View source for Siege of Toulon (1793)

{{Short description|Part of the War of the First Coalition}}
{{For|other battles in Toulon|Battle of Toulon (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Siege of Toulon
| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Royalist France.svg}} [[Armée des Émigrés|French Royalists]]<br>{{flagicon|France|1790}} [[Federalist revolts#Marseille and Toulon|French Federalists]]<hr>{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}<br> {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[History of Spain (1700–1808)|Kingdom of Spain]]<br>{{flag|Kingdom of Naples|1738}}<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Sicily}}<br>{{flag|Kingdom of Sardinia|1785}}
| casualties2       = {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} 1,200 killed or wounded<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} 700 killed or wounded<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Naples|1738}}{{flagicon|Kingdom of Sicily}}{{flagicon|Kingdom of Sardinia|1785}} 200 killed or wounded<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Naples|1738}}{{flagicon|Kingdom of Sardinia|1785}} 1,000 captured<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Royalist France.svg}} 1,500 captured  <ref name="auto"/><br>'''Total''' 4,600<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} 1 Ship captured<ref name="auto"/><br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Royalist France.svg}} 14 Ships of the Line, 1 Frigate and 2 Corvettes abandoned and seized by the Republicans<ref name="auto"/>
| casualties1       = {{flagicon image|Flag of France (1790–1794).svg}} 1,700 dead or wounded<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://remilitari.com/cronolog/napoleon/toulon.htm|title=De re Militari: Guerras Napoleónicas.|website=remilitari.com}}</ref><br>
9 Ships of the Line scuttled in harbour, 4 ships of the line, 7 Frigates and 5 Corvettes captured<ref name="auto"/>
| strength2         = {{flagicon image|Flag of Royalist France.svg}} 1,500 <br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} 8,000 & 37 Ships<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} 7,000 & 32 Ships<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Naples|1738}}{{flagicon|Kingdom of Sicily}}{{flagicon|Kingdom of Sardinia|1785}} 6,500 & 5 Ships<br>'''Total'''<br>23,000 men<br>74 ships
| strength1         = 32,000<ref>See Castex, Théories Stratégiques</ref>
| commander2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Royalist France.svg}} Baron d'Imbert<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Samuel Hood]]<br> {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Charles O'Hara]]{{POW}}<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[William Sidney Smith|Sidney Smith]]<br> {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Lord Mulgrave]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Juan de Lángara]] <br>{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Federico Carlos Gravina y Nápoli|Federico Gravina]]<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave|Henry Phipps]]
| commander1        = {{flagicon|French First Republic|1790}} [[Jean François Carteaux]]<br>{{flagicon|French First Republic|1790}} [[Jacques François Dugommier]]<br>{{flagicon|French First  Republic|1790}} [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]{{WIA}}<br>{{flagicon|French First Republic|1790}} [[Jean François Cornu de La Poype]]<br>{{flagicon|French First  Republic|1790}} Hughes Charlot
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|French First Republic|1790}} [[French First Republic|French Republic]]
| partof            = the [[Federalist revolts]] and the [[War of the Pyrenees]]
| result            = French Republican victory
| coordinates       = {{coord|43.13|5.92|type:event|display=inline}}
| place             = [[Toulon]], [[First French Republic|France]]
| date              = 29 August – 19 December 1793
|image=File:Les coalises evacuent Toulon en decembre 1793.jpg
|caption=The British evacuation of Toulon in December 1793
|map_type=Europe
|map_relief=1
|map_size=300
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox First Coalition}}
{{Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Royalist Revolts}}
{{Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign of 1793-1796}}
{{Campaignbox French Revolutionary War of the Pyrenees}}
{{Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Naval Battles}}
{{Campaignbox Portugal in the Napoleonic Wars}}

}}
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| title = [[War of the First Coalition]]:<br>Napoleon Bonaparte
| caption = {{legend|black|current battle}}{{legend|navy|Napoleon as commander}}{{legend|maroon|Napoleon as commander in chief}}

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| label1 = Toulon
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|43.13|5.92}}
| mark-title1 = Siege of Toulon (1793) from 29 August to 19 December 1793
| shape-color1 = black
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| label2 =
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|43.99|7.55}}
| mark-title2 = [[Second Battle of Saorgio (1794)]] from 24 to 28 April 1794
| shape-color2 = navy
| label-color2 = navy

| label3 =
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|44.65|7.87}}
| mark-title3 = [[Montenotte campaign]] from 10 to 28 April 1796

| label4 =
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|45.15|9.7}}
| mark-title4 = [[Battle of Fombio]] from 7 to 9 May 1796

| label5 = Lodi
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|45.32|9.5}}
| mark-title5 = [[Battle of Lodi]] on 10 May 1796

| label6 =
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|45.35|10.73}}
| mark-title6 = [[Battle of Borghetto]] on 30 May 1796

| label7 =
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|45.46|10.48}}
| mark-title7 = [[Battle of Lonato]] from 3 to 4 August 1796

| label8 =
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|45.38|10.48}}
| mark-title8 = [[Battle of Castiglione]] on 5 August 1796

| label9 =
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|45.88|11.05}}
| mark-title9 = [[Battle of Rovereto]] on 4 September 1796

| label10 =
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|45.77|11.73}}
| mark-title10 = [[Battle of Bassano]] on 8 September 1796<br>[[Second Battle of Bassano]] on 6 November 1796

| label11 =
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|45.42|11.18}}
| mark-title11 = [[Battle of Caldiero (1796)]] on 12 November 1796

| label12 =
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|45.35|11.28}}
| mark-title12 = [[Battle of Arcole]] from 15 to 17 November 1796

| label13 =
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|45.57|10.82}}
| mark-title13 = [[Battle of Rivoli]] from 14 to 15 January 1797

| label14 =
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|45.16|10.8}}
| mark-title14 = [[Siege of Mantua (1796–1797)]] from 27 August 1796 to 2 February 1797

| label15 =
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|46|12.87}}
| mark-title15 = [[Battle of Valvasone (1797)]] on 16 March 1797

| label16 =
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|46.51|13.58}}
| mark-title16 = [[Battle of Tarvis (1797)]] from 21 to 23 March 1797
}}

The '''siege of Toulon''' (29 August – 19 December 1793) was a military engagement that took place during the [[Federalist revolts]] of the [[Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary Wars]]. It was undertaken by [[First French Republic|Republican]] forces against [[House of Bourbon|Royalist]] rebels supported by Anglo-Spanish forces in the southern French city of [[Toulon]]. It was during this siege that young [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] first won fame and promotion when his plan, involving the capture of fortifications above the harbour, was credited with forcing the city to capitulate and the Anglo-Spanish fleet to withdraw. The British siege of 1793 marked the first involvement of the Royal Navy with the French Revolution.

