View source for Anne of Kiev

{{short description|11th-century Kievan Rus' princess and queen of France}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
<noinclude>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = AnnaKyjev.jpg
| succession   = [[Queen consort of France|Queen consort of the Franks]]
| reign        = 19 May 1051 – 4 August 1060
| coronation   = 19 May 1051
| birth_date   = c. 1030
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 5 September c.1075
| death_place  = 
| spouses      = [[Henry I of France]]<br />[[Ralph IV of Valois]]
| consort      = yes
| issue        = [[Philip I of France]]<br/>[[Hugh I of Vermandois]]
| issue-link   = #Queenship
| issue-pipe   = more...
| dynasty      = [[Volodimer I of Kiev|Volodimerovichi]]
| father       = [[Yaroslav the Wise]]
| mother       = [[Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden|Ingegerd Olofsdotter]]
| signature    = [[File:Anne de Kiev autograph 2.jpg|125px|]]<br />Inscription of Anne's name in a charter of 1063<ref name=Shevelov />
| succession1  = [[List of regents#France|Regent of France]]
| reign-type1  = Regency
| reign1       = 1060–1066
| pre-type1    = Monarch
| predecessor1 = [[Philip I of France|Phillip I]]
| reg-type1    = Co-Regent
| regent1      = [[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders|Baldwin V of Flanders]]
}}
'''Anne of Kiev''' or '''Anna Yaroslavna'''{{efn|[[Russian language|Russian]] and {{lang-uk|Анна Ярославна}}}} (c. 1030 – 1075) was a princess of [[Kievan Rus]] who became [[Queen of France]] in 1051 upon marrying King [[Henry I of France|Henry I]]. She ruled the kingdom as [[regent]] during the minority of their son [[Philip I of France|Philip I]] from Henry's death in 1060 until her controversial marriage to Count [[Ralph IV of Valois]]. Anne founded the [[St. Vincent Abbey, Senlis|Abbey of St. Vincent]] at [[Senlis]].

==Childhood==
[[File:Córki Jarosława.jpeg|thumb|left|Art historian [[Victor Lazarev]] presumed that the left-most figure on this fresco at [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv]], represented Anne. According to historian [[Robert-Henri Bautier]], it depicts one of her brothers.]]

Anne was a daughter of [[Yaroslav the Wise]], [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] and [[Prince of Novgorod]], and his second wife [[Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden]]. Her exact birthdate is unknown; [[Philippe Delorme]] has suggested 1027,<ref name=":1" /> while Andrew Gregorovich has proposed 1032, citing a mention in a Kievan [[chronicle]] of the birth of a daughter to Yaroslav in that year.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Anne's exact place in the birth order of her siblings is unknown, although she was almost certainly the youngest daughter. Little is known about Anne's childhood or education. It is assumed that she was literate, at least enough to write her name, because her signature in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] exists on a document from 1061.<ref name=":1" /> Delorme has pointed out that Yaroslav founded a number of schools in his kingdom and suggests that education was highly valued in his family, leading him to propose a significant level of education for Anne.<ref name=":1" /> Gregorovich has suggested that Anne learned [[French language|French]] in preparation for her marriage to King [[Henry I of France]].<ref name=":2" />

== Engagement ==
The negotiations for Anne's marriage to the 18-years-older King Henry took place in the late 1040s, after the death of Henry's first wife, [[Matilda of Frisia]], and their only child. Due to the pressing need for an heir, and the Church's growing disapproval of [[consanguineous marriages]], it became necessary for Henry to seek an unrelated bride.<ref>G. Duby, France in the Middle Ages, 987–1460, trans. J. Vale (Oxford, 1991), p. 117</ref> The [[Kievan Rus']] was not unknown to the French. Yaroslav had married several of his children to Western rulers in an attempt to avoid the influence of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name=":1" />

In the autumn of 1049 or the spring of 1050, Henry sent Bishop [[Gauthier of Meaux]], [[Goscelin of Chauny]], and other unnamed advisors to Yaroslav's court. It is possible that there were two diplomatic missions to the Rus at this time, with Roger of Chalons also present.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Anna Yaroslavna, Queen of France & Princess of Ukraine: Anne De Kiev|last=Gregorovich|first=Andrew|publisher=Forum|year=2011|location=Toronto}}</ref><ref name=":3">Raffensperger, pp. 94–97.</ref> No record of the marriage negotiations or the [[dowry]] arrangements survives, although Anne reportedly left Kiev with "rich presents".<ref name=":1" /> Gregorovich claims that part of the wealth she brought to France included the [[jacinth]] jewel that Abbot [[Suger]] later mounted on a [[reliquary]] of [[Saint Denis of Paris|St. Denis]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>Bauthier, 550; Hallu,168, citing Comptes de Suger</ref> Anne left Kiev in the summer or fall of 1050 and traveled to Reims.<ref name=":1" />

