View source for Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes

{{Short description|Armed clashes between Afghanistan and Pakistan since 1949}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
| partof            = [[Taliban insurgency]] – [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
| image             = [[File:Afghanistan-Pakistan border.png|270px]]
| caption           = The international border between [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].
| date              = '''Main Phases:'''
*1949–50
*[[Bajaur Campaign|1960–61]]
*[[Soviet-Afghan War|1973–92]]
*2007–present
| place             = Eastern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], along the international border
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| status            = Occasional clashes<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/afghan-police-officer-killed-in-border-clash-with-pakistanis/2013/05/02/1fc7369c-b318-11e2-baf7-5bc2a9dc6f44_story.html|title=Afghan police officer killed in border clash with Pakistanis|newspaper=Washington Post|date=2 May 2013|quote=For years, Afghanistan and Pakistan have accused each other of border infringements, but fighting has been rare.|access-date=10 December 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212070909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/afghan-police-officer-killed-in-border-clash-with-pakistanis/2013/05/02/1fc7369c-b318-11e2-baf7-5bc2a9dc6f44_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| combatants_header = 
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|Afghanistan|1987}}{{flagdeco|AFG|1980}}{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.svg}}{{flag|Afghanistan}}{{Cref|a}}<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Soviet Union.svg}} [[Soviet Union]] (1960–[[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|1991]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1303-1961-06-KS-AJG.pdf|title=Jun 1961 - "Pakhtoonistan" Dispute. - Military Operations in Frontier Areas. - Pakistani Allegations of Afghan Incursions.|website=Keesing's Record of World Events|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108165724/https://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1303-1961-06-KS-AJG.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
----
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (since 2012)<ref name="cross border">{{cite web|date=2012-04-02|title=Cross-border attack : TTP militants storm border post in Mohmand|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/358949/cross-border-attack-ttp-militants-storm-border-post-in-mohmand|access-date=2022-02-24|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224173324/https://tribune.com.pk/story/358949/cross-border-attack-ttp-militants-storm-border-post-in-mohmand|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="va">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-taliban-clashes-spill-over-into-afghanistan/1926719.html|title=Pakistan-Taliban clash spill into Afghanistan|date=31 May 2014|work=Voice of America|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512215911/https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-taliban-clashes-spill-over-into-afghanistan/1926719.html|archive-date=12 May 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref><br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Jamaat-ul-Ahrar]] (2015–2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1346993/5-pakistan-army-soldiers-killed-militants-attack-check-posts-mohmand-agency/|title=5 soldiers killed as militants attack check posts in Mohmand Agency|date=6 March 2017|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306053109/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1346993/5-pakistan-army-soldiers-killed-militants-attack-check-posts-mohmand-agency/|archive-date=6 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="etx"/>
| combatant2        = {{flag|Pakistan}}{{Cref|b}}
| commander1        = '''1949–1950'''<br>'''1960–1961'''<br>[[File:Royal Standard of the King of Afghanistan (1931–1973).svg|22px]] [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]]<br>([[King of Afghanistan|Former King of Afghanistan]])
----
'''1973–1992'''<br>[[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1974–1978) (Variant).svg|22px]] [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] ([[President of Afghanistan|Former President of Afghanistan]])<br>{{flagdeco|AFG|1978}} [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]] ([[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan#General Secretary, Politburo and Secretariat|Former General Secretary of Afghanistan]])<br />{{flagdeco|AFG|1978}} [[Hafizullah Amin]]<br />([[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan#General Secretary, Politburo and Secretariat|Former General Secretary of Afghanistan]])<br />{{flagdeco|AFG|1980}} [[Babrak Karmal]]<br />([[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan#General Secretary, Politburo and Secretariat|Former General Secretary of Afghanistan]])<br />{{flagdeco|AFG|1987}} [[Mohammad Najibullah]]<br />([[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan#General Secretary, Politburo and Secretariat|Former President of Afghanistan]])<br>
----
'''2007–present'''<br>{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]<br />([[Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Leader of Afghanistan]])<br>[[File:Standard of the President of Afghanistan (2004-2021).svg|22px]] [[Ashraf Ghani]]<br />([[President of Afghanistan|Former President of Afghanistan]])<br>[[File:Standard of the President of Afghanistan (2004-2021).svg|22px]] [[Hamid Karzai]]<br />([[President of Afghanistan|Former President of Afghanistan]])
----
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} [[Noor Wali Mehsud]]<br />(Leader of [[Tehrik-i-Taliban|TTP]])<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} [[Fazlullah (militant leader)|Fazal Hayat]]{{KIA}}<br />(Former Leader of [[Tehrik-i-Taliban|TTP]])<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} [[Hakimullah Mehsud]]{{KIA}}<br />(Former Leader of [[Tehrik-i-Taliban|TTP]])<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Omar Khalid|Omar Khalid Khorasani]]{{KIA}}<br />(Leader of [[Jamaat-ul-Ahrar|JuA]])
| commander2        = '''1949–1950'''<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]{{assassinated}}
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'''1960–1961'''<br>[[File:Presidential Standard of Pakistan (1956-1967).svg|22px]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])
----
'''1973–1992'''<br>[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])<br />[[File:Presidential standard of Pakistan (1974–1998).svg|22px]] [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])<br>[[File:Presidential standard of Pakistan (1974–1998).svg|22px]] [[Sheikh Anwarul Haq]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former Acting President of Pakistan]])<br />[[File:Presidential standard of Pakistan (1974–1998).svg|22px]] [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])<br />[[File:Presidential standard of Pakistan (1974–1998).svg|22px]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])<br />[[File:Presidential standard of Pakistan (1974–1998).svg|22px]] [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])
----
'''2007–present'''<br>[[File:Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg|22px]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]<br>([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])<br>[[File:Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg|22px]] [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former Acting President of Pakistan]])<br>[[File:Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg|22px]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])<br>[[File:Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg|22px]] [[Mamnoon Hussain]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])<br>[[File:Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg|22px]] [[Arif Alvi]]<br />([[President of Pakistan|Former President of Pakistan]])<br>[[File:Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg|22px]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]]<br />([[President of Pakistan]])
| units1            = [[Afghan Army]] 
* (Taliban forces)
----
[[Afghan National Security Forces]] (until 2021)
* Afghan National Army (ANA)
* [[Afghan Border Police]] (ABP)
----
[[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] (until 1992)
*[[Afghan Air Force (1978-1992)|Afghan Air Force]]
** [[99th Missile Brigade]]
*[[KhAD]]
*[[Sarandoy]]
| units2            = Pakistan Armed Forces (Northern Command)
* [[Pakistan Army]]
** [[XI Corps (Pakistan)|XI Corps]]
** [[Frontier Corps]]
* [[Pakistan Air Force]]
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}}
{{Campaignbox US war in Afghanistan}}
{{Campaignbox Waziristan}}
A series of occasional armed skirmishes and firefights have occurred along the [[Durand Line|Afghanistan–Pakistan border]] between the [[Afghan Armed Forces]] and the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] since 1949. The latest round of hostilities between the two countries began in April 2007.<ref name="start">{{cite web|last=SATP|date=2020-09-29|title=Persistent Tension On Afghanistan-Pakistan Border – Analysis|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/29092020-persistent-tension-on-afghanistan-pakistan-border-analysis/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Eurasia Review|language=en-US|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022033416/https://www.eurasiareview.com/29092020-persistent-tension-on-afghanistan-pakistan-border-analysis/|url-status=live}}</ref> Militants belonging to [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] and [[Jamaat-ul-Ahrar]] also use Afghanistan's territory to target Pakistani security personnel deployed along the border.<ref name="va"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani soldiers killed in firing along Afghanistan border|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/30/pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-firing-along-afghanistan-border|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813055957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/30/pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-firing-along-afghanistan-border|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2018-06-16|title=Three soldiers martyred, five terrorists killed in cross-border attacks|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/199394-three-soldiers-martyred-five-terrorists-killed-in-cross-border-attacks|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Geo.tv|language=en|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224163244/https://www.geo.tv/latest/199394-three-soldiers-martyred-five-terrorists-killed-in-cross-border-attacks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Cross-border firing kills one in Bajaur district (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) September 21|url=https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2020/09/pakistan-cross-border-firing-kills-one-in-bajaur-district-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-province-september-21|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Pakistan: Cross-border firing kills one in Bajaur district (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) September 21 &#124; Crisis24|language=en|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224163240/https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2020/09/pakistan-cross-border-firing-kills-one-in-bajaur-district-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-province-september-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pakistani-taliban-leader-mullah-fazlullah-killed-in-afghanistan-strike-2018-6|title=Pakistani Taliban leader who ordered shooting of Malala Yousafzai killed in airstrike on Afghan border|date=15 June 2018|work=Business Insider|quote=A member of the Pakistani Taliban told Reuters by telephone on Friday the group was trying to get word from Afghanistan, where most of the Pakistani Taliban fighters are now based.|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505125144/https://www.businessinsider.com/pakistani-taliban-leader-mullah-fazlullah-killed-in-afghanistan-strike-2018-6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/clashes-pakistan-afghanistan-border-kill-170317061451793.html|title=Clashes hit Pakistan-Afghanistan border|date=17 March 2017|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614102641/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/clashes-pakistan-afghanistan-border-kill-170317061451793.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Diplomat]]'' says that the presence of terrorists belonging to [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] on Afghan soil is the reason for sporadic shelling of Afghanistan's territory by Pakistani security forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/afghan-pakistani-cross-border-terrorism-cuts-both-ways/|title=Afghan-Pakistani border terrorism cuts both ways|date=9 April 2018|access-date=3 May 2019|work=The Diplomat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518162748/https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/afghan-pakistani-cross-border-terrorism-cuts-both-ways/|archive-date=18 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
Hostilities existed between Afghanistan and the newly independent Pakistan since 1947,<ref name="Emadi">{{cite journal |title=Durand Line and Afghan-Pak relations |author=Emadi, Hafiullah |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=1990 |volume=25 |issue=28}}</ref> when Afghanistan became the only country to vote against the admission of Pakistan to the United Nations.<ref name="Hassan">{{cite book |title=Pakistan-Afghanistan relations |author=Hasan, Khurshid |year=1962 |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=14–24}}</ref> Before Pakistan's [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|independence]], Afghanistan advocated the independence of its north-west frontier,<ref name="FairWatson2015">{{cite book|author1=C. Christine Fair|author2=Sarah J. Watson|title=Pakistan's Enduring Challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxtrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281|date=18 February 2015|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4690-2|pages=281–}}</ref> although the region's predominant Pashtun population had voted overwhelmingly in favor of Pakistan over India in the referendum held in July 1947. 99.02% votes were cast in favor of Pakistan.<ref name="prr.hec.gov.pk">{{cite book|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |title=Electoral History of NWFP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRsuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|title=A Century of Crisis and Conflict in the International System: Theory and Evidence: Intellectual Odyssey III|access-date=25 July 2017|author=Michael Brecher|date=25 July 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319571560|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209165906/https://books.google.com/books?id=NRsuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the proposed [[Pashtunistan]] state by Afghanistan fluctuated in size over time,<ref name="FairWatson20152">{{cite book |author1=C. Christine Fair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxtrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281 |title=Pakistan's Enduring Challenges |author2=Sarah J. Watson |date=18 February 2015 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4690-2 |pages=281–}}</ref> the Balochistan province of Pakistan was also frequently included in the Greater Pastunistan definition to gain access to the Arabian sea in case Pakistan failed as a state,<ref name="Emadi"/> as Afghanistan had expected, but the idea became unpopular.<ref name="Hassan" />