== Background ==
{{See also|Reign of Terror}}

After the [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|arrest of the Girondist deputies on the 2 June 1793]], there followed a series of insurrections within the French cities of [[Lyon]], [[Avignon]], [[Nîmes]], and [[Marseille]] known as [[Federalist revolts]]. In Toulon the revolutionaries evicted the existing [[Jacobin Club|Jacobin]] faction but were soon supplanted by the more numerous [[French emigration (1789–1815)|royalists]]. Upon the announcement of the recapture of Marseille and of the reprisals which had taken place there at the hands of the revolutionaries, the royalist forces, directed by the [[Xavier Lebret d'Imbert|Baron d'Imbert]], requested support from the Anglo-Spanish fleet. On the 28th of  August, the British and Spanish commanders of the fleet, Admiral [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Sir Samuel Hood]] ([[Royal Navy]]) and Admiral [[Juan de Lángara]] ([[Spanish Navy]]), responded with 13,000 troops of [[British Army|British]], [[Spanish Army|Spanish]], [[Royal Army of Naples|Neapolitan]] and [[Royal Army of Sardinia|Piedmontese]] origin. Baron d'Imbert delivered the port of Toulon to the British navy. Toulon hoisted the royal flag, the [[fleur de lys]], and d'Imbert declared the eight-year-old [[Louis XVII of France|Louis XVII]] king of France on the first of October. This result produced a potentially mortal situation for the French republic, as the city had a key naval arsenal and was the base for 26 [[Ship of the line|ships of the line]]<ref name="troude">{{Cite web|last=Troude|first=O.|date=April 1, 1867|title=Batailles navales de la Francev|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TwZv6FX-RpsC|publisher=Challamel ainé|location=Paris|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> (about one-third of the total available to the French Navy).  Without this port, the French could not hope to challenge the Allies, and specifically the British, for control of the seas. In addition, Toulon's loss would send a dangerous signal to others preparing to revolt against the republic.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oOzcrC5e-LIC&q=The+Wars+of+the+French+Revolution+and+Napoleon Connolly, Owen. The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792–1815. London: Routledge, 2005].</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=09AVBAAAQBAJ&q=d%27Imbert&pg=PA3 Mace, Martin, and John Grehan. British Battles of the Napoleonic Wars 1793–1806: Despatched from the Front. Pen and Sword, 2013].</ref> Although France had a large army due to its ''[[levée en masse]]'', the Republic could not easily rebuild its navy, which had been the third largest in Europe,<ref>{{Cite web|title=French Revolutionary wars {{!}} Causes, Combatants, & Battles|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/French-revolutionary-wars|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> if the Allies and Royalists destroyed or captured much of it. Both the strategic importance of the naval base and the prestige of the Revolution demanded that the French recapture Toulon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Toulon|title=Siege of Toulon &#124; Summary}}</ref>

== Siege ==
[[File:Siège de Toulon.PNG|thumb|300px|The siege of Toulon by [[Jean-Antoine-Siméon Fort]]]]
{{cquote|I have no words to describe Bonaparte's merit: much technical skill, an equal degree of intelligence, and too much gallantry ...|20|20|General [[Jacques François Dugommier]], at the siege of Toulon<ref>{{cite book |last= Cronin|first=Vincent |date= 1972|title=Napoleon Bonaparte: an intimate biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9FnAAAAMAAJ |publisher= Morrow|page=77}}</ref>
}}
The troops of the army said to be of the "[[Carmagnole]]s", under the command of [[General]] [[Jean François Carteaux]], arrived at Toulon on 8 September, after those troops had recovered Avignon and Marseille, and then [[Ollioules]].  They joined up with the 6,000 men of the Alpine Maritime Army, commanded by General [[Jean François Cornu de La Poype]], who had just taken [[La Valette-du-Var]], and sought to take the forts of [[Mont Faron]], which dominated the city to the East. They were reinforced by 3,000 sailors under the orders of Admiral [[Jean-René-César Saint-Julien de Chambon|de Saint Julien]], who refused to serve the British with his chief, [[Jean-Honoré de Trogoff de Kerlessy]]. A further 5,000 soldiers under General La Poype were attached to the army to retake Toulon from the Army of Italy.<ref name="chandler20">Chandler 1966, p. 20</ref>

The Chief of Artillery, commander [[Elzéar Auguste Cousin de Dommartin]], having been wounded at Ollioules, had the young captain [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] imposed upon him by the special representatives of the Convention and Napoleon's friends —[[Augustin Robespierre]] and [[Antoine Christophe Saliceti]]. Bonaparte had been in the area escorting a convoy of powder wagons en route to Nice and had stopped in to pay his respects to his fellow Corsican, Saliceti.<ref name="chandler20" /> Bonaparte had been present in the army since the Avignon insurrection (July, 1793), and was imposed on Dommartin in this way despite the mutual antipathy between the two men.
[[File:Napoleon à Toulon par Edouard Detaille.jpg|thumb|Bonaparte at the siege of Toulon]]
Despite the mutual dislike between Bonaparte and the chief of artillery, the young artillery officer was able to muster an artillery force that was worthy of a siege of Toulon and the fortresses that were quickly built by the British in its immediate environs. He was able to requisition equipment and cannon from the surrounding area. Guns were taken from Marseille, Avignon and the Army of Italy. The local populace, which was eager to prove its loyalty to the republic which it had recently rebelled against, was blackmailed into supplying the besieging force with animals and supplies. His activity resulted in the acquisition of 100 guns for the force. With the help of his friends, the deputies Saliceti and Augustin Robespierre, who held power of life and death, he was able to compel retired artillery officers from the area to re-enlist. The problem of manning the guns was not remedied by this solution alone, and under Bonaparte's intensive training he instructed much of the infantry in the practice of employing, deploying and firing the artillery that his efforts had recently acquired.<ref>Chandler 1966, p. 24</ref> However, in spite of this effort, Bonaparte was not as confident about this operation as was later his custom. The officers serving with him in the siege were incompetent, and he was becoming concerned about the needless delays due to these officers' mistakes. He was so concerned that he wrote a letter of appeal to the Committee of Public Safety requesting assistance. To deal with his superiors who were wanting in skill, he proposed the appointment of a general for command of the artillery, succeeding himself, so that "... (they could) command respect and deal with a crowd of fools on the staff with whom one has constantly to argue and lay down the law in order to overcome their prejudices and make them take steps which theory and practice alike have shown to be axiomatic to any trained officer of this corps".<ref>Correspondence of Napoleon I, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 12</ref>

After some reconnaissance, Bonaparte conceived a plan which envisaged the capture of the forts of l'Eguillette and Balaguier, on the hill of Cairo, which would then prevent passage between the small and large harbours of the port, so cutting maritime resupply, necessary for those under siege. Carteaux, reluctant, sent only a weak detachment under Major General Delaborde, which failed in its attempted conquest on 22 September. The allies now alerted, built "Fort Mulgrave", so christened in honour of the British commander, [[Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave]], on the summit of the hill.  It was supported by three smaller ones, called Saint-Phillipe, Saint-Côme, and Saint-Charles. The apparently impregnable collection was nicknamed, by the French, "Little Gibraltar".

Bonaparte was dissatisfied by the sole battery—called the "Mountain", positioned on the height of Saint-Laurent since 19 September. He established another, on the shore of Brégallion, called the "''[[sans-culottes]]''". Hood attempted to silence it, without success, but the British fleet was obliged to harden its resolve along the coast anew, because of the high seabed of Mourillon and la Tour Royale. On the first of October, after the failure of General La Poype against the "Eastern Fort" of Faron, Bonaparte was asked to bombard the large fort of Malbousquet, whose fall would be required to enable the capture of the city. He therefore requisitioned artillery from all of the surrounding countryside, holding the power of fifty batteries of six cannon apiece. Promoted to Chief of Battalion on 19 October, he organised a grand battery, said to be "of the Convention", on the hill of Arènes and facing the fort, supported by those of the "Camp of the Republicans" on the hill of Dumonceau, by those of the "Farinière" on the hill of Gaux, and those of the "Poudrière" at Lagoubran.

