View source for Canadian peacekeeping

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[[File:UN-Marty.jpg|upright=1|thumb|alt=a person in a military uniform wearing a United Nations blue helmet |Canadian peacekeeper in 1976 wearing the distinctive [[Blue beret|UN blue helmet]]]]
Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every [[United Nations ]] (UN) [[peacekeeping]] effort from its inception until 1989.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2013 y796">{{cite web | title=Canada and Peacekeeping | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=Jun 30, 2023 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peacekeeping | access-date=Mar 14, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226043915/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peacekeeping | url-status=live }}</ref> More than 125,000 Canadians have served in international peacekeeping operations, with approximately 130 Canadians having died during these operations.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2013 y796"/> Canada's strong support for [[multilateralism]] and [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalism]] has been closely related to its peacekeeping efforts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sens |first1=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Global Politics |last2=Stoett |first2=Peter |publisher=Nelson Education |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-17-648249-7 |edition=5th |page=6 |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130233508/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plans at a glance and operating context |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/priorities-priorites.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=August 4, 2020 |publisher=Global Affairs Canada |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925025404/https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/priorities-priorites.aspx?lang=eng}}</ref><ref name="Munton Keating 2001 pp. 517–549">{{cite journal | last1=Munton | first1=Don | last2=Keating | first2=Tom | title=Internationalism and the Canadian Public | journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique | publisher=Canadian Political Science Association | volume=34 | issue=3 | year=2001 | issn=0008-4239 | jstor=3233002 | pages=517–549 | doi=10.1017/S0008423901777992 | s2cid=154625162 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3233002 | access-date=March 5, 2024 | archive-date=September 22, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922070235/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3233002 | url-status=live }}</ref> 

Canada's role in the development of, and participation in, [[peacekeeping]] during the 20th century led to its reputation as a positive [[middle power]].<ref name="Chapnick2011a">{{Cite book |last=Chapnick |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2 |title=The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1 |pages=2–5 |access-date=2024-02-26 |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130233503/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabryś Soroka 2017 p. 39">{{cite book | last1=Gabryś | first1=M. | last2=Soroka | first2=T. | title=Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989 | publisher=Neriton, Wydawnictwo | series=Societas | year=2017 | isbn=978-83-7638-792-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 | page=39 | access-date=2024-02-26 | archive-date=2024-02-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226190900/https://books.google.com/books?id=FTpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 | url-status=live }}</ref> Canada's successful role in mediating the 1956 [[Suez Canal Crisis]] gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the common good of all nations.<ref name="Donaghy 2016 pp. 313–327">{{cite journal | last=Donaghy | first=Greg | title=The politics of accommodation: Canada, the Middle East, and the Suez Crisis, 1950–1956 | journal=International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis | volume=71 | issue=2 | date=2016 | issn=0020-7020 | doi=10.1177/0020702016643261 | pages=313–327}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gaffen|first=Fred|title=In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping|year=1987|publisher=Deneau & Wayne Publishers LTD.|location=Toronto|page=43}}</ref> The Canadian public came to identify the nation's peacekeeping role as one of the country's top international identifiable contributions.<ref name="Anker 2005 j845">{{cite web | last=Anker | first=Lane | title=Peacekeeping and Public Opinion | publisher=Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy | date=June 20, 2005 | url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo6/no2/public-eng.asp | access-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-date=February 10, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210170912/http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo6/no2/public-eng.asp | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Carroll 2016 pp. 167–176">{{cite journal | last=Carroll | first=Michael K | title=Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future? | journal=International Journal | publisher=[Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council] | volume=71 | issue=1 | year=2016 | issn=0020-7020 | jstor=44631172 | pages=167–176 | doi=10.1177/0020702015619857 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172 | access-date=February 28, 2024 | archive-date=February 28, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228173148/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172 | url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, Canada has faced controversy over its involvement in peacekeeping, notably the 1993 [[Somalia affair]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Farnsworth |first=Clyde H |date=November 27, 1994 |title=Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501200128/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Dawson 2011 p. 3">{{cite book | last=Dawson | first=G. | title="Here Is Hell": Canada's Engagement in Somalia | publisher=UBC Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-7748-4016-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHe9h45lyQoC&pg=PA3 | page=3 | access-date=2024-03-05 | archive-date=2024-03-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030730/https://books.google.com/books?id=eHe9h45lyQoC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> The 21st century has seen Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts greatly decline, with Canada directing its military participation to UN-sanctioned operations through the [[List of NATO operations|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO).<ref name="McQuaig2010bt">{{cite book|author=Linda McQuaig|title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT50|year=2010|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-0-385-67297-9|page=50}}</ref>

==History  ==
{{See also|Military history of Canada|United Nations peacekeeping}}
===Foreign relations context===
{{See|Foreign relations of Canada}}
[[File:Canadian Delegation at United Nations Conference on International Organization 1945.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Canadian Delegation to the United Nations seated around conference table|The Canadian delegation to the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]], San Francisco, May 1945<ref name="GAC 2019 r035">{{cite web | title=Canada and the United Nations: A Half Century Partnership | website=GAC | date=April 25, 2019 | url=https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/programs-programmes/od_skelton/yves_fortier_lecture-conference.aspx?lang=eng | archive-date=February 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208125744/https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/programs-programmes/od_skelton/yves_fortier_lecture-conference.aspx?lang=eng | url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The notion of peacekeeping is deeply embedded in [[Canadian culture]] and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from its [[Canada–United States relations|closest ally, the United States]].<ref name="Gutiérrez-Haces 2018 s015">{{cite book | last=Gutiérrez-Haces | first=Maria Teresa | title=Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy | series=Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes &#124; International Canadian Studies Series | date=Nov 6, 2018 | pages=231–250 | publisher=University of Ottawa Press | isbn=978-0-7766-2722-9 | url=https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en | access-date=March 4, 2024 | archive-date=March 4, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065237/https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Carroll 2016 pp. 167–176"/><ref name="Anon. u211">{{cite web| title= Canada's Current Role in World| url= https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4| publisher= Environics Institute for Survey Research| access-date= 2024-03-04| archive-date= 2024-03-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065232/https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4| url-status= live}}</ref> [[Foreign relations of Canada|Canada's foreign policy]] of peacekeeping has been intertwined with its tendency to pursue [[Multilateralism|multilateral]] and [[Internationalism (politics)|international]] solutions since the end of [[Canada in World War II|World War II]].<ref name="Keating 2002 p.">{{cite book | last=Keating | first=T.F. | title=Canada and World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-19-541529-2 | pages=108,112}}</ref><ref name="Whitworth 2004 p. 91">{{cite book | last=Whitworth | first=S. | title=Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis | publisher=Lynne Rienner Pub. | series=Critical security studies | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-58826-296-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82TxOTLCMK4C&pg=PA91 | page=91 | access-date=2024-03-05 | archive-date=2024-03-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030635/https://books.google.com/books?id=82TxOTLCMK4C&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

