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This appendix describes '''Portuguese verbs''': Portuguese words that indicate actions, occurrences or states.
 
Portuguese verbs, being derived from Classical and Vulgar Latin verbs, resemble them in their structure. The first main issue in conjugating Portuguese verbs is determining to what conjugation group the verb belongs. As in Latin and in other modern Romance languages, there are patterns that the verb must strictly follow (if it is a regular verb, morpho-phonetical changes aside) or follow with some changes in its stem (if it is an irregular verb).
 
There are three patterns in Portuguese: 1st conjugation (verbs with infinitive ending in -ar), 2nd conjugation (verbs with infinitive ending in -er), and 3rd conjugation (verbs with infinitive ending in -ir). Verbs with infinitives ending in -or are still considered as 2nd conjugation by the Brazilian and the LusitanLusitanian Academies for the Portuguese Language, rather than a 4th conjugation. This is due to the history of these verbs: (they were written with the -er ending centuries ago—forago (for further information, see [[Appendix:Portuguese verbs ending in -or]]).
 
In practice, there are just two patterns of conjugation: one for the verbs ending with -ar, and another for the verbs ending with -er and -ir (with minor differences in their conjugation).
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The thematic vowel goes just after the stem and indicates to which conjugation the verb belongs. '''-a''' is used for the 1st conjugation, '''-e''' is the 2nd conjugation, and '''-i''' is the 3rd conjugation. During conjugation, the thematic vowel can be zeroed and, in irregular verbs, may change.
 
===Tense and mood===
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The tense-mood desinence indicates which mood and which tense the verb belongs to. In Portuguese, as in most [[Indo-European]] languages, there are three moods: Indicative Mood, that expresses actions that certainly happened or will happen (with the exception of the Conditional tense); Subjunctive Mood, that expresses actions that are not certain to happen, or states a hypothesis (also expresses certain actions in subordinated clauses); and the Imperative Mood, that expresses requests, orders, and so on.
 
Also this desinence indicates when the action takes place. The main tenses are past, present and future; but other components can be added to form other tenses; there is even a notion of aspect joined with the tenses. This will be explained in more detail later in this article.
 
===Grammatical number and person===
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===Grammatical voice===
The Portuguese verbs may also vary in terms of voice. As with English and other Indo-European languages, there is an active voice, where the ''agent'' or the ''doer'' is the subject of the verb, and a passive voice, where the patient is the verb subject. In Portuguese, the passive voice is made with compound verbs (the verb '''{{l|pt|ser}}''' + the past participle of main verb). There is also a reflexive voice, as in other Romance languages. This voice identifies the agent of a verb as the patient of the same verb. In Portuguese, this voice is made using the verbs in the active voice and using the objects in the reflexive form (the direct objective pronouns in Portuguese—see [[Appendix:Portuguese pronouns]]).
 
===Participles===
There are two participles in Portuguese, a ''past participle'' (regularly ending in {{m|pt|-ado}} for {{m|pt|-ar}} verbs, and in {{m|pt|-ido}} for {{m|pt|-er}} and {{m|pt|-ir}} verbs, but exceptions exist) and a ''gerund'' (in almost all cases derived from the infinitive by replacing the final ''-r'' with ''-ndo''). The past participle inflects like a normal adjective and is used similarly to the English past participle, i.e. to form the composed tenses (with {{m|pt|ter}} or sometimes {{m|pt|haver}}) and the passive voice (with {{m|pt|ser}} and {{m|pt|estar}}), and frequently occurs adjectivally, modifying a noun. The gerund is invariable and is used similarly to the English gerund in ''-ing'', i.e. to form the progressive tenses in Brazil (with {{m|pt|estar}}) and as the head of adverbial clauses. It cannot be used as a present participle (contrast English ''the coming year'' with Portuguese ''o ano que vem'').
 
A small number of verbs have ''short past participles'' that replace or serve alongside of regularly formed "long" past participles. Examples are {{m|pt|pagar||to pay}} (short past participle {{m|pt|pago}}, long past participle {{m|pt|pagado}}) and {{m|pt|ganhar||to earn}} (short past participle {{m|pt|ganho}}, long past participle {{m|pt|ganhado}}). Some such short participles end in ''-e'', as with {{m|pt|entregue}}, past participle of {{m|pt|entregar||to deliver}}. When both short and long past participles are in use, the short past participle tends to be used to form the passive voice with {{m|pt|ser}} and {{m|pt|estar}} while the long past participle tends to be used to form composed tenses with {{m|pt|ter}} and {{m|pt|haver}}.
 