The International border between [[British Raj|British India]] and [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] was established after the 1893 ''Durand Line Agreement'' between [[British Raj|British]] [[Mortimer Durand]] of British India and [[list of monarchs of Afghanistan|Amir]] [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] of Afghanistan for fixing the limit of their respective [[spheres of influence]]. The single-page agreement, which contains seven short articles, was signed by Durand and Khan, agreeing not to exercise political interference beyond the [[frontier]] line between what was then the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and what was also then the [[British Indian Empire]].<ref name="LoC-Smith">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html |title=A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=United States |first=Cynthia |last=Smith |date=August 2004|access-date=11 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206215137/http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pub/afghanistan.html|archive-date=6 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Durand Line]] was reaffirmed as the International Border between Afghanistan and British India in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|1919 Anglo-Afghan War]] after the Afghan independence. The Afghans undertook to stop interference on the British side of the line in the subsequent [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919]] in Rawalpindi.<ref name=Sidebotham>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200607170060|title=The Third Afghan War|last=Sidebotham|first=Herbert|work=New Statesman |date=16 August 1919|access-date=17 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605041635/http://www.newstatesman.com/200607170060 |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref>

Pakistan inherited the Durand Line agreement after its [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|independence]] in 1947, but the Afghan Government has always refused to accept the Durand Line Agreement. Afghanistan has several times tried to seize Pakistan's western provinces of [[Balochistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. The then Afghan Prime Minister, Muhammad Hashim, said "if an independent Pashtunistan cannot be set up, the frontier province should join Afghanistan. Our neighbor Pakistan will realize that our country, with its population and trade, needs an outlet to the sea, which is very essential", in an interview with the Statesman.<ref name="Emadi" /> In 1949, Pakistan Air Force [[1949 Mughalgai raid|bombed the Afghan sponsored militant camps]] in border areas including an Afghan village to curb an unrest led by Ipi Faqir propagating independent Pashtunistan.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal">{{cite web|last=Amin |first=Abdul Hameed |title=Remembering our Warriors: Major-General Baber and Bhutto's Operation Cyclone. |work=Pakistan Military Consortium and Directorate for the Military History Research (DMHR) |publisher=Pakistan Defence Journal |year=2001 |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm |access-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428172353/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm |archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> Border clashes were reported in 1949–50 for the first time.<ref name="Hassan" />

On 30 September 1950, Pakistan claimed that Afghan troops and tribesmen had crossed into Pakistan's Balochistan, resulting in the Afghan invasion of Pakistan. The low-scale invasion was repelled after six days of fighting. The Afghan government denied its involvement and claimed that they were pro-Pashtunistan Pashtun tribesmen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Article-Gartenstein_Ross-and-Vassefi.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203000435/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Article-Gartenstein_Ross-and-Vassefi.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

Tensions soared with the Pakistani [[One Unit]] program, and both countries withdrew ambassadors and diplomatic staff in 1955. The Pakistani Embassy in Kabul and consulates in Kandhar and Jalalabad were attacked by mobs.<ref name="Emadi" /><ref name="Hassan" /> In 1960, major skirmishes broke with the Afghan Forces massing out on the Afghan side of the border with tanks. These skirmishes saw the Pakistan Air Force bombarding Afghan forces. This bombardment led to a brief hiatus in the skirmishes. On 6 September 1961, Kabul formally severed diplomatic relations with Pakistan.<ref name="FairWatson2015" /> In March 1961, months before the major battle broke out in the khyber pass area, Afghanistan reportedly provided weapons and ammunition to proxies under the leadership of Fazl Akbar, to incite an [[uprising]] in the Batmalai district of [[Bajaur]].{{Sfn|Leake|2017|p=222}} Pacha Gul was advised to go before an aerial counteroffensive would be triggered for serving as an agent for Afghanistan and providing resources worth of 170 million Afghanis, cash, and arms to the bajaur tribesmen which were to incite an uprising against Pakistan.{{Sfn|Kaur|1985|p=110}}{{Sfn|Dupree|2014|p=539-540}} The Pakistan air force acted by bombing the area where the ammunition dump was stored. The Pakistani air force then claimed to have destroyed a major ammunition dump during the raid.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Delving into the Masked Chronicles: Unveiling the Overlooked Pre-1979 Historical Landscape of Pakistan and Afghanistan |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/delving-masked-chronicles-unveiling-overlooked-pre-1979-ayesha-fayyaz |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Afghan proxy war {{!}} Military Amino Amino |url=https://aminoapps.com/c/military-amino/page/blog/the-afghan-proxy-war/2vYl_2zaHNumnMjopzrRDmNxZV80k3E08qQ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Military Amino {{!}} aminoapps.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SULTAN M HALI |date=12 August 2016 |title=There's only so much insult a friend can bear |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/08/12/comment/breaking-the-myths-of-pakistan-ruining-afghanistan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813125947/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/08/12/comment/breaking-the-myths-of-pakistan-ruining-afghanistan/ |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=Pakistan Today}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dupree|2014|p=539-540}}