Canada's central role in the development of peacekeeping in the mid 1950s gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the "common good" of all nations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fred Gaffen|title=In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping|year=1987|publisher=Deneau & Wayne Publishers|page=[https://archive.org/details/ineyeofstormhist0000gaff/page/43 43]|isbn=978-0-88879-160-3|url=https://archive.org/details/ineyeofstormhist0000gaff/page/43}}</ref> Canada has since been engaged with the [[United Nations]], [[NATO]] and the [[European Union]] (EU) in promoting its [[middle power]] status into an active role in world affairs.<ref name="Juneau Momani 2022 p. 131">{{cite book | last1=Juneau | first1=T. | last2=Momani | first2=B. | title=Middle Power in the Middle East: Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies in a Changing Region | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-4875-2847-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izRjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 | page=131}}</ref> Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations,<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594"/><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63">{{cite book | last1=Mingst | first1=K. | last2=Karns | first2=M.P. | title=The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-000-30674-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk2fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63| page=63}}</ref> such as the [[Canada and the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] or the [[Canada and the Iraq War|2003 Invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594"/><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63"/> Canada has participated in US-led, UN-sanctioned operations such as the [[Operation Friction|first Gulf War]], in [[Canada in the War in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[Operation Mobile|Libya]].<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594"/><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63"/> The country also participates with its NATO  allies in UN-sanctioned missions, such as the [[Operation Echo|Kosovo Conflict]] and in [[Canada–Haiti relations|Haiti]].<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594">{{cite journal | last=Massie | first=Justin | title=Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions | journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=52 | issue=3 | date=2019-04-30 | issn=0008-4239 | doi=10.1017/s0008423919000040 | pages=575–594}}</ref><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63"/>

===Inception ===
{{see|History of United Nations peacekeeping}}
{{external media
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| video1 =[https://www.historicacanada.ca/productions/educational-videos/record-of-service/record-of-service-peace-operations "Peace Operations "] – [[Historica Canada]] - Record of Service. (2:45 mins)}} 
Canadian [[Lester B. Pearson]] had become a very prominent figure in the United Nations during its infancy and found himself in a peculiar position in 1956 during the [[Suez Crisis]].<ref name="LoweRoberts2008">{{cite book|author1=Alan Vaughan Lowe|author2=Adam Roberts|author3=Jennifer Welsh|title=The United Nations Security Council and war: the evolution of thought and practice since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ROlQUFZIpoC&pg=PA280|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-953343-5|page=280|author1-link=Alan Vaughan Lowe}}</ref> Pearson and Canada found themselves mediating a conflict involving their closest allies when the United States opposed the British, French, and Israeli [[Timeline of the Suez Crisis|invasion of Egypt]].<ref name=pearson>{{cite book|author=Andrew Cohen|title=Lester B. Pearson|url=https://archive.org/details/lesterbpearson0000cohe|url-access=registration|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Canada|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lesterbpearson0000cohe/page/116 116–125]|isbn=978-0-14-317269-7}}</ref> During United Nations meetings, Pearson proposed to the security council that a [[United Nations Emergency Force|United Nations police force]] be established to prevent further conflict in the region, allowing the countries involved an opportunity to sort out a resolution.<ref name="Gaffen1987fvbnj">{{cite book|author=Fred Gaffen|title=In the eye of the storm: a history of Canadian peacekeeping|year=1987|publisher=Deneau & Wayne|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ineyeofstormhist0000gaff/page/40 40–41]|isbn=978-0-88879-160-3|url=https://archive.org/details/ineyeofstormhist0000gaff/page/40}}</ref> Pearson's proposal and offer to dedicate 1,000 Canadian soldiers to that cause was seen as a brilliant political move that prevented another war.<ref name=pearson/> Pearson would be awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] and be called "the father of modern peacekeeping" for his role during the Suez Crisis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holloway |first=Steven Kendall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSHy65g7M7wC&pg=PA102 |title=Canadian Foreign Policy: Defining the National Interest |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55111-816-1 |pages=102–103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mays |first=Terry M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVR1vPCXObsC&pg=PA218 |title=Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping |date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7516-6 |pages=218–}}</ref><ref name="Durch 2006 p. 12">{{cite book | last=Durch | first=W.J. | title=Twenty-first-century Peace Operations | publisher=United States Institute of Peace and the Henry L. Stimson Center | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-929223-91-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MkNHrHMMukC&pg=PR12 | page=12 | access-date=2024-02-26 | archive-date=2024-03-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030706/https://books.google.com/books?id=2MkNHrHMMukC&pg=PR12#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Peacekeeping efforts ===

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| video1 =[https://www.historicacanada.ca/productions/minutes/dextraze-congo" Dextraze in the Congo"] – Historica Canada. - [[Heritage Minutes]] (1:01 min)
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Canada participated in every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.<ref name="JohnsonJoshee2007">{{cite book|author1=Lauri Johnson|author2=Reva Joshee|title=Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8jr_pE3YPwC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1325-9|page=23}}</ref> Prior to the creation of the formal UN peacekeeping system, Canada had engaged in UN intervention operations, notably the 1948 mission in the second [[Kashmir conflict]],<ref name="Cohen2011c">{{cite book|author=Andrew Cohen|title=While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U916ZPBzengC&pg=PT82|year= 2011|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-1-55199-587-8|page=82}}</ref> and played a central role in the [[International Control Commission]] (ICC), which tried to [[Canada and the Vietnam War|broker peace in Vietnam]] beginning in 1954.<ref name="Preston 2003 pp. 73–111">{{cite journal | last=Preston | first=Andrew | title=Balancing War and Peace: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965 | journal=Diplomatic History | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0145-2096 | jstor=24914431 | pages=73–111 | doi=10.1111/1467-7709.00340 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24914431 | access-date=February 29, 2024 | archive-date=February 29, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229163750/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24914431 | url-status=live }}</ref>