== Queenship ==

Anne married Henry on 19 May 1051, during the feast of [[Pentecost]].<ref name=":5">Megan McLaughlin, 56.</ref> Henry was nearly twenty years older than Anne.<ref name=":1" /> Her wedding on 19 May 1051 followed the installation of [[Lietbert]] as bishop of Cambrai, and Anne was crowned immediately following the marriage ceremony, making her the first French queen to celebrate her coronation in [[Reims Cathedral]].<ref name=":1" />

Anne and Henry were married for nine years and had three sons: [[Philip I of France|Philip]], Robert (who died young), and [[Hugh I, Count of Vermandois|Hugh]]. Anne is often credited with introducing the Greek name "[[Philip (name)|Philip]]" to royal families of [[Western Europe]], as she bestowed it on her first son; she might have imported this [[Greek language|Greek]] name from her [[Eastern Orthodox]] culture.<ref name=":3" /> There may also have been a daughter, Emma, perhaps born in 1055; it is unknown if she married or when she died.<ref name=":1" /> Henry and Anne of Kiev are additionally said to have been the parents of the [[beatified]] figure [[Edigna]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Zeilinger|first=Ingrid|date=2021-01-16|title=Sie ist die Dorfpatronin von Puch|trans-title=She is the village patroness of Puch|url=https://www.merkur.de/lokales/fuerstenfeldbruck/fuerstenfeldbruck-ort65548/fuerstenfeldbruck-edigna-ist-die-dorfpatronin-von-puch-90170664.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-14|website=[[Münchner Merkur]]|series=Serie: Straßen und ihre Namenspatrone|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220814/https://www.merkur.de/lokales/fuerstenfeldbruck/fuerstenfeldbruck-ort65548/fuerstenfeldbruck-edigna-ist-die-dorfpatronin-von-puch-90170664.html |archive-date=16 January 2021 }}</ref>

As queen, Anne would have had the privilege of participating in the royal council, but there are almost no records of her doing so. In one 1058 charter, Henry granted a privilege to a couple of villages associated with the [[monastery]] of [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]] doing so "with the approval of my wife Anne and our children Philip, Robert, and Hugh." Anne seems to have possessed territories in the same region under the terms of her [[dower]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1059, King Henry began feuding with the Church over issues related to [[Gregorian Reform]]. During this time, [[Pope Nicholas II]] sent Queen Anne a letter counseling her to follow her conscience to right wrongs and intervene against oppressive violence, while also encouraging her to advocate with her husband so that he might govern with moderation.<ref name=":1" /> According to Delorme, some historians have interpreted this letter from the Pope as being indicative of Anne's conversion to [[Roman Catholicism]] from [[Eastern Orthodoxy]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Recueil de Pièces Historiques sur la reine Anne ou Agnès, épouse de Henri Ier, Roi De France, et Fille de Iarosslaf Ier, Grand Duc de Russie.|last=Lobanov-Rostovskiĭ|publisher=De Firmin Didot|year=1825|location=Paris}}</ref>

== Regency ==
[[File:Анна Ярославна реверс.jpg|thumb|Anne as portrayed on a 2014 Ukrainian coin]]

Upon Henry's death on 4 August 1060, Philip succeeded to the throne.<ref name=":0" /> Count [[Baldwin V of Flanders]], the husband of Henry's sister [[Adela of France|Adela]], was assigned as Philip's guardian.<ref name=":1" /> Anne may still have played an active role in government at that point; an act from 1060 shows her name following Philip's, and her name appears in four times as many charters as Baldwin's.<ref name=":1" /> She also hired Philip's tutor, who was known at court by a Greek title.<ref name=":1" />

