A synanthrope (from ancient Greek σύν sýn "together, with" and ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos "man") is an organism that evolved to live near humans and benefit from human settlements and their environmental modifications (see also anthropophilia for animals who live close to humans as parasites). The term includes many animals and plants regarded as pests or weeds, but does not include domesticated species.[1] Common synanthrope habitats include houses, sheds and barns, non-building structures, gardens, parks, farms, road verges and rubbish dumps.
Zoology
editExamples of synanthropes are various species of insects (ants, lice, bedbugs, silverfish, cockroaches, etc.), myriopods (millipedes and house centipede), arachnids (spiders, dust mite, etc.), common house gecko, birds such as house sparrows, gulls, rock doves (pigeons), crows and magpies, honeyguides, swallows and other passerines, various rodent species (especially rats and house mice), Virginia opossums, raccoons,[2] certain monkey species, coyotes,[3][4] deer, and other urban wildlife.[1][5][6]
The brown rat is counted as one of the most prominent synanthropic animals and can be found in almost every place there are people.[7][8]
Botany
editSynanthropic plants include pineapple weed, dandelion, chicory, and plantain. Plant synanthropes are classified into two main types - apophytes and anthropophytes.
Apophytes are synanthropic species that are native in origin. They can be subdivided into the following:[9]
- Cultigen apophytes – spread by cultivation methods
- Ruderal apophytes – spread by development of marginal areas
- Pyrophyte apophytes – spread by fires
- Zoogen apophytes – spread by grazing animals
- Substitution apophytes – spread by logging or voluntary extension
Anthropophytes are synanthropic species of foreign origin, whether introduced voluntarily or involuntarily. They can be subdivided into the following:
- Archaeophytes – introduced before the end of the 15th century
- Kenophytes – introduced after the 15th century
- Ephemerophytes – anthropophytic plants that appear episodically
- Subspontaneous – voluntarily introduced plants that have escaped cultivation and survived in the wild without further human intervention for a certain period.
- Adventive – involuntarily introduced plants that have escaped cultivation and survived in the wild without further human intervention for a certain period.
- Naturalized or Neophytes – involuntarily introduced plants that now appear to thrive along with the native flora indefinitely.
See also
edit- Adventive plant
- Archaeophyte
- Assisted migration
- Commensalism
- Domestication
- Ecosystem management
- Environmental impact of agriculture
- Escaped plant
- Genetic pollution
- Hemeroby
- Hemerochory
- Human impact on the environment
- Introduced species
- Invasive species
- Native American use of fire in ecosystems
- Naturalisation
- Neophyte
- Satoyama
- Social forestry in India
- Urban wildlife
Literature
edit- Herbert Sukopp & Rüdiger Wittig (eds.): Urban Ecology . 2nd edition G. Fischer; Stuttgart, Jena, Lübeck, Ulm; 1998: p. 276 ff. ISBN 3-437-26000-6
References
edit- ^ a b Johnson, Elizabeth Ann & Michael W. Klemens (2005). Nature in fragments: the legacy of sprawl. Columbia University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-231-12779-0.
- ^ Meier, Allison C. (24 September 2018). "Night of the Living Synanthropes". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
- ^ "Gotham Coyote Project - Studying NYC's Coyotes". Gotham Coyote Project. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
- ^ Flores, Dan (September 2017). "Chapter 6: Bright Lights, Big Cities". Coyote America: A Natural & Supernatural History. Basic Books. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-465-09372-4.
- ^ Jarvis, Brooke (November 8, 2021). "Deer Wars and Death Threats". New Yorker.
- ^ Sofaer HR, Flather CH, Jarnevich CS, Davis KP, Pejchar L. Human-associated species dominate passerine communities across the United States. Global Ecol Biogeogr. 2020;29:885–895. doi:10.1111/ geb.13071
- ^ Pritchard, Charlotte (2012-12-17). "Are you never more than 6ft away from a rat?". Retrieved 2019-09-06.
- ^ "Synanthrope Preserve". synpreserve.com. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
- ^ Francesco Di Castri; A. J. Hansen & M. Debussche (1990). Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Springer. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7923-0411-1.
External links
edit
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