==Pronunciation==
Certain verb forms have pronunciation intricacies:
* In Brazil, verb forms ending in ''-ar'', ''-er'' (including ''-ér'' in irregular forms such as {{m|pt|quer}} and {{m|pt|der}}) and ''-ir'' usually have the ''-r'' dropped. This phenomenon is widespread and no longer considered nonstandard, though the ''-r'' is often kept in careful pronunciation.
** In connected speech, {{w|Sandhi|liaison}} may occur, so that the ''-r'' is pronounced as a tap when between vowels.
* Verb forms ending in ''-am'' are often pronounced as if they ended in ''-ão'' ({{IPA||/-ɐ̃w̃/|lang=pt}}.) In the past they were spelled with <ão> as well.
** This does not apply to verbs ending in ''-or'' ({{m|pt|pôr}}, {{m|pt|compor}}, etc.), but some dialects, such as [[:wikipedia:Caipira dialect|''caipira'']], drop word-final ''-r'' from all words.
* In Brazil, verb forms ending in ''-s'' sometimes have that ''-s'' dropped. This phenomenon is not as widespread as ''-r'' dropping and is considered nonstandard.▼
** The r-less form of {{m|pt|vir||to come}} is {{m|pt|vim}} rather than ''*vi''. In some regions, the r-less form of {{m|pt|ter}} is {{m|pt|tem}}, but {{m|pt|tê}} is much more common.
* In Portugal, the first-person plural present is distinguished from the perfect in first conjugation verbs, the former ending in ''-amos'' ({{IPA|/ˈɐ.muʃ/|lang=pt}}) and the latter in ''-ámos'' ({{IPA|/ˈa.muʃ/|lang=pt}}). In Brazil, both forms end in ''-amos'' ({{IPA|/ˈɐ.mu(s)/|lang=pt}}.)▼
* Verb forms ending in ''-am'' are pronounced as if they ended in ''-ão'' ({{IPAchar|/-ɐ̃w̃/}}.), with the exception that the ''-am'' syllable is post-stress, while ''-ão'' indicates a stressed syllable unless another receives accent marks. In the past, verb forms ending with ''-am'' could also be spelled with ''-ão'' instead.
* In the northeastern Brazilian dialect, and to a small extent in the Paulista dialect, the gerund is pronounced with {{IPA|/-ɐnu/|/-enu/|/-inu/|lang=pt}}, instead of {{IPA|/-ɐ̃du/|/-ẽdu/|/-ĩdu/|lang=pt}}.▼
▲* In Portugal, the first-person plural present is distinguished from the perfect in first conjugation verbs, the former ending in ''-amos'' ({{IPAIPAchar|/ˈɐ.muʃ/|lang=pt}}) and the latter in ''-ámos'' ({{IPAIPAchar|/ˈa.muʃ/|lang=pt}}). In Brazil, both forms end in ''-amos'' ({{IPAIPAchar|/ˈɐˈa.mu(s)/|lang=pt}}, open vowel phonetics being the reason the accent is not added.)
* Due to the commonness of /ˈow/ becoming /ˈo/ in Brazilian Portuguese, the inflected forms some verbs containing <ou> are pronounced as if the lemma had <o> instead. Thus, {{term|estoura|lang=pt}} may be pronounced {{IPA|/is.ˈtɔ.ɾɐ/|lang=pt}} instead of the correct {{IPA|/is.ˈto(w).ɾɐ/|lang=pt}}. This phenomenon is considered non-standard.▼
* In Portugal, some dialects and colloquial speech add {{IPAchar|/-ɨ/}} to the end of the infinitive form of the verbs, so endings are read as ''-are'', ''-ere'', ''-ire'', or ''-ore''. Thus, {{m|pt|fazer}} may be pronounced as {{IPAchar|/fɐˈze.ɾɨ/}}.
 