In 1950 the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] held its view on the Afghan-Pakistan dispute over the Durand Line by stating:{{blockquote|[[Government of the United Kingdom|His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom]] has seen with regret the disagreements between the Governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan about the status of the territories on the North West Frontier. It is His Majesty's Government's view that Pakistan is in international law the inheritor of the rights and duties of the old Government of India and of his Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom in these territories and that the Durand Line is the international frontier.<ref>Durand Line, 1956, page 12.</ref>|[[Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker|Philip Noel-Baker]]|30 June 1950}}

At the 1956 SEATO ([[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]]) Ministerial Council Meeting held at [[Karachi]], capital of Pakistan at the time, it was stated:{{blockquote|The members of the Council declared that their governments recognised that the sovereignty of Pakistan extends up to the Durand Line, the international boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and it was consequently affirmed that the Treaty area referred to in Articles IV and VIII of the Treaty includes the area up to that Line.<ref>Durand Line, 1956, page 13</ref>|SEATO|8 March 1956}}

The Afghan government, having secured a treaty in December 1978 that allowed them to call on Soviet forces, repeatedly requested the introduction of troops in Afghanistan in the spring and summer of 1979. The 1979 [[Soviet–Afghan War]] forced millions of Afghans to take refuge inside [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]]. Pakistani officials feared that the Soviet Union began some kind of military show down and that Pakistan or at least its Balochistan province was next on the Soviet agenda. During the early 1980s, multi-national [[mujahideen]] forces (consisting of about 100,000 fighters from forty different Muslim countries in addition to 150,000 local fighters) found support from the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Iran in the context of the [[Cold War]]. They were trained by Pakistani military in its frontier region around the Durand Line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |title=Story of US, CIA and Taliban |work=[[The Brunei Times]] |date=17 December 2008 |first=Michael |last=Parenti |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205090713/http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref>

On 29 September 1984, Pakistani officials stated that an [[Afghan Air Force (1978-1992)|Afghan Air Force]] aircraft flew across the [[Durand Line]] and used its munitions on Pakistani border town [[Tari Mangal|Teri Mangal]], situated in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], used by the [[Afghan mujahideen]]. The plane supposedly dropped two bombs and stayed in Pakistani airspace for 2–4 minutes before flying back to [[Afghanistan]]. As a result of the bombing, 32 people were killed, 48 were injured and 200 local shops in the town were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=AROUND THE WORLD; Afghan Plane Kills 32 In Raid, Pakistan Says - The New York Times |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409092322/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/29/world/around-the-world-afghan-plane-kills-32-in-raid-pakistan-says.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> In the same year, observers reported that Soviet–Afghan forces made 43 airspace violations and 14 ground incursions into [[Pakistan]], resulting in 300 casualties and heavy losses for each side. The [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|Afghan government]] then accused the [[Pakistan Army]] of attacking its garrisons after airstrikes spilled into Pakistani territory.<ref name="Seekins">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXzqn7XWdJkC&dq=1984+afghan+airstrikes+on+pakistan&pg=PA321 |title=Afghanistan A Country Study |year=1986 |pages=321 |language=English |last1=Nyrop |first1=Richard F. |last2=Seekins |first2=Donald M. }}</ref>

The Soviet Union decided to withdraw in 1989 and when aid dried up on Afghanistan in 1992, a [[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|civil war]] began. This was followed by the rise and fall of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban government]]. Since late 2001, as high as 140,000 [[NATO]]-led troops were stationed in Afghanistan to [[NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan|train Afghans]] and rebuild their war-torn country. In the meantime, the [[Taliban insurgency]] began around 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/06/15/haqqani-network-threatens-attacks-judges|title=Haqqani network threatens attacks on judges|date=15 June 2011 |access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214213526/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/06/15/haqqani-network-threatens-attacks-judges|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=live|last1=Yaqubi |first1=Mali Khan }}</ref><ref>[http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/3249-7-burka-clad-terrorists-captured-in-nangarhar 7 Burka-Clad Terrorists Captured in Nangarhar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706221614/http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/3249-7-burka-clad-terrorists-captured-in-nangarhar |date=6 July 2011 }}, by [[Tolo News]]. 4 July 2011.</ref> To counter the insurgency and bring stability in Afghanistan, the United States built bases and garrisons for the [[Afghan National Security Forces]], and is using [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s to carry out [[drone attacks in Pakistan]], mainly the [[Haqqani network]] in and around the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (FATA).

In September 2017, [[Brad Sherman]], a US lawmaker, suggested conditioning US aid to Afghanistan to the recognition of Durand Line. He added:
{{blockquote|I realise that's tough. They'll say, oh, don't—but the fact is, as long as Afghanistan leaves open the idea that they're claiming Pakistani territory, it’s going to be very hard to get the Pakistanis involved, as we need them involved, in controlling the Afghan Taliban.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1356524|title=US asked to condition Afghan aid to recognition of Durand Line|work=Dawn|date=9 September 2017|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909053546/https://www.dawn.com/news/1356524|archive-date=9 September 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|[[Brad Sherman]]|7 September 2017}}