On 11 November, Carteaux was dismissed and replaced by [[François Amédée Doppet]], formerly a doctor, whose indecision would cause an attempted surprise against Fort Mulgrave to fail on the 16th. Aware of his own incompetence, he resigned. He was succeeded by a career soldier, [[Jacques François Dugommier|Dugommier]], who immediately recognized the virtue of Bonaparte's plan, and prepared for the capture of Little Gibraltar. On the 20th, as soon as he arrived, the battery "[[Jacobin]]" was established, on the ridge of l'Evescat. Then, on the left, on 28 November, the battery of the "Men Without Fear", and then on 14 December, the "Chasse Coquins" were constructed between the two. Two other batteries were organized to repel the eventual intervention of the allied ships, they were called "The Great Harbour" and the "Four Windmills".

Pressured by the bombardment, the Anglo-Neapolitans executed a sortie, and took hold of the battery of the "Convention". A counter-attack, headed by Dugommier and Bonaparte, pushed them back and the British general, [[Charles O'Hara]], was captured. He initiated surrender negotiations with Robespierre the Younger and [[Antoine Louis Albitte]] and the Federalist and Royalist battalions were disarmed.

Following O'Hara's capture, Dugommier, La Poype, and Bonaparte (now a colonel) launched a general assault during the night of 16 December. Around midnight, the assault began on Little Gibraltar and the fighting continued all night. Bonaparte was injured in the thigh by a British sergeant with a bayonet. However, in the morning, the position having been taken, Marmont was able to place artillery there, against l'Eguillette and Balaguier, which the British had evacuated without confrontation on the same day. During this time, La Poype finally was able to take the forts of Faron and Malbousquet. The allies then decided to evacuate by their maritime route. Commodore Sydney Smith was instructed by Hood to have the delivery fleet and the arsenal burnt.

== Destruction of the French fleet ==
{{main|French fleet at the siege of Toulon}}
[[File:Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16914.jpg|thumb|223x223px|Admiral [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Sir Samuel Hood]] who commanded the British naval forces defending the city.]]
Lángara ordered Don [[Pedro Cotiella]] to take three boats into the arsenal to destroy the French fleet. [[William Sidney Smith|Sir Sidney Smith]], who had recently arrived, volunteered to accompany him with his ship ''Swallow'' and three British boats. Cotiella was tasked with sinking Toulon's [[Hulk (ship type)|hulks]]; one was a disarmed former British [[frigate]] captured during the [[American Revolutionary War]], ''[[HMS Montreal (1761)|Montréal]]'', and the other was the French frigate ''[[French frigate Iris (1781)|Iris]]''.<ref name="WLC209">Clowes, p. 209</ref> These ships contained the [[gunpowder]] stores for the entire fleet and due to the danger of explosion were anchored in the outer roads, some distance from the city. He was then instructed to enter the Old Arsenal and destroy the ships there. The dock gates, which had been barred against attack and manned by 800 former galley slaves freed during the retreat. Their sympathies were with the advancing Republicans so to ensure that they did not interfere, Smith kept his guns trained on them throughout the operation.<ref name="WJ80">James, p. 80</ref> His boats were spotted by the Republican batteries on the heights and cannonballs and shells landed in the arsenal, although none struck Smith's men. As darkness fell Republican troops reached the shoreline and contributed musketry to the fusillade; Smith replied with [[grapeshot]] from his boat's guns.<ref name="NT44">Tracy, p. 44</ref>
[[File:Destruction of the French Fleet at Toulon 18th December 1793.jpg|left|thumb|Destruction of the French fleet at Toulon]]
At 20:00 Captain [[Charles Hare (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Hare]] brought the [[fire ship]] [[HMS Vulcan (1783)|HMS ''Vulcan'']] into the New Arsenal. Smith halted the ship across the row of anchored French ships of the line, and lit the fuses at 22:00. Hare was badly wounded by an early detonation as he attempted to leave his ship.<ref name="NT42">Tracy, p. 42</ref> Simultaneously, fire parties set alight the warehouses and stores ashore, including the mast house and the hemp and timber stores, creating an inferno across the harbour as ''Vulcan''{{'}}s cannons fired a last salvo at the French positions on the shore.<ref name="WJ78">James, p. 78</ref> With the fires spreading through the dockyards and New Arsenal, Smith began to withdraw. His force was illuminated by the flames, making an inviting target for the Republican batteries. As his boats passed the ''Iris'', however, the powder ship suddenly and unexpectedly exploded, blasting debris in a wide circle and sinking two of the British boats. On ''Britannia'' all of the crew survived, but the blast killed the master and three men on ''Union''.<ref name="NM116">Mostert, p. 116</ref>

With the New Arsenal in flames, Smith realised that the Old Arsenal appeared intact; only a few small fires marked the Spanish effort to destroy the French ships anchored within. He immediately led ''Swallow'' back towards the arsenal but found that Republican soldiers had captured it intact, their heavy musketry driving him back.<ref name="NT29">Tracy, p. 29</ref> Instead he turned to two disarmed ships of the line, ''[[French ship Héros (1778)|Héros]]'' and ''[[French ship Thémistocle (1791)|Thémistocle]]'', which lay in the inner roads as [[Prison ship|prison hulks]]. The French Republican prisoners on board had initially resisted British efforts to burn the ships, but with the evidence of the destruction in the arsenal before them they consented to be safely conveyed to shore as Smith's men set the empty hulls on fire.<ref name="NT44" />

=== Evacuation ===
With all the available targets on fire or in French hands, Smith withdrew once more, accompanied by dozens of small watercraft packed with Toulonnais refugees and Neapolitan soldiers separated during the retreat.<ref name="NT44" /> As he passed the second powder hulk, ''Montréal'', she also exploded unexpectedly. Although his force was well within the blast radius, on this occasion none of Smith's men were struck by falling debris and his boats retired to the waiting British fleet without further incident. As Smith's boats had gone about their work Hood had ordered [[HMS Robust|HMS ''Robust'']] under Captain [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith|George Elphinstone]] and [[HMS Leviathan (1790)|HMS ''Leviathan'']] under Captain [[Benjamin Hallowell Carew|Benjamin Hallowell]] to evacuate the allied troops from the waterfront.<ref name="WJ80" /> They were joined by [[French ship Courageux (1753)|HMS ''Courageux'']] under Captain [[William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock|William Waldegrave]], which had been undergoing repairs in the Arsenal to replace a damaged [[rudder]]. Despite this handicap, ''Courageux'' was able to participate in the evacuation and [[Warping (sailing)|warp]] out of the harbour with the replacement rudder following behind, suspended between two ship's boats. The fireship [[HMS Conflagration|HMS ''Conflagration'']], also undergoing repairs, was unable to sail and was destroyed during the evacuation. By the morning of 19 December Elphinstone's squadron had retrieved all of the Allied soldiers from the city without losing a single man.<ref name="WJ80" />

