Content deleted Content added
Undid revision 812440436 "the" not needed |
Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v1.6.1) (Balon Greyjoy) |
||
Line 64:
=== Evolutionary biology perspectives===
Evolutionary biology looks at the origin of behavior and the motivation behind it. [[Charles Darwin]] analyzed the remarkable universality of facial responses to [[disgust]], [[shame]] and other complex emotions.<ref>Darwin C., [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1142&viewtype=text ''The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals''] London, Penguin, 2009</ref> Having identified the same behavior in young infants and blind individuals he concluded that these responses are not learned but innate. According to [[Val Curtis]],<ref>Curtis V.,[http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199579488.do#.Ul6c1BAwK8A ''Don’t Look, Don't Touch – The Science Behind Revulsion''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728230238/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199579488.do |date=2014-07-28 }} Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013<br>Curtis V. Aunger R, Rabie T.,[http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/271/Suppl_4/S131.abstract "Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease] ''Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'', '''271 Suppl''': S131–33., 2004</ref> the development of these responses was concomitant with the development of manners behavior. For Curtis, manners play an evolutionary role in the prevention of [[disease]]. This assumes that those who were hygienic, polite to others and most able to benefit from their membership within a cultural group, stand the best
chance of survival and reproduction.
Catherine Cottrell and [[Steven Neuberg]] explore how our behavioral responses to ‘otherness’ may enable the preservation of manners and norms.<ref name="Evolutionary Bases of Prejudices">Neuberg SL., Cottrell CA.,[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aJe9fLi8pW0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA163&dq=%28Cottrell+%26+Neuberg+2005%29.+evolutionary+bases+of+prejudice&ots=RKGAer-6uw&sig=nDTy2QDmZca9l36r9D3vs9idnQQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%28Cottrell%20%26%20Neuberg%202005%29.%20evolutionary%20bases%20of%20prejudice&f=false "Evolutionary Bases of Prejudices"] in Schaller M. et al., ed. ''Evolution and Social Psychology''. New York, Psychology Press, 2006</ref> They suggest that the foreignness or unfamiliarity we experience when interacting with different cultural groups for the first time, may partly serve an evolutionary function: ''“Group living surrounds one with individuals able to physically harm fellow group members, to spread contagious disease, or to “free ride” on their efforts. A commitment to sociality thus carries a risk: If threats such as these are left unchecked, the costs of sociality will quickly exceed its benefits. Thus, to maximize the returns on group ''living, individual group members should be attuned to others’ features or behaviors.”''<ref name="Evolutionary Bases of Prejudices"/>
Thus, people who possess similar traits, common to the group, are to be trusted, whereas those who do not are to be considered as ‘others’ and treated with suspicion or even exclusion. Curtis argues that selective pressure borne out of a shift towards [[communal living]] would have resulted in individuals being shunned from the group for hygiene lapses or uncooperative behavior. This would have led to people avoiding actions that might result in embarrassment or others being disgusted.<ref name="ukcatalogue.oup.com">Curtis V.,[http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199579488.do#.Ul6c1BAwK8A "Don’t Look, Don't Touch – The Science Behind Revulsion"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728230238/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199579488.do |date=2014-07-28 }} Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013</ref> [[Joseph Henrich]] and [[Robert Boyd (anthropologist)|Robert Boyd]] developed a
model to demonstrate this process at work. They explain [[natural selection]] has favored the acquisition of genetically transmitted learning mechanisms that increase an individual’s chance of acquiring locally adaptive behavior. They hypothesize that: ''“Humans possess a reliably developing neural encoding that compels them both to punish individuals who violate group norms (common beliefs or practices) and punish individuals who do not punish norm violators.”''<ref>Henrich J, Boyd R., [http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138%2898%2900018-X/abstract "The Evolution of Conformist Transmission and the Emergence of Between Group Differences"]''Evolution and Human Behavior'', '''19(4)''':215–41, 1998</ref> From this approach, manners are a means of mitigating undesirable behavior and fostering the benefits of in-group cooperation.
Line 104:
Both office and business etiquette overlap considerably with basic tenets of [[netiquette]], the social conventions for using computer networks.
Business etiquette can vary significantly in different countries, which is invariably related to their culture. For example: A notable difference between Chinese and Western business etiquette is conflict handling. Chinese businesses prefer to look upon relationship management to avoid conflicts<ref>{{Cite web |author="Ho-Ching Wei" |title=Chinese-Style Conflict Resolution: A Case of Taiwanese Business Immigrants in Australia |publisher=University of Western Sydney |url=http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2000v9n2/5%20Ho-Ching%20Wei.pdf |accessdate=June 2, 2012 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – stemming from a culture that heavily relies on ''[[guanxi]]'' (personal connections) – while the west leaves resolution of conflict to the interpretations of law through contracts and lawyers.
Adjusting to foreign etiquettes is a major complement of [[culture shock]], providing a market for manuals.<ref>{{cite book |last=De Mente |first=Boyd |title=Chinese Etiquette & Ethics in Business |publisher= NTC Business Books |location=Lincolnwood |year=1994 |isbn=0-8442-8524-2}}</ref> Other resources include business and diplomacy institutions, available only in certain countries such as the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Institute of Diplomacy and Business |url=http://www.diplomacyandbusiness.com/ |accessdate=June 2, 2012}}</ref>
In 2011, a group of etiquette experts and international business group formed a non-profit organization called IITTI (pronounced as "''ET''") to help human resource (HR) departments of multinationals in measuring the etiquette skills of prospective new employees during the recruitment process by standardizing image and etiquette examination, similar to what ISO does for industrial process measurements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitti.org/about/about.htm|title=IITTI website "About Us"|publisher=|accessdate=13 September 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913174240/http://www.iitti.org/about/about.htm|archivedate=13 September 2014|df=}}</ref>
Etiquette in [[retail]] is sometimes summarized as "The customer is always right." {{quote|There are always two sides to the case, of course, and it is a credit to good manners that there is scarcely ever any friction in stores and shops of the first class. Salesmen and women are usually persons who are both patient and polite, and their customers are most often ladies in fact as well as "by courtesy." Between those before and those behind the counters, there has sprung up in many instances a relationship of mutual goodwill and friendliness. It is, in fact, only the woman who is afraid that someone may encroach upon her exceedingly insecure dignity, who shows neither courtesy nor consideration to any except those whom she considers it to her advantage to please.
Line 220:
{{Wiktionary|etiquette}}
* [http://www.bartleby.com/95/ Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home], by [[Emily Post]] (1922)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121026015711/http://www.modernetiquette.co.nz/ Modern Etiquette]
* [http://www.debretts.com Debrett's]
* [http://www.houseofprotocol.com House of Protocol]
| |||