== Islamic Republic era skirmishes ==
The following is an incomplete list of recent events relating to the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes. Most of these events cannot be independently verified because news journalists usually have very limited access to reaching the areas where the fighting take place.
* '''13 May 2007''' – An armed clash broke out between [[Pakistan Army]] and [[Afghan National Army]]. According to Afghan sources, clashes erupted when Pakistan Army established a border military post inside Afghan territory in [[Zazai District|Zazai district]].<ref name="di">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-afghan/up-to-7-afghan-troops-killed-in-pakistan-clash-idUSISL1707720070513?mod=related&channelName=worldNews|title=Up to 7 Afghan troops killed in Pakistan clash|date=13 May 2007|access-date=3 May 2019|work=Reuters|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005933/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-afghan/up-to-7-afghan-troops-killed-in-pakistan-clash-idUSISL1707720070513?mod=related&channelName=worldNews|url-status=live}}</ref> While according to Pakistani officials, clashes erupted when Afghan soldiers opened firing on five to six border posts in [[Kurram Agency|Kurram]] tribal region in North-West Pakistan.<ref name="di"/> Governor of [[Paktika]] province, Rahmatullah Rahmat, said that as many as 41 Afghans were either killed or injured in the clash. Other Afghans sources state that 13 Afghans<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1076507.html|title=Protest at Pakistani Embassy Over Afghan Border Clashes|date=16 May 2007|access-date=3 May 2019|work=Gandhara Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164735/https://www.rferl.org/a/1076507.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (9 Afghan soldiers and 4 civilians) were killed. 3 soldiers of Pakistan Army were also injured in the clash.<ref name="refe">{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1076455.html|title=Afghan, Pakistani Forces Clash For Second Day|date=14 May 2007|access-date=3 May 2019|work=Gandhara Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629030347/https://www.rferl.org/a/1076455.html|archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''3 February 2011''' – One Pakistani and 7 Afghan soldiers were killed and three others injured after a clash broke out along the border between Pakistani and Afghan forces including an Afghan Colonel. 3 Afghan Soldiers were also arrested by Pakistani Forces which were later returned. An Afghan commander in Khost confirmed the exchange of fire and alleged that the incident broke out after Pakistani troops in Waziristan opened fire towards Afghan police posts in [[Gurbuz District]], claiming the Afghan engagement as retaliation. However, a Pakistani military official in Peshawar said that the Afghan troops fired on a Pakistan army check post in [[Ghulam Khan]], North Waziristan and that the fire emanated from Afghan territory first. "We are responding with artillery and mortars," he added.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/112950/soldier-killed-in-exchange-of-fire-on-pak-afghan-border/|title=Afghanistan-Pakistan border: Pakistani soldier killed as troops exchange fire|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=3 February 2011|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205052358/http://tribune.com.pk/story/112950/soldier-killed-in-exchange-of-fire-on-pak-afghan-border/|archive-date=5 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''June 2011''' – Afghanistan blamed Pakistan for killing dozens of Afghan civilians in cross-border shelling conducted for several months. The Afghan government called for the immediate cessation of the artillery fire from Pakistan against Afghan villages. Afghan Army spokesman Mohammad Zahir Azimi said around 150 missiles fired from Pakistan had landed in different areas of Kunar province.<ref name="tolonews1">{{cite news|title=Afghan FM Calls on Pakistan to Stop Shelling Afghan Villages |date=24 June 2011 |publisher=TOLOnews |url=http://tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/3141-afghan-fm-calls-on-pakistan-to-stop-shelling-afghan-villages |work=TOLOnews |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184937/http://tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/3141-afghan-fm-calls-on-pakistan-to-stop-shelling-afghan-villages |archive-date=20 May 2013 }}</ref>
* '''July 2011''' – Afghan officials alleged that around 42 Afghans were killed while another 48 were injured as a result of Pakistan military shelling in [[Nangarhar]], [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] and [[Nuristan]] provinces of Afghanistan. Afghan officials claim that the Pakistani military have been shelling these areas for the past five weeks. The attacks drew widespread condemnation from Afghan security officials and Tribal elders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-shelling-angers-afghanistan/article2159093.ece|title=Pakistan shelling angers Afghanistan|date=4 July 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133052/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-shelling-angers-afghanistan/article2159093.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/270831/30-afghan-militants-after-border-raid/|title=30 Afghan militants killed after cross-border raid|date=10 October 2011|work=Express Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011133624/https://tribune.com.pk/story/270831/30-afghan-militants-after-border-raid/|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/world/asia/04afghanistan.html?_r=1|title=Deadly shelling by Pakistan in Afghanistan is stoking tensions|date=3 July 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122507/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/world/asia/04afghanistan.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref> In Kabul, around 200 people gathered to protest and condemn cross-border shelling and bombardment of eastern Afghanistan's provinces.<ref name="reject">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/200987/afghans-protest-in-kabul-over-pakistani-border-shelling/|title=Diplomatic spat: Afghans protest border shelling|date=3 July 2011|work=Express Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705070333/https://tribune.com.pk/story/200987/afghans-protest-in-kabul-over-pakistani-border-shelling/|archive-date=5 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Pakistan rejected Afghan government accusations, saying a "few accidental rounds may have been fired when it chased unknown militants who had crossed from Afghanistan and attacked its security installments".<ref name="reject"/> Moreover, [[Afghan Border Police]] officials also acknowledged the presence of terrorist belonging to [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Tehrik-i-Taliban (Pakistan)]] in areas where shelling took place. Afghan border police officials stated that after NATO forces had withdrawn from [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] and [[Nangarhar]] provinces, terrorist belonging to Tehrik-i-Taliban (Pakistan) moved in behind fleeing Afghan civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2011/06/27/karzai_blames_pakistan_for_rocket_attacks_across_border/|title=Karzai blames Pakistan for rocket attacks across border|date=27 June 2011|work=Boston .com|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506133944/http://archive.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2011/06/27/karzai_blames_pakistan_for_rocket_attacks_across_border/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''19 July 2011''' – Pakistani officials stated that over 20 mortar shells were fired from Afghanistan which killed 4 Pakistani soldiers and wounded another 2. Pakistan blamed the Afghan National Army for the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/212983/mortars-from-afghanistan-kill-four-in-pakistan-officials/|title=Cross-Border Attack: Afghan shelling kills 4 Pakistani soldiers|date=20 July 2011 |access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929060405/http://tribune.com.pk/story/212983/mortars-from-afghanistan-kill-four-in-pakistan-officials/|archive-date=29 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''27 August 2011''' – at least 2 Pakistani security personnel were killed and seven others injured in [[Chitral]] after militants crossed the border from [[Nuristan province]] and initiated firing. The Pakistani government blamed Afghanistan, saying since their expulsion from Pakistani tribal areas, militants were regrouping in Kunar and Nuristan with the support of local Afghan authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/241008/cross-border-attack-28-dead-as-ttp-men-attack-border-posts/|title=Cross-border attack: Taliban militants kill 32 security personnel|date=28 August 2011 |access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214215311/http://tribune.com.pk/story/241008/cross-border-attack-28-dead-as-ttp-men-attack-border-posts/|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''7 September 2011''' – Protesters from [[Chitral]] staged a demonstration outside the [[Peshawar Press Club]] against an alleged continuous Taliban infiltration into Pakistan from Afghanistan, including the abduction of 30 Pakistani children a week ago on the day of [[Eid ul-Fitr]]. The protestors said they would stand against insurgents if their region was attacked in the future and blamed the Afghan government, insisting that Afghan authorities and NATO forces were failing to contain Afghanistan-based militants. The protestors also urged the need to increase the presence of border forces and called on the federal government to take up the issue with the Afghan government to avoid future incidents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/246748/protest-locals-express-anger-at-afghan-taliban-infiltration/|title=Protest: Locals express anger at Afghan Taliban infiltration|work=Express Tribune|date=7 September 2011|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004100519/http://tribune.com.pk/story/246748/protest-locals-express-anger-at-afghan-taliban-infiltration/|archive-date=4 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''25 September 2011''' – Afghan authorities claimed that more than 340 rockets had been fired over the course of four days from Pakistani territory. The rockets damaged a few buildings, resulted in the death of a child and also forced hundreds to flee their homes. An employee from the [[Ministry of the Interior (Afghanistan)|Afghan Ministry of the Interior]] did not disclose the source of the cross-border shelling but said: "We call on Pakistan, whoever is behind the attacks, to prevent it immediately."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/260008/afghans-accuse-pakistan-over-fresh-border-shelling/|title=Afghanistan claims Pakistan Army shelling Afghan border areas|work=Express Tribune|date=26 September 2011|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220516/http://tribune.com.pk/story/260008/afghans-accuse-pakistan-over-fresh-border-shelling/|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''10 October 2011''' – Pakistani security forces stated that they killed 30 Afghan militants when a group of 200 militants from Afghanistan crossed the border into Pakistan. One Pakistani soldier was also killed in the clash.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/270831/30-afghan-militants-after-border-raid/|title=30 Afghan militants killed after cross-border raid|work=Express Tribune|date=10 October 2011|access-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011133624/http://tribune.com.pk/story/270831/30-afghan-militants-after-border-raid/|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''12 January 2012''' – Pakistani Special Forces Troops from elite [[Special Services Group]] entered 4 to 5&nbsp;km deep inside Afghan borders from Lower Dir area in pursuit of militants. Afghan Forces opened fire in retaliation, 11 Afghan Soldiers were killed in the exchange of fire. Pakistan immediately withdrew without any casualties. Afghanistan also blamed SSG Commandos for taking away the body of a killed Afghan Army Major.
* '''2 May 2013''' – An armed clash took place between Pakistan and Afghan soldiers. The clash resulted in death of 1 [[Afghan Border Police]] officer. 2 Afghan border police personnel were also injured. While 2 personnel of Pakistan's [[Frontier Constabulary]] were also injured in the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-may-02-la-fg-wn-afghanistan-pakistan-border-clash-20130502-story.html|title=Afghanistan police officer killed in Pakistan border clash|date=2 May 2013|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503184913/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-may-02-la-fg-wn-afghanistan-pakistan-border-clash-20130502-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-afghanistan/pakistan-afghan-forces-in-high-stakes-clash-along-border-idUSBRE9410T520130502|title=Pakistan, Afghan forces in high-stakes clash along border|date=2 May 2013|work=Reuters|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503184909/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-afghanistan/pakistan-afghan-forces-in-high-stakes-clash-along-border-idUSBRE9410T520130502|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''8 June 2013''' – Pakistan Army Aviation [[Bell AH-1 Cobra]] Gunship Helicopters crossed the border from North Waziristan into Paktia and hit 3 TTP Targets before returning.
*'''31 May 2014''' – Around 150 to 300 Militants belonging to [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Tehrik-i-Taliban (Pakistan)]] attacked a group of Pakistan military post at Nao top in [[Bajaur District]]. Pakistani military said that it successfully repelled the attack. In the attack 1 Pakistani soldiers and 16 militants belonging to Tehrik-i-Taliban were killed. According to Pakistani officials, gunship helicopters were also used to target Taliban positions in Afghanistan. Afghan defense minister General [[Bismillah Khan Mohammadi]] acknowledged that Pakistan military post was attacked by Talibans from [[Afghanistan]] side of the border. However, Afghan officials claim that the Pakistani gunship helicopters had crossed into Afghan territory. They claim that 4 Afghan civilians were killed and 10 others were injured as result of strikes conducted by those gunship helicopters.<ref name="va"/>