In addition to the soldiery, the British squadron and their boats took on board thousands of French Royalist refugees, who had flocked to the waterfront when it became clear that the city would fall to the Republicans. ''Robust'', the last to leave, carried more than 3,000 civilians from the harbour and another 4,000 were recorded on board ''Princess Royal'' out in the roads. In total the British fleet rescued 14,877 Toulonnais from the city; witnesses on board the retreating ships reported scenes of panic on the waterfront as stampeding civilians were crushed or drowned in their haste to escape the advancing Republican soldiers, who fired indiscriminately into the fleeing populace.<ref name="WLC210">Clowes, p. 210</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== Suppression ===
The troops of the Convention entered the city on the 19 December. The subsequent suppression of Royalists, directed by [[Paul Barras]] and [[Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron|Stanislas Fréron]], was extremely bloody. It is estimated that between 700 and 800 prisoners were shot or slain by bayonet on Toulon's Champ de Mars. Bonaparte, treated for his injuries by [[Jean François Hernandez (physician)|Jean François Hernandez]], was not present at the massacre. Promoted to [[brigadier general]] on 22 December, he was already on his way to his new post in [[Nice]] as the artillery commander for the [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]]. A gate, which comprises part of the old walls of the city of Toulon, evokes his departure; a commemorative plaque has been affixed there. This gate is called the ''Porte d'Italie''.
As a punishment, the Convention changed the name of the city to {{lang|fr-FR|Port-la-Montagne}},<ref name="Archives">{{cite book |title=Table alphabetique et analytique des archives parlementaires, LXXXII |publisher=Archives Parlementaires |page=789 |url=https://sul-philologic.stanford.edu/philologic/archparl/navigate/83/4/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=fr |quote=Port-la-Montagne (Commune de). La Convention décrète que la commune de Toulon portera désormais le nom de Port-la-Montagne (4 nivôse an II — 24 décembre 1793, t. LXXXII, p. 259).}}</ref> after [[The Mountain]] faction.

== Order of battle ==
Below is the full order of battle of forces involved.  Because no centralised command existed for the allies, they are simply designated as the 'Allied Army', however this was neither a field formation, nor a coherent force.  The order of battle below is shown for the last part of the siege (from September).