Queen Anne's only existing signature dates from this period; it appears inscribed on a document issued at [[Soissons]] for the abbot of {{ill|Saint Crepin le Grand|de|Saint-Crépin (Soissons)}}, now held in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National Library of France]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Diplôme de Philippe Ier, concernant les autels de Pernant et Colombes (1063) (avec la souscription de la reine Anne de Kiev).
|url= https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc97529g/cb1}}</ref> The signature was most likely placed by a [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']] assistant of the Queen. Under the king's rubric, there is a cross and eight letters in Cyrillic, probably meaning "Ana Reina", the [[Old French|contemporaneous French]] for "Queen Anne".<ref>{{cite web |title=Anne de Kiev (XIème siècle) |url= https://ua.ambafrance.org/Anne-de-Kiev-XIeme-siecle |website= Ambassade de France en Ukraine |publisher= Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170919005444/https://ua.ambafrance.org/Anne-de-Kiev-XIeme-siecle |archive-date=19 September 2017 |language= fr |date= 26 November 2015 |quote= On trouve sa signature, en caractères cyrilliques, au bas d'une lettre des années 1060, sous la forme « Ana Reina ».}}</ref><ref name=Shevelov>{{cite book |author1=SHEVELOV, George Y. |editor1-last=M.A. Jazayery |editor2-last=E.C. Polomé |editor3-last=W. Winter |title=Linguistic and Literary Studies, Vol 3, Historical and Comparative Linguistics |date= 1978 |publisher= MOUTON Publishers |location=The Hague, Paris, New York |isbn= 90-279-7737-2 |pages= 249–256 |edition= 1978 |url= https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110802146.249/html |access-date= 30 March 2022 |language= en |chapter= ON THE SO-CALLED SIGNATURE OF QUEEN ANN OF FRANCE (1063) |doi= 10.1515/9783110802146.249 |quote= if this is not an authentic signature, it could still only have been made by a person from the Queen's suite who came with her from her native land. But it is probably more prudent to speak not of the Queen's signature but of the inscribing of her name in the charter of 1063 [...] comparing it with Old French roina attested alongside reina}}</ref>

Evidence for Anne's role in government, however, disappears in 1061, around the time she remarried. Her second husband was Count [[Ralph IV of Valois]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bogomoletz|first=Wladimir V|date=2005|title=Anna of Kiev: An Enigmatic Capetian Queen of the Eleventh Century|journal=French History|volume=19|issue=3|pages=299–323|doi= 10.1093/fh/cri032|via=JSTOR}}</ref> This marriage was controversial because of the couple's [[Affinity (Catholic canon law)|affinity]] (as Ralph was Henry's cousin), and it constituted [[bigamy]], since Ralph was still technically married to his second wife, [[Haquenez]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Anne de Kiev : épouse de Henri Ier|last= Delorme|first= Philippe |publisher= Pygmalion|year=2015|location=Paris}}
</ref> Ralph was [[excommunicated]] for these transgressions.<ref name=":1" /> King Philip's advisers may have encouraged him to turn away from his mother, perhaps mistrusting Ralph's influence.<ref name=":0" /> Ralph began referring to himself as the king's stepfather in the late 1060s.<ref name=":1" /> He died in 1074, leaving Anne a widow once again.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:DiplomaPhilip I AbbeyStCrepin.png|upright|thumb|A [[charter]] signed on behalf of Anne<ref name=Shevelov /> and her son Philip in 1063]]

In 1062, Anne gave a significant amount of money to restore a dilapidated chapel at Senlis, originally dedicated to Saint [[Vincent of Saragossa]]. She bequeathed lands and income to the new establishment so that the organization could sustain itself. She also wrote a letter explaining her reasons for dedicating the monastery. The letter betrays adherence to [[Greek Orthodox]] theology. For instance, the term "[[Mary, mother of God]]" is used rather than the more common "Our Lady", perhaps referring to the Eastern concept of the [[Theotokos]]. Some scholars believe that Anne did not write this letter herself.<ref name=":1" />

== Death and aftermath ==
[[File:Senlis (60), ancienne abbaye Saint-Vincent, statue d'Anne de Kiev, à gauche du portail.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Statue of Anne at the Abbey of Saint-Vincent (2011)]]

[[File:Statue Anne de Russie Reine de France (Senlis).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Statue of Anne at the Abbey of Saint-Vincent before renovation with change of inscription in 1996]]
The exact date of Anne's death is unknown. Delorme believes that she died on 5 September—the day commemorated at Senlis—in 1075 (the year of her last signed document), while others have proposed 1080.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> A ''[[terminus ante quem]]'' is provided by a 1089 document of Philip I, which indicates that Anne had died by then.<ref name=":2" />

In 1682, the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] antiquary [[Claude-François Ménestrier|Claude-Francois Menestrier]] announced that he had discovered Anne's tomb at the [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] [[Villers Abbey|Abbey of Villiers]]. The discovery was subsequently disputed, as Villiers was not built until the thirteenth century, although it's possible Anne's remains had been moved there at some point following her death. Whatever monument may have been there was destroyed in the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=":1" />