High-profile UN missions include those in [[United Nations Operation in the Congo|Congo]] (1961), [[Operation Snowgoose|Cyprus]] (1964), [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|Lebanon]] (1978), [[United Nations Angola Verification Mission II|Angola]] (1989), [[United Nations Operation in Somalia I|Somalia]] (1992), [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda|Rwanda]] (1993), [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|East Timor]] (1999), [[United Nations Mission in Haiti|Haiti]] (2004), [[United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali|Mali]] (2013), and observation missions in the [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force|Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights]] during the mid-1970s.<ref name="Fleitz2002">{{cite book|author=Frederick H. Fleitz|title=Peacekeeping fiascoes of the 1990s: causes, solutions, and U.S. interests|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2SVdcTND_AC&pg=PA54|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97367-4|pages=54–55}}</ref>  Canada participatied in [[United Nations Protection Force| multiple missions in the Balkans]] with the UN, NATO and the EU in Croatia from 1991-1995; Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992-2010; Kosovo from 1998-1999; and the former Republic of Macedonia in 2001.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 f991">{{cite web | title=Balkans | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=Mar 25, 2009 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/caf-operations/balkans | access-date=Mar 23, 2024}}</ref> 

Since 1989, the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP) have been involved in peacekeeping missions related to training law enforcement personnel,<ref name="Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada 2019 i056">{{cite web | title=The International Police Peacekeeping and Peace Operations Program | website=Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada | date=January 11, 2019 | url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/plcng/ntrntnl-plc-pckpng-en.aspx | ref={{sfnref | 
	Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada
 | 2019}} | access-date=March 5, 2024 | archive-date=March 5, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305042515/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/plcng/ntrntnl-plc-pckpng-en.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> notably the United Nations [[United Nations Mission in Haiti|Civilian Police Mission in Haiti]] (MIPONUH) from 1997 to 2000<ref name="Antonini 2015 p. ">{{cite book | last=Antonini | first=Blanca | editor-first1=Joachim A. | editor-first2=Thierry | editor-first3=Norrie | editor-first4=Paul D. | editor-last1=Koops | editor-last2=Tardy | editor-last3=MacQueen | editor-last4=Williams | title=United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2015-07-09 | doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.53 | page=12}}</ref><ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 q842">{{cite web | title=The RCMP and overseas service | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=Mar 25, 2009 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/art-hub/rcmp-overseas-service | access-date=Mar 14, 2024 | archive-date=February 15, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215145741/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/art-hub/rcmp-overseas-service | url-status=live }}</ref> and the NATO led mission in Afghanistan called [[Resolute Support Mission]] from 2003 to 2014.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 q842"/>

===Personnel ===
[[File:DFC Adrian Foster and Deputy Police commissioner Mike Aubry (6115919480)~2-crop.jpg|alt=a person in a police uniform wearing a United Nations blue beret|upright|thumb|[[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] peacekeeper in 2011 wearing the distinctive [[blue beret|UN blue beret]]]]
Canada provided the most amount of UN peacekeepers [[Canada in the Cold War|during the Cold War]] with apromently 80,000 personnel{{Snd}}equivalent to 10 percent of  total UN forces.<ref name="Dorn Libben 2018 pp. 257–281">{{cite journal | last1=Dorn | first1=A. Walter | last2=Libben | first2=Joshua | title=Preparing for peace: Myths and realities of Canadian peacekeeping training | journal=International Journal | publisher=[Sage Publications, Inc., Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council] | volume=73 | issue=2 | year=2018 | issn=0020-7020 | jstor=26499686 | pages=257–281 | doi=10.1177/0020702018788552 | s2cid=149978007 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26499686 | access-date=February 29, 2024 | archive-date=February 29, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229165415/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26499686 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NAOC 2019 v753">{{cite web | title=The Fall of Canadian Peacekeeping: Should It Be Revived? | website=NAOC | date=2019-07-31 | url=https://natoassociation.ca/the-fall-of-canadian-peacekeeping-should-it-be-revived/ | access-date=2024-03-14 | quote=This event began the era of Canadian domination of peacekeeping. Canada ranks first in the amount of peacekeepers provided during the Cold War. During this time, Canada was also the only country to be a part of every UN peacekeeping operation. Canada provided 80,000 peacekeepers (10 percent of the UN total) before UN peacekeepers won the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize. All these accomplishments show that Canada used to be a world leader in peacekeeping. | archive-date=2024-03-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314001819/https://natoassociation.ca/the-fall-of-canadian-peacekeeping-should-it-be-revived/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In all, more than 125,000 Canadian men and women military personnel, civilians, diplomats{{Snd}}including over 4,000 [[Law enforcement in Canada|Canadian police officers]]{{Snd}}have served in peacekeeping operations.<ref name="Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2024 f342">{{cite web | title=The benefits of policing beyond Canadian borders | website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police | date=2024-01-15 | url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/gazette/the-benefits-policing-canadian-borders | access-date=2024-02-29 | archive-date=2024-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229203408/https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/gazette/the-benefits-policing-canadian-borders | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2013 y796"/> Approximately 130 Canadians have died in service of peacekeeping operations, with 123 of these deaths occurring during UN missions.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2013 y796"/>

Canada's ongoing participation in [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]] ([[Operation Snowgoose]]) that began in 1964, has seen over 33,000 Canadians serve.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2023 l150">{{cite web | title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Cyprus | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=Dec 5, 2023 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-cyprus | access-date=Mar 13, 2024 | archive-date=March 13, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313061647/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-cyprus | url-status=live }}</ref> Canada's largest contribution of approximately 40,000 personnel and resulting in 23 deaths, took place from 1992 to 2010 in the [[Balkans]] during and after the [[Yugoslav Wars]].<ref name="Defence 2016 d710">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Canadian Armed Forces operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 25, 2016 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/canadian-armed-forces-operations-bosnia-herzegovina.html | access-date=Mar 23, 2024}}</ref>  The death of nine Canadian Armed Forces personnel when their [[Buffalo 461]] was [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force#History|shot down over Syria]] on August 9, 1974, remains the largest single death toll in Canadian peacekeeping history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/10/archives/9-killed-in-un-plane-downed-in-syria-denial-in-tel-aviv-israel.html |title=9 Killed in U.N. Plane Downed in Syria |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 August 1974 |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217050229/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/10/archives/9-killed-in-un-plane-downed-in-syria-denial-in-tel-aviv-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://undof.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/Golan%20Journal%20100%2C%20July%20-%20September%202004.pdf |title=Canadian Remember Lost Peacekeepers |journal=Golan: The UNDOF Journal |date=July–September 2004 |issue=100 |page=11 |access-date=2024-02-27 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217045349/https://undof.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/Golan |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti]] saw the death of two Canadian RCMP peacekeepers as a result of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 earthquake]].<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 f623">{{cite web | title=Haiti | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=2009-03-25 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/caf-operations/haiti | access-date=2024-03-05 | archive-date=2024-03-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305040748/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/caf-operations/haiti | url-status=live }}</ref> 