=== French Republicans ===
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"
!colspan= |French Republicans Order of Battle
|-
|colspan="2" |
By the end of the siege, Republican strength totalled from 8 x [[French Revolutionary Army|Regular Infantry Battalions]], 50 x [[French National Volunteers|Volunteer Infantry Battalions]], and 9 x [[National Guard (France)|National Guard Battalions]], plus about 30 x Company-sized detachments.  The Republicans eventually amassed some 1,600 x artillerymen and well over 100 x artillery pieces.  The gunners were mixed themselves, with 42% Volunteers, 33% Regulars, and 25% Naval Gunners.  Note: the 'Divisions' located below were administrative formations, and by no means operational formations.'''<ref name=":0">Forczyk, pp. 23–25</ref>'''  Each unit below has its English name following by its local-language name ''(in parentheses)'', followed by [if available] the amount of troops.
* '''French Army''',<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Smith 1999, pp. 63–64</ref><ref name=":2">Krebs & Moris, pp. 147–148, 150</ref><ref>George Nafziger, ''[https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/carl/nafziger/793LBI.pdf French Army before Toulon 11 December 1793]''.  United States Army Combined Arms Center.  Retrieved 4 July 2021.</ref> commanded by Division General [[Jacques François Dugommier]]
** '''at [[Ollioules]]'''
*** Company, [[Régiment de Lorraine Cavalerie|9th Dragoon Regiment (Lorraine)]] ''(Compagnie du 9ème Régiment de Dragons (Lorraine))'' (51)
*** 27 x Mounted [[Gendarmerie]]
** '''Artillery'''
*** 4 x [[French Naval Artillery|Naval Artillery]] Companies (411)
*** Côte d'Or Volunteer Artillery Company ''(Compagnie d'Artillerie Volontaire de la Côte d'Or)'' (18)
*** Lozère Volunteer Artillery Company ''(Compagnie d'Artillerie Volontaire de la Lozère)'' (19)
*** 2 x Infantry Artillery Battalions (545)
*** 2 x Volunteer Artillery Battalions (663)
** '''Division of the West<ref name=":0" />''' (17,000 by end of September) – <small>detached from the [[Army of the Alps]]</small>
*** '''Right Wing'''
**** 5th Grenadier Battalion ''(5ème Bataillon de Grenadiers)'' (488)
**** 1 x Battalion, 23rd Line Infantry Regiment ''(23ème Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne)'' (587)
**** 1st Battalion, [[Ardèche]] Volunteers ''(1ère Bataillon des Volontaires des l'Ardèche)'' (501)
**** 1st Battalion, [[Gard]] Volunteers ''(1ère Bataillon des Volontaires du Gard)'' (683)
**** 5th Battalion, [[Hautes-Alpes]] Volunteers ''(5ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Hautes-Alpes)'' (538)
**** Battalion of the Mountain ''(Bataillon de la Montagne)'' (497)
**** 1 x Chasseur Company, [[Légion des Allobroges|Allobroges Legion]] ''(Légion de Allobroges)''<ref name=":0" group="Note">A unique legion, comprising 14 x [[Chasseurs à Pied|Chasseur]] Companies, 3 x [[Dragoon]] troops, and an artillery battery.  Totalling by itself some 1,129 troops.</ref>'''<ref name=":0" />''' (153)
**** '''Le Ponnet's Brigade''', commanded by Brigade General Le Ponnet
***** 2nd Chasseur Company, [[Légion des Allobroges|Allobroges Legion]] ''(2ème Compagnie des Chasseurs du Légion de Allobroges)''<ref name=":0" group="Note" />'''<ref name=":0" />''' (153)
***** 2nd Company, 2nd Battalion, [[Basses Alpes]] Volunteers ''(2ème Compagnie du 2ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Basses Alpes)'' (69)
***** 5th Company, 2nd Battalion, Côte d'Or Volunteers ''(5ème Compagnie du 2ème Bataillon des Volontaires de la Côte d'Or)'' (95)
***** 3rd Company, 3rd Battalion, [[Basses Alpes]] Volunteers ''(3ème Compagnie du 3ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Basses Alpes)'' (94)
***** 5th Company, 3rd Battalion, [[Basses Alpes]] Volunteers ''(5ème Compagnie du 3ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Basses Alpes)'' (89)
***** 6th Company, 3rd Battalion, [[Basses Alpes]] Volunteers ''(5ème Compagnie du 3ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Basses Alpes)'' (77)
***** 8th Company, 3rd Battalion, [[Basses Alpes]] Volunteers ''(8ème Compagnie du 3ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Basses Alpes)'' (79)
***** Company of Basset ''(Compagnie du Basset)'' (41)
**** '''in [[La Seyne-sur-Mer]]'''
***** 1st Battalion, [[Drôme]] Volunteers ''(1ère Bataillon des Volontaires de la Drôme)'' (622)
***** 2nd Battalion, [[Côte-d'Or|Côte d'Or]] Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Volontaires de la Côte d'Or)'' (870)
***** 4th Battalion, [[Aix-en-Provence]] Volunteers ''(4ème Bataillon des Volontaires d'Aix)'' (288)
***** 4th Battalion, [[Haute-Garonne]] Volunteers ''(4ème Bataillon des Volontaires  de l'Haute-Garonne)'' (699)
***** 5th Battalion, Haute-Garonne Volunteers ''(5ème Bataillon des Volontaires de l'Haute-Garrone)'' (812)
***** Grenadier Company, 6th Battalion, [[Marseille]] Volunteers ''(Compagnie de Grenadiers du 6ème Bataillon des Volontaires de Marseille)'' (143)
***** Chasseur Company, 6th Battalion, Marseille Volunteers ''(Compagnie de Chasseurs du 6ème Bataillon des Volontaires de Marseille)'' (52)
***** 1 x Chasseur Company, [[Légion des Allobroges|Allobroges Legion]] ''(Légion de Allobroges)''<ref name=":0" group="Note" />'''<ref name=":0" />''' (160)
*** '''Centre Column'''
**** 9th Battalion, Drôme Volunteers ''(9ème Bataillon de la Dôme)'' (640)
*** '''Left Wing'''
**** 1st Battalion, 59th Line Infantry Regiment ''(1ère Bataillon du 59ème Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne)'' (694)
**** 1st Battalion, [[Carpentras]] Volunteers ''(1ère Bataillon des Volontaires de Carpentras)'' (599)
**** 2nd Battalion, [[Bouches-du-Rhône|Bouches du Rhône]] Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Bouches du Rhône)'' (345)
**** 3rd Battalion, [[Mont-Blanc (department)|Mont Blanc]] Volunteers ''(3ème Bataillon des Volontaires du Mont Blanc)'' (607)
**** 5th Battalion, Vaucluse Volunteers ''(5ème Bataillon des Volontaires de Vaucluse)'' (819)
**** 6th Battalion, [[Gironde]] Volunteers ''(6ème Bataillon des Volontaires de la Gironde)'' (718)
**** 6th Battalion, [[The Mountain|Mountain Volunteers]] ''(6ème Bataillon des Volontaires de la Montagne)'' (452)
**** 8th Battalion, [[Isère]] Volunteers ''(8ème Bataillon des Volontaires de l'Isère)'' (693)
**** 12th Battalion, [[Drôme]] Volunteers ''(12ème Bataillon des Volontaires de la Drôme)'' (703)
**** 1/2 Battalion, [[Aubagne]] Volunteer Battalion ''(Bataillon des Volontaires d'Aubagne)'' (271)
**** Grenadier Company, 4th Battalion, [[The Mountain|Mountain Volunteers]] ''(Compagnie de Grenadiers du 4ème Bataillon des Volontaires de la Montagne)'' (36)
**** Grenadier Company, 4th Battalion, [[Vaucluse]] Volunteers ''(Compagnie de Grenadiers du 4ème Bataillon des Volontaires de Vaucluse)'' (54)
**** 3rd Free Company of [[Marseille]] ''(Compagnie Franche de Marseille)'' (80)
**** 1 x Company, 2nd Battalion, [[Ardèche]] Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Volontaires  de l'Ardèche)'' (74)
**** 1 x Company, [[Arles]] Volunteer Battalion ''(Bataillon des Volontaires des Arles)'' (108)
**** 1 x Chasseur Company, [[Allobroges]] Legion ''(Légion de Allobroges)''<ref name=":0" group="Note" />'''<ref name=":0" />''' (69)
**** 1 x Company, [[Basses Alpes]] Chasseurs ''(Chasseurs des Basses Alpes)'' (72)
**** 1/2 Company, [[Luberon]] Grenadiers ''(Grenadiers de Luberon)'' (33)
**** 1/2 Company, [[Seine]] Free Company ''(Compagnie Franche de la Seine)'' (55)
**** 1/2 Company, [[Drôme]] Free Company ''(Compagnie Franche de la Drôme)'' (56)
**** 1/2 Company, [[Saint-Esprit, Paris|Saint-Esprit]] Chasseurs ''(Chasseurs de Saint Esprit)'' (30)
**** [[Bandol|'''in Le Bandol''']]
***** 1st Company, 3rd Battalion, [[Basses Alpes]] Volunteers ''(1ère Compagnie du 3ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Basses Alpes)'' (92)
***** 1st Company, 5th Battalion, Basses Alpes Volunteers ''(1ère Compagnie du 5ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Basses Alpes)'' (82)
***** 1st Company, [[Bandol]] National Guard ''(1ère Compagnie du Garde Nationale de Bandol)'' (79)
**** '''in [[Saint-Nazaire, Gard|Saint Nazaire]]'''
***** Saint Nazaire National Guard ''(Garde Nationale de Saint Saint Nazaire)'' – 1 battalion
***** 1/2 Company, 59th Line Infantry Regiment ''(59ème Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne)'' (33)
***** 1/2 Company, [[Aubagne]] Volunteer Battalion ''(Bataillon des Volontaires d'Aubagne)'' (21)
** '''Division of the East<ref name=":0" />''', commanded by Division General [[Jean François Cornu de La Poype]]  (18,530 troops) – <small>detached from the [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]]</small>
*** [[Régiment de Noailles Dragons|15th Dragoon Regiment (Noailles)]] ''(15ème Régiment de Dragons (Noailles))'' (196)
*** 23 x ''[[Chasseurs à Cheval]]''
*** 21 x [[Guide#Military guides and Guides regiments|Mounted Guides]]
*** 25 x [[Gendarmerie|Mounted Gendarmerie]]
*** [[Allobroges]] Legion ''(Légion de Allobroges)'' (436)<ref name=":0" group="Note" />'''<ref name=":0" />'''
*** Grenadiers of [[Bouches-du-Rhône]] ''(Grenadiers des Bouches-du-Rhône)'' (485)
*** 1st Battalion, 10th Line Infantry Regiment ''(1ère Bataillon du 10ème Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne)'' (648)
*** 1st Battalion, 28th Line Infantry Regiment ''(1ère Bataillon du 28ème Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne)'' (371)
*** 1st Battalion, 35th Line Infantry Regiment ''(1ère Bataillon du 35ème Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne)''
*** 2nd Battalion, 35th Line Infantry Regiment ''(2ème Bataillon du 35ème Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne)''
*** 2nd Battalion, 59th Line Infantry Regiment ''(2ème Bataillon du 59éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne)'' (631)
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Montblanc, Hérault|Montblanc]] National Guard ''(2ème Bataillon de la Garde Nationale de Montblanc)'' (417)
*** 1st Battalion, [[Apt, Vaucluse|Apt]] Volunteers ''(1ère Bataillon des Volontaires d'Apt)'' (616)
*** 1st Battalion, [[Barjols]] Volunteers ''(1ère Bataillon des Volontaires Barjols)'' (595)
*** 1st Battalion, [[Marseille]] Volunteers ''(1ère Bataillon des Volontaires de Marseille)'' (372)
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Ardèche]] Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Volontaires de l'Ardèche)'' (962)
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Aveyron]] Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Volontaires d'Aveyron)'' (617)
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Brignoles]] Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Volontaires de Brignoles)'' (595)
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Luberon]] Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Volontaires du Luberon)'' (320)
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Vaucluse]] Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Volontaires du Vaucluse)'' (449)
*** 3rd Battalion, [[Isère]] Volunteers ''(3ème Bataillon des Volontaires de l'Isère)'' (678)
*** 4th Battalion, Ardèche Volunteers ''(4ème Bataillon des Volontaires de l'Ardèche)'' (752)
*** 4th Battalion, [[Hérault]] Volunteers ''(4ème Bataillon des Volontaires de l'Hérault)'' (618)
*** 4th Battalion, Isère Volunteers ''(4ème Bataillon des Volontaires de l'Isère)'' (527)
*** 4th Battalion, Vaucluse Volunteers ''(4ème Bataillon des Volontaires du Vaucluse)'' (334)
*** 5th Battalion, [[Bec d'Ambès (Department)|Bec d'Ambès]] Volunteers ''(5ème Bataillon des Volontaires de Bec d'Ambès)'' (431)
*** 7th Battalion, [[French Riviera|Côtes Maritimes]] Volunteers ''(7ème Bataillon des Volontaires des Côtes-Maritimes)'' (925)
*** 7th Battalion, [[Var (department)|Var]] Volunteers ''(7ème Bataillon des Volontaires du Var)'' (486)
*** 10th Battalion, [[Drôme]] Volunteers ''(10ème Bataillon des Volontaires de la Drôme)'' (509)
*** 14th Battalion, Drôme Volunteers ''(14ème Bataillon des Volontaires de la Drôme)'' (778)
*** Battalion of [[Bausset]] ''(Bataillon du Bausset)'' (306)
*** Battalion of [[Landes (department)|Landes]] ''(Bataillon des Landes)'' (485)
*** Chasseurs of Ariège ''(Chasseurs de l'Arriège)<ref>[http://assosehri.fr/bibliothequemili/les-bataillons-de-volontaires-et-de-r-quisitions-de-l-ari-ge.pdf Les bataillons de volontaires et de réquisitions de l'Ariège (1791–1803)]</ref>'' (306)
*** 1st Battalion, [[Sans-culottes|Sans Culottes]] Volunteers ''(1ère Bataillon des Sans Culottes)'' (494)
*** 2nd Battalion, Sans Culottes Volunteers ''(2ème Bataillon des Sans Culottes)'' (639)
*** 4th Battalion, Marseille Mountain Volunteers ''(4ème Bataillon des Volontaires Montagne de Marseille)'' (367)
*** 5th Battalion, [[Aix-en-Provence]] Mountain Volunteers ''(5ème Bataillon des Volontaires Montagne d'Aix)'' (399)
*** 5th Battalion, Marseille Mountain Volunteers ''(5ème Bataillon des Volontaires Montagne de Marseille)'' (296)
*** Battalion of the Union ''(Bataillon de l'Union)'' (426)
*** Chasseurs of the Revolution ''(Chasseurs de la Revolution)'' (388)
*** 1/2 Battalion, Chasseurs of [[Saint-Hilaire, Isère|Saint-Hilaire]] ''(Chasseurs de Saint-Hilaire)'' (272)
*** Free Company of [[Saint-Nazaire|Saint Nazaire]] ''(Compagnie Franche de Sainte Nazaire)'' (39)
*** Free Company of [[La Ciotat|Ciotat]] ''(Compagnie Franche de la Ciotat)'' (59)
*** 5th Free Company ''(5ème Compagnie Franche)'' (54)
*** Company of [[Le Luc|Luc]] ''(Compagnie du Luc)'' (67)
*** 1 x Company, Battalion of [[Cotignac]] ''(Bataillon de Cotignac)'' (82)
*** Company of [[Jacobin]]s ''(Compagnie des Jacobins)'' (48)
*** 1 x Company of [[Pioneer (military)|Pioneers]] (64)
|}