*'''4 June 2014''' – Pakistani officials stated that terrorist from Afghanistan launched an attack on Pakistan's border post in [[Bajaur Agency]]. According to Pakistani officials, around 4 Pakistani soldiers were killed while 3 others were injured in the attack. Terrorist belonging to [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Tehrik-i-Taliban (Pakistan)]] were responsible for the attack. The attack was preceded by 31 May 2014 attack which also took place in Bajaur Agency. In the attack, 14 terrorist belonging to Tehrik-i-Taliban (Pakistan) were killed. Pakistani officials also stated that one of their border guard was killed while two others were injured. The attack by the terrorist on the border post was repelled successfully.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/717311/cross-border-attack-two-soldiers-killed-in-bajaur-agency/|title=Cross-border attack: Four soldiers killed in Bajaur Agency|date=4 June 2014|work=Express Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606085212/https://tribune.com.pk/story/717311/cross-border-attack-two-soldiers-killed-in-bajaur-agency/|archive-date=6 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''24 June 2014''' – Afghan officials alleged that Pakistani soldiers have crossed the border and have conducted an attack on Afghan soldiers in Afghan territory. Afghan officials stated that the incursion took place in [[Kunar Province]] of Afghanistan and 3 Afghan National Army (ANA) soldiers and 8 Afghan civilians were killed in the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/726177/cross-border-attacks-kabul-mulls-response-after-slaying-of-three-soldiers/|title=Cross border attacks: Kabul mulls response after 'slaying of three soldiers'|date=24 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212031514/http://tribune.com.pk/story/726177/cross-border-attacks-kabul-mulls-response-after-slaying-of-three-soldiers/|archive-date=12 December 2014|work=Express Tribune|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''20 December 2014''' – [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] Thunders from Pakistan Air Force Western Air Command flew into Afghanistan in Kunar Province and reportedly hit 27 targets. Air strikes were carried out in three phases throughout the night and reportedly 50 militants were killed. An Afghan soldier was also killed when an Afghan mobile patrol was mistakenly identified as a militant vehicle by Pakistani aircraft, SSG was also sent in to get the bodies of as many militants as possible. ANA troops did not retaliate against the Pakistani aircraft as the [[Ministry of Defence (Afghanistan)]] directed them not to engage Pakistani forces.
* '''23 August 2015''' – Four Pakistani soldiers manning a border post were killed and four more injured in a rocket attack which originated from Afghanistan. The Pakistan military stated that it eliminated the group of militants responsible for the attack. This followed an attack on 16 and 17 August in which three Frontier Constabulary officers had also been killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1202316/ |title=Rocket attack from Afghanistan kills four soldiers: ISPR |author=Mateen Haider |date=23 August 2015 |website=Dawn |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012112622/https://www.dawn.com/news/1202316 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
* '''13–16 June 2016''' – Pakistan and Afghan military clashed along the Torkham border for a period of three days.<ref name="abc">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/gunfire-pakistan-afghan-border-afghan-guard-killed-39866423 |title=More Gunfire at Pakistan-Afghan Border; Afghan Guard Killed |work=ABC News |date=15 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615092401/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/gunfire-pakistan-afghan-border-afghan-guard-killed-39866423 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref name="Khushal">{{cite news|url=http://1tvnews.af/en/news/afghanistan/22919-another-afghan-policeman-killed-in-pakistan-clashes-toll-3 |title=Another Afghan policeman killed in Pakistan clashes, toll 3 |work=1 TV News |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618215458/http://1tvnews.af/en/news/afghanistan/22919-another-afghan-policeman-killed-in-pakistan-clashes-toll-3 |archive-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> One Pakistan army Major, Ali Jawad Changezi, was injured in the clashes along Torkham border and later died in a hospital in [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]] on 14 June. Four Pakistani border guards and nine civilians were also injured in the clashes that lasted for three days. According to Pakistan, Afghan army started unprovoked firing at roughly 9pm on Sunday to disrupt the construction of a gate 37 meters inside the Pakistani side of the border.<ref name="jawad">{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1122285/pakistan-army-major-injured-torkham-firing-succumbs-wounds/ |title=Pakistan Army major injured in Torkham firing succumbs to wounds |work=The Express Tribune |date=14 June 2016 |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614103228/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1122285/pakistan-army-major-injured-torkham-firing-succumbs-wounds/ |archive-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/urdu/world/2016/06/160615_torkham_tension_firing_resumes_hk |title=Two Pakistani soldiers injured in the clash on the Afghan border (افغان سرحد پر تازہ جھڑپ میں دو پاکستانی اہلکار زخمی) |publisher=BBC Urdu |date=15 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615104936/http://www.bbc.com/urdu/world/2016/06/160615_torkham_tension_firing_resumes_hk |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The gate is designed to curb illegal cross-border movement and check the movement of terrorists, and is part of the greater under-construction [[Pakistan–Afghanistan barrier]].<ref name="jawad"/> The Torkham border crossing was forced to close due to skirmishes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/world/asia/afghanistan-pakistan-torkham-border-crossing.html |title=Afghanistan and Pakistan Exchange Heavy Gunfire Along Border |work=The New York Times |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614065538/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/world/asia/afghanistan-pakistan-torkham-border-crossing.html |archive-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref> According to Afghan officials, three Afghan soldiers<ref name="abc"/> and two Afghan civilians<ref>{{cite news|url=http://afghanistantimes.af/police-martyred-in-torkham-fresh-clash/ |title=Police "martyred" in Torkham fresh clash |work=Afghanistan Times |date=15 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615115444/http://afghanistantimes.af/police-martyred-in-torkham-fresh-clash/|archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> were killed as a result of Pakistan army firing. Seventeen Afghan soldiers were also reported to be injured in the three days clash.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://afghanistantimes.af/parliament-denounces-pakistan-for-torkham-raid/|title=Parliament denounces Pakistan for Torkham raid|date=15 June 2016|work=Afghanistan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616182137/http://afghanistantimes.af/parliament-denounces-pakistan-for-torkham-raid/|archive-date=16 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to some reports Pakistan Army had captured three Afghan border outposts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1121661/afghanistan-pakistan-agree-ceasefire-along-torkham-border-abdullah-abdullah/ |title=Afghanistan, Pakistan agree on ceasefire along Torkham border: Abdullah Abdullah |work=The Express Tribune |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613145209/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1121661/afghanistan-pakistan-agree-ceasefire-along-torkham-border-abdullah-abdullah/ |archive-date=13 June 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref> On 15 June 2016, Pakistan restarted the construction of the border gate on the Torkham border.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/06/15/national/pakistan-resumes-construction-of-torkham-border-gate/ |title=Pakistan resumes construction of Torkham border gate |work=Pakistan Today |date=15 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616184550/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/06/15/national/pakistan-resumes-construction-of-torkham-border-gate/ |archive-date=16 June 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
* '''17–19 February 2017''' – Over 48 hours, the Pakistani Army fired scores of missiles on [[Goshta District]] and [[Lal Pur District]] in Nangarhar province and [[Sirkanay District]] of Kunar province. Pakistani artillery rounds destroyed a dozen sites belonging to terrorist groups like [[Jamaat-ul-Ahrar]] and [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]], killing 15 to 20 terrorists and injuring many more.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/02/17/pakistan-shells-hit-inside-afghanistan|title=Pakistan shells hit eastern Afghanistan after shrine attack|date=17 February 2017|work=SBS News|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218111018/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/02/17/pakistan-shells-hit-inside-afghanistan|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="etx">{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1332370/pictures-ttp-jua-camps-decimated-artillery-shelling/|title=In pictures: TTP, JuA camps being decimated in artillery shelling|date=19 February 2017|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220175051/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1332370/pictures-ttp-jua-camps-decimated-artillery-shelling/|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/187186-Pakistani-forces-pound-terrorist-camps-in-Afghanistan|title=Pakistani forces pound terrorist camps in Afghanistan|date=18 February 2017|work=The News|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218021241/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/187186-Pakistani-forces-pound-terrorist-camps-in-Afghanistan|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/18-Feb-2017/pakistan-army-reportedly-destroys-jua-compound-in-afghanistan|title=Pakistan Army reportedly destroys JuA compound in Afghanistan|date=18 February 2017|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218043223/http://nation.com.pk/national/18-Feb-2017/pakistan-army-reportedly-destroys-jua-compound-in-afghanistan|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports, Pakistan's cross-border shelling left more than 2,000 families homeless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/mod-cross-border-shelling-pakistan-act-aggression|title=MoD: Cross-Border Shelling By Pakistan An Act of Aggression|publisher=Tolonews|date=19 February 2017|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052956/http://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/mod-cross-border-shelling-pakistan-act-aggression|archive-date=25 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This took place one day after the [[Sehwan suicide bombing]] in which [[ISIL-KP]] bombed the revered [[Sufi]] [[Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]] in Pakistan's [[Sindh]] province, killing 91 people and wounding 300 others. The Afghan foreign ministry protested the shelling by Pakistan on its territory.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1331890/pak-afghan-border-trainer-suicide-bombers-killed-artillery-shelling/|title=Pak-Afghan border: Trainer of suicide bombers killed in artillery shelling|date=19 February 2017|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221005436/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1331890/pak-afghan-border-trainer-suicide-bombers-killed-artillery-shelling/|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''5 March 2017''' – Afghan officials claimed that Pakistan military has been shelling parts of [[Kunar province]] and [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar province]] for the past two weeks. Afghan officials claim that 4 Afghan civilians were killed and dozen others were wounded in the shelling. Afghan reports claim that Pakistan military had fired more than 500 rockets which had in turn had made 500 families homeless.