda in town for Fidelity Creative Workshop |author=Akeem Lasisi |date=18 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817143132/http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art200808172123446 |archive-date=17 August 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy}}</ref>
*[[S. D. Jones]], professional wrestler known as "Special Delivery Jones" in the [[WWE]] in the 1970s and 1980s<ref>{{Cite web |title="Special Delivery" Jones passes away |url=https://www.wwe.com/inside/news/sdjonespassesaway |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=WWE |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Phil Keoghan]], host of ''[[The Amazing Race (American TV series)|The Amazing Race]]'', lived here during part of his childhood<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvline.com/2020/10/12/the-amazing-race-phil-keoghan-season-32-interview/ |title=Amazing Race Host Phil Keoghan Talks Season 32's 'Biggest Hurdle,' Why Show Doesn't Need Twisty Gimmicks |work=[[TVLine]] |first=Nick |last=Caruso |date=October 12, 2020 |access-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref>
*[[Jamaica Kincaid]], novelist famous for her writings about life on Antigua. Her 1988 book ''[[A Small Place]]'' was banned under the Vere Bird administration<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handley |first=Alex |date=2022-12-05 |title=Harvard professor Jamaica Kincaid to speak at UCalgary as Distinguished Visiting Writer |url=https://ucalgary.ca/news/harvard-professor-jamaica-kincaid-speak-ucalgary-distinguished-visiting-writer |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=[[University of Calgary]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Robin Leach]] of [[Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous]] fame.<ref name="urlU.S. probes Cuban dolphin deals / The Miami Herald – Cuba News / Noticias – CubaNet News">{{cite web |url=http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y02/feb02/19e5.htm |title=U.S. probes Cuban dolphin deals / ''The Miami Herald'', Cuba News / Noticias – CubaNet News |author=Charles D. Sherman |date=19 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020902015048/http://cubanet.org/CNews/y02/feb02/19e5.htm |archive-date=2 September 2002 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2008}}</ref>
*[[Archibald MacLeish]], poet and (U.S.) Librarian of Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Langer |first=Adam |date=November 3, 2020 |title=Bob Dylan's First Musical Had a Devil of a Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/theater/bob-dylan-scratch-broadway-macleish.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>
*[[Rachel Lambert Mellon]], horticulturist and philanthropist, has owned a compound in Antigua's Half Moon Bay since the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D. McFadden |first=Robert |date=March 17, 2014 |title=Rachel Mellon, an Heiress Known for Her Green Thumb, Dies at 103 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/us/rachel-mellon-heiress-known-for-garden-designs-is-dead-at-103.html |website=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>
*[[Fred Olsen]] (1891–1986), inventor of the [[ball propellant]] manufacturing process<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/10/obituaries/dr-fred-olsen-industrial-chemist-art-collector-and-scholar-is-dead.html |title=Dr. Fred Olsen, Industrial Chemist, Art Collector and Scholar, is Dead |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |work=The New York Times |access-date=20 February 2015 |date=10 November 1986}}</ref>
*[[Mary Prince]], abolitionist and autobiographer, who wrote ''The History of Mary Prince'' (1831), the first account of the life of a Black woman to be published in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommerlad |first=Joe |date=2018-10-07 |title=Mary Prince: The first woman to publish a slavery memoir in Britain |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/mary-prince-who-british-slavery-memoir-author-abolition-history-google-doodle-a8562706.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Viv Richards]], West Indian cricket legend; the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua was named in his honour<ref name="urlBBC SPORT|CRICKET|Putting Antigua on the map">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/cricket/1856449.stm |title=Putting Antigua on the map |date=7 March 2002 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610133407/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/cricket/1856449.stm |archive-date=10 June 2003 |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref>
*[[Richie Richardson]], former West-Indies cricket team captain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richierichardsoncricketacademy.com/about_us.html |title=Richie Richardson cricket academy at Antigua |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>