▲* In Brazil, verb forms ending in ''-s'' sometimesoften have that ''-s'' dropped. As with ''-r'' dropping, {{w|Sandhi|liaison}} generally forces {{IPAchar|/z/}} to be pronounced before a vowel in the next word, to the exception of extremely unprestigious registers. This phenomenon is not as widespread as ''-r'' dropping and is considered nonstandard.
▲* In themost northeasterndialects of Brazilian dialectPortuguese, and to a small extentparticularly in thevery Paulistacolloquial dialectspeech, the gerund is pronounced with {{IPAIPAchar|/-ɐnu/|/-enu/|/-inu/|lang=pt}}, instead of {{IPAIPAchar|/-ɐ̃du/|/-ẽdu/|/-ĩdu/|lang=pt}}. This is nevertheless extremely nonstandard.
▲* Due to the commonness of {{IPAchar|/ˈow/}} becoming {{IPAchar|/ˈo/ in Brazilian Portuguese}}, the inflected forms of some verbs containing <ou> are pronounced as if the lemma had <o> instead, which exhibits {{IPAchar|/o/}}~{{IPAchar|/ˈɔ/}} alternation depending on the stressed syllable. Thus, {{termm|estoura|lang=pt|estoura}} may be pronounced {{IPAIPAchar|/is.ˈtɔ(i)sˈtɔ.ɾɐ/|lang=pt}} instead of the correct {{IPAIPAchar|/is.ˈtoisˈto(w).ɾɐ/|lang=pt}}. This phenomenon is generally considered non-standardnonstandard but is widespread, especially for verbs that are commonly used in informal contexts.
* Note that, in colloquial speech, the ''es-'' before ''estar'' form is generally {{w|Elision|omitted}}, so that ''está'' is generally pronounced ''tá'' (e.g. ''Você está bom?'' {{IPAchar|/ˈse ˌta ˈbõ/}} “How are you?”; ''Tá-se bem!'' {{IPAchar|/ˈta.sɨ ˈbɐ̃j̃/}}). This is slightly substandard, but has ubiquitous use across all Portuguese, including in Portuguese creole languages with the equivalents to this verb.
Otherwise they are pronounced as expected from the spelling.
 