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/casualties-rise-amid-pakistan%E2%80%99s-cross-border-attacks|title=Casualties rise amid Pakistan's cross border attacks|date=5 March 2017|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305175433/https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/casualties-rise-amid-pakistan%E2%80%99s-cross-border-attacks|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''5 May 2017''' – In the [[2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish]], a Pakistani census team in [[Chaman]] was attacked by Afghan forces and in return Pakistani forces attacked the Afghan Army. At least seven Afghan soldiers and two Pakistani soldiers were killed, as well as at least two civilians. At least 30 civilians were wounded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistan-claims-it-killed-50-afghan-border-forces/2017/05/07/b132a30a-3320-11e7-b412-62beef8121f7_story.html|title=Pakistan claims it killed 50 Afghan border troops|last1=Constable|first1=Pamela|author-link=Pamela Constable |date=7 May 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=8 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508000721/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistan-claims-it-killed-50-afghan-border-forces/2017/05/07/b132a30a-3320-11e7-b412-62beef8121f7_story.html|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''5 April 2018''' – Afghan government officials claim that the [[Pakistan Air Force]] had conducted airstrikes in [[Kunar province]] of Afghanistan which has caused 'huge financial losses' for the Afghan government. According to Afghan government officials, Pakistan Air Force dropped around four bombs within Afghanistan's territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-pakistan-bombs/afghanistan-accuses-pakistan-of-air-strikes-ahead-of-leaders-talks-idUSKCN1HC2E7|title=Afghanistan accuses Pakistan of air strikes ahead of leaders' talk|date=5 April 2018|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405200956/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-pakistan-bombs/afghanistan-accuses-pakistan-of-air-strikes-ahead-of-leaders-talks-idUSKCN1HC2E7|archive-date=5 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Pakistan officials rejected Afghan government allegations and termed them baseless. Pakistani officials stated that the Pakistan security forces were countering militants groups based in Afghanistan, who had launched attacks against the Pakistani security forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-accuses-pakistan-cross-border-air-strikes-ahead-abbasi-visit-ghani-kabul/29149187.html|title=Afghanistan Accuses Pakistan of Cross-Border Air Strikes Ahead of Abbasi Visit|date=6 April 2018|work=Gandhara Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503184912/https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-accuses-pakistan-cross-border-air-strikes-ahead-abbasi-visit-ghani-kabul/29149187.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''15 April 2018''' – Cross-border fire between the Pakistani Army and Afghan forces conducting routine "surveillance" in the [[Kurram Agency]] left two Pakistani soldiers dead and five others injured.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/violene-at-pakistan-afghan-border/4348823.html |title=Clashes Erupt Between Afghan and Pakistani Border Forces |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415194630/https://www.voanews.com/a/violene-at-pakistan-afghan-border/4348823.html |archive-date=15 April 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
*'''February 2019''' – Afghan officials wrote to [[United Nation Security Council]] (UNSC) regarding consistent violation of Afghan territory by Pakistani security forces. Afghan officials claim that from 2012 to 2017, 82 Afghan people have been killed and 183 were injured as result of Pakistani security forces attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/afghanistan-writes-unsc-violations-pakistani-military|title=Afghanistan Writes To UNSC on Violations By Pakistani Military|date=23 February 2019|work=Tolo News|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223155950/https://www.tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/afghanistan-writes-unsc-violations-pakistani-military|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''3 April 2019''' – An Afghan-based [[Kharoti]] tribe, clashed with Pakistan's [[Sulaimankhel]] tribe in Zarmailan area in Toykhula tehsil near the Pak-Afghan border. Reports suggest that clash broke out when members of the Afghan Kharoti tribe took up positions on the hilltop in Zarmailan area and started firing at the local population on the Pakistani side. In response, Pakistan's Sulaimankhel tribe, retaliated which forced Afghan Kharoti tribe to flee while leaving behind their weapons. Seven Afghan Kharoti were also injured in the clash. The Sulaimankhel tribe was led by Malik Ibrahim Jalalkhel, Gulbahar Khan Sulimankhel and other local elders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/452640-seven-injured-in-clash-with-afghan-tribe-near-border|title=Seven injured in clash with Afghan tribe near border|date=3 April 2019|access-date=3 May 2019|work=The Nation|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503064202/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/452640-seven-injured-in-clash-with-afghan-tribe-near-border|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2019/04/03/7-kharotis-wounded-tribal-clash-near-durand-line|title=7 Kharotis wounded in tribal clash near Durand Line|date=3 April 2019|access-date=3 May 2019|work=Pajhwok|last1=Shah|first1=S. Muddasir Ali|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503064142/https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2019/04/03/7-kharotis-wounded-tribal-clash-near-durand-line|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/7-wounded-as-afghan-and-pakistani-tribesmen-clash-along-durand-line-03636/|title=7 wounded as Afghan and Pakistani tribesmen clash along Durand Line|date=3 April 2019|work=Khaama Press|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503064144/https://www.khaama.com/7-wounded-as-afghan-and-pakistani-tribesmen-clash-along-durand-line-03636/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''1–2 May 2019''' – On 1 May 2019, Pakistan military officials stated that around 70–80 terrorists from Afghanistan, launched attack on Pakistani soldiers who were constructing a border fence along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. Pakistani military officials stated that they successfully repulsed the attack, killing scores of terrorists while forcing others to withdraw. In the clash, three Pakistani soldiers were also killed, while seven others were injured. Pakistan summoned the Afghan diplomat to lodge strong protests against the attack and urged the Afghan government to take action against the terrorists operating from the Afghan soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-summons-afghan-diplomat-over-cross-border-terror-attack-1.63697953|title=Pakistan summons Afghan diplomat over cross-border terror attack|date=2 May 2019|work=Gulf News|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506025127/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-summons-afghan-diplomat-over-cross-border-terror-attack-1.63697953|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 May 2019, Afghan officials claimed that four Afghan civilians were killed and five others wounded as result of cross border shelling by Pakistani forces in [[Khost Province]]. Afghanistan summoned the Pakistani diplomat to protest over Pakistani military's "violation of Afghan [[Airspace]] and launching rockets" that caused casualties and damage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/afghanistan-summons-pak-charge-daffaires-over-civilian-casualties-in-recent-cross-border-shelling-03888/|title=Afghanistan summons Pak Chargé d'affaires over civilian casualties in recent cross-border shelling|date=4 May 2019|work=Khaama Press|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506025128/https://www.khaama.com/afghanistan-summons-pak-charge-daffaires-over-civilian-casualties-in-recent-cross-border-shelling-03888/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''21 September 2020''' - 1 [[Pakistan army|Pakistani soldier]] was killed during a cross border attack on a military checkpost in [[Bajaur District]]. According to a statement by the military, the shooting came from the Afghan side of the frontier.<ref>{{cite web |author=Riaz Khan |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/pakistan-says-afghan-cross-border-101542174.html |title=Pakistan says Afghan cross-border fire kills soldier |publisher=Ph.news.yahoo.com |date=2020-09-22 |accessdate=2022-04-04 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319004551/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/pakistan-says-afghan-cross-border-101542174.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Islamic Emirate era skirmishes ==
The Taliban returned to power after [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|capturing]] Kabul on the [[2021 Taliban offensive|2021 offensive]]. The Taliban-led Afghanistan has been increasingly involved in border conflicts with Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lynne |first1=O’Donnell |title=The Taliban Want a Piece of Pakistan |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/02/20/taliban-pakistan-afghanistan-border-dispute/ |publisher=Foreign Policy |access-date=2024-02-20}}</ref>
*'''26 August 2021''' – A Pakistani soldier was killed in a cross border attack on a military checkpost in [[Lower Dir District]]. In response, [[Pakistan Army]] troops killed 2 [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP terrorists]] and injured 3 others.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTAN ARMY SOLDIER MARTYRED IN CROSS-BORDER ATTACK FROM AFGHANISTAN: ISPR|url=https://arynews.tv/pakistan-army-soldier-martyred-cross-border-attack-ispr/|website=Ary News|date=26 August 2021|access-date=19 March 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628224847/https://arynews.tv/pakistan-army-soldier-martyred-cross-border-attack-ispr/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''29 August 2021''' – Gunfire from Afghanistan killed two Pakistani soldiers in [[Bajaur District]] in the second such incident since the [[Taliban]] [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|took over Kabul]]. In retaliation the army said it killed 2-3 TTP terrorists and injured 3-4 more.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani soldiers killed in cross border fire from Afghanistan|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/29/pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-cross-border-fire-from-afghanistan|website=Al Jazeera|date=29 August 2021|access-date=13 March 2022|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305175737/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/29/pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-cross-border-fire-from-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''24 December 2021''' – A clash took place between the [[Taliban]]-run Afghan forces and Pakistani [[Frontier Corps]] at several points along the [[Durand Line|Afghanistan-Pakistan border]]. According to Afghan villagers and tribal elders, Pakistani forces started shelling parts of [[Kunar province]] in response to firing by militants associated with [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) on Pakistani soldiers deployed along the border. Soon after, the Afghan forces also started firing artillery targeting areas on Pakistan side of the border from [[Sirkanay District|Sarkano]] and [[Dangam District|Dangam]] districts of Kunar province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani forces, Afghan Taliban clash on Durand Line |url=https://thenamal.com/featured/pakistani-forces-afghan-taliban-clash-on-durand-line/ |website=The Namal |language=en |date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224200724/https://thenamal.com/featured/pakistani-forces-afghan-taliban-clash-on-durand-line/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Afghan media outlets, one Afghan civilian was injured in the shelling<ref>{{cite web |last1=Popal |first1=Mir Aqa |title=Pakistan Warned Against Firing On Afghan Soil |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-176033 |website=TOLOnews |language=en |date=25 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225192516/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-176033 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the areas affected by Pakistani forces shelling were Dangam, Shaltan, Sarkano and [[Marawara District|Marawar]] districts of Kunar province. The shelling had also caused financial losses to the local residents, according to the Afghan media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan fires artillery shells into Kunar's Sarkano district |url=https://pajhwok.com/2021/12/25/pakistan-fires-artillery-shells-into-kunars-sarkano-district/ |website=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=25 December 2021 |agency =News Pajhwok Afghan |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124120225/https://pajhwok.com/2021/12/25/pakistan-fires-artillery-shells-into-kunars-sarkano-district/ |url-status=live }}</ref> No loss of life was reported on Pakistan's side.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Syed |first1=Baqir Sajjad |title=Border spat with Taliban resolved: official |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1665630/border-spat-with-taliban-resolved-official |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |date=25 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206001110/https://www.dawn.com/news/1665630/border-spat-with-taliban-resolved-official |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''6 February 2022''' – Five [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani troops]] were killed as result of an attack by "[[militant]]s from inside Afghanistan" on a Pakistani border post in [[Kurram District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. The army says that it retaliated, causing heavy casualties among the militants. The [[Taliban]] [[government of Afghanistan|government]] denies that the firing came from within Afghan territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/five-pakistan-soldiers-killed-attack-afghanistan-military-says-2022-02-06/|work=Reuters|title=Five Pakistan soldiers killed in attack from Afghanistan, military says|date=6 February 2022|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207212940/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/five-pakistan-soldiers-killed-attack-afghanistan-military-says-2022-02-06/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''24 February 2022''' – Pakistan and Afghan forces clashed in Spin boldak area with each side accusing the other of initiating the fire fight. Two civilians were killed and six others were injured on the Afghanistan's side as result of the clash. No loss of life was reported on Pakistan's side. The Taliban government spokesman announced that the situation in the area is under control now and that they will investigate further to why the two sides clashed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=سپین بولدک - چمن دروازه کې د افغان طالبانو او پاکستاني ځواکونو نښته؛ د مرګژوبلې رپوټونه شته|language=ps|work=BBC News پښتو|url=https://www.bbc.com/pashto/afghanistan-60508403|access-date=2022-02-24|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224163107/https://www.bbc.com/pashto/afghanistan-60508403|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''April 2022 ''' – On 9 April 2022, clashes occurred between Pakistani border guards and Afghan army in [[Nimruz Province]], Afghanistan. No casualties were reported in this clash. On 15 April 2022, Pakistani soldiers again reportedly clashed with Afghan army around 9 p.m in [[Gurbuz District]], Khost Province, killing two Afghan soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Sources: Airstrikes by Pakistan Army Kill 30 Civilians in Parts of Khost Province |url=https://8am.af/eng/local-sources-airstrikes-by-pakistan-army-kill-30-civilians-in-parts-of-khost-province/ |website=Hasht-e Subh Daily |date=16 April 2022 |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416074720/https://8am.af/eng/local-sources-airstrikes-by-pakistan-army-kill-30-civilians-in-parts-of-khost-province/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This led to [[Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan|Pakistani airstrikes in Afghan]] provinces of [[Khost Province|Khost]] and [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] killing unknown numbers of [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP]] militants, as per Pakistani media.