Canada's "high point" of participation took place in April 1993, when there was 3,336 Canadian UN peacekeepers,<ref name="Home 2023 j921"/> with a record low number of 34 UN designated Canadian peacekeepers in August 2020.<ref name="Home 2023 j921">{{cite web | authorlink=Walter Dorn | title=Tracking the Promises -- Canada's Current Contributions to UN Peacekeeping | publisher=Canadian Forces Collegee | first=Dr. Walter | last=Dorn | date=September 30, 2023 | url=https://www.walterdorn.net/256 | access-date=February 28, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226163446/https://www.walterdorn.net/256 | url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2024, there were 59 [[List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers contributed|Canadians deployed in UN peacekeeper missions]], resulting in Canada being the 69th-largest, out of 120, personnel contributor.<ref name="United Nations Peacekeeping i375">{{cite web | title=Canada | website=United Nations Peacekeeping | url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/canada-0 | access-date=2024-03-15 | quote=Today (2024-03-15), Canada provides 59 uniformed personnel, including 18 women, to six UN peace operations making it the 69th-largest contributor. Its largest contribution of personnel is to the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), where 23 of its women and men now serve. Canada also contributes to the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA); the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS); UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO); the UN Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH); and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) | archive-date=2023-09-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912054211/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/canada-0 | url-status=live }}</ref> Canada's military in the same period had over 3000 personnel [[List of Canadian military operations|deployed overseas in multiple non-UN operations]] related to  combat roles, peacekeeping, emergency responses, military training, humanitarian, and law enforcement assistance.<ref name="Defence 2015 t917">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Current Operations and Combined Military Exercises list | website=Canada.ca | year=2024 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html | access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref>

===Critiques and reassessment===

{{external media
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| video1 =[https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1.3714491 "Canada's peacekeepers face a troubled world "] – [[CBC News]]: The National. 2016 (5:10 mins)}}
Some argue that Canadian personnel may not consistently had the necessary training or resources to successfully navigate complex and volatile environments, leading to mixed results in their peacekeeping missions.<ref name="Dorn 2013 s966">{{cite web | last=Dorn | first=Walter | title=Canadian Peacekeeping No Myth | website=Royal Canadian Military Institute | date=March 17, 2013 | url=https://walterdorn.net/pdf/CanadianPeacekeeping-NoMyth_Dorn_SitRep_April2007.pdf | access-date=February 28, 2024 | archive-date=March 8, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308095243/https://walterdorn.net/pdf/CanadianPeacekeeping-NoMyth_Dorn_SitRep_April2007.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>  Other criticisms include the perceived lack of clear objectives,<ref name="Carroll 2016 pp. 167–176"/> and non fulfillment of personnel commitments in the 21st Century.<ref name="Berthiaume 2020 y410">{{cite web | last=Berthiaume | first=Lee | title='Promises were made and not kept,' former Liberals slam failure on peacekeeping | website=CP24 | date=Dec 13, 2020 | url=https://www.cp24.com/news/promises-were-made-and-not-kept-former-liberals-slam-failure-on-peacekeeping-1.5229276?cache=baaosfalzs | access-date=Mar 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Vanderperre 2017 t997">{{cite web | last=Vanderperre | first=Julie | title=Canada Is Still Wavering in Its Pledge to UN Peacekeeping | website=PassBlue | date=April 20, 2017 | url=https://www.passblue.com/2017/04/20/canada-is-still-wavering-in-its-pledge-to-un-peacekeeping/ | access-date=March 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Canadian Press Berthiaume 2023 t927">{{cite web | author=The Canadian Press | last2=Berthiaume | first2=Lee | title=Canada slow to deliver UN 200 peacekeeping soldiers | website=CTVNews | date=Apr 13, 2023 | url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/mia-no-sign-of-canadian-quick-reaction-force-first-pledged-to-un-in-2017-1.6354465 | access-date=Mar 19, 2024}}</ref> 
[[File:Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de (1).jpg|alt=a soldier in a sandbag fortification|upright|thumb|A security checkpoint operated by Canadian soldiers at [[Beledweyne]] in Somalia, 1993]]
Canadian troops have been accused of being complicit in human rights abuses,<ref name="Razack 2000 pp. 127–163">{{cite journal | last=Razack | first=Sherene | title=From the | journal=Cultural Anthropology | publisher=[Wiley, American Anthropological Association] | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=2000 | issn=0886-7356| jstor=656642 | pages=127–163 | doi=10.1525/can.2000.15.1.127 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/656642 }}</ref> notability in 1993 when  the [[Canadian Armed Forces]] were deployed during the [[Somali Civil War]] to support [[UNOSOM I]].<ref name="Nossal2002um">{{cite book|author=Kim Richard Nossal|title=Diplomatic Departures: Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Il8uF1FX7J4C&pg=PA120|year=2002|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0865-1|page=120}}</ref> Soldiers from the [[Canadian Airborne Regiment]] tortured and killed a 16-year-old youth that broke into the encampment.<ref name=canencsompck/><ref name="Razack2004">{{cite book|author=Sherene Razack|title=Dark threats and white knights: the Somalia Affair, peacekeeping, and the new imperialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc6K0T58yMsC&pg=PA4|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8663-1|page=4}}</ref> Coined the [[Somalia affair]], the incident has been described as "the darkest era in the [[Military history of Canada|history of the Canadian military]]".<ref name="canencsompck">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia|title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia|date=2 August 2019|last=Foot|first=Richard|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044307/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohen 2010 p. 160">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=S.A. | title=Israel's Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=BESA studies in international security | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-135-16956-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yiMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 | access-date=2024-02-27 | page=160 | archive-date=2024-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304062940/https://books.google.com/books?id=0yiMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Canadian troops have also been accused of failing to adequately protect civilian populations in conflict zones,<ref name="Journal of Conflict Studies r794">{{cite journal | title=View of Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN have Predicted and Prevented the Rwandan Genocide? | journal=Journal of Conflict Studies | date=August 2000 | url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4333/4968 | access-date=Mar 19, 2024 | last1=Dorn | first1=A. Walter | last2=Matloff | first2=Jonathan }}</ref> notability in 1994 when Canadian troops were deployed to the [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda]]. The mission was criticized for the perceived failure to prevent or intervene in the [[Rwandan genocide|genocide that occurred]], dispite Canadian General [[Roméo Dallaire]] (commander of [[UNAMIR]]) warning top UN officials of an impending humanitarian crisis.<ref name=huffrawanda>{{cite web|last1=Adams|first1=Smin|title=The UN, Rwanda and the "Genocide Fax" – 20 Years Later|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/simon-adams/rwanda-genocide-anniversary_b_4613571.html|website=Huffington Post|access-date=14 April 2015|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925010333/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/simon-adams/rwanda-genocide-anniversary_b_4613571.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2022 k624">{{cite web | title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Rwanda | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=May 2, 2022 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-rwanda | access-date=Mar 19, 2024}}</ref> 