=== Allied Army ===
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"
!colspan= |Allied Army Order of Battle
|-
|colspan="2" |
* '''Allied Forces''' (total 22,000), commanded by [[Major General]] [[David Dundas (British Army officer)|David Dundas]]<ref name=":1" />
** '''French Forces''' (total 1,200 troops on 29 August)
*** '''[[Armée des Émigrés]]''' (French Royalists)<ref>Chartrand, pp. 11, 36–37</ref>
**** [[Royal Louis Regiment]] ''(Régiment Royal Louis)'' – <small>formed in British pay from 7 September</small>
**** 2 x Companies, Corsican Chasseurs ''(Chasseurs Corses)''
**** Royal French Marine Artillery Independent Company ''(Compagnie Indépendante d'Artillerie Marine Royale Français)'' – <small>formed during the siege from Royalist gunners of the Naval and Army artillery</small>
*** '''[[Federalist revolts|Federalists]]''' (French [[The Mountain#Rise and terror|Anti-Montagne]] forces)
**** 1st Battalion, [[Toulon]] [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] ''(1ère Bataillon de la Garde Nationale de Toulon)''
**** 2nd Battalion, Toulon National Guard ''(2ème Bataillon de la Garde Nationale de Toulon)''
**** 3rd Battalion, Toulon National Guard ''(3ème Bataillon de la Garde Nationale de Toulon)''
**** 4th Battalion, Toulon National Guard ''(4ème Bataillon de la Garde Nationale)''
** '''[[British Armed Forces|British Forces]]''' (8,000 troops)<ref group="Note">All one battalion strength unless noted</ref>
*** 2nd Battalion, [[1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot]]
*** [[11th Regiment of Foot]]
*** [[18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot]]
*** [[25th (Edinburgh) Regiment of Foot]]
*** [[30th Regiment of Foot]]
*** [[69th Regiment of Foot]]
*** [[Royal Marine|Royal Marine Detachments]] from the English Squadron
*** 1 x Artillery Company (from [[Gibraltar]]), commanded by Major Keohler<ref>Duncan, pp. 58, 67</ref>
** '''[[Royal Neapolitan Army|Neapolitan Troops]]''' (6,500 troops), commanded by General [[House of Pignatelli|Pignatelli]]<ref name=":1" group="Note">Standard organisation is two battalions unless stated.</ref>
*** [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|King's]] Infantry Regiment ''(Reggimento di Fanteria del Re)''
*** [[Burgundy|Borgogna]] Infantry Regiment ''(Reggimento Fanteria Borgogna)''
*** 1st Battalion, [[Apulia|Messapia]] Infantry Regiment ''(1° Battaglione, Reggimento Fanteria Messapiapia)''
*** 2nd Battalion, Royal [[Naples]] Infantry Regiment ''(2° Battaglione, Reggimento Fanteria Reale Napoli)''
*** 2 x Companies, Royal [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] Infantry Regiment ''(Reggimento di Fanteria della Macedonia Reale)''
** '''[[Royal Sardinian Army|Sardinian/Piedmontese Troops]]''' (2,000 troops), commanded by General Bueler<ref name=":1" group="Note" />
*** [[:it:3º Reggimento fanteria "Piemonte"|Piedmont Infantry Regiment]]
*** [[:it:Reggimenti italiani (1792-1799)#Reggimenti d'ordinanza esteri|de Courten Infantry Regiment]] (Swiss)
*** 4th Battalion, [[:it:Reggimenti italiani (1792-1799)#Reggimenti Provinciali|Royal Grenadier Regiment]]
*** [[:it:Reggimenti italiani (1792-1799)#Cacciatori (compagnie reggimentali e di milizia scelta)|1st Hunters Battalion of Breglio]] ''(1° Battaglione Cacciatori di Breglio)''
** '''[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spanish Troops]]''', commanded by [[Admiral]] [[Federico Carlos Gravina y Nápoli]] (4,000 troops)<ref name=":1" group="Note" />
*** [[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba]] Infantry Regiment
*** [[Hibernia]] Infantry Regiment (Irish)
*** [[Málaga]] Infantry Regiment
*** [[Mallorca]] Infantry Regiment
*** Betschart Infantry Regiment (Swiss)
*** 1 x Battalion, [[Chinchilla de Montearagón]] Provincial Infantry Regiment
*** 1 x Battalion, Mallorca Provincial Infantry Regiment
*** 1 x Battalion, [[Spanish Marine Infantry#Second period|Spanish Marine Infantry]]
|}