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DelhiApril 16 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |title=Pakistan airstrikes in Afghanistan's Khost, Kunar provinces, at least 30 killed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-airstrike-afghanistan-khost-province-dead-1938268-2022-04-16 |website=India Today |access-date=17 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418212927/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-airstrike-afghanistan-khost-province-dead-1938268-2022-04-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''13 September 2022''' – In the border area of Afghanistan's [[Paktia Province|Paktia]] province and Pakistan's [[Kurram District|Kurram]] province, gunfire was exchanged between Afghan forces and Pakistani forces, resulting in casualties on both sides. The Taliban alleged that Pakistani forces were attempting to build a military outpost near the border, which Taliban spokesperson [[Bilal Karimi]] said was against the "rules". Karimi further alleged that Taliban forces were fired upon when they approached Pakistani troops for questioning. Pakistan Armed Forces released a statement saying that terrorists had "opened fire upon Pakistani troops" across the border.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2022-09-14 |title=Taliban, Pakistani forces clash along border, casualties reported |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-pakistani-forces-clash-along-border-casualties-reported-2022-09-14/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921044650/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-pakistani-forces-clash-along-border-casualties-reported-2022-09-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''13 November 2022''' – During the early morning of 13 November, Afghan forces and Pakistani border guards exchanged gunfire at the [[Spin Boldak]]-[[Chaman|Chama]] border crossing in [[Kandahar|Southern Kandahar]]. 1 Pakistani guard was killed, while another 2 were injured. The Taliban has claimed that it had suffered no casualties during the skirmish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Border Clash Between Taliban, Pakistani Military Leaves One Dead |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/border-clash-taliban-pakistani-military-/32128905.html |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=RFE/RL |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114171216/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/border-clash-taliban-pakistani-military-/32128905.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan, Pakistan: Officials close Chaman-Spin Boldak border crossing Nov. 13 due to clashes |url=https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2022/11/afghanistan-pakistan-officials-close-chaman-spin-boldak-border-crossing-nov-13-due-to-clashes |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Afghanistan, Pakistan: Officials close Chaman-Spin Boldak border crossing Nov. 13 due to clashes {{!}} Crisis24 |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114171219/https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2022/11/afghanistan-pakistan-officials-close-chaman-spin-boldak-border-crossing-nov-13-due-to-clashes |url-status=live }}</ref> The crossing was closed for indefinite period after the skirmish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaman border closed for 'indefinite period' following clashes |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2386288/chaman-border-closed-for-indefinite-period-following-clashes |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=14 November 2022 |language=en |date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114160837/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2386288/chaman-border-closed-for-indefinite-period-following-clashes |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''11 December 2022''' – At least six civilians were killed as a result of firing from Afghan army near the [[Chaman]] border. According to the [[Inter-Services Public Relations]] (ISPR), heavy weapons including artillery and mortars were used in the firing by Afghan forces.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1725806/6-dead-17-injured-in-chaman-as-afghan-border-forces-open-unprovoked-indiscriminate-firing-on-civilians-ispr | title=6 dead, 17 injured in Chaman as Afghan Border Forces open 'unprovoked, indiscriminate' firing on civilians: ISPR | date=11 December 2022 | access-date=11 December 2022 | archive-date=11 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211200134/https://www.dawn.com/news/1725806/6-dead-17-injured-in-chaman-as-afghan-border-forces-open-unprovoked-indiscriminate-firing-on-civilians-ispr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/11/unprovoked-firing-from-afghan-forces-kill-civilians-pakistan-chaman | title=Six civilians killed in 'unprovoked' Afghan firing: Pakistan | access-date=11 December 2022 | archive-date=11 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211191218/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/11/unprovoked-firing-from-afghan-forces-kill-civilians-pakistan-chaman | url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan fired missiles in retaliation killing one Afghan soldier.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-12 |title=Afghanistan-Pakistan border shelling kills civilians |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63941387 |access-date=2022-12-14 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214003907/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63941387 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''15 December 2022''' – One civilian was killed and 11 injured on Pakistan's side when Afghan forces shelled the Chaman border crossing with mortars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan: Afghan Taliban Shell Border Town, Killing Civilian |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-12-15/pakistan-afghan-taliban-shell-border-town-killing-civilian |access-date=15 December 2022 |agency=US news |date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215143515/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-12-15/pakistan-afghan-taliban-shell-border-town-killing-civilian |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''19 February 2023''' – Afghan army clashed with Pakistani border guards which resulted in closure of Torkham border crossing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan, Afghan Taliban trade fire at border crossing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-afghan-taliban-trade-fire-at-border-crossing/article66531433.ece |access-date=20 February 2023 |agency=AP |date=15 March 2023 }}</ref>
*'''[[2024 Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes|March 2024]]''' – On 18 March 2024 Pakistan launched pre-dawn airstrikes targeting TTP hideouts in Afghanistan's [[Khost Province|Khost]] and [[Paktika]] province.<ref name="Dawn">[https://www.dawn.com/news/1822274 Pakistan carried out intelligence-based anti-terrorist operations in Afghanistan, FO confirms]. Dawn News. 18 March 2024.</ref><ref name="Reuters01">{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2024 |title=Taliban says it hit back at Pakistan military after air strikes in Afghanistan kill 8 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-carried-out-two-air-strikes-inside-afghanistan-killed-8-people-taliban-2024-03-18/ |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Pakistán dice que atacó por aire bases de los talibanes paquistaníes en Afganistán |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2024/03/18/pakistan-dice-que-ataco-por-aire-bases-de-los-talibanes-paquistanies-en-afganistan/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> The strikes were in retaliation to an earlier militant attack by TTP that resulted in death of seven Pakistani soldiers and six TTP militants. According to Afghan local sources, eight individuals, including five family members of a TTP commander, were killed in these airstrikes.<ref name=8am>[https://8am.media/eng/pakistan-strikes-and-taliban-warnings-ramifications-extend-beyond-islamabads-control/ Pakistan Strikes and Taliban Warnings: Ramifications Extend Beyond Islamabad’s Control]. Hasht-e-Subh Daily. 20 March 2024.</ref> Local sources in Afghanistan also report death of some members of TTP group in the airstrikes.<ref>[https://8am.media/eng/pakistans-incursions-into-afghan-soil-from-retaliatory-strikes-to-sending-a-message/ Pakistan’s Incursions into Afghan Soil: From Retaliatory Strikes to Sending a Message]. Hasht-e-Subh Daily. 20 March 2024.</ref> However, the Taliban-led Afghan government claims the airstrikes had only killed eight civilians, which included five women and three children. Later, [[Afghan Defense Ministry]] also announced that Afghan army had targeted Pakistani troops at the border in response to the air strikes.<ref name="Reuters01"/> An officer of Pakistan army was killed, while three soldiers and four civilians were injured in the clash.<ref name="AlJazeera">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/18/pakistan-taliban-attacks-live-exchange-of-fire-at-border-after-8-killed|title=Pakistan-Taliban attacks: Live exchange of fire at border after 8 killed|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=2024-03-18|access-date=2024-03-18}}</ref> Taliban officials did not disclose their losses, however, the local Afghans report death of a soldier of Afghan army in the clashes.<ref name=8am/> Analyst believe that the pre-dawn airstrikes were meant to send a message to Afghan Taliban officials regarding militant attacks in Pakistan originating from Afghanistan.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/world/asia/pakistan-carries-out-airstrikes-inside-afghanistan-0e2011d1 Pakistan Airstrikes Send Taliban a Message on Militant Attacks]. The Wall Street Journal. 18 March 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Llaman a evitar una escalada en crisis entre Pakistán y Afganistán - Noticias Prensa Latina |url=https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2024/03/19/llaman-a-evitar-una-escalada-en-crisis-entre-pakistan-y-afganistan/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |language=es}}</ref>
*'''7 September 2024''' – The [[Afghan Army|Taliban border guards of Afghanistan]] clashed with [[Frontier Corps]] of Pakistan. The conflict erupted at the [[Kurram District|Kurram district]] bordering [[Khost]] province of Afghanistan.The conflict reportedly broke out when Taliban forces attempted to construct a security outpost on the Afghan side of the [[Afghanistan–Pakistan border barrier|Pakistan-Afghanistan border barrier]], prompting Pakistani troops to open fire to force the other side to stop the activity. Multiple sources reported that ongoing heavy clashes had injured at least five Pakistani soldiers, including an officer while in Pakistan's retaliation at least eight [[Taliban|Afghan Taliban]] fighters were killed including two [[Afghan Army|Taliban Army]] commanders and 16 others injured in the early hours of Saturday (7 September). Open Source Intelligence also claimed one soviet-era [[T-62|T-62 tank]] operated by Afghan Taliban destroyed by the Pakistani forces. A spokesman for Afghanistan's Information Ministry refused to provide any information about the clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Fierce border clashes erupt between Pakistan and Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fierce-border-clashes-erupt-between-pakistan-and-afghanistan/7775511.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heavy losses for 'Afghan Taliban' as Pakistan responds to unprovoked cross-border fire |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/563252-heavy-losses-for-afghan-taliban-as-pakistan-responds-to-unprovoked-cross-border-fire |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Anadolu |date=2024-09-09 |title=Pakistan reports eight Afghan casualties in latest border dispute |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2494652/eight-afghan-troops-killed-in-border-clash-with-security-forces-near-kurram |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]]
* [[Durand Line]]
* [[Afghanistan–Pakistan border barrier]]
* [[Bajaur Campaign]]
* [[Waziristan rebellion of 1948-1954]]
* [[Afghan conflict]]