"A period of reassessment" took place in the late 1990s after the Somalia and Rwanda UN missions,<ref name="MacKay 2021 l813">{{cite web | last=MacKay | first=Peter | title=Peacekeeping is not suited to today's conflicts | website=Policy Options | date=Mar 3, 2021 | url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/january-2018/peacekeeping-is-not-suited-to-todays-conflicts/ | access-date=Mar 18, 2024}}</ref><ref name="United Nations Peacekeeping 2016 m541">{{cite web | title=Our history | website=United Nations Peacekeeping | date=October 20, 2016 | url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history | access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref> followed by a significant decline in Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2013 y796"/> By the 21st century, Canada was directing its military participation to  multilateral UN-sanctioned [[Canada in NATO|operations through NATO]], rather than directly to the UN.<ref name="McQuaig2010bt"/> This resulted in a shift towards more militarized peacekeeping missions, where Canadian troops are tasked with combat and support roles rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.<ref name="James Michaud OReilly 2006 p. 177">{{cite book | last1=James | first1=P. | last2=Michaud | first2=N. | last3=O'Reilly | first3=M. | title=Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy | publisher=Lexington Books | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7391-5580-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTk2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |  page=177}}</ref>

==Financing==
In 2022, Canada was the eighth-largest UN peace operations financial contributor,<ref name="Prime Minister of Canada 2023 a314">{{cite web | title=Prime Minister advances progress toward a peaceful, healthy future at United Nations General Assembly | website=Prime Minister of Canada | date=2023-09-21 | url=https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/09/21/prime-minister-adv-progress-toward-peaceful-healthy-future | access-date=2024-03-15 | archive-date=2024-03-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301082745/https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/09/21/prime-minister-adv-progress-toward-peaceful-healthy-future | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Canada 2023 u851">{{cite web | last=Canada | first=Global Affairs | title=Canada bolsters support and commitments to peacekeeping at 2023 United Nations Peacekeeping Ministerial | website=Canada.ca | date=December 6, 2023 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/12/canada-bolsters-support-and-commitments-to-peacekeeping-at-2023-united-nations-peacekeeping-ministerial.html | access-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226183946/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/12/canada-bolsters-support-and-commitments-to-peacekeeping-at-2023-united-nations-peacekeeping-ministerial.html | url-status=live }}</ref> allocating $2.49&nbsp;billion for UN organizations including those related to peacekeeping, policing services, climate change and humanitarian efforts such as medicine and food distribution.<ref name="Prime Minister of Canada 2023 a314"/> Canada's [[List of countries by military expenditures|total military expenditure]] in the same period was approximately $26.9&nbsp;billion, or around 1.2&nbsp;percent of the country's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP).<ref name="SIPRI-2022">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>

==Recognition==
{{seealso|United Nations Medal|Canadian war memorials|Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada}}
[[File:DSC02750M (29954565297).jpg|alt=a statue of a person in front of a flag and two other persons kneeling down|upright=0.7|thumb|The [[Reconciliation: The Peacekeeping Monument|Peacekeeping Monument]] in Ottawa, Canada.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 q342">{{cite web | title=National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials (NICMM) | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=Mar 25, 2009 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/national-inventory-canadian-memorials/details/9365 | access-date=Feb 26, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226041445/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/national-inventory-canadian-memorials/details/9365 | url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The [[Somalia Medal]], a [[campaign medal]] created in 1992 to recognize Canadian military personnel who participated in [[United Nations authorized Operation in Somalia I|the international military coalition invasion to stabilize Somalia]], has been awarded to 1,422 individuals.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 n006">{{cite web | title=Somalia Medal | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=Mar 25, 2009 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/details/114 | access-date=Mar 4, 2024 | archive-date=March 4, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304091720/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/details/114 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1992, ''[[Reconciliation: The Peacekeeping Monument]]'' was completed, commemorating Canada's role in international peacekeeping and the soldiers and police officers who have participated and are currently participating, both living and dead.<ref name="Gough 2002 pp. 201–223">{{cite journal | last=Gough | first=P. | title=' Invicta Pax ' Monuments, Memorials and Peace: an analysis of the Canadian Peacekeeping Monument, Ottawa | journal=International Journal of Heritage Studies | volume=8 | issue=3 | date=2002 | issn=1352-7258 | doi=10.1080/1352725022000018903 | pages=201–223| s2cid=159974425 }}</ref> The 1995 [[Coins of the Canadian dollar|Canadian one-dollar coin]] displays the ''Peacekeeping Monument''.<ref name="https://www.mint.ca/en f443">{{cite web| title=1 DOLLAR| publisher=The Royal Canadian Mint| url=https://www.mint.ca/en/discover/canadian-circulation/1-dollar#:~:text=1995&text=This%20coin%20commemorates%20the%2050th,the%20Peacekeeping%20Monument%20in%20Ottawa.| access-date=Mar 12, 2024| archive-date=March 12, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312040902/https://www.mint.ca/en/discover/canadian-circulation/1-dollar#:~:text=1995&text=This%20coin%20commemorates%20the%2050th,the%20Peacekeeping%20Monument%20in%20Ottawa.| url-status=live}}</ref> This commemoration was followed by the 2001 [[Canadian Journey|$10 Canadian banknote]] named "remembrance and peacekeeping" that depicts a female peacekeeper.<ref name="Bank of Canada Museum 2014 g105">{{cite web | title=Canadian Journey Series $10 Note | website=Bank of Canada Museum | date=Jul 20, 2014 | url=https://www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca/complete-bank-note-series/2001-2006-canadian-journey-series/canadian-journey-series-10-note/#:~:text=The%20face%20of%20the%20%2410,a%20cenotaph%20on%20Remembrance%20Day. | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312040900/https://www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca/complete-bank-note-series/2001-2006-canadian-journey-series/canadian-journey-series-10-note/#:~:text=The%20face%20of%20the%20%2410,a%20cenotaph%20on%20Remembrance%20Day. | url-status=live }}</ref> 