=== Allied Fleet ===
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"
!colspan= |Allied Fleet Order of Battle
|-
|colspan="2" |
* '''Allied Fleet<ref name=":2" />''', commanded by [[Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]] [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Lord Hood]]
** '''[[Mediterranean Fleet|English Squadron]]''', commanded by [[Vice Admiral]] [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Lord Hood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="#ffffff;"|Ship
!style="#ffffff;"|Guns
!style="#ffffff;"|Commander
!style="#ffffff;"|Ref.
|-
|[[HMS Victory|HMS ''Victory'']]
|100
|Vice-Admiral '''[[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Lord Hood]]'''<br />Rear-Admiral [[Hyde Parker (Royal Navy officer, born 1739)|Sir Hyde Parker]]<br />Captain [[John Knight (Royal Navy officer)|John Knight]]
|rowspan=100|{{sfnp|Clowes|1997|p=203}}
|-
|[[HMS Britannia (1762)|HMS ''Britannia'']]
|100
|Vice-Admiral '''[[William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham|William Hotham]]'''<br />Captain [[John Holloway (Royal Navy officer)|John Holloway]]
|-
|[[HMS Windsor Castle (1790)|HMS ''Windsor Castle'']]
|98
|Vice-Admiral '''[[Phillips Cosby]]'''<br />Captain [[Thomas Byard|Sir Thomas Byard]]
|-
|[[HMS Princess Royal (1773)|HMS ''Princess Royal'']]
|98
|Rear-Admiral '''[[Samuel Goodall]]'''<br />Captain [[John Child Purvis]]
|-
|[[HMS St George (1785)|HMS ''St George'']]
|98
|Rear-Admiral '''[[John Gell (Royal Navy officer)|John Gell]]'''<br />Captain [[Thomas Foley (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Foley]]
|-
|[[HMS Alcide (1779)|HMS ''Alcide'']]
|74
|Commodore '''[[Robert Linzee]]'''<br />Captain [[John Woodley (Royal Navy officer)|John Woodley]]
|-
|[[HMS Terrible (1785)|HMS ''Terrible'']]
|74
|Captain [[Skeffington Lutwidge]]
|-
|[[HMS Egmont (1768)|HMS ''Egmont'']]
|74
|Captain [[Archibald Dickson]]
|-
|[[HMS Robust|HMS ''Robust'']]
|74
|Captain [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith|George Elphinstone]]
|-
|[[French ship Courageux (1753)|HMS ''Courageux'']]
|74
|Captain [[William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock|William Waldegrave]]
|-
|[[HMS Bedford (1775)|HMS ''Bedford'']]
|74
|Captain [[Robert Man (Royal Navy officer, died 1813)|Robert Man]]
|-
|[[HMS Berwick (1775)|HMS ''Berwick'']]
|74
|Captain [[John Collins (Royal Navy officer)|Sir John Collins]]
|-
|[[HMS Captain (1787)|HMS ''Captain'']]
|74
|Captain [[Samuel Reeve]]
|-
|[[HMS Fortitude (1780)|HMS ''Fortitude'']]
|74
|Captain [[William Young (Royal Navy officer, born 1751)|William Young]]
|-
|[[HMS Leviathan (1790)|HMS ''Leviathan'']]
|74
|Captain [[Lord Hugh Seymour]]
|-
|[[HMS Colossus (1787)|HMS ''Colossus'']]
|74
|Captain [[Sir Charles Pole, 1st Baronet|Charles Pole]]
|-
|[[HMS Illustrious (1789)|HMS ''Illustrious'']]
|74
|Captain [[Thomas Frederick (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Frederick]]
|-
|[[HMS Ardent (1782)|HMS ''Ardent'']]
|64
|Captain [[Robert Manners Sutton]]
|-
|[[HMS Diadem (1782)|HMS ''Diadem'']]
|64
|Captain [[Andrew Sutherland (Royal Navy officer)|Andrew Sutherland]]
|-
|[[HMS Intrepid (1770)|HMS ''Intrepid'']]
|64
|Captain [[Charles Carpenter (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Carpenter]]
|-
|[[HMS Agamemnon (1781)|HMS ''Agamemnon'']]
|64
|Captain [[Horatio Nelson]]
|-
|[[HMS St Albans (1764)|HMS ''St Albans'']]
|64
|Captain [[James Vashon]]
|-
|[[HMS Romney (1762)|HMS ''Romney'']]
|50
|Captain [[William Paget (Royal Navy officer, born 1769)|William Paget]]
|-
|[[French frigate Aigle (1782)|HMS ''Aigle'']]
|36
|Captain [[John Nicholson Inglefield]]
|-
|[[HMS Inconstant (1783)|HMS ''Inconstant'']]
|36
|Captain [[Augustus Montgomery]]
|-
|[[HMS Leda (1783)|HMS ''Leda'']]
|36
|Captain [[George Campbell (Royal Navy officer)|George Campbell]]
|-
|[[HMS Romulus (1785)|HMS ''Romulus'']]
|36
|Captain [[John Sutton (Royal Navy officer)|John Sutton]]
|-
|[[HMS Isis (1783)|HMS ''Isis'']]
|32
|Captain [[George Lumsdaine]]
|-
|[[HMS Juno (1780)|HMS ''Juno'']]
|32
|Captain [[Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet|Samuel Hood]]
|-
|[[French frigate Aimable (1776)|HMS ''Aimable'']]
|32
|Captain [[Harry Burrard Neale|Sir Harry Burrard]]
|-
|[[HMS Lowestoffe (1761)|HMS ''Lowestoft'']]
|32
|Captain [[William Wolseley (Royal Navy officer)|William Wolseley]]
|-
|[[HMS Meleager (1785)|HMS ''Meleager'']]
|32
|Captain [[Charles Tyler]]
|-
|[[HMS Mermaid (1784)|HMS ''Mermaid'']]
|32
|Captain [[John Trigge]]
|-
|[[HMS Aquilon (1786)|HMS ''Aquilon'']]
|32
|Captain [[Robert Stopford (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Stopford]]
|-
|[[HMS Castor (1785)|HMS ''Castor'']]
|32
|Captain [[Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet|Thomas Troubridge]]
|-
|[[HMS Dido (1784)|HMS ''Dido'']]
|28
|Captain [[Sir Charles Hamilton, 2nd Baronet, of Marlborough House|Sir Charles Hamilton]]
|-
|[[HMS Nemesis (1780)|HMS ''Nemesis'']]
|28
|Captain [[Lord Amelius Beauclerk]]
|-
|[[HMS Tartar (1756)|HMS ''Tartar'']]
|28
|Captain [[Thomas Fremantle (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Fremantle]]
|-
|[[HMS Amphitrite (1778)|HMS ''Amphitrite'']]
|24
|Captain [[Anthony Hunt (Royal Navy officer)|Anthony Hunt]]
|-
|[[HMS Bulldog (1782)|HMS ''Bulldog'']]
|14
|Commander [[George Johnstone Hope]]
|-
|[[HMS Dolphin (1781)|HMS ''Dolphin'']]
|44
|Commander [[James May (Royal Navy officer)|James May]]
|-
|[[HMS Gorgon (1785)|HMS ''Gorgon'']]
|44
|Commander [[Charles William Patterson]]
|-
|[[HMS Mediator (1782)|HMS ''Camel'']]
|20
|Commander [[Benjamin Hallowell Carew|Benjamin Hallowell]]
|-
|[[HMS Fury (1790)|HMS ''Fury'']]
|14
|Commander [[Frank Sotheron]]
|-
|[[HMS Weazle (1783)|HMS ''Weazel'']]
|12
|Commander [[William Taylor (Royal Navy officer, born 1760)|William Taylor]]
|-
|[[HMS Speedy (1782)|HMS ''Speedy'']]
|14
|Commander [[Charles Cunningham]]
|-
|[[HMS Scout (1780)|HMS ''Scout'']]
|14
|Commander [[Joseph Hanwell]]
|-
|[[HMS Eclair (1793)|HMS ''Eclair'']]
|20
|Commander [[George Henry Towry]]
|-
|[[HMS Tisiphone|HMS ''Tisiphone'']]
|12
|Commander [[Thomas Byam Martin]]
|-
|[[HMS Conflagration|HMS ''Conflagration'']]
|14
|Commander [[Edward Browne (Royal Navy officer)|Edward Browne]]
|-
|[[HMS Vulcan (1783)|HMS ''Vulcan'']]
|14
|Commander [[John Matthews (Royal Navy officer)|John Matthews]]
|}
** '''[[Royal French Navy|French Royalist/Federalist Squadron]]''', commanded by [[Contre-amiral (France)|Contre Admiral]] [[Jean-Honoré de Trogoff de Kerlessy|Jean-Honoré, Comte de Trogoff de Kerlessy]]
*** [[French ship Commerce de Marseille (1788)|Commerce de Marseille]] (120 guns, Ship of the Line), commanded by Contre Admiral Jean-Honoré, Comte de Trogoff de Kerlessy
*** [[French ship Pompée (1791)|Pompée]] (74 guns, Ship of the Line)
*** [[French ship Puissant (1782)|Puissant]] (74 guns, Ship of the Line)
*** [[French ship Puissant (1782)|Puissant]] (56 guns, Frigate)
*** [[HMS Amethyst (1793)|Perle]] (40 guns, Frigate)
** '''[[Spanish Navy|Spanish Squadron]]''', commanded by [[Admiral]] [[Juan de Lángara|Juan Francisco de Lángara y Huarte]]
*** [[Spanish ship Purísima Concepción (1779)|Purísima Concepción]] (100 gun Ship of the Line), commanded by Admiral Juan Francisco de Lángara y Huarte
*** [[Spanish ship Mexicano (1786)|Mexicano]] (88 gun Ship of the Line)
*** 8 x 74-gun Ships of the Line
** '''[[Royal Neapolitan Navy|Neapolitan Squadron]]'''
*** 2 x 74-gun Ships of the Line
|}

