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[[File:Mughal akbar.jpg|thumb|The compassionate heart of his majesty finds no pleasure in cruelties or in causing sorrow to others; he is ever sparing of the lives of his subjects, wishing to bestow happiness upon all. - Abul Fazl]]
[[File:Mausoleum_of_the_emperor_Akbar_at_Sikandra,_Uttar_Pradesh._C_Wellcome_V0050440.jpg|thumb|This hall [of Akbar's mausoleum] was, by order of the Emperor Jehanguire, the son of Acbar, highly decorated with painting and gilding; but in the lapse of time it was found to be gone greatly to decay; and the Emperor Aurungzebe, either from superstition or avarice, ordered it to be entirely defaced, and the walls whitened. - William Hodges]]
'''[[:w:Akbar|Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar]],''' popularly known as '''Akbar I''' (IPA: [əkbər], literally "the great"; 15 October 1542– 27 October 1605), and later '''Akbar the Great''' (Urdu: Akbar-e-Azam; literally "Great the Great"), was the third [[w:Mughal
== Quotes ==
*راستی موجب رضایٔ خداست <br>کس ندیدم که گم شد از رہ راست
**[[Truth]] is the means of pleasing [[God]];<br>I never saw any one lost on the right road.
***Inscription on Akbar's Seal, quoted in ''Mughal Empire In India'' (1940), p.1
*Akbar – The great Mogul Emperor of India, the famous patron of religions, arts, and sciences, the most liberal of all the Mussulman sovereigns. There has never been a more tolerant or enlightened ruler than the Emperor Akbar, either in India or in any other Mahometan country.
**[[H.P. Blavatsky]], [https://theosophy.org/Blavatsky/Theosophical%20Glossary/Thegloss.htm ''Theosophical Glossary''], (1892)
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*To most Hindus Akbar is one of the greatest of the Muslim emperors of India and Aurangzeb one of the worst; to many Muslims the opposite is the case. To an outsider there can be little doubt that Akbar's way was the right one. . . . Akbar disrupted the Muslim community by recognizing that India is not an Islamic country: Aurangzeb disrupted India by behaving as though it were.
**Gascoigne, Bamber. The Great Moghuls. London, 1976. 227, in Ibn Warraq, Why I am not a muslim, 1995. p 224
* It is highly doubtful if the Mughal period deserves the credit it has been given as a period of religious tolerance. Akbar is now known only for his policy of sulh-i-kul, at least among the learned Hindus. It is no more remembered that to start with he was also a pious Muslim who had viewed as jihãd his sack of Chittor. Nor is it understood by the learned Hindus that his policy of sulh-i-kul was motivated mainly by his bid to free himself from the stranglehold of the orthodox ‘Ulamã, and that any benefit which Hindus derived from it was no more than a by-product. Akbar never failed to demand daughters of the Rajput kings for his harem. Moreover, as our citations show, he was not able to control the religious zeal of his functionaries at the lower levels so far as Hindu temples were concerned. ... The reversal of Akbar’s policy thus started by his two immediate successors reached its apotheosis in the reign of Aurangzeb, the paragon of Islamic piety in the minds of India’s Muslims. What is more significant, Akbar has never been forgiven by those who have regarded themselves as custodians of Islam, right upto our own times; Maulana Abul Kalam Azad is a typical example. In any case one swallow has never made a summer.
** Goel, S. R. et al. (1993). Hindu temples : what happened to them.
*This hall was, by order of the Emperor Jehanguire, the son of Acbar, highly decorated with painting and gilding; but in the lapse of time it was found to be gone greatly to decay; and the Emperor Aurungzebe, either from superstition or avarice, ordered it to be entirely defaced, and the walls whitened.
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*It is significant and ironic that the most tolerant of all the Muslim rulers in the history of India was also the one who moved farthest away from orthodox Islam and, in the end, rejected it for an eclectic religion of his own devising... Akbar's driving principle was universal toleration, and all the Hindus, Christians, Jains, and Parsees enjoyed full liberty of conscience and of public worship. He married Hindu princesses, abolished pilgrim dues, and employed Hindus in high office. The Hindu princesses were even allowed to practice their own religious rites inside the palace. "No pressure was put on the princes of Amber, Marwar, or Bikaner to adopt Islam, and they were freely entrusted with the highest military commands and the most responsible administrative offices. That was an entirely new departure, due to Akbar himself."
** Ibn Warraq, Why I am not a muslim, 1995. p 223
*Professor Mubarak Ali, a respected historian living in Lahore, asserts that Akbar has been systematically eliminated from most textbooks in Pakistan in order to "divert attention away from his 'misplaced' policies". Where they exist, discussions of Akbar are short and superficial...