In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|awarded to United Nations peacekeepers]], inspiring the creation of the [[Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal]] in 1999 that has been awarded to over 75,000 Canadians.<ref name="Veterans Affairs Canada 2009 d217">{{cite web | title=Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal (CPSM) | website=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=2009-03-25 | url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/details/129 | access-date=2024-02-26 | archive-date=2024-01-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129133736/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/details/129 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McCreery2005hny">{{cite book|author=Christopher McCreery|title=The Canadian honours system|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI9qJsEsT6gC&pg=PA181|year= 2005|publisher=Dundurn Press|isbn=978-1-55002-554-5|page=181}}</ref> Since 2008, after a campaign by the [[Canadian Association of Veterans in United Nations Peacekeeping]], August 9 has officially been [[National Peacekeepers' Day]] in Canada,<ref name="Site Web de la législation (Justice) 2008 y954">{{cite web | title=National Peacekeepers' Day Act | website=Site Web de la législation (Justice) | date=Jun 18, 2008 | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-14.2/FullText.html | access-date=Feb 26, 2024 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226080554/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-14.2/FullText.html | url-status=live }}</ref> with ceremonies taking place throughout the country at memorials and [[Peacekeeper Park]]s.<ref name="Rehman 2023 v300">{{cite web | last=Rehman | first=Mishall | title=Peacekeepers' Day Marks 15th Anniversary | website=Canadian Military Family Magazine | date=2023-08-10 | url=https://www.cmfmag.ca/duty_calls/peacekeepers-day-marks-15th-anniversary/ | access-date=2024-02-29 | archive-date=2024-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229201518/https://www.cmfmag.ca/duty_calls/peacekeepers-day-marks-15th-anniversary/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{-}}