==See also==
* [[Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte]]

==Notes and citations==
'''Notes'''
<references group="Note" />
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Krebs|first1=Chef d'Escadron d'Artillerie, Léonce|title=Compagnes dans Les Alpes pendant La Révolution|last2=Moris|first2=Henri|year=1891|location=Paris}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chartrand|first=René|title=Men-at-Arms Series: Émigré & Foreign Troops in British Service (Part I, 1793–1802)|publisher=Osprey Military Publishings|year=1999|isbn=978-1472807205|location=Botley, Oxfordshire, UK|oclc=1021804719}}
* {{Cite book|last=Forczyk|first=Robert|title=Campaign Series: Toulon 1793, Napoleon's first great victory|publisher=Osprey Military Publishings|year=2005|isbn=978-1846036743|location=Botley, Oxfordshire, UK|oclc=646790061}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Digby|title=The Greenhill Napoleonic wars data book|publisher=Greenhill Books Stackpole Books|year=1998|isbn=978-1-85367-276-7|publication-place=London; Mechanicsburg, PA|oclc=37616149}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Digby|title=Napoleon's Regiments: Battle Histories of the Regiments of the French Army, 1792–1815|publisher=Greenhill Books|year=2000|isbn=978-1853674136|location=London|oclc=43787649}}
* {{Cite book|last=Duncan|first=Captain Francis|title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II|publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street|year=1873|location=London}}
* Chandler, David. ''The Campaigns of Napoleon''. Simon & Schuster, 1966. {{ISBN|0-02-523660-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Clowes|first=William Laird|title=The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV|publisher=Chatham Publishing|year=1997|isbn=1-86176-013-2|location=London|author-link=William Laird Clowes|orig-year=1899}}
* Ireland, Bernard. ''The Fall of Toulon: The Last Opportunity to Defeat the French Revolution''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005. {{ISBN|0-297-84612-4}}
* {{cite book|last=James|first=William|title=The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=2002|isbn=0-85177-905-0|location=London|author-link=William James (naval historian)|orig-year=1827}}
* {{cite book|last=Rodger|first=N.A.M.|title=The Command of the Ocean|publisher=Allan Lane|year=2004|isbn=0-71399-411-8|author-link=Nicholas Rodger}}
* Smith, Digby. ''The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book''. Greenhill Books, 1998. {{ISBN|1-85367-276-9}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Tracy|editor-first=Nicholas |title=The Naval Chronicle, Volume 1, 1793–1798|publisher=Chatham Publishing|year=1998|isbn=1-86176-091-4|location=London}}
* Usherwood, Stephen. "The Siege of Toulon, 1793." ''History Today'' (Jan 1972), Vol. 22 Issue 1, pp 17–24 online.

== External links ==
* [http://www.maproom.org/00/13/present.php?m=0008 Engraved map plate "Siege of Toulon, 19 December 1793"] Atlas to Alison's History of Europe, by Alison & Johnston, published by William Blackwood and Sons in 1850.
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{Sequence
| prev = [[Battle of Peyrestortes]]
| list = French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns
| curr = Siege of Toulon (1793)
| next = [[First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)]]
}}
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[[Category:1793 in France]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1793]]
[[Category:War of the Pyrenees]]
[[Category:Sieges of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:Toulon]]
[[Category:Napoleon]]
[[Category:Sieges involving France]]