*[[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]], the first Antiguan to play Test cricket for the West Indies. He was a member of the West Indies teams that won the 1975 and 1979 World Cups.<ref name="urlCaribbeanCricket.com – The Independent Voice of West Indies Cricket">{{cite web |url=http://caribbeancricket.com/news/xxxx/xx/xx/1273 |title=CaribbeanCricket.com – The Independent Voice of West Indies Cricket |date=15 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019090714/http://caribbeancricket.com/news/xxxx/xx/xx/1273 |archive-date=19 October 2007 |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref>
*[[Sheila Roseau]], women´s rights advocate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheila Roseau - U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report Heroes |url=http://www.tipheroes.org/sheila-roseau/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.tipheroes.org |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Andriy Mykolayovych Shevchenko]], former Ukrainian footballer and politician.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernndez |first=Jo |date=2012-04-10 |title=Into the blue on Nonsuch Bay |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/travel/into-the-blue-on-nonsuch-bay-7498272.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=[[Evening Standard]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Peter Stringfellow]], British nightclub owner {{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
*[[Thomas J. Watson Jr.]], CEO of [[IBM]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Marjorie |date=21 July 1987 |title=Back to Siberia, with Gusto |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1987/07/21/back-to-siberia-with-gusto/fd242ead-fe74-49d8-b368-7defb27be695/ |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
*[[Oprah Winfrey]], talk-show host<ref>{{cite web |last=Zeveloff |first=Julie |date=25 May 2011 |title=The FABULOUS Homes, Planes, And Other Toys Of Oprah Winfrey |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/oprah-winfrey-houses-planes-2011-5?op=1 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Caribbean|<!--CARICOM-->|<!--Antigua and Barbuda-->}}
*[[Barbuda Land Acts]]
*[[Bibliography of Antigua and Barbuda]]
*[[Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands|Chief Justices]]
*[[Geology of Antigua and Barbuda]]
*[[Guns for Antigua]]
*[[Index of Antigua and Barbuda-related articles]]
*[[List of Antiguans and Barbudans]]
*[[Outline of Antigua and Barbuda]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*[http://www.antiguanice.com/ Antigua Nice] (The Antigua Nice article was extracted by D.V. Nicholson's writings for the Antigua Historic Sites and Conservation Commission.)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929145759/http://www.torture-museum.com/wheel.htm The Torture Museum Site]
*''The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson'' by [[Robert Southey]] [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/947/947-h/947-h.htm Project Gutenberg free book]
*The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''
*''Veranda Magazine'', Island Flourish: West Indian Furnishings by Dana Micucci, March – April 2004
*''A Brief History of the Caribbean from the Arawak and the Carib to the Present'', by Jan Rogozinski, Penguin Putnam, Inc September 2000
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190705/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/04/news/reantigua.php Article on Antiguan real estate.]

===Further reading===
*{{Citation |publisher=At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews |location=Boston, Massachusetts |author=Jedidiah Morse |author-link=Jedidiah Morse |title=The American Gazetteer |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n32/mode/1up |chapter=Antigua |date=1797}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=1}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101227134515/http://ab.gov.ag/gov_v4/ Government of Antigua and Barbuda]
*[https://antiguablog.co.uk/what-beaches-do-we-like/ Beaches Of Antigua]
*[https://www.antigua-barbuda.org/ Antigua Barbuda Department of Tourism]
*[https://bestantigua.com Antigua Tourism Guide]
*[https://embassy.ag Embassy of Antigua and Barbuda in Madrid] – His Excellency [https://darioitem.com Dr. Dario Item] is the Head of Mission.
*[https://antiguabarbuda.mc Honorary Consulate General of Antigua and Barbuda in the Principality of Monaco]
*[https://antiguabarbuda.com Antigua & Barbuda Official Business Hub]

{{Antigua and Barbuda topics}}
{{British overseas territories}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Antigua (island)| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Former English colonies]]
[[Category:1630s establishments in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:1632 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1632 establishments in North America]]