Tus (Persian: توس, romanized: Ṭūs) was an ancient city in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran near Mashhad. To the ancient Greeks, it was known as Susia (Ancient Greek: Σούσια). It was also known as Tusa.[1] Tus was divided into four cities, Tabran, Radakan, Noan and Teroid. The whole area which today is only called Tus was the largest city in the whole area in the fifth century.[2]
توس | |
 Ferdowsi's tomb in Tus | |
  Location of the site | |
| Location | Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 36°28′45.0″N 59°30′35.0″E / 36.479167°N 59.509722°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | In ruins |
History
editAccording to legend Tous son of Nowzar founded the city of Tous in the province of Khorassan next to today's city of Mashhad. It is said that the city of Tous was the capital of Parthia and the residence of King Vishtaspa, who was the first convert to Zoroastianism.[3] It was captured by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, and became a key waypoint on the Silk Road.
Tus was taken by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and remained under Umayyad control until 747, when a subordinate of Abu Muslim Khorasani defeated the Umayyad governor during the Abbasid Revolution.[4] In 809, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid fell ill and died in Tus, on his way to solve the unrest in Khorasan.[5] His grave is located in the region.[6]
In 1220, Tus was sacked by the Mongol general, Subutai, and a year later Tolui would kill most of its populace,[7] and destroying the tomb of Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the process.[8] Decades later, Tus would be rebuilt under the governorship of Kuerguez.[8]
The most famous person who has emerged from that area is the poet Ferdowsi, author of the Persian epic Shahnameh, whose mausoleum, built in 1934 in time for the millennium of his birth, dominates the town. Other notable residents of Tus include the theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic al-Ghazali; early polymath Jābir ibn Hayyān; the poet Asadi Tusi; the powerful Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk; the medieval polymath Nasir al-Din al-Tusi; the prominent Usooli mujtahid (Twelver-Shi'a law interpreter) Shaykh Tusi; and the noted Sufi mystic and historian Abu Nasr as-Sarraj.[9]
Registration of Ferdowsi's Tomb in UNESCO
editFerdowsi Tomb has been nationally registered in the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization and at the suggestion of the Cultural Heritage Organization and Ferdowsi Foundation, efforts have been made to pursue the registration of Ferdowsi Tomb in the UNESCO World Heritage List.[10]
See also
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- Al-Tusi – a descriptor used for individuals associated with Tus
- Tus citadel
References
edit- ^ Keall, E., M. Roaf, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 952108 (Tusa/Sousia)". Pleiades. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The Ancient City of Toos-Tus- [verification needed]
- ^ Justi: Iranisches Namenbuch, 1963, p. 157.
- '^ Tus, V. Minorsky, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, ol. X, ed. P.J. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs, (Brill, 2000), 741.
- ^ The Court of the Caliphs by Hugh N Kennedy (ISBN 0 297 83000 7)
- ^ Hudud al-Alam translated by V. Minorsky (SBN 7189 -2-1 7)
- ^ Tus, Gisela Helmecke, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, ed. Josef W. Meri, (Routledge, 2006), 838.
- ^ a b Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, Vol. 2, ed. E. Bretschneider, (Routledge, 2000), 65.
- ^ Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Sarraj, Abu Nasr al-". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195125580. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ WCHV (2021-07-18). "Campaign for Registering Ferdowsi's Hometown as a World Cultural Heritage Site". Retrieved 2022-03-21.
Sources
edit- Frye, R. N. (1975). "The Sāmānids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–161. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
- Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the 15th-century. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231032110.
- Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1993). "DAQĪQĪ, ABŪ MANṢŪR AḤMAD". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 6. pp. 661–662.
External links
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Media related to Tus, Iran at Wikimedia Commons- Livius.org: Susia (Tus)
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