This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (January 2012) |
Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa (Chinese: 傣那语; pinyin: Dǎinàyǔ; Thai: ภาษาไทเหนือ, pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj nɯ̌a]), also called Dehong Tai (Chinese: 德宏傣语; pinyin: Déhóng Dǎiyǔ; Thai: ภาษาไทใต้คง, pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj tâːj.kʰōŋ]) and Chinese Shan, is one of the languages spoken by the Dai people in China, especially in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the southwest of Yunnan Province. It is closely related to the other Tai languages and could be considered a dialect of Shan. It should not be confused with Tai Lü (Xishuangbanna Dai).
Tai Nuea | |
---|---|
ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ Tai Le | |
Pronunciation | [tai˥.lə˧] |
Native to | China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos |
Region | Southwest China |
Ethnicity | Tai Nua |
Native speakers | (720,000 cited 1983–2007)[1] |
Kra–Dai
| |
Tai Le script | |
Official status | |
Official language in | China (Dehong, co-official) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | tdd |
Glottolog | tain1252 Tai Nua |
ELP | Tai Neua |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%8F%E5%82%A3%E6%96%87%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F.jpg/220px-%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%8F%E5%82%A3%E6%96%87%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F.jpg)
Names
editMost Tai Nuea people call themselves Tai Le (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ, IPA: [tai˥.lə˧]), which means 'Upper Tai' or 'Northern Tai'. Note that this is different from Tai Lue, which is pronounced [tai˥.lɪ˦˧] in Tai Nuea.
Another autonym is [tai˥ taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥] (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ), where [taɯ˧˩] means 'bottom, under, the lower part (of)' and [xoŋ˥] means 'the Hong River' (Luo 1998). Dehong is a transliteration of the term [taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥].
The language is also known as Tai Mau, Tai Kong and Tai Na.[2]
Dialects
editZhou (2001:13) classifies Tai Nuea into the Dehong (德宏) and Menggeng (孟耿) dialects. Together, they add up to a total of 541,000 speakers.
- Dehong dialect 德宏土语: 332,000 speakers
- Menggeng dialect 孟耿土语: 209,000 speakers
- Pu'er City 普洱市 / Simao District 思茅地区: Menglian 孟连, Jinggu 景谷, Lancang 澜沧, Zhenyuan 镇沅, Ximeng 西盟, Jingdong 景东, Simao 思茅, Pu'er 普洱, Mojiang 墨江
- Baoshan District 保山地区: Changning 昌宁
- Lincang District 临沧地区: Gengma 耿马, Lincang 临沧, Shuangjiang 双江, Cangyuan 沧源, Yongde 永德, Zhenkang 镇康, Yunxian 云县, Fengqing 风庆. A separate traditional script has been developed in Mengding Township 勐定镇, Lincang 临沧, and is different from the one used in the Dehong area — see Zhou (2001:371).
Phonology
editTai Nuea is a tonal language with a very limited inventory of syllables with no consonant clusters. 16 syllable-initial consonants can be combined with 84 syllable finals and six tones.
Consonants
editInitials
editLabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | tenuis | p | t | t͡s | k | ʔ | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | (t͡sʰ)* | (kʰ)* | |||
Fricative | f | s | x | h | |||
Approximant | l | j | w |
*(kʰ) and (tsʰ) occur in loanwords
Finals
editLabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
Plosive | p | t | k | |
Approximant | w | j |
Vowels and diphthongs
editTai Nuea has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs:
Front | Central-Back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ɯ | u |
Mid | e | ə | o |
Low | ɛ | a aː |
ɔ |
- Tai Nuea's diphthongs are iu, eu, ɛu; ui, oi, ɔi; əi, əu; ai, aɯ, au; aːi, aːu
Tones
editTai Nuea has six tones:
- rising [˨˦] (24)
- high falling [˥˧] (53) or high level [˥] (55)
- low level [˩] (11)
- low falling [˧˩] (31)
- mid falling [˦˧] (43) or high falling [˥˧] (53)
- mid level [˧] (33)
Syllables with p, t, k as final consonants can have only one of three tones (1., 3., or 5.).
Writing system
editThe Tai Le script is closely related to other Southeast-Asian writing systems such as the Thai script and is thought to date back to the 14th century.
The original Tai Nuea spelling did not generally mark tones and failed to distinguish several vowels. It was reformed to make these distinctions, and diacritics were introduced to mark tones. The resulting writing system was officially introduced in 1956. In 1988, the spelling of tones was reformed; special tone letters were introduced instead of the earlier Latin diacritics.
The modern script has a total of 35 letters, including the five tone letters.
The transcription below is given according to the Unicode tables.
Consonants
editLetter | Transcription | IPA | Letter | Transcription | IPA | Letter | Transcription | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ᥐ | k | [k] | ᥑ | x | [x] | ᥒ | ng | [ŋ] |
ᥓ | ts | [ts] | ᥔ | s | [s] | ᥕ | y | [j] |
ᥖ | t | [t] | ᥗ | th | [tʰ] | ᥘ | l | [l] |
ᥙ | p | [p] | ᥚ | ph | [pʰ] | ᥛ | m | [m] |
ᥜ | f | [f] | ᥝ | v | [w] | |||
ᥞ | h | [h] | ᥟ | q | [ʔ] | |||
ᥠ | kh | [kʰ] | ᥡ | tsh | [tsʰ] | ᥢ | n | [n] |
Vowels and diphthongs
editConsonants that are not followed by a vowel letter are pronounced with the inherent vowel [a]. Other vowels are indicated with the following letters:
Letter | Transcription | IPA | Letter | Transcription | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ᥣ | a | [aː] | |||
ᥤ | i | [i] | ᥧ | u | [u] |
ᥥ | ee | [e] | ᥨᥝ | oo | [o] |
ᥦ | eh | [ɛ] | ᥩ | o | [ɔ] |
ᥪ | ue | [ɯ] | ᥫ | e | [ə] |
ᥬ | aue | [aɯ] | ᥭ | ai | [ai] |
Diphthongs are formed by combining some vowel letters with the consonant ᥝ [w] and some vowel letters with ᥭ [ai]/[j].