== Notes ==
{{refbegin}}
{{Cnote|a|
*As the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] (1949–1950)
*As the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] (1960–1961)
*As the [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973—1978)|Republic of Afghanistan]] (1973–1978)
*As the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] (1978–1992)
*As the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] (2007–2021)
*As the [[Afghanistan|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] (since 2021)
}}
{{Cnote|b|
*As the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (1949–1950)
*As [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] (since 1960)
}}
{{Refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dupree |first=Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvr_AwAAQBAJ |title=Afghanistan |date=2014 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-5891-0 |language=en |format=ebook |orig-date=1973}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Kulwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GH_HAAAAIAAJ |title=Pak Afghanistan relations |publisher=Deep & Deep Publ |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8364-1804-0 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leake |first=Elisabeth |title=The defiant border: the Afghan-Pakistan borderlands in the era of decolonization, 1936-1965 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-12602-2 |series=Cambridge studies in US foreign relations |location=New York, NY |language=en}}

{{Afghanistan–Pakistan relations}}
{{War on Terrorism}}
{{Post-Cold War Asian conflicts}}

{{South Asian topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afghanistan-Pakistan skirmishes}}
[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1949]]
[[Category:1950s conflicts]]
[[Category:1960s conflicts]]
[[Category:1970s conflicts]]
[[Category:1980s conflicts]]
[[Category:1990s conflicts]]
[[Category:2000s conflicts]]
[[Category:2010s conflicts]]
[[Category:2020s conflicts]]
[[Category:Wars involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Wars involving Pakistan]]