**M Ali cited by : Y. Rosser, Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks, 2003
*Although the Mughal emperor Akbar attempted to prohibit the practice of enslaving conquered Hindus, his efforts were only temporarily successful.43 According to one early seventeenth-century account, 'Abd Allah Khan Firuz Jang, an Uzbek noble at the Mughal court during the 1620s and 1630s, was appointed to the position of governor of the regions of Kalpi and Kher and, in the process of subjugating the local rebels, "beheaded the leaders and enslaved their women, daughters and children, who were more than 2 lacks [200,000] in number".
** Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade Author(s): Scott C. Levi Source: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Nov., 2002), pp. 277-288
===Quotes about Akbar's military campaigns===
*“On the 1st Rajab 990 [AD 1582] he (Husain Qulî Khãn) encamped by a field of maize near NagarkoT. The fortress (hissãr) of Bhîm, which is an idol temple of Mahãmãî, and in which none but her servants dwelt, was taken by the valour of the assailants at the first assault. A party of Rajpûts, who had resolved to die, fought most desperately till they were all cut down. A number of Brãhmans who for many years had served the temple, never gave one thought to flight, and were killed. Nearly 200 black cows belonging to Hindûs had, during the struggle, crowded together for shelter in the temple. Some savage Turks, while the arrows and bullets were falling like rain, killed those cows. They then took off their boots and filled them with the blood and cast it upon the roof and walls of the temple.”173
**Tabqãt-i-Akharî by Nizamuddin Ahmad. Jalãlu’d-Dîn Muhammad Akbar Pãdshãh Ghãzî (AD 1556-1605) Nagarkot Kangra (Himachal Pradesh)
*“…The [[temple]] of Nagarkot, which is outside the city, was taken at the very outset… On this occasion many mountaineers became food for the flashing sword. And that golden umbrella, which was erected on the top of the cupola of the temple, they riddled with arrows… And black cows, to the number of 200, to which they pay boundless respect, and actually worship, and present to the temple, which they look upon as an asylum, and let loose there, were killed by the Musulmans. And, while arrows and bullets were continually falling like drops of rain, through their zeal and excessive hatred of idolatry they filled their shoes full of [[blood]] and threw it on the doors and walls of the temple… the army of Husain Quli Khan was suffering great hardships. For these reasons he concluded a treaty with them… and having put all things straight he built the cupola of a lofty mosque over the gateway of Rajah Jai Chand.”
**`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni, Muntkhab-ut-Tawarikh. Jalalu’d-Din Muhammad Akbar Padshah Ghazi (AD 1556-1605). Muntkhab-ut-Tawarikh. Nagarkot Kangra (Himachal Pradesh)
*“In this year on the dismissal of Husain Khan the Emperor gave the pargana of Lak’hnou as jagir to Mahdi Qasim Khan… Husain Khan was exceedingly indignant with Mahdi Qasim Khan on account of this… After a time he left her in helplessness, and the daughter of Mahdi Qasim Bêg at Khairabad with her brothers, and set off from Lak’hnou with the intention of carrying on a religious war, and of breaking the [[idols]] and destroying the idol-temples. He had heard that the bricks of these were of [[silver]] and gold, and conceiving a desire for this and all the other abundant and unlimited treasures, of which he had heard a lying report, he set out by way of Oudh to the Siwalik mountains…”
**`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni, Muntkhab-ut-Tawarikh. Jalalu’d-Din Muhammad Akbar Padshah Ghazi (AD 1556-1605) Siwalik (Uttar Pradesh)
* When Mewar was invaded [AD 1600] many temples were demolished by the invading Mughal army [led by Prince Salîm].
**Jalãlu’d-Dîn Muhammad Akbar Pãdshãh Ghãzî (AD 1556-1605) Mewar (Rajasthan) . Zubdatu’t-Tawãrîkh, Shaykh Nãru’l-Haqq al-Mashriqî al-Dihlivî al-Bukhãrî, Tãrîkh-i-Haqqî (of which Zubdatu’t-Tawãrîkh is an extension) cited by Sharma Sri Ram. 1988. The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.,, p. 62.
== External links ==
{{Wikipedia}}
*[https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-in-india-sharma/page/n1/mode/2up S. R. Sharma: '''''Mughal Empire In India''''', Karnatak Publishing Press, British India, 1940]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar}}
[[Category:1542 births]]
[[Category:1605 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal emperors]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
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