==List of UN missions ==
{{seealso|List of Canadian military operations|List of United Nations peacekeeping missions}}
{{Further|List of non-UN peacekeeping missions|List of NATO operations}}
Below is a list of high-profile UN peacekeeping missions undertaken by Canada from 1947 to present, with Canadian operational names listed when assigned.<ref name="Defence 2017 j850">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Military operations | website=Canada.ca | date=2023 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations.html | access-date=2024-03-20}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="10%" |Date
! width="30%" |UN operation
! width="20%" |Location
! width="20%" |Conflict
! width="20%" |Canadian operation
|-
|1948–present
|United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ([[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization|UNTSO]])
|[[Middle East]]
|[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] (initially)
|Military observers<ref name="Home 1949 m814">{{cite web | title=UN Truce Supervision Organization (Palestine)-Middle East: 1948 | website=Home | date=Apr 4, 1949 | url=https://www.lermuseum.org/1946-to-present/1946-1956/un-truce-supervision-organization-palestine-middle-east-1948 | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050313/https://www.lermuseum.org/1946-to-present/1946-1956/un-truce-supervision-organization-palestine-middle-east-1948 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1948–1950
| rowspan="2" |United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea ([[United Nations Commission on Korea|UNCOK]])
| width="4%" |[[North Korea]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Korean conflict]]
| rowspan="2" |Several civilian and military personnel<ref name="Defence 2018 p968">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Commission on Korea (UNCOK) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-commission-korea.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=January 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115012816/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-commission-korea.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[South Korea]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1949–1979
| rowspan="2" |United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan ([[UNMOGIP]])
|[[India]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kashmir conflict]]
| rowspan="2" |Military observers with over 350 military personnel.<ref name="Defence 2019 v605">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) | website=Canada.ca | date=Mar 14, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-military-observer-group-india-pakistan.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050315/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-military-observer-group-india-pakistan.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pakistan]]
|-
|1956–1967
|United Nations Emergency Force ([[United Nations Emergency Force|UNEF I]])
|[[Egypt]]
|[[Suez Crisis]]
|Up to 1,007 personnel<ref name="Defence 2018 l051">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Emergency Force I (UNEF I) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/united-nations-emergency-force-i.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050312/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/united-nations-emergency-force-i.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1960–1964
|United Nations Operation in the Congo ([[United Nations Operation in the Congo|ONUC]])
|[[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]]
|[[Congo Crisis]]
|Approx 300 personnel at a time, 1,900 total.<ref name="Defence 2019 i470">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Opération des Nations unies au Congo (ONUC) | website=Canada.ca | date=Mar 26, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/operation-des-nations-unies-congo.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050314/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/operation-des-nations-unies-congo.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1962–1963
| rowspan="2" |United Nations Temporary Executive Authority ([[United Nations Temporary Executive Authority|UNTEA]])
|[[Netherlands New Guinea]]
| rowspan="2" |Transfer of sovereignty over [[Western New Guinea]] following the [[West New Guinea dispute]]
| rowspan="2" |Two aircraft, one observer.<ref name="Defence 2019 r650">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea (UNSF) | website=Canada.ca | date=Jun 3, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-security-force-west-new-guinea.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050314/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/united-nations-security-force-west-new-guinea.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indonesia]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964–present
| rowspan="2" |United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus ([[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]])
|[[Cyprus]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Cyprus dispute]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Operation SNOWGOOSE]]<ref name="Defence 2013 j660">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation SNOWGOOSE | website=Canada.ca | date=Feb 20, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-snowgoose.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050313/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-snowgoose.html | url-status=live }}</ref> with over 33,000 have served.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2023 l150"/> 
|-
|[[Northern Cyprus]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1973–1979
| rowspan="2" |United Nations Emergency Force, Middle East ([[United Nations Emergency Force II|UNEF II]])
|[[Egypt]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Yom Kippur War]]
| rowspan="2" | 1,097 personnel<ref name="Defence 2019 l709">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Emergency Force II (UNEF II) | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 15, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/danaca.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050314/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/danaca.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Israel]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1974–present
| rowspan="2" |United Nations Disengagement Observer Force ([[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force|UNDOF]])
|[[Israel]]
| rowspan="2" |Maintains ceasefire following the [[Yom Kippur War]].
| rowspan="2" |Operation DANACA<ref name="Defence 2013 v372">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation DANACA | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-danaca.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312050313/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-danaca.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Syria]]
|-
|1978
|United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon ([[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]])
|[[Lebanon]]
|[[1978 South Lebanon conflict]]
|Operation ANGORA 117 personnel<ref name="Defence 2019 f788">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation Angora | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 10, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/angora.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054211/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/angora.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1981–present
|Multinational Force and Observers ([[Multinational Force and Observers|MFO]])
|[[Sinai Peninsula]]
|Enforce the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]]
|Operation CALUMET<ref name="Defence 2019 k893">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation Calumet | website=Canada.ca | date=Aug 20, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/calumet.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044308/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/calumet.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1989–1990
|United Nations Transition Assistance Group ([[United Nations Transition Assistance Group|UNTAG]])
|[[Namibia]]
|[[Namibian War of Independence]]
|Operation MATADOR 40 personnel<ref name="Defence 2019 r059">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Transition Assistance Group Namibia | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 18, 2019 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/matador.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044309/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/matador.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1991–1994
|United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara ([[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|MINURSO]])
|[[Western Sahara]]
|[[Western Sahara conflict]]
|Operation PYTHON  a maximum of 35 CF personnel from May 1991 – June 1994.<ref name="Defence 2018 d251">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el referéndum del Sàhara Occidental | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/python.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044308/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/python.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1992–1993
| United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia ([[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|UNTAC]])
| Cambodia
|[[People's Republic of Kampuchea|Conflict in Cambodia]]
|Operation MARQUIS 1 and MARQUIS 2 approximately 240 personnel<ref name="Defence 2020 q009">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=MARQUIS (UNTAC) | website=Canada.ca | date=Oct 25, 2020 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/marquis.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=October 28, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028064348/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/asia-pacific/marquis.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1992–1995
| rowspan="4" |United Nations Protection Force ([[United Nations Protection Force|UNPROFOR]])
|[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Yugoslav Wars]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Operation Medak Pocket#Canadian buffer|Operation Harmony]] 2,000 plus personnel<ref name="Defence 2013 w457">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation HARMONY | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 17, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-harmony.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044309/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-harmony.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Croatia]]
|-
|[[Republic of Macedonia]]
|-
|[[FR Yugoslavia]]
|-
|April 1992 – December 1992
|United Nations Operation in Somalia I ([[United Nations Operation in Somalia I|UNOSOM I]])
|[[Somalia]]
|[[Somali Civil War]]
|Operation CORDON Staff officers<ref name="Defence 2018 w850">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Operation in Somalia I | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/cordon.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044307/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/cordon.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|December 1992 – May 1993
|Unified Task Force ([[Unified Task Force|UNITAF]])
|[[Somalia]]
|[[Somali Civil War]]
|Approximately 1,400 personnel<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2019 w154">{{cite web | title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=Jul 25, 2019 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia#UNITAF | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044307/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia#UNITAF | url-status=live }}</ref> 
|-
|May 1993 – March 1995
|United Nations Operation in Somalia II ([[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|UNOSOM II]])
|[[Somalia]]
|[[Somali Civil War]]
|Operation DELIVERANCE 900 personnel<ref name="Defence 2018 h571">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Operations in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/deliverance.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044310/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/deliverance.html | url-status=live }}</ref> 
|-
|1993–1996
|United Nations Mission in Haiti ([[United Nations Mission in Haiti|UNMIH]])
|[[Haiti]]
|[[1991 Haitian coup d'état]]
|Operation CAULDRON - October 1993<br>Operation PIVOT - March 1995 to April 1996<br>Operation STANDARD - April 1996 to Sept 1996<br> soldiers and civilian police<ref name="Defence 2018 k573">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/cauldron.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044309/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/cauldron.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1993–1996
|United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda ([[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda|UNAMIR]])
|[[Rwanda]]
|[[Rwandan Civil War]]
|Operation LANCE<ref name="Defence 2020 e283">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=LANCE (UNAMIR) | website=Canada.ca | date=Oct 26, 2020 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/lance-unamir.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054210/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/lance-unamir.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1994–1996
|United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation ([[United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia|UNCRO]])
|[[Croatia]]
|[[Croatian War of Independence]]
|Operation HARMONY one Canadian infantry battalion<ref name="Defence 2018 q731">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Confidence Restoration Organization (UNCRO) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/harmony.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054214/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/harmony.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1995–1999
|United Nations Preventive Deployment Force ([[United Nations Preventive Deployment Force|UNPREDEP]])
|[[North Macedonia|Macedonia]]
|[[History of North Macedonia#1990s|Aftermath of the Yugoslav wars]]
|1 observer<ref name="Defence 2018 p447">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/unpredep.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054210/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/unpredep.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1995–2000
|United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina ([[United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina|UNMIBH]])
|[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|[[Bosnian War]]
|Canadian Forces personnel and RCMP and civilian police<ref name="Defence 2018 l487">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovenia (UNMIBH) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/roulette.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054212/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/europe/roulette.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1996–1997
|United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH)
|[[Haiti]]
|Stabilizing Haiti's democracy
|Operation STANDARD and Operation STABLE 750 personnel<ref name="Defence 2018 b017">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/stable.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054212/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/stable.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1997–2004
|United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH)
|[[Haiti]]
|Training of the [[Haitian National Police]]
|Operation CONSTABLE 650 personnel<ref name="Defence 1997 r169">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation CONSTABLE | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 30, 1997 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-constable.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054214/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-constable.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1997–2000
|United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH)
|[[Haiti]]
|Training of the [[Haitian National Police]]
|Operation COMPLIMENT 6 [[Bison and Coyote armoured vehicles|Bison armoured personnel carriers]] with eleven support personnel<ref name="Defence 2018 o448">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/compliment.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054210/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/caribbean/compliment.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1998–2000
|United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic ([[United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic|MINURCA]])
|[[Central African Republic]]
|[[History of the Central African Republic|Mutinies in the Central African Republic armed forces]]
|Operation PRUDENCE 45 personnel at one time<ref name="Defence 2018 a998">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/prudence.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054213/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/prudence.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999–2000
| rowspan="2" |The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor ([[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|UNTAET]])
|[[East Timor]]
| rowspan="2" |[[1999 East Timorese crisis]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Operation Toucan (East Timor)|Operation TOUCAN]] 600 personnel,<ref name="Defence 2013 w568">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation TOUCAN | website=Canada.ca | date=Nov 5, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-toucan.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054214/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-toucan.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indonesia]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999–2002
| rowspan="2" |United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo ([[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|UNMIK]])
|[[Serbia]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kosovo War]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Operation Kinetic (1999)|Operation Kinetic]]<ref name="Defence 2013 o503">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation Kinetic | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-kinetic.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054212/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-kinetic.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and Operation QUADRANT<ref name="Defence 2013 a240">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation QUADRANT | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-quadrant.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054213/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-quadrant.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kosovo]]
|-
|1999–2005
|United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ([[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone|UNAMSIL]])
|[[Sierra Leone]]
|[[Sierra Leone Civil War]]
|Operation REPTILE<ref name="Defence 2013 m944">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation REPTILE | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-reptile.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054215/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-reptile.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1999–2010
|United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ([[MONUC]])
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|[[Second Congo War]]
| Operation CROCODILE 9 military observers<ref name="Defence 2013 g377">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation CROCODILE | website=Canada.ca | date=Feb 20, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-crocodile.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054211/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-crocodile.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000–2002
| rowspan="2" |The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor ([[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|UNTAET]])
|[[East Timor]]
| rowspan="2" |[[1999 East Timorese crisis]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Operation Toucan (East Timor)|Operation TOUCAN]] 600 personnel<ref name="Defence 2013 w568"/>
|-
|[[Indonesia]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000-2003
| rowspan="2" |United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea ([[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|UNMEE]])
|[[Eritrea]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Operation Addition]] 450 personnel<ref name="Defence 2013 f680">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation ADDITION | website=Canada.ca | date=Nov 21, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-addition.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312054215/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-addition.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Ethiopia]]
|-
|2004
|United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti ([[United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti|MINUSTAH]])
|[[Haiti]]
|Aftermath of the [[2004 Haitian coup d'état]]
| [[Operation Halo|Operation HALO]] 500 personnel, 6 helicopters<ref name="Defence 2013 q771">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation HALO | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-halo.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055327/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-halo.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2005–2009
|United Nations Mission in the Sudan ([[United Nations Mission in Sudan|UNMIS]])
|[[Sudan]]
|[[Second Sudanese Civil War]]
|Operation SAFARI 45 personnel <ref name="Defence 2013 e314">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation SAFARI | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 22, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-safari.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=December 4, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122232/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-safari.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2008
|United Nations/African Union Mission in Darfur ([[United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur|UNAMID]])
|[[Sudan]]
|[[War in Darfur]]
|Operation SATURN 6 staff officers<ref name="Defence 2013 q159">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation SATURN | website=Canada.ca | date=Feb 20, 2013 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-saturn.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055327/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/operation-saturn.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Defence 2018 f011">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=United Nations Assistance Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) | website=Canada.ca | date=Dec 11, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/saturn.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055326/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/africa/saturn.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2018–2023
|Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali ([[United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali|MINUSMA]])
|[[Mali]]
|[[Mali War]]
| Operation PRESENCE<ref name="Defence 2018 p820">{{cite web | last=Defence | first=National | title=Operation PRESENCE | website=Canada.ca | date=Jul 5, 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/op-presence.html | access-date=Mar 12, 2024 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055327/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/op-presence.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|border=no|Canada|Politics}}
*[[Canadian honours order of wearing]]
*[[International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers]]
* [[List of wars involving Canada]]
*[[Pearson Medal of Peace]]
*[[United Nations Department of Peace Operations]]
*[[United Nations Military Observer]]
*[[United Nations Police]]
*[[Women in peacekeeping]]{{-}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading ==
{{main|Bibliography of Canadian military history}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | last=Bin | first=M. | title=On Guard for Thee: Canadian Peacekeeping Missions | publisher=BookLand Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-9783793-2-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXZDJwAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book | last=Carroll | first=M.K. | title=Pearson's Peacekeepers: Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force, 1956-67 | publisher=University of British Columbia Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-7748-5886-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Yz9JcOyyvUC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-first=Howard G|editor1-last=Coombs|editor2-first=Magali|editor2-last=Deleuze|editor3-first=Kevin|editor3-last=Brushett|editor4-first=Marie-Michèle|editor4-last=Doucet|title=Peacekeeping: Perspectives Old and New|publisher=Centre for International and Defense Policy|year=2023|url=https://canadacommons.ca/artifacts/3531914/peacekeeping/4333046/|isbn=9781553396628|at=Martello Papers series 46|publication-place=McGill–Queen's University Press}}
*{{cite book|author1=Conrad, John|author2=Lieutenant-Colonel|title=Scarce Heard Amid the Guns: An Inside Look at Canadian Peacekeeping|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxmxBkiubkwC&pg=PP1|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4597-0096-3}}
* {{citation |last =Granatstein |first =J. L. |year =2004 |title =Canada's army: Waging war and keeping the peace. |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jqxyhNcha3sC&q=Army%20%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1 |publisher =University of Toronto Press |isbn =0802086969 }}
*{{cite book|title=Peacekeeping missions and the police in Canada : an impact study of civilian police officers and police services|author=LeBeuf, Marcel-Eugène|edition=PS64-5/2005E-PDF|date=2005|url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.687317/publication.html|isbn=0-662-39346-5}}
*{{cite book | last=McCullough | first=C. | title=Creating Canada's Peacekeeping Past | publisher=University of British Columbia Press | series=Studies in Canadian Military History | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-7748-3251-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfNJDAAAQBAJ }}
{{refend}}