Tones
editIn the Thai and Tai Lü writing systems, the tone value in the pronunciation of a written syllable depends on the tone class of the initial consonant, vowel length and syllable structure. In contrast, the Tai Nuea writing system has a very straightforward spelling of tones, with one letter (or diacritic) for each tone.
Tone marks were presented via the third reform (1963) as diacritics. Then the fourth reform (1988) changed them into tone letters. A tone mark is put at the end of syllable whatever it is consonant or vowel. Examples in the table show the syllable [ta] in different tones.
Number | New (1988) | Old (1963) | Pitch |
---|---|---|---|
1. | ᥖᥴ | ᥖ́ | 35 |
2. | ᥖᥰ | ᥖ̈ | 55 |
3. | ᥖᥱ | ᥖ̌ | 11 |
4. | ᥖᥲ | ᥖ̀ | 42 |
5. | ᥖᥳ | ᥖ̇ | 54 |
6. | ᥖ | ᥖ | 33 |
The sixth tone (mid level) is not marked. And if a syllable with -p, -t, -k finals have the fifth tone, the tone mark is not written.
Grammar
editPronouns
editMeaning | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | exclusive | ᥐᥝ (kau33) | ᥖᥧ (tu33) |
inclusive | ᥞᥝᥰ (hau55) | ||
2nd person | ᥛᥬᥰ (maɯ55) | ᥔᥧᥴ (su35) | |
3rd person | ᥛᥢᥰ (man55) | ᥑᥝᥴ (xau35) |
Syntax
editTai Nuea uses an SVO word order.
Adverb
editWord | Meaning |
---|---|
ᥔᥒᥴ (sang35) | What |
Why | |
ᥐᥤᥱ (ki11) | How many |
ᥚᥬᥴ (phaɯ35) | Who |
ᥗᥬᥴ (thaɯ35) | Where |
Text sample
editᥛᥬᥰ
maɯ55
you
ᥐᥤᥢ
kin33
eat
ᥑᥝᥲ
xau42
rice
ᥕᥝᥳ
jau54
PERF.PTC
ᥞᥪᥴ?
hi35
INTERR.PTC
Have you eaten? (a common greeting)
ᥐᥝ
kau33
I
ᥛᥨᥝᥴ
mou35
can
ᥖᥣᥢᥲ
tan42
speak
ᥑᥣᥛᥰ
xam55
language
ᥖᥭᥰ
tai55
Tai
ᥖᥬᥲ
taɯ42
De
ᥑᥨᥒᥰ
xong55
hong
I can speak Dehong Tai/ Tai Nuea.
Language use
editTai Nuea has official status in some parts of Yunnan (China), where it is used on signs and in education. Yunnan People's Radio Station (Yúnnán rénmín guǎngbō diàntái 云南人民广播电台) broadcasts in Tai Nuea. On the other hand, however, very little printed material is published in Tai Nuea in China. However, many signs of roads and stores in Mangshi are in Tai Nuea.
In Thailand, a collection of 108 proverbs was published with translations into Thai and English.[3]
References
edit- ^ Tai Nuea at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Revised Proposal for Encoding the Tai Le script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). 2001-10-06 – via unicode.org.
- ^ Thawi Swangpanyangkoon and Edward Robinson. 1994. (2537 Thai). Dehong Tai proverbs. Sathaban Thai Suksa, Chulalankorn Mahawitayalai.
Bibliography
edit- Chantanaroj, Apiradee (2007). A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of Selected Tai Nua Speech Varieties (PDF) (Master's thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-02.
- Luo, Yongxian (1998). A Dictionary of Dehong, Southwest China. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C145. hdl:1885/146619. ISBN 9780858834965.
- Teekhachunhatean, Roong-a-roon รุ่งอรุณ ทีฆชุณหเถียร (2000). "Reflections on Tai Dehong Society from Language Point of View". Phaasaa Lae Phaasaasart / Journal of Language and Linguistics. 18 (2): 71–82.
- Zhou, Yaowen 周耀文; Fang, Bolong 方伯龙; Meng, Zunxian 孟尊贤 (1981). "Déhóng Dǎiwén" 德宏傣文 [Dehong Dai]. Mínzú yǔwén 民族语文 (in Chinese). 1981 (3).
- Zhou, Yaowen 周耀文; Luo, Meizhen 罗美珍 (2001). Dǎiyǔ fāngyán yánjiū: Yǔyīn, cíhuì, wénzì 傣语方言硏究 : 语音, 词汇, 文字 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- Zhang, Gongjin 张公瑾 (1981). "Dǎiwén jí qí wénxiàn" 傣文及其文献 [The Dai language and Dai Documents]. Zhōngguóshǐ yánjiū dòngtài 中国史研究动态 (in Chinese). 1981 (6).
- Berlie, Jean A. (1993). Neua (Na) in Yunnan (PRC) and the LPDR: A Minority and a "Non-Minority" in the Chinese and Lao Political Systems. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
External links
edit- Tai Dehong
- Dehong Daiwen jianjie ji zifuji 德宏傣文简介及字符集 (Introduction to Dehong Dai with examples; in Chinese)
- Daiyu, Daiwen 傣语、傣文 (in Chinese)
- Yunnan sheng yuyan wenzi wang 云南省语言文字网 (Yunnan province language and writing web; in Chinese)