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* Impersonal infinitive: from the Latin present active infinitive.
** {{l/|la|facere}} → {{l/|pt|fazer}}
* Personal infinitive: from the Latin '''imperfect subjunctive'''.
** {{l/|la|facerem}} → {{l/|pt|fazer}}
** {{l/|la|faceres|facerēs}} → {{l/|pt|fazeres}}
** {{l/|la|faceret}} → {{l/|pt|fazer}}
** {{l/|la|faceremus|facerēmus}} → {{l/|pt|fazermos}}
** {{l/|la|faceretis|facerētis}} → {{l/|pt|fazerdes}}
** {{l/|la|facerent}} → {{l/|pt|fazerem}}
* Gerund: from the Latin accusative masculine singular '''future passive participle'''.
** *''faciendum'' → {{l/|pt|fazendo}}
* Past participle: from the accusative of the Latin perfect passive participle.
** {{l/|la|factum}} → {{l/|pt|feito}}
** {{l/|la|factos|factōs}} → {{l/|pt|feitos}}
** {{l/|la|factam}} → {{l/|pt|feita}}
** {{l/|la|factas|factās}} → {{l/|pt|feitas}}
* Short past participle: inherited or loaned from the Latin perfect passive participle.
** {{l/|la|inclusum|inclūsum}} → {{l/|pt|incluso}}
* Long past participle: regularly formed by adding the ''{{l/|pt|-ado}}'' (1<sup>st</sup> conjugation) and ''{{l/|pt|-ido}}'' (2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> conjugations) to the verb root.
** {{l/|pt|incluir|inclu(ir)}} + {{l/|pt|-ido}} → {{l/|pt|incluído}}
* Present participle: loaned from the Latin accusative present participle, back-formed from adjectives and nouns deriving from it, or formed with the ''-ente'' suffix.
** {{l/|la|facientem}} → {{l/|pt|fazente}}, {{l/|pt|faciente}}
** {{l/|la|facientes|facientēs}} → {{l/|pt|fazentes}}, {{l/|pt|facientes}}
* Present indicative: from the Latin present active indicative.
** {{l/|la|facio|faciō}} → {{l/|pt|faço}}
** {{l/|la|facis}} → {{l/|pt|fazes}}
** {{l/|la|facit}} → {{l/|pt|faz}}
** {{l/|la|facimus}} → {{l/|pt|fazemos}}
** {{l/|la|facitis}} → {{l/|pt|fazeis}}
** {{l/|la|faciunt}} → {{l/|pt|fazem}}
* Perfect indicative: from the Latin perfect active indicative
** {{l/|la|feci|fēcī}} → {{l/|pt|fiz}}
** {{l/|la|fecisti|fēcistī}} → {{l/|pt|fizeste}}
** {{l/|la|fecit|fēcit}} → {{l/|pt|fez}}
** {{l/|la|fecimus|fēcimus}} → {{l/|pt|fizemos}}
** {{l/|la|fecistis|fēcistis}} → {{l/|pt|fizestes}}
** {{l/|la|fecerunt|fēcērunt}} → {{l/|pt|fizeram}}
* Imperfect indicative: from the Latin imperfect active indicative
** {{l/|la|faciebam|faciēbam}} → {{l/|pt|fazia}}
** {{l/|la|faciebas|faciēbās}} → {{l/|pt|fazias}}
** {{l/|la|faciebat|faciēbat}} → {{l/|pt|fazia}}
** {{l/|la|faciebamus|faciēbāmus}} → {{l/|pt|fazíamos}}
** {{l/|la|faciebatis|faciēbātis}} → {{l/|pt|fazíeis}}
** {{l/|la|faciebant|faciēbant}} → {{l/|pt|faziam}}
* Pluperfect indicative: from the Latin pluperfect active indicative.
** {{l/|la|feceram|fēceram}} → {{l/|pt|fizera}}
** {{l/|la|feceras|fēcerās}} → {{l/|pt|fizeras}}
** {{l/|la|fecerat|fecērat}} → {{l/|pt|fizera}}
** {{l/|la|feceramus|fecērāmus}} → {{l/|pt|fizéramos}}
** {{l/|la|feceratis|fēcerātis}} → {{l/|pt|fizéreis}}
** {{l/|la|fecerant|fēcerant}} → {{l/|pt|fizeram}}
* Future indicative: Italo-Western Romance analytic formation: impersonal indicative + present indicative of what is now {{l/|pt|haver}} (from Latin {{l/|la|habeo|habere}}.)
** (Old Portuguese) {{l|roa-ptgopt|far}} + {{l/|pt|hei}} → {{l/|pt|farei}}
** + {{l/|pt|hás}} → {{l/|pt|farás}}
** + {{l/|pt|há}} → {{l/|pt|fará}}
** + {{l/|pt|hemos}} → {{l/|pt|faremos}}
** + {{l/|pt|heis}} → {{l/|pt|fareis}}
** + {{l/|pt|hão}} → {{l/|pt|farão}}
* Conditional: Western Romance analytic formation: impersonal indicative + ending of the imperfect indicative of what is now {{l/|pt|haver}} (from Latin {{l/|la|habeo|habere}}.)
** (Old Portuguese) {{l|roa-ptgopt|far}} + {{l/|pt|havia|(hav)ia}} → {{l/|pt|faria}}
** + {{l/|pt|havias|(hav)ias}} → {{l/|pt|farias}}
** + {{l/|pt|havia|(hav)ia}} → {{l/|pt|faria}}
** + {{l/|pt|havíamos|(hav)íamodíamos}} → {{l/|pt|faríamos}}
** + {{l/|pt|havíeis|(hav)íeis}} → {{l/|pt|faríeis}}
** + {{l/|pt|haviam|(hav)iam}} → {{l/|pt|fariam}}
* Present subjunctive: from the Latin present active subjunctive.
** {{l/|la|faciam}} → {{l/|pt|faça}}
** {{l/|la|facias|faciās}} → {{l/|pt|faças}}
** {{l/|la|faciat}} → {{l/|pt|faça}}
** {{l/|la|faciamus|faciāmus}} → {{l/|pt|façamos}}
** {{l/|la|faciatis|faciātis}} → {{l/|pt|façais}}
** {{l/|la|faciant}} → {{l/|pt|façam}}
* Imperfect subjunctive: from the Latin '''pluperfect''' subjunctive.
** {{l/|la|fecissem|fēcissem}} → {{l/|pt|fizesse}}
** {{l/|la|fecisses|fēcissēs}} → {{l/|pt|fizesses}}
** {{l/|la|fecisset|fēcisset}} → {{l/|pt|fizesse}}
** {{l/|la|fecissemus|fēcissēmus}} → {{l/|pt|fizéssemos}}
** {{l/|la|fecissetis|fēcissētis}} → {{l/|pt|fizésseis}}
** {{l/|la|fecissent|fēcissent}} → {{l/|pt|fizessem}}
* Future subjunctive: from the Latin future active '''perfect indicative'''.
** {{l/|la|fecero|fēcerō}} → {{l/|pt|fizer}}
** {{l/|la|feceris|fēceris}} → {{l/|pt|fizeres}}
** {{l/|la|fecerit|fēcerit}} → {{l/|pt|fizer}}
** {{l/|la|fecerimus|fēcerimus}} → {{l/|pt|fizermos}}
** {{l/|la|feceritis|fēceritis}} → {{l/|pt|fizerdes}}
** {{l/|la|fecerint|fēcerint}} → {{l/|pt|fizerem}}
* Affirmative imperative: the second person is from the Latin present imperative, the first-person plural and the third person are imperative use of the Portuguese present subjunctive.
** *''{{l|la|fac}}, {{l|la|face''}} → {{l/|pt|faz}}, {{l/|pt|faze}}
** {{l/|la|facite}} → {{l/|pt|fazei}}
* Negative imperative: imperative use of the present subjunctive.
 
[[Category:Portuguese appendices|Verbs]]
[[Category:Portuguese verbs|* ]]
[[Category:Verb appendices|Portuguese]]
 
[[pt:Apêndice:Verbos do português]]
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