==External links ==
{{Commons category|Peacekeeping missions of Canada}}
*[https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/peacekeeping Canada and international peacekeeping] - [[Veterans Affairs Canada]]
*[https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/peace-support.html Peace support operations (1954-present)] - [[Government of Canada]]
*[https://rcmp.ca/en/federal-policing/international-policing/current-peace-operations Current peace operations] -[[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
*[https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/peacekeeping/peacekeeping.htm Peacekeeping] - canadiansoldiers.com (CSC)
;Archives
*[https://www.cbc.ca/search?q=Canadian%20peacekeeping&section=all&sortOrder=relevance&media=all  Peacekeeping] (CBC Archives search) - [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
*[https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/search.html?q=Peacekeeping&wb-srch-sub= Peacekeeping] (archive search) - [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]] and [[Canadian Armed Forces]]
{{CanadaPeacekeeping}}
{{UN Peacekeeping Operations}}
{{Canadian military history}}
{{Foreign relations of Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian Peacekeeping Missions}}
[[Category:Military operations involving Canada|Peacekeeping Missions]]
[[Category:Peacekeeping]]
[[Category:Canadian military-related lists|Peacekeeping Missions]]
[[Category:Lists of military units and formations of Canada|Peace]]
[[Category:Canada and the United Nations|Peacekeeping]]