In the 18th and 19th centuries, increased diplomatic contact between France and [[Russia]] led to a revived antiquarian interest in Anne, and a number of short biographies were published. In the 20th century, Anne became a symbol of [[Ukrainian nationalism]].<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, a film was produced in the Soviet Union, "Yaroslavna, the Queen of France" (1978), which was not related with "Ukrainian nationalism" in any way. An opera called "Anna Yaroslavna", written by [[Antin Rudnytsky]], was first performed at [[Carnegie Hall]] in 1969. In 1998, the Ukrainian government issued a postage stamp in her honour.<ref name=":2" /> In 2005, the [[Government of Ukraine]] sponsored the construction of a bronze statue of Queen Anne at Senlis, which was unveiled by President [[Viktor Yushchenko]] on 22 June.<ref name=":2" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite Q|Q115751576|editor1=Henry Gardiner Adams}}<!-- [[s:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Russia]] -->
* Bauthier, Robert-Henri. 'Anne de Kiev reine de France et la politique royale au Xe siècle', ''Revue des Etudes Slaves'', vol. 57 (1985), pp.&nbsp;543–545
* Bogomoletz, Wladimir V. ''Anna of Kiev. An enigmatic Capetian Queen of the eleventh century. A reassessment of biographical sources''. In: ''French History''. Jg. 19, Nr. 3, 2005,
* Bouyer, Christian: ''Dictionnaire des Reines de France''. Perrin, Paris 1992, {{ISBN|2-262-00789-6|}}, S.&nbsp;135–137.
*Dauxois, Jacqueline. ''Anne de Kiev. Reine de France.'' Paris: Presse de la Renaissance, 2003. {{ISBN|2-85616-887-6|}}.
* de Caix de Saint-Aymour, Amédée. ''Anne de Russie, reine de France et comtesse de Valois au XIe siècle''. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1896.
* {{Cite book|title=Anne De Kiev : Épouse de Henri Ier|last=Delorme|first=Philippe|author-link = Philippe Delorme|publisher=Pygmalion|year=2015|isbn=978-2756414898|location=Paris}}
* Hallu, Roger. ''Anne de Kiev, reine de France''. Rome: Editiones Universitatis catholicae Ucrainorum, 1973.
*{{cite book|last=Horne|first=Alistair|author-link=Alistair Horne|title=La belle France: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/labellefrancesho00horn|url-access=registration|year=2005|location=New York|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9781400041404}}
*{{cite book|title=Women and Art in Early Modern Europe: Patrons, Collectors, and Connoisseurs|editor-first=Cynthia|editor-last=Lawrence|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|year=1997}}
*Lobanov-Rostovskii, Aleksandr Iakovlevich (1825). ''Recueil de Pièces Historiques sur la reine Anne ou Agnès, épouse de Henri Ier, Roi De France, et Fille de Iarosslaf Ier, Grand Duc de Russie''. Paris: Typ. De Firmin Didot, 1825.
*[http://www.history.illinois.edu/people/megmclau Megan McLaughlin], ''Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000–1122.'' Cambridge University Press, 2010.
*{{cite book|last=Raffensperger|first=Christian|title=Reimagining Europe: Kievan Rus' in the Medieval World|year=2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674065468}}
*{{cite book|last=Raffensperger|first=Christian|author-link=Christian Raffensperger|title=Ties of Kinship: Genealogy and Dynastic Marriage in Kyivan Rus'|year=2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-1932650136}}
* Sokol, Edward D.: ''Anna of Rus, Queen of France''. In ''The New Review. A Journal of East European History''. Nr. 13, 1973, S.&nbsp;3–13.
* Treffer, Gerd: ''Die französischen Königinnen. Von Bertrada bis Marie Antoinette (8.–18.&nbsp;Jahrhundert).'' Pustet, Regensburg 1996, {{ISBN|3-7917-1530-5|}}, S. 81–83.
* Ward, Emily Joan. "Anne of Kiev (c. 1024–c. 1075) and a reassessment of maternal power in the minority kingship of Philip I of France," published on 8 March 2016, Institute of Historical Research, London University.
* Woll, Carsten. ''Die Königinnen des hochmittelalterlichen Frankreich 987–1237/38 (= ''Historische Forschungen''. Band 24).'' Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2002, {{ISBN|3-515-08113-5|}}, S.&nbsp;109–116.

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

* [https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/1190.html Pope Nicholas II's 1059 letter to Anne], translated at ''[https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/ Epistolae]''
* [http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/116.html ''Women's Biography: Anne of Kiev'']

{{S-start}}
{{S-roy|fr}}
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{{S-vac|last=[[Matilda of Frisia]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of France]]|years=1051–1060}}
{{S-vac|next=[[Bertha of Holland]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{French consorts}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anne of Kiev}}
[[Category:1030 births]]
[[Category:1075 deaths]]
[[Category:House of Capet]]
[[Category:Queens consort of France]]
[[Category:11th-century women regents]]
[[Category:Regents of France]]
[[Category:11th-century regents]]
[[Category:11th-century French people]]
[[Category:11th-century French women]]
[[Category:Daughters of Grand Princes of Kiev]]
[[Category:Remarried queens consort]]
[[Category:French people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:French people of Ukrainian descent]]
[[Category:People from Kyiv]]
[[Category:Family of Vladimir the Great]]
[[Category:11th-century people from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:11th-century women from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:French people of Swedish descent]]
[[Category